Pivoting pop up article and method

Abstract

A pivoting pop up article and method of making has a hinge fold positioned between a front cover and a rear cover. A displacement leaf includes a base, a leg and a tab. A base leaf couple secures the base of the displacement leaf to the front cover. The base is offset relative to the hinge fold for defining a base offset dimension between the hinge fold and the base. A first interior couple secures an interior leaf to the rear cover. A second interior couple secures the interior leaf to the rear cover. The first interior couple and the second interior couple define a channel between the rear cover and the interior leaf. The base offset dimension causes the displacement leaf to be pivoted within the channel during pivoting the front cover between a closed position and an open position for extending the tab above the rear cover.

Claims

1. A pivoting pop up article, comprising: an exterior cover having a hinge fold positioned between a front cover and a rear cover for pivoting said front cover between a closed position and an open position; said front cover having an obverse side and a reverse side; said rear cover having an obverse side and a reverse side; a displacement leaf including a base, a leg and a tab; a base leaf couple securing said base of said displacement leaf to said reverse side of said front cover; said base being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining a base offset dimension between said hinge fold and said base, an interior leaf having an obverse side, a reverse side, an inner edge and an outer edge; a first interior couple securing said reverse side of said interior leaf to said obverse side of said rear cover; a second interior couple securing said reverse side of said interior leaf to said obverse side of said rear cover; said first interior couple and said second interior couple defining a channel between said rear cover and said interior leaf; and said base offset dimension causing said displacement leaf to be pivoted within said channel during pivoting said front cover between said closed position and said open position for extending, said tab above said rear cover.

2. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 1, further including a displacement leaf perforation between said base and said leg for facilitating said displacement leaf to be pivoted within said channel during pivoting said front cover between said closed position and said open position.

3. The pivoting pop up article as set froth in claim 2, wherein said displacement leaf perforation includes an angled perforation between said base and said leg.

4. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 2, wherein said displacement leaf perforation being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining a perforation offset dimension between said hinge fold and said displacement leaf perforation; and said perforation offset dimension causing bending of said displacement leaf at said displacement leaf perforation before said displacement leaf begins pivoted within said channel.

5. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 2, further including a frangible interior couple securing said obverse side of said interior leaf with said reverse side of said front cover; said frangible interior couple being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining a frangible offset dimension between said hinge fold and said base, and said frangible interior couple and said frangible offset dimension causing bending of said displacement leaf at said displacement leaf perforation before said displacement leaf begins pivoted within said channel.

6. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 5, wherein said base offset dimension and said frangible offset dimension defining an equivalent offset dimension for facilitating bending of said displacement leaf at said displacement leaf perforation before said displacement leaf begins pivoted within said channel.

7. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 1, wherein said interior leaf includes an interior cover; and said first interior couple includes a second hinge fold positioned between said rear cover and said interior cover.

8. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 1, wherein said second interior couple includes an adhesive; said adhesive being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining an adhesive offset dimension between said hinge fold and said adhesive; and said adhesive offset dimension permitting pivoting of said displacement leaf and positioning said tab above said rear cover.

9. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 1, wherein said interior leaf includes a leaf notch for positioning a portion of said leg and said tab between said interior leaf and said rear cover.

10. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 9, wherein said leaf notch includes a primary notch edge and a secondary notch edge; said primary notch edge engaging with said leg and causing bending of said displacement leaf before said displacement leaf begins pivoted within said Channel; and said secondary notch edge permitting said leg to pivot within said channel and extend said tab above said rear cover.

11. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 10, wherein said primary notch edge being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining a primary notch edge offset dimension between said hinge fold and said primary notch edge; and said primary notch edge offset dimension causing bending of said displacement leaf before said displacement leaf begins pivoted within said channel.

12. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 1, wherein said leg, includes a curved edge for avoiding contact with said second interior couple.

13. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 1, wherein said leg includes a leg extension coupled to said displacement leaf for providing an increased surface area of said displacement leaf with said interior leaf and said rear cover and promoting channeling said displacement leaf in said channel during pivoting said front cover.

14. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 1, further including, a tab perforation between said leg and said tab for facilitating the removal of said tab from said leg.

15. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 1, further including a second interior leaf having an obverse side, a reverse side, an inner edge and an outer edge; an interior hinge fold positioned between said reverse side of said front cover and said inner eke of said second interior leaf; said interior hinge fold being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining an interior hinge offset dimension between said hinge fold and said interior hinge fold; and said second interior leaf concealing said interior leaf.

16. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 15, wherein said interior hinge fold includes an interior leaf perforation for facilitating pivoting of said second interior leaf relative to said front cover at said interior leaf perforation during pivoting said front over between said dosed position and said open position and maintaining said second interior leaf adjacent to said rear cover during pivoting, said front cover between said closed position and said open position.

17. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 15, wherein said interior hinge fold includes an interior leaf perforation for facilitating the removal of said second interior leaf from said front cover.

18. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 15, wherein said interior hinge offset dimension causing said second interior leaf to be displaced relative to said rear cover during pivoting said front cover between said closed position and said open position.

19. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 1, further including a symbol imprinted on said tab.

20. A pivoting pop up article, comprising: an exterior cover having a hinge fold positioned between a front cover and a rear cover for pivoting said front cover between a dosed position and an open position; said front cover having an obverse side and a reverse side; said rear cover having an obverse side and a reverse side; a displacement leaf including a base, a leg and a tab; a base leaf couple securing said base of said displacement leaf to said reverse side of said front cover; said base being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining a base offset dimension between said hinge fold and said base, an interior leaf having an obverse side, a reverse side, an inner edge and an outer edge; a first interior couple securing said reverse side of said interior leaf to said obverse side of said rear cover, a second interior couple securing said reverse side of said interior leaf to said obverse side of said rear cover; said first interior couple and said second interior couple defining a channel between said rear cover and said interior leaf; said base offset dimension causing said displacement leaf to be pivoted within said channel during pivoting said front cover between said closed position and said open position for extending said tab above said rear cover; a displacement leaf perforation between said base and said leg for facilitating said interior leaf to be pivoted within said channel during pivoting said front cover between said closed position and said open position; said displacement leaf perforation being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining a perforation offset dimension between said hinge fold and said displacement leaf perforation; a frangible interior couple securing said obverse side of said interior leaf with said reverse side of said front cover; said frangible interior couple being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining a frangible offset dimension between said hinge fold and said base; and said base offset dimension, said perforation offset dimension and said frangible offset dimension defining an equivalent offset dimension for facilitating bending of said displacement leaf at said displacement leaf perforation before said displacement leaf begins pivoted within said channel.

21. The pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 20, wherein said interior leaf includes a leaf notch for positioning a portion of said leg and said tab between said interior leaf and said rear cover; said leaf notch for includes a primary notch edge and a secondary notch edge; said primary notch edge engaging with said leg and causing bending of said displacement leaf before said displacement leaf begins pivoted within said channel; said primary notch edge being offset relative to said hinge fold for defining a primary notch edge offset dimension between said hinge fold and said primary notch edge; and said primary notch edge offset dimension further causing bending of said displacement leaf before said displacement leaf begins pivoted within said channel.

22. A method for manufacturing a pivoting; pop up article from a continuous ribbon of material using a line printing press, the method comprising the steps of: inputting the continuous ribbon into the line printing press; imprinting images on the continuous ribbon; cutting a separation split into the continuous ribbon to define a first ribbon having a front cover (A), a rear cover (B) and an interior leaf (C) and a second ribbon having a second interior leaf (D) and a displacement leaf (E), perforating a first perforation into the second ribbon on the second interior leaf (D); cutting a leaf notch in the interior leaf (C); cutting a base, a leg and a tab from the displacement leaf (E); perforating a second perforation between the base and the leg in the displacement leaf (E); applying an adhesive for coupling a portion of the second interior leaf (D) to the front cover (A); applying an adhesive for coupling a portion of the interior leaf (C) to the rear cover (B); folding the interior leaf (C) onto the rear cover (B) for positioning a portion of the leg and the tab between the rear cover (B) and the interior leaf (C); applying a frangible adhesive for coupling a portion of the interior leaf (C) to the second interior leaf (D); applying an adhesive for coupling the base of the displacement leaf to the second interior leaf (I)); folding the rear cover (B) onto the front cover (A); and cutting the rear cover (B) and the front cover (A) for creating multiple pivoting pop up articles.

