Independent packet detection method using synchronization words with orthogonality and receiver therefor

Abstract

A receiver performs independent packet detection using synchronization words with orthogonality when multiple signals on which frequency-shift keying is performed coexist. The receiver includes a frequency demodulator generating a quasi-amplitude modulation signal that has a value proportional to frequency shift from the first signal or second signal being received, a sign discriminator discriminating a sign of the generated quasi-amplitude modulation signal, and a multi-binary correlator calculating a first correlation value which is a binary correlation value between the discriminated sign and a first synchronization word and calculating a second correlation value which is a binary correlation value between the discriminated sign and a second synchronization word.

Claims

1. A frequency-shift keying signal receiver performing independent packet detection in an environment where a first signal and a second signal on which frequency-shift keying is performed coexist, the receiver comprising: a frequency demodulator generating a quasi-amplitude modulation signal that has a value proportional to frequency shift from the first signal or second signal being received; a sign discriminator discriminating a sign of the generated quasi-amplitude modulation signal; and a multi-binary correlator calculating a first correlation value that is a binary correlation value between the discriminated sign and a first synchronization word and calculating a second correlation value that is a binary correlation value between the discriminated sign and a second synchronization word, wherein the first and second synchronization words have orthogonality or quasi-orthogonality to each other.

2. The receiver of claim 1, further comprising: a packet detector determining packet detection of the first signal when the calculated first correlation value is equal to or greater than a first threshold value or determining packet detection of the second signal when the calculated second correlation value is equal to or greater than a second threshold value.

3. The receiver of claim 1, further comprising: a packet detector entering a standby mode when the calculated first and second correlation values are less than first and second threshold values, respectively.

4. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the calculated first and second correlation values are values calculated regardless of attenuation sizes of the received first and second signals.

5. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the first correlation value is calculated by Exclusive OR (XOR) of the discriminated sign and the first synchronization word, and the second correlation value is calculated by Exclusive OR (XOR) of the discriminated sign and the second synchronization word.

6. The receiver of claim 4, wherein the first and second synchronization words are a preamble of the first signal and an access address of the second signal, respectively.

7. A frequency-shift keying signal reception method performing independent packet detection in an environment where a first signal and a second signal on which frequency-shift keying is performed coexist, the method comprising: generating a quasi-amplitude modulation signal that has a value proportional to frequency shift from the first signal or second signal being received; discriminating a sign of the generated quasi-amplitude modulation signal; calculating a first correlation value that is a binary correlation value between the discriminated sign and a first synchronization word; and calculating a second correlation value that is a binary correlation value between the discriminated sign and a second synchronization word, wherein the first and second synchronization words have orthogonality or quasi-orthogonality to each other.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining packet detection of the first signal when the calculated first correlation value is equal to or greater than a first threshold value, or determining packet detection of the second signal when the calculated second correlation value is equal to or greater than a second threshold value.

9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: entering a standby mode when the calculated first correlation value is less than a first threshold value and the calculated second correlation value is less than a second threshold value.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the calculated first and second correlation values are values calculated regardless of attenuation sizes of the received first and second signals.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the first correlation value is calculated by Exclusive OR (XOR) of the discriminated sign and the first synchronization word, and the second correlation value is calculated by Exclusive OR (XOR) of the discriminated sign and the second synchronization word.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second synchronization words are a preamble of the first signal and an access address of the second signal, respectively.

13. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having a program recorded thereon, the program for executing a frequency-shift keying signal reception method performing independent packet detection in an environment where a first signal and a second signal on which frequency-shift keying is performed coexist, the method comprising: generating a quasi-amplitude modulation signal that has a value proportional to frequency shift from the first signal or second signal being received; discriminating a sign of the generated quasi-amplitude modulation signal; calculating a first correlation value that is a binary correlation value between the discriminated sign and a first synchronization word; and calculating a second correlation value that is a binary correlation value between the discriminated sign and a second synchronization word, wherein the first and second synchronization words have orthogonality or quasi-orthogonality to each other.

14. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: determining packet detection of the first signal when the calculated first correlation value is equal to or greater than a first threshold value, or determining packet detection of the second signal when the calculated second correlation value is equal to or greater than a second threshold value.

15. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: entering a standby mode when the calculated first correlation value is less than a first threshold value and the calculated second correlation value is less than a second threshold value.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 13, wherein the calculated first and second correlation values are values calculated regardless of attenuation sizes of the received first and second signals.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 13, wherein the first correlation value is calculated by Exclusive OR (XOR) of the discriminated sign and the first synchronization word, and the second correlation value is calculated by Exclusive OR (XOR) of the discriminated sign and the second synchronization word.

18. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 13, wherein the first and second synchronization words are a preamble of the first signal and an access address of the second signal, respectively.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a frequency characteristic of a frequency-shift keying signal transmitted by a Bluetooth transmission device in an ideal environment in which no noise and no frequency offset are present;

(3) FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating configuration of a conventional general Bluetooth receiver;

(4) FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a packet structure of an LE UNCODED PHY signal of Bluetooth Smart Core Specification version 5.0;

(5) FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a packet structure of an LE CODED PHY signal of Bluetooth Smart Core Specification version 5.0;

(6) FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a preamble waveform after an LE UNCODED PHY packet signal of Bluetooth Smart Core Specification version 5.0 passes through a frequency demodulator of a reception device in an ideal environment where no carrier frequency offset is present;

(7) FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a preamble waveform after an LE CODED PHY packet signal of Bluetooth Smart Core Specification version 5.0 passes through a frequency demodulator of a reception device in an ideal environment where no carrier frequency offset is present;

(8) FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a packet detection method with respect to a conventional correlation operation method;

(9) FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a receiver that uses a packet detection method using a binary correlator according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(10) FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating a receiver that uses a packet detection method using a multi-binary correlator according to another embodiment of the present invention;

(11) FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a multi-binary correlator that determines whether a received signal is LE CODED PHY or LE UNCODED PHY according to still another embodiment of the present invention; and

(12) FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating a detailed example of an independent packet detection method using synchronization words that have orthogonality according to still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(13) Hereinbelow, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings such that the invention can be easily embodied by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In the following description, only portions necessary for understanding the operation according to the embodiments of the present invention are shown and described, and showing and description of other portions are omitted so as not to obscure the gist of the present invention. However, the present invention may be embodied in various different forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein.

(14) Also, terms or words used in the specification and claims described herein are not limited to a meaning that is commonly understood by people or is defined in dictionaries, and should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with meaning in the context of the relevant art in such a manner as to most appropriately describe the present invention.

(15) Throughout the specification, when a part is referred to as being connected to another part, it includes not only being directly connected, but also being electrically connected by interposing the other part therebetween. Also, when a part includes an element, it is noted that it further includes other elements, but does not exclude other elements, unless specifically stated otherwise.

(16) For brief description, in the specification, one or more methods are described as a series of steps, for example, in the form of a flowchart. However, the present is not limited to the order of the steps, because it is well known that the steps may be performed in a different order than that shown and described in the specification according to the present invention or may be simultaneously performed with other steps. Also, not all illustrated steps need to implement the method according to the present invention.

(17) In described various embodiments of the present invention, and the same name and the same reference numeral will be used to refer the corresponding constituents.

(18) Throughout the specification, as an example of signals on which frequency-shift keying is performed, the Bluetooth standard is exemplified, but the present invention is not limited only to Bluetooth signals, and is applicable to various communication standards for receiving signals on which frequency-shift keying is performed.

(19) FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a receiver 10 that uses a packet detection method using a binary correlator according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(20) Referring to FIG. 8, the receiver 10 according to the present invention may include a frequency demodulator 11, a bit discriminator 13, a binary correlator 15, and a packet detector 17. The receiver 10 may further include a sampler, a low-pass filter (LPF), and the like, but they are not shown for convenience of description.

(21) The frequency demodulator 11 may generate a quasi-amplitude modulation signal r having a value proportional to frequency shift from the received frequency-shift keying signal.

(22) The sign discriminator 13 may discriminate a sign b of the generated quasi-amplitude modulation signal r.

(23) The packet detector 17 may cognize that a packet is normally detected, when a binary correlation value y is equal to or larger than a predetermined threshold value.