23. The method for manufacturing a pivoting pop up article as set forth in claim 22, further including the steps of applying an adhesive for coupling the rear cover (B) with the front cover (A).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the disclosure, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only exemplary embodiments and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, and may admit to other equally effective embodiments.

(2) FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a pivoting pop up article of the present invention in a closed position;

(3) FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating the pivoting pop up article in a first partial open position;

(4) FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2 illustrating the pivoting pop up article in a second partial open position;

(5) FIG. 3A is an enlarged front view of a portion of HG.

(6) FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 illustrating the pivoting pop up article in a third partial open position;

(7) FIG. 4A is an enlarged front view of a portion of FIG. 4;

(8) FIG. 4B is a view similar to FIG. 4 illustrating a displacement leaf and an interior leaf in dashed line;

(9) FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 illustrating the pivoting pop up article in an open position;

(10) FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 5 illustrating a second interior leaf positioned adjacent to a front cover;

(11) FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 6 illustrating the interior leaf pivoted away from a rear cover;

(12) FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 7 illustrating the second interior leaf and the displacement leaf removed from the front, rear and the interior leaf;

(13) FIG. 9 is an isometric view of a line printing press for manufacturing the pivoting pop up article front a continuous ribbon of material;

(14) FIG. 10 is an isometric view of a portion of the line printing press of FIG. 9 illustrating a first step for manufacturing a pivoting pop up article including a separation split cut into the continuous ribbon to define a first ribbon having a front cover (A), a rear cover (B) and an interior leaf (C) and a second ribbon having a second interior leaf (D) and a displacement leaf (F) and perforating a first perforation into the second ribbon on the second interior leaf (D);

(15) FIG. 11 is a top view of FIG. 10 illustrating the second ribbon realigned relative to the first ribbon;

(16) FIG. 12 is a portion of the line printing press of FIG. 9 illustrating a second step for manufacturing a pivoting pop up article including cutting a leaf notch in the interior leaf (C);

(17) FIG. 13 is a portion of the line printing press of FIG. 9 illustrating a third step for manufacturing a pivoting pop up article including cutting a base, a leg and a tab from the displacement leaf (E) and perforating a second perforation between the base and the leg in the displacement leaf (E);

(18) FIG. 14 is a portion of the line printing press of FIG. 9 illustrating a fourth step for manufacturing a pivoting pop up article including applying an adhesive for coupling a portion of the second interior leaf (D) to the front cover (A);

(19) FIG. 15 is a portion of the line printing press of FIG. 9 illustrating a fifth step for manufacturing a pivoting pop up article including applying an adhesive for coupling a portion of the interior leaf (C) to the rear cover (B) and folding the interior leaf (C) onto the rear cover (B) for positioning a portion of the leg and the tab between the rear cover (B) and the interior leaf (C);

(20) FIG. 16 is a portion of the line printing press of FIG. 9 illustrating a sixth step for manufacturing a pivoting pop up article including applying a frangible adhesive for coupling a portion of the interior leaf (C) to the second interior leaf (I)), applying an adhesive for coupling the base of the displacement leaf to the second interior leaf (ID) and folding the rear cover (B) onto the front cover (A); and

(21) FIG. 17 is a portion of the line priming press of FIG. 9 illustrating a seventh step for manufacturing a pivoting pop up article including cutting the rear cover (B) and the front cover (A) for creating multiple pivoting pop up articles.

(22) To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is contemplated that elements and features of one embodiment may be beneficially incorporated in other embodiments without further recitation.

DETAILED DISCUSSION

(23) FIGS. 1-17 illustrate a pivoting pop up article 10. The pivoting pop up article 10 may be referred to as a book 12 providing various purposes, including but not limited to, advertising, fiction material, nonfiction material, artwork or other written materials. The pivoting pop up article 10 is preferably constructed from a cellulose pulp material, however the construction may further include polymeric or other thin material that may receive writing, printing, or drawing.

(24) The pivoting pop up article 10 comprises an exterior cover 20 having a hinge fold. 30 positioned between a front cover 40 and a rear cover 50 for pivoting the front cover 40 between a closed position 22 as shown in FIG. 1 and an open positions 24 as shown in FIG. 5. The front cover has an obverse side 42 and a reverse side 44. The rear cover 50 has an obverse side 52 and a reverse side 54.

(25) A displacement leaf 60 includes a base 62, a leg 64 and a tab 66. A base leaf couple secures the base 62 of the displacement leaf 60 to the reverse side 44 of the front cover 40. The base leaf couple 70 may include adhesive. The base 62 is offset relative to the hinge fold 30 for defining a base offset dimension 72 between the hinge fold 30 and the base 62.

(26) An interior leaf 80 has an obverse side 82, a reverse side 84, an inner edge 86 and an outer edge 88. A first interior couple 90 secures the reverse side 84 of the interior leaf 80 to the obverse side 52 of the rear cover 50, The interior leaf 80 may include an interior cover 92. The first interior couple 90 may include a second hinge fold 94 positioned between the rear cover 50 and the interior cover 90. More specifically, the front cover 40, the rear cover 50 and the interior leaf 80 with the hinge fold 30 and the second hinge fold 94 may be formed from a single sheet or continuous ribbon 210. The first interior couple 90 and the second interior couple 100 maintain the rear cover 50 adjacent to the interior leaf 80.

(27) A second interior couple 100 secures the reverse side 84 of the interior leaf 80 to the obverse side 52 of the rear cover 50. The second interior couple 100 may include adhesive 102. The first interior couple 90 and the second interior couple 100 define a channel 110 between the rear cover 50 and the interior leaf 80. More specifically, the combination of the rear cover 50, the interior leaf 80, the first interior couple 90 and the second interior couple 100 create the channel 110 wherein the displacement leaf 60 may be positioned and traverse. As shown in FIGS. 1-6, the base offset dimension 72 causes the displacement leaf 60 to be pivoted within the channel 110 during pivoting of the front cover 40 between the closed position 22 and the open position 24 for extending the tab 66 above the rear cover 50.

(28) A displacement leaf perforation 74 may be positioned between the base 62 and the leg 64 for facilitating the displacement leaf 60 to be pivoted within the channel 110 during pivoting of the front cover 40 between the closed position 22 and the open position 24. The displacement leaf perforation 76 may include an angled perforation 76 between the base 62 and the leg 64. The angled perforation 76 may have a range between 30 to 60 degrees.

(29) The displacement leaf perforation 74 is offset relative to the hinge fold 30 for defining a perforation offSet dimension 78 between the hinge fold 30 and the displacement leaf perforation 74. The perforation offset dimension 78 causes bending of the displacement leaf 60 at the displacement leaf perforation 74 before the displacement leaf 60 begins pivoted within the channel 110.

(30) A frangible interior couple 120 secures the obverse side 82 of the interior leaf 80 with the reverse side 44 of the front cover 40. The frangible interior couple 120 may include a frangible glue 122. The frangible interior couple 120 is offset relative to the hinge fold 30 for defining a frangible offset dimension 124 between the hinge fold 30 and the base 62. The frangible interior couple 120 and the frangible offset dimension 124 cause bending of the displacement leaf at the displacement leaf perforation 74 before the displacement leaf 60 begins pivoted within the channel 110. The base offset dimension 72 and the frangible offset dimension 124 may define an equivalent offset dimension 130 for facilitating bending of the displacement leaf 60 at the displacement leaf perforation 74 before the displacement leaf 60 begins pivoted within the channel 110.