(24) The binary correlator 15 may use, as an input, the sign b of the signal which has passed through the frequency demodulator 11. A correlation operation with a synchronization word c defined in a single bit may be replaced by simple counter, for example, Exclusive OR (XOR), and a binary correlation value, which is an output of the binary correlator 15, has a discrete value of y[n]{N, . . . , +N}. Since only sign information of a reception signal is used, a process of monitoring the size of the signal is unnecessary, and a fixed threshold value may be used. The above-described series of processes is shown in Equation 3.

(25) $\begin{array}{cc}b\left[n\right]=\{\begin{array}{cc}+1,& \mathrm{if}r\left[n\right]0\\ -1,& \mathrm{if}r\left[n\right]<0\end{array}y\left[n\right]=\underset{k=0}{\overset{N-1}{.Math.}}c\left[n\right]b\left[n-k+\left(N-1\right)\right],y\left[n\right]\left\{-N,\mathrm{.Math.},+N\right\}\mathrm{pkt\_det}=\{\begin{array}{cc}1,& \mathrm{if}y\left[n\right]\mathrm{THR}\\ 0,& \mathrm{if}y\left[n\right]<\mathrm{THR}\end{array}& \left[\mathrm{Equation}3\right]\end{array}$

(26) First, a process of obtaining the binary correlation value y by using Equation 3 and determining packet detection will be described. Assuming that the reception signal r={1.1, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.5, 1.2}, the synchronization word c={1, 1}, and the threshold value is 1.5, the sign b of the reception signal r which has passed through the sign discriminator 13 is as follows.
b={1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}

(27) One sample per ADC sampling time interval is received, and an instantaneous value of the binary correlation value y at the corresponding time is calculated as follows. Here, the b vectors are buffered in order of reception.
T[0]: y={1,1}{1,0}=sum[{1,1}{0,1}]=1
T[1]: y={1,1}{1,1}=sum[{1,1}{1,1}]=0
T[2]: y={1,1}{1,1}=sum[{1,1}{1,1}]=0
T[3]: y={1,1}{1,1}=sum[{1,1}{1,1}]=2
T[4]: y={1,1}{1,1}=sum[{1,1}{1,1}]=2
T[5]: y={1,1}{1,1}=sum[{1,1}{1,1}]=0
T[6]: y={1,1}{0,1}=sum[{1,1}{1,0}]=1
y={1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1}

(28) The fourth output among the calculated binary correlation values y is 2, which is greater than the threshold value (1.5), and thus it is determined that there is a packet and an operation is performed in such a manner to perform synchronization at the relevant position.

(29) Next, the conventional general correlation value calculation will be compared to the binary correlation value according to the present invention. To simplify the description, assuming that there are two synchronization words and the synchronization word is {1, 1}, a transmission end transmits a signal of {1, 1}.

(30) First, assuming that there is no signal distortion, a reception end receives {+1, 1}. Here, the general correlation value is sum[{reception signal}{synchronization word}]=sum[{+1, 1}{+1, 1}]=2, and the binary correlation value is sum[{+1, 1}{+1, 1}]=2. Assuming that the threshold value for determining whether or not there is a packet is 1.5, both correlation values are larger than the threshold value, and thus normal determination is made that the packet has been detected.

(31) However, assuming that signal attenuation occurs in during propagation into the air, in this case, the reception signal is {+0.5, 0.5}. Therefore, {+0.5, 0.5} is input to the correlator. Here, the general correlation value is sum[{reception signal}{synchronization word}]=sum[{+0.5, 0.5}{+1, 1}]=1 which is decreased by half as the signal is decreased in size. Accordingly, when the threshold value is not revised by tracking change in the size of the signal (namely, when the original 1.5 is not modified to 0.75 by scaling-down in half corresponding to signal size attenuation), there is a problem that when using the output from the general correlator, wrong determination (1<1.5) that there is no relevant packet is made.

(32) In contrast, the binary correlation value is sum[{sign(+0.5), sign(0.5)}{+1, 1}]=sum[{+1, 1}{+1, 1}]=2, which there is no difference from the previous result. Therefore, when using the output from the binary correlator 15, the packet detector 17 makes the normal determination (2>1.5) that the packet is present. That is, the binary correlator is advantageous in that since only the sign component of the input signal is used, an operation is possible regardless of the reception signal attenuation size, and the threshold value is also fixed for use without tracking the size of the signal.

(33) Therefore, using the general correlator is disadvantages in terms of complexity in that an automatic gain controller is required, the signal attenuation size is required to be tracked in real time, and as the result, an operation is required to be performed in such a manner to reconstruct the size of the signal or adjust the threshold value. However, the binary correlator 15 and the packet detector 17 according to the present invention do not have the problem, so that these are strongly effective for reducing inaccuracy of automatic gain control.

(34) FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating a receiver 20 that uses a packet detection method using a multi-binary correlator 25 according to another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a multi-binary correlator 25 that determines whether a received signal is LE CODED PHY or LE UNCODED PHY according to still another embodiment of the present invention.

(35) Referring to FIG. 9, the difference from FIG. 8 is a multi-binary correlator 25 and a packet detector 27.

(36) Similar to the binary correlator 15, the multi-binary correlator 25 uses the sign b of the signal which has passed through the frequency demodulator 11, but differs in that two synchronization words c1 and c2 are used. Also, two binary correlation values y1 and y2 are calculated and output.

(37) For example, with respect to Bluetooth again, an LE CODED PHY preamble is the form in which a binary string 00111100b or 11000011b is repeated every 8 sec, and an LE UNCODED PHY preamble is the form in which a binary string 01b or 10b is repeated every 2 sec. Therefore, in the correlator with an 8-sec interval, the LE CODED PHY preamble synchronization word with intervals of 8 sec and the LE UNCODED PHY binary string with intervals of 2 sec have an orthogonality characteristic as in Equation 4.

(38) $\begin{array}{cc}y\left[n\right]=\underset{8\sec }{.Math.}{c}_{\mathrm{coded}\_\mathrm{phy}}.Math.c_{\mathrm{uncoded}\_\mathrm{phy}}=0& \left[\mathrm{Equation}4\right]\end{array}$

(39) When as the synchronization word of the binary correlator 15, using the LE CODED PHY preamble which has orthogonality to the LE UNCODED PHY preamble, in the environment where the LE UNCODED PHY and the LE CODEC PHY coexist, the LE UNCODED PHY packet with a correlation measure of zero is filtered out and the LE CODED PHY packet with a high correlation measure is selectively detected.

(40) Extending the above-described concept, in Bluetooth Smart environment where the LE CODED PHY signal and the LE UNCODED PHY signal coexist, there is no prior knowledge of the packet form of the currently received signal in terms of the reception end so that a Bluetooth Smart reception device requires a function of self-determining the packet form of the reception signal.

(41) Referring to FIG. 10, shown is the embodiment in which with respect to synchronization words c1 and c2 of the multi-binary correlator 25 including Exclusive OR (XOR) logic, the LE CODED PHY packet detection uses, as the synchronization word, the LE CODED PHY preamble having orthogonality to the LE UNCODED PHY preamble, and LE UNCODED PHY packet detection uses, as the synchronization word, an access address having quasi-orthogonality to the LE CODED PHY packet. By receiving the input (the input signal) in which the output from the frequency demodulator 11 has passed through the sign discriminator 13, two synchronization words, namely, the LE CODED preamble c1 and the LE UNCODED access address c2 and the binary correlation values y1 and y2 are obtained, whereby in the Bluetooth Smart environment where packets in two forms coexist, a system capable of independent packet detection is implemented.

(42) Regarding the mentioned quasi-orthogonality, when there is no correlation between two signals, the inner product between the two signals approximates to zero as the length of the vector increases, which is called quasi-orthogonality. Typically, there is quasi-orthogonality between random noise samples. The CODED PHY preamble has a pattern in which 0011100 is repeated, and the UNCODED PHY consists of a 32-bit quasi-random sequence. The inner product between the signals also has a value close to zero, so that there is quasi-orthogonality.

(43) The packet detector 27 receives the two binary correlation values y1 and y2, and determines packet detection when the values are equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold value. For example, in the case where the synchronization word of the first signal is the c1 and is equal to or greater than a first threshold value so that packet detection is determined, when the y1 is equal to or greater than the first threshold value, the packet of the first signal is normally detected. Similarly, in the case where the synchronization word of the second signal is the c2 and is equal to or greater than a second threshold value so that packet detection is determined, when the y2 is equal to or greater than the second threshold value, the packet of the second signal is normally detected.

(44) Since the c1 and the c2 have orthogonality or quasi-orthogonality, the y1 and the y2 do not simultaneously exceed the threshold value, whereby the receiver 20 is prevented from entering an abnormal packet detection state.

(45) FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating a detailed example of an independent packet detection method using synchronization words that have orthogonality according to still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. For convenience of description, description will be made in comparison with the embodiment shown in FIG. 10.

(46) Referring to FIG. 11, in the environment where the first signal and the second signal on which frequency-shift keying is performed coexist, as a frequency-shift keying signal reception method performing independent packet detection, a quasi-amplitude modulation signal which has a value proportional to frequency shift may be generated from the received first signal or second signal at step S51.

(47) Comparing to the embodiment in FIG. 10, the first signal may be an LE CODED PHY signal, and the second signal may be an LE UNCODED PHY signal.

(48) At step S53, the sign of the quasi-amplitude modulation signal generated at step S51 may be discriminated.

(49) At step S55, a first correlation value, which is the binary correlation value between the discriminated sign at step S53 and a first synchronization word, may be calculated. Comparing with the embodiment in FIG. 10 again, the first synchronization word is an LE CODED preamble.

(50) When the calculated first correlation value is equal to or greater than the first threshold value at step S57, it is determined that the packet of the first signal is detected at step S59. Then, LE UNCODED PHY detection is stopped, and an LE CODED PHY signal reception step is entered so that a signal reconstruction process, such as frequency offset estimation, is performed and a normal reception bit determiner may transmit a reconstruction reception bit to a link layer which is an upper layer.

(51) When the calculated first correlation value is not equal to or greater than the first threshold value at step S57, a second correlation value, which is the binary correlation value between the discriminated sign at step S53 and a second synchronization word, is calculated at step S61. Here, the second synchronization word may be the LE UNCODED access address. Here, it is preferred that the first and second synchronization words have orthogonality or quasi-orthogonality to each other.

(52) Here, since the LE UNCODED preamble and the LE UNCODED access address have orthogonality, the LE CODED binary correlation value y1 has a low value and the LE UNCODED PHY binary correlation value y2 has a high value.

(53) When the calculated second correlation value is equal to or greater than the second threshold value at step S63, it is determined that the packet of the second signal is detected at step S65. Then, all PHY detection is stopped, and an LE UNCODED signal reception step is entered so that the signal reconstruction process, such as frequency offset estimation, is performed and the normal reception bit determiner may transmit the reconstruction reception bit to the link layer which is the upper layer.

(54) The calculated first and second correlation values are values calculated regardless of the attenuation size of the received first and second signals, and may be calculated by Exclusive OR (XOR) of the discriminated sign and the first and second synchronization words, respectively.

(55) When the calculated second correlation value is not equal to or greater than the second threshold value at step S63, the receiver 20 enters a standby mode at step S67. For example, an operation is performed in such a manner that a search window for packet detection is opened according to the relevant time slot and a sleep mode is entered when no packet is detected within the time to wait for the subsequent time slot so as to reduce power consumption. That is, no detection within the relevant time may be implemented as timeout of a watchdog timer.

(56) As described above, according to the embodiments, by using the binary correlator that uses only the sign of the frequency-demodulated signal for packet detection, an operation is performed regardless of the attenuation size of the reception signal so that a threshold value of a threshold detector is fixed for use without real-time tracking, whereby the present invention is effective for reducing inaccuracy of automatic gain control. Also, high complexity of conventional correlation operation is overcome and implementation with very simple Exclusive OR (XOR) is possible so that an operation is performed with low power.

(57) Also, according to the embodiments, in the environment where multiple signals on which frequency-shift keying is performed coexist, by using the multi-binary correlator that detects the correlation value using the synchronization words with orthogonality or quasi-orthogonality, the packet is independently or stably detected.

(58) Also, the above-described embodiments of the independent packet detection method using synchronization words with orthogonality may be implemented in the form of computer program instructions that are executed on various computer elements. Also, the implemented computer program may be recorded on a computer-readable recording medium. The recording medium may be a ROM, a magnetic disc, a compact disc, an optical disc, or the like, but it is not limited thereto.

(59) Although the embodiments according to the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible. It is thus well known to those skilled in that art that the patent right of the present invention should be defined by the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.