(31) As described above, the second interior couple 100 may include an adhesive 102. The adhesive 102 is offset relative to the hinge fold 30 for defining an adhesive offset dimension 104 between the hinge fold 30 and the adhesive 102. The adhesive offset dimension 104 permits pivoting of the displacement leaf 60 and positions the tab 66 above the rear cover 50.

(32) The interior leaf 80 may include a leaf notch 140 for facilitating the positioning of a portion of the leg 64 and the tab 66 between the interior leaf 80 and the rear cover 50. More specifically, the leaf notch 140 may include a primary notch edge 142 and a secondary notch edge 144. The primary notch edge 142 engages with the leg 64 and causes betiding of the displacement leaf 60 before the displacement leaf 60 begins pivoted within the channel 110. The secondary notch edge 144 permits the leg 64 to pivot within the channel 110 and extend the tab 66 above the rear cover 50.

(33) The primary notch edge 142 is offset relative to the hinge fold 30 for defining a primary notch edge offset dimension 150 between the hinge fold 30 and the primary notch edge 142. The primary notch edge offset dimension 150 causes bending of the displacement leaf 60 before the displacement leaf 60 begins pivoted within the channel 110.

(34) The leg 64 may include a curved edge 65 for avoiding contact with the second interior couple 100. The leg 64 may include a kg extension 67 coupled to the displacement leaf 60 for providing an increased surface area of the displacement leaf 60 with the interior leaf 80 and the rear cover 50 and promoting channeling the displacement leaf 60 in the channel 110 during pivoting the front cover 40. A tab perforation 68 may be located between the leg 64 and the tab 66 for facilitating the removal of the tab 66 from the leg 64.

(35) The pivoting pop up article 10 may further include a second interior leaf 160 having an obverse side 162, a reverse side 164, an inner edge 166 and an outer edge 168. An interior hinge fold 170 is positioned between the reverse side 44 of the front cover 40 and the inner edge 166 of the second interior leaf 160. The second interior leaf 160 may be coupled to the front cover 40 by adhesive. The interior hinge fold is offset relative the hinge fold 30 for defining n interiort hinge offset dimension 172 between the hinge fold 30 and the interior hinge fold 170. The second interior leaf 160 may conceal a majority of the interior leaf 80.

(36) The interior hinge fold 170 may include an interior leaf perforation 174 for Facilitating pivoting of the second interior leaf 160 relative to the front cover 40 at the interior leaf perforation 174 during pivoting the front cover 40 between the closed position 22 and the open position 24. The interior leaf perforation 174 further maintains the second interior leaf 160 adjacent to the rear cover 50 during pivoting the front cover 40 between the dosed position 22 and the open position 24. The interior leaf perforation 174 may further facilitate the removal of the second interior leaf 160 from the front cover 40.

(37) The interior hinge offset dimension 172 causes the second interior leaf 160 to be displaced relative to the rear cover 50 during pivoting the front cover 40 between the closed position and the open position 24. More specifically, as the front cover 40 is positioned between the closed position 22 and the open position 24, the second interior leaf 160 is displaced relative to the rear cover 50 and exposes a greater area of the rear cover 50 adjacent of the outer edge 168 of the second interior leaf 160.

(38) A symbol 180 may be imprinted on the tab 66. The symbol 180 may be printed on one side or both sides of the tab 66. Furthermore, the symbol 180 may include but not limited to advertisements 188, promotions 190, discount coupons 182, barcodes 184, literature, or other printed matter. The tab 66 may also include an object 180 such as an electronic key card, a credit card, voucher card, or other cards.

(39) The base offset dimension 72, the perforation offset dimension 78 and the frangible offset dimension 124 may define an equivalent offset dimension 132 for facilitating bending of the displacement leaf 60 at the displacement leaf perforation 74 before the displacement leaf 60 begins pivoted within the channel 110. The base offset dimension 72, the perforation offset dimension 78 and the frangible offset dimension 124 may be defined by an offset area on the reverse side 11 of the front cover 40 that is immediately adjacent to the hinge fold 30. This offset area may include a width having a range between inch to 1 inch. After the bending or fracture of the displacement leaf perforation 74 and upon further displacement of the front cover 40 relative to the rear cover 50, the base offset dimension 72 causes the displacement leaf 62 pivot at the base 62 and displace a portion of the leg 64 at d the tab 66 within the channel 110 and finally to expose the tab 66 above the rear cover 50.

(40) The pivoting pop-up article 10 provides a unique and surprise display for the operator of the pivoting pop-up article 10. More specifically, upon opening the pivoting pop-up article 10 with the front cover 40 from left to right produces the tab 66 being, exposed at a right angle direction to the front cover 40. The tab 66 surprisingly appears above the rear cover 50 in order to retain the attention of the operator. In addition, the tab 66 begins to be exposed above the rear cover 50 before the front cover 40 is fully positioned in the open position 24 resulting in incentivizing the operator to continue to open the pivoting pop-up article 10.

(41) FIGS. 9-17 illustrate a method for manufacturing a pivoting pop up article from a continuous ribbon 210 of material using a line printing press 200, The method comprising the steps of inputting the continuous ribbon 210 into the line printing press 200. Images 186 are imprinted on the continuous ribbon 210. The images 182 may include but not limited to advertisements 188, promotions 190, symbols 180, discount coupons 182, barcodes 184. Literature, or other printed matter. Preferably, the pivoting pop-up article 10 is manufactured for the distribution through the US Postal Service or other private delivery service.

(42) FIG. 10 illustrates a portion of the line priming press 200 wherein a cutter 202 performs a separation split cut into the continuous ribbon 210 to define a first ribbon having a front cover (A) 40, a rear cover (B) 50 and an interior leaf (C) 80 and a second ribbon having a second interior leaf (D) 160 and a displacement leaf (E) 60 and perforating a first perforation 174 into the second ribbon on the second interior leaf (D) 160. FIG. 11 illustrates the second ribbon being realigned relative to the first ribbon.

(43) FIG. 12 illustrates a portion of the line printing press 200 wherein a dye cut 204 cuts a leaf notch 140 in the interior leaf (C) 80. FIG. 13 illustrates a portion of the line printing press 200 wherein a second dye cut 204 cuts a base, a leg and a tab from the displacement leaf (E) 60 and a perforation 206 that perforates a second perforation 74 between the base 62 and the leg 64 in the displacement leaf (E) 60.

(44) FIG. 14 illustrates a portion of the line printing press 200 wherein a first glue dispenser 208 applies an adhesive for coupling a portion of the second interior leaf (D) 160 to the front cover (A) 40 FIG. 15 illustrates a portion of the line printing press 200 wherein a second glue dispenser 208 applies an adhesive for coupling a portion of the interior leaf (C) 80 to the rear cover (B) 50 and folding the interior leaf (C) 80 onto the rear corer (B) 50 for positioning a portion of the leg 64 and the tab 66 between the rear cover (B) 50 and the interior leaf (C) 80.

(45) FIG. 16 illustrates a portion of the line printing press 200 wherein a third glue dispenser 208 applies a frangible adhesive 122 for coupling a portion of the interior leaf (C) 80 to the second interior leaf (D) 160, applies an adhesive for coupling the base 62 of the displacement leaf 60 to the second interior leaf (D) 160 and folds the rear cover (B) 50 onto the front cover (A) 40, FIG. 17 illustrates a portion of the line printing press 200 wherein a cutter 202 cuts the rear cover (B) 50 and the front cover (A) 40 for creating multiple pivoting pop up articles 10.

(46) In order to maintain the pivoting pop-up article 10 in the closed position 22 a closure adhesive 212 may be applied for coupling the rear cover (B) with the front cover (A). The closure adhesive 212 further facilitates the distribution of the pivoting pop-up article 10 through the US Postal Service or other private delivery service.

(47) While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow,