Abstract
A rod end includes a shaft and a head extending from the shaft. The head has an opening extending therethrough. The rod end includes a spherical bearing rotatably disposed in the opening. The spherical bearing is manufactured from an austenitic stainless steel alloy that includes 16 to 17 weight percent chromium and 0.1 to 0.18 weight percent nitrogen.
Claims
1. A rod end comprising: a shaft having a first end and a second end; a head extending from the shaft at the first end, the head having an opening extending between a first axial face and a second axial face thereof; a spherical bearing rotatably disposed in the opening, the spherical bearing being manufactured from an austenitic stainless steel alloy comprising 16 to 17 weight percent chromium and 0.1 to 0.18 weight percent nitrogen; and wherein the shaft and head comprise an austenitic nickel-chromium-based stainless steel alloy comprising 50-55 wt % nickel and 17-21 wt % chromium; a wear mitigation feature bonded to at least one of the first axial face and the second axial face, the wear mitigation feature comprising a self-lubricating liner; the wear mitigation feature having an area of a magnitude configured to cover at least a portion of at least one of the first axial face and the second axial face; and wherein the wear mitigation feature extends from the opening to a distal edge of the head.
2. The rod end of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first axial face and the second axial face is profiled having at least one radius of curvature.
3. The rod end of claim 1, wherein the self-lubricating liner comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.
4. The rod end of claim 1, wherein the self-lubricating liner is a high temperature liner capable of withstanding an operating temperature of 600 F. or greater.
5. The rod end of claim 1, wherein the first axial face is profiled having at least one radius of curvature and the second axial face is flat.
6. The rod end of claim 1, wherein: the first axial face comprises at least one non-zero radius of curvature; and the second axial face being flat.
7. The rod end of claim 6, wherein the first axial face extends continuously from a junction end of the shaft to the distal edge.
8. The rod end of claim 6, further comprising a channel formed in the first axial face between lateral sides of the head and aligned with the opening.
9. The rod end of claim 1, wherein: the first axial face and the second axial face each comprise at least one non-zero radius of curvature.
10. The rod end of claim 9, wherein the first axial face and the second axial face each extend continuously from a junction end of the shaft to the distal edge.
11. The rod end of claim 9, further comprising a channel formed in at least one of the first axial face and the second axial face, between lateral sides of the head and aligned with the opening.
12. The rod end of claim 1, wherein the head comprises a metallic material.
13. A linkage apparatus comprising the rod end of claim 1, further comprising: a second head extending from the second end of the shaft.
14. The rod end of claim 1, wherein the spherical bearing comprises an outer member formed around an inner member and the wear mitigation feature being spaced apart from the inner member.
15. A rod end comprising: a shaft; a head extending from the shaft, the head having an opening extending between a first axial face and a second axial face thereof, a spherical bearing rotatably disposed in the opening, the spherical bearing being manufactured from an austenitic stainless steel alloy comprising 16 to 17 weight percent chromium and 0.1 to 0.18 weight percent nitrogen; and wherein the shaft and head comprise an austenitic nickel-chromium-based stainless steel alloy comprising 50-55 wt % nickel and 17-21 wt % chromium; a wear mitigation feature bonded to at least one of the first axial face and the second axial face, the wear mitigation feature comprising a self-lubricating liner; the wear mitigation feature having an area of a magnitude configured to cover at least a portion of at least one of the first axial face and the second axial face; and wherein the wear mitigation feature terminates at the opening.
16. The rod end of claim 15, wherein at least one of the first axial face and the second axial face is profiled having at least one radius of curvature.
17. The rod end of claim 15, wherein the self-lubricating liner comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.
18. The rod end of claim 15, wherein the self-lubricating liner is a high temperature liner capable of withstanding an operating temperature of 600 F. or greater.
19. The rod end of claim 15, wherein the first axial face is profiled having at least one radius of curvature and the second axial face is flat.
20. The rod end of claim 15, wherein: the first axial face comprises at least one non-zero radius of curvature; and the second axial face being flat.
21. The rod end of claim 20, wherein the first axial face extends continuously from a junction end of the shaft to the distal edge.
22. The rod end of claim 20, further comprising a channel formed in the first axial face between lateral sides of the head and aligned with the opening.
23. The rod end of claim 15, wherein: the first axial face and the second axial face each comprise at least one non-zero radius of curvature.
24. The rod end of claim 23, wherein the first axial face and the second axial face each extend continuously from a junction end of the shaft to the distal edge.
25. The rod end of claim 23, further comprising a channel formed in at least one of the first axial face and the second axial face, between lateral sides of the head and aligned with the opening.
26. The rod end of claim 15, wherein the head comprises a metallic material.
27. A linkage apparatus comprising the rod end of claim 15, further comprising: a second head extending from the second end of the shaft.
28. The rod end of claim 15, wherein the spherical bearing comprises an outer member formed around an inner member and the wear mitigation feature being spaced apart from the inner member.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF APPENDED DRAWINGS
(1) FIG. 1A is a perspective view sketch of a prior art linkage apparatus having a bearing installed on each of two rod ends thereof;
(2) FIG. 1B is a perspective view sketch of another prior art linkage apparatus exhibiting a misaligned configuration;
(3) FIG. 1C is a side view sketch of the prior art linkage apparatus of FIG. 1A having a rod end exhibiting wear damage caused by the misaligned configuration of FIGS. 1B and 1F;
(4) FIG. 1D is a side view of a prior art rod end having flat opposing side surfaces;
(5) FIG. 1E is a is a front view of the prior art rod end of FIG. 1D taken across line 1E-1E and shown mounted in a double shear clevis;
(6) FIG. 1F is a cross sectional view of the prior art rod end of FIG. 1E taken across line 1F-1F and illustrating a rotational misalignment;
(7) FIG. 1G is a side view of a prior art rod end having flat opposing side surfaces with centrally located anti-rotation lugs;
(8) FIG. 1H is a is a front view of the prior art rod end of FIG. 1G taken across line 1H-1H and shown mounted in a double shear clevis;
(9) FIG. 2A is a top view of a linkage apparatus of the present invention;
(10) FIG. 2B is a sectional side elevation view of one embodiment of the linkage apparatus of FIG. 2A;
(11) FIG. 3 is a sectional side elevation view of another embodiment of the linkage apparatus of FIG. 1;
(12) FIG. 4 is a top view of the head portion of the rod end the linkage apparatus of the FIG. 1 having an axial surface with a radiused profile;
(13) FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 4;
(14) FIG. 6 is a side view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 4;
(15) FIG. 7A is a side sectional of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 4;
(16) FIG. 7B is a side view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 6 shown in a neutral position with respect to a reference plane and with one axial surface engaging an inner surface of a clevis flange;
(17) FIG. 7C is a side view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 6 shown in a downwardly misaligned position with respect to a reference plane and with one axial surface engaging an inner surface of a clevis flange;
(18) FIG. 7D is a side view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 6 shown in a upwardly misaligned position with respect to a reference plane and with one axial surface engaging an inner surface of a clevis flange;
(19) FIG. 7E is side view of another embodiment showing the rod end with a radiused profile on both opposing axial faces of the rod end;
(20) FIG. 8 is a top view of the head portion of the rod end the linkage apparatus of the FIG. 4 having wherein the radiused axial surface includes a channel therein;
(21) FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 8;
(22) FIG. 10 is a side view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 8;
(23) FIG. 11 is a side sectional of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 8.
(24) FIG. 12 is a top view of the head portion of the rod end the linkage apparatus of the FIG. 1 having a liner disposed thereon;
(25) FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 12;
(26) FIG. 14 is a side view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 12;
(27) FIG. 15 is a top view of the head portion of the rod end the linkage apparatus of the FIG. 4 having a liner disposed thereon;
(28) FIG. 16 is a perspective view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 15;
(29) FIG. 17 is a side view of the head portion of the rod end of FIG. 15;
(30) FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a clevis joint to which the linkage apparatus of FIG. 1 may be mounted;
(31) FIG. 19 is a depiction of an assembly of an exhaust nozzle of a gas turbine engine in which a linkage apparatus of the present invention in mounted within the clevis joint of FIG. 18;
(32) FIG. 20 is a graphical depiction of the effect of surface conditions on fatigue properties of a nickel-base alloy;
(33) FIG. 21 is tables listing certain wear characteristics of NITRONIC 60 and Stellite 6.
(34) FIG. 22 is a table listing the composition of NITRONIC 60.
(35) FIG. 23 is a table comparing the wear compatibility of certain alloys listed therein;
(36) FIG. 24 is an exemplary beam deflection analysis;
(37) FIG. 25 is a sectional view of a rod end having a bearing positioned therein where such bearing includes a standard inner member or ball with no hubs;
(38) FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a typical ball fracture of a hub ball manufactured from brittle materials; and
(39) FIG. 27 is a table showing the chemical composition of Inconel18.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(40) The present invention incorporates the use of machined features and self-lubricating composites to reduce or eliminate premature wear and impact damage on a linkage apparatus and a clevis or other link to which the linkage apparatus is mounted. The linkage apparatus forms a rod end in connection with a moveable structural member of a gas turbine engine and having a bearing positioned within the rod end. Additional lubrication features are incorporated on the link faces to prevent premature wear damage to the axial faces of the linkage apparatus and the inner clevis walls where the links are attached or mounted thereto. One embodiment of the linkage apparatus of the present invention includes a rod end exhibiting one smooth profiled axial face (e.g., a radiused axial face) and one flat machined face opposite the smooth profiled axial face. One embodiment of the linkage apparatus of the present invention includes a rod end exhibiting two smooth profiled axial face (e.g., a radiused axial face), one on each opposing axial face. One embodiment of the linkage apparatus of the present invention further includes a self lubrication composite bonded to the profiled axial face of the rod end having an integral ball positioned therein. One embodiment of the linkage apparatus of the present invention includes a bearing mounted in the rod end thereof, the bearing having an inner member fabricated from an austenitic, corrosion resistant steel with a high chromium content for wear resistance and a controlled amount of nitrogen, such as for example NITRONIC 60. (NITRONIC is a registered trademark owned by AK Steel Corporation.)
(41) As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B to 2, a linkage apparatus 100 of the present invention defines a link body 102 including a link body shaft 103 that includes a first rod end 104A on one end of the link body shaft 103 and a second rod end 104B on an opposite end of the link body shaft 103. The first rod end 104A defines a head portion 114 which includes a housing 112 having a bore 113 therethrough. The second rod end 104A defines a head portion 114 which includes a housing 112 having a bore 113 therethrough. A first bearing 10A (e.g., a spherical bearing having a truncated ball as an inner member) is disposed for rotation in the housing 112 of the first rod end 104A. A second bearing 10B (e.g., a spherical bearing having a truncated ball as an inner member) is disposed for rotation in the housing 112 of the second rod end 104B. Each of the first bearing 10A and the second bearing 10B include an outer member 12 swaged, coined or otherwise formed around an inner member 14. In one embodiment, the housing 112 is swaged, coined or otherwise formed around an inner member or ball 14. The inner member 14 includes integral hubs 13 and a bore 15 extending therethrough for a linking shaft 30 positioned therein or formed integral therewith.
(42) The inner surface 15A defined by the bore 15 of the inner member 14 engages an external surface 32 of the linking shaft 30 positioned therein. The outer ring of the respective one of the first bearing 10A and the second bearing 10B defines a cylindrical exterior surface complementary to a cylindrical interior surface of the housing 112 of the respective rod end 104A and 104B. The length of the link body 102 is adjustable or may exhibit a fixed length, and the bearing is sized to suit the particular housing 112 of the head portion 114 of the rod end 104 and the linking shaft 30. The linking shaft 30 is press fit within, or otherwise integrally formed with, the internal surface 15A of the bore 15.
(43) In one embodiment of the present invention, and as depicted in FIGS. 3 to 7, the respective head portion 114 of each of the first rod end 104A and second rod end 104B defines: 1) a first axial face 116A (i.e., axial with respect to axis A6) having a radiused profile (i.e., radius of curvature) extending continuously from a junction line 103J of the link body shaft 103 to a distal edge 105 of the head portion 114; and 2) a second axial face 116B defining a substantially flat profile 117C substantially parallel to a central axis A1 of the link body shaft 103 extending continuously from the junction line 103J of the link body shaft 103 to the distal edge 105 of the head portion 114. The second axial face 116B is located opposite the first axial surface 116A, of the respective first rod end 104A and the second rod end 104B. In one embodiment, the first axial face 116A is defined by a first radius of curvature 117A that extends from the junction line 103J to an intermediate junction line 114J positioned between the first junction line 103J and the distal edge 105; and second radiused of curvature 117B extending from the intermediate junction line 114J to the distal edge 105 of the head portion 114. In one embodiment, the intermediate junction line 114J is located between 40 and 60 percent of a total distance between the junction line 103J and the distal edge 105. In one embodiment, the first axial face 116A is milled on an arc radius to provide the first radius of curvature 117A and the second radius of curvature 117B. In one embodiment, the second axial face 116B is formed by a coining operation. In one embodiment, the first axial surface 116A of the first rod end 104A is diametrically opposite the first axial surface 116A of the second rod end 104B, as shown in FIG. 3.
(44) In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 7E, 1) one axial side of the rod end 104A has the first axial face 116A having the radiused profile (i.e., radius of curvature) extending continuously from the junction line 103J of the link body shaft 103 to a distal edge 105 of the head portion 114; and 2) an opposite axial side of the rod end 104A has the first axial face 116A having the radiused profile (i.e., radius of curvature) extending continuously from the junction line 103J of the link body shaft 103 to a distal edge 105 of the head portion 114. The rod end 104A has no hub 13 extending from the bearing 10A.
(45) Referring to FIGS. 7B, 7C and 7D, the rod end 104A includes a bearing 10A that has no hub 13 extending therefrom. The rod ends 104A are shown in various angles of engagement with an inner surface 1120X of a clevis flange 1120A. In FIG. 7B, the head portion of the rod end 104A is shown in a neutral position such that the longitudinal axis A1 and a reference plane R1 are coplanar. In the neutral position, a central portion of the axial surface 116A engages the inner surface 1120X of the clevis flange 1120A thereby impeding rotational movement of the rod end 104A about the longitudinal axis A1 in response to application of a torque to the link body shaft 103 as indicated by the arrow R1.
(46) In FIG. 7C, the head portion of the rod end 104A is shown in a downwardly misaligned position such that the longitudinal axis A1 and the reference plane R1 are at an angle 1 relative to one another. In the downwardly misaligned position, a portion of the axial surface 116A proximate the distal edge 105 engages the inner surface 1120X of the clevis flange 1120A thereby impeding rotational movement of the rod end 104A about the longitudinal axis A1 in response to application of a torque to the link body shaft 103 as indicated by the arrow R1.
(47) In FIG. 7D, the head portion of the rod end 104A is shown in a upwardly misaligned position such that the longitudinal axis A1 and the reference plane R1 are at an angle 2 relative to one another. In the upwardly misaligned position, a portion of the axial surface 116A proximate the junction line 103J engages the inner surface 1120X of the clevis flange 1120A thereby impeding rotational movement of the rod end 104A about the longitudinal axis A1 in response to application of a torque to the link body shaft 103 as indicated by the arrow R1.
(48) The first axial face 116A having the radiused profile, first of curvature 117A and the second radius of curvature limit the rotational misalignment and acceleration (in the direction of the arrow R1 shown in FIGS. 7B, 7C and 7D) first rod end 104A and the second rod end 104B relative to the clevis flanges 1120A, 1120A and 1120B. In contrast, a larger range of motion, or an unimpeded range of motion, causes a building up of kinetic energy that causes long term impact damage when the first axial face 116A strikes the clevis flanges 1120A, 1120A and 1120B, or other linkage apparatus mount. The kinetic energy that develops during oscillations having the unimpeded range of motion is analogous to a hammer being swung through a large degree of motion thereby causing more damage than the same hammer swinging through a smaller degree of motion.
(49) As shown in FIG. 7A, during a range of misalignment of the inner member 14 relative to the rod end 104A in the direction of the arrow Q2, the hub 13 engages the first axial face 116A and thereby delimits a misalignment angle (e.g., about 2 degrees, or about 1-3 degrees) thus impeding the range of motion of the hub 13 relative to the first axial face 116A. As shown in FIG. 7A, during a range of misalignment of the inner member 14 relative to the rod end 104A in the direction of the arrow Q3, the hub 13 engages the second axial face 116B and thereby delimits a misalignment angle (e.g., about 20 degrees or about 19 to 21 degrees) thus impeding the range of motion of the hub 13 relative to the second axial surface 116B.
(50) In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 7A, the misalignment angle ranges from about 3 to about 10. In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 7A, the misalignment angle ranges from about 40 to about 5. In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 7A, the misalignment angle is 4.2. In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 7A, the misalignment angle ranges from about 5 to about 45. In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 7A, the misalignment angle ranges from about 15 to about 25. In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 7A, the misalignment angle is 20.2.
(51) The first radius of curvature 117A of the head portion 114 is designated by the arrow R1 and the second of curvature 117B defines is designated by the arrow R2. In one embodiment, the first radius of curvature 117A (i.e., R1) ranges from about one inch to about four inches. In one embodiment, the first radius of curvature 117A (i.e., R1) ranges from about two inches to about three inches. In one embodiment, the first radius of curvature 117A (i.e., R1) is about 2.5 inches. In one embodiment, the second radius of curvature 117B (i.e., R2) ranges up to about two inches. In one embodiment, the second radius of curvature 117B (i.e., R2) is about one inch.
(52) In one embodiment of the present invention, and as depicted in FIGS. 8 to 11, the head portion 114 of rod end 104 defines a channel 155 extending axially inwardly from the first axial face 116A having the first radius of curvature 117A and the second radius of curvature 117B. The channel 155 is located between lateral sides of the head 114 and is aligned with the ling body shaft 103 and the inlet member 14. The channel 155 defines a third axial face 116C substantially parallel to a central axis A1 of the link body shaft 103. In one embodiment, the channel extends from adjacent the link body shaft 103 at junction 103J to the edge 105 of the head portion 114 of the rod end 104. The channel 155 accommodates a greater range of motion of the bearing along one axis thereby accommodating rotational movement of the inner member 14 and axial movement in one direction of the hub 13. In one embodiment, the channel 155 is tapered at an angle relative to the central axis A1.
(53) As shown in FIG. 11, during a range of misalignment of the inner member 14 relative to the rod end 104A in the direction of the arrow Q2, the hub 13 engages the third axial face 116C and thereby delimits a misalignment angle (e.g., about 20 degrees or about 19 to 21 degrees) thus impeding the range of motion of the hub 13 relative to the third axial face 116C. As shown in FIG. 11, during a range of misalignment of the inner member 14 relative to the rod end 104A in the direction of the arrow Q3, the hub 13 engages the second axial face 116B and thereby delimits a misalignment angle (e.g., about 20 degrees or about 19 to 21 degrees) thus impeding the range of motion of the hub 13 relative to the second axial surface 116B.
(54) In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 11, the misalignment angle ranges from about 5 to about 45. In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 11, the misalignment angle ranges from about 15 to about 25. In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 11, the misalignment angle is 20.2.
(55) In one embodiment of the present invention, and as depicted in FIGS. 12 to 14, the head portion 114 of rod end 104 has head having an opening 114X extending between a first axial face 116A and a second axial face 116B of the head portion 114. A wear mitigation feature 160 is bonded to the first axial face 116A and the second axial face 116B. The wear mitigation feature 160 is a self-lubricating liner 160. The wear mitigation feature 160 has an area of a magnitude configured to prevent metal-to-metal contact with the first axial face 116A and the second axial face 116B. The wear mitigation feature 160 is disposed proximate the spherical bearing 10 disposed in the head portion 114 of the rod end 104. The spherical bearing 10 has an outer member 12 formed around an inner member 14 and the wear mitigation 160 feature is spaced apart from the inner member 14. In one embodiment, the wear mitigation feature extends from the opening 114X to a distal edge 115 of the head 114. In one embodiment, the wear mitigation feature 160 terminates at the opening 114X. The wear mitigation feature 160 (i.e., the self-lubricating liner) prevents metal-to-metal contact between mating surfaces, for example, between the first axial face 116A and an internal surface (e.g., surface 1120X FIG. 7B) of a clevis flange (e.g., clevis flange 1120 as shown in FIG. 7B) to which the rod end 104 is mounted as further described herein with reference to FIG. 18. Accordingly, wear between these mating surfaces is further reduced and the life of the linkage apparatus 100 is further extended.
(56) In one embodiment of the present invention, and as depicted in FIGS. 15 to 17, the head portion 114 of rod end 104 includes the channel 155 and the self-lubricating composite liner 160 disposed on the first axial face 116A proximate the bore 113. In one embodiment, the self-lubricating liner 160 is fabricated from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In one embodiment, the self-lubricating liner 160 is a composite liner fabricated from PTFE with strengthening fibers such as fiber glass or steel fibers woven therein and is capable of withstanding operation at a temperature of 600 degrees Fahrenheit or greater.
(57) In one embodiment and as shown in FIG. 18, a linkage apparatus 210 is secured to a clevis mount 220 of clevis joint 200 via the bearing 10. The linkage apparatus 210 defines a base 212 configured to be mounted to a structural member 310 of a gas turbine engine such as, for example, an exhaust nozzle or augmenter nozzle 300 of FIG. 19, wherein additional linkage apparatuses 100 may be mounted therein and secured to other structural members 312 and 314 of the augmenter nozzle 300 or other components of the gas turbine engine. In one embodiment, the base 212 defines a plurality of apertures 213 through which fasteners may be disposed to securely mount the linkage apparatus 210 to the structural member 310. The linkage apparatus 210 defines a mounting portion or head 214 extending outwardly from the base 212. In one embodiment, the head 214 extends substantially perpendicularly outwardly from the base 212. The head 214 defines an aperture 215 in which the bearing 10 is disposed. In one embodiment, the bearing 10 is positioned within the aperture by swaging the head 214 around the bearing 10. The linking shaft 30 (FIG. 3) is positioned through the bearing 10 and press fit into bores 222 in the clevis mount 220. The linking shaft 30 may be, for example, a center tube or an adjustable turnbuckle. In one embodiment, additional bearings 10 are disposed within one or more bores 214 of the clevis joint 200.
(58) As a result of substantial testing, finite element analysis reveals that the head portion 114 defining the first axial face 116A having the first radiused profile 117A exhibits a lower stress concentration. The milling lines created during the traditional anti-rotation lugs (i.e., lugs 1118A and 1118B of FIG. 11H) that are disposed 90 to the applied load path are not present in the first radiused profile 117A of the first axial face 116A of the head portion 114 of the rod end 104 of the linkage apparatus 100 of the present invention thereby increasing fatigue life of the rod ends 104A and 104B of the present invention compared to prior art rod ends 1114 and 114 of FIGS. 1A and 1E.
(59) FIG. 20 provides a graphical depiction of the effect of surface conditions on fatigue properties of INCONEL 718, cantilever bending, zero mean stress, at 24 C. (75 F.). (INCONEL is a registered trademark owned by Huntington Alloys Corporation.) As shown in FIG. 20, poor surface finishes reduce fatigue life. The inventors have discovered that the milling of the anti-rotation lugs 1118A and 1118B of FIG. 1H, results in a poor surface finish and stress concentrations causing a reduced fatigue life. In contrast, the inventors have discovered that continuous arcuate axial surface 1116A of the rod ends 1114 and 1114 of the present invention can be formed by a smaller cutting tool such as for example an end mill to improve the surface finish thereby improving fatigue life. The inventors have also discovered that machining of the prior art anti-rotation lugs 1118A and 118B leaves tool lines 90 degrees to the applied load path in the rod end 1114 and 1114, leaving them in the 3 and 9 o'clock to 4 and 8 o'clock regions on the axial face 1116 (see FIG. 1H) which arc the highest stressed regions in tension loading. The fillet radius and the tool lines result in an inferior finish that pose a further threat to the integrity of the part relative to fatigue life. The inventors have discovered that the milling of the first axial surface 116A lessens the chances of producing a poor finish (i.e., a rough finish) because a larger tool can be used wherein such a larger tool is more rigid and capable of a greater range of feeds and speeds to permit greater surface finish controls (i.e., to provide a smoother finish which provides for longer fatigue life). Accordingly, the profile milling or machining of the entire rod end 104, or at least the first axial face 116A having the first radius of curvature 117A and/or the second radius of curvature 117B, permits the use of a larger cutting tool which is more robust and less likely to flex and chatter thereby causing poor surface finishes which reduce fatigue life as shown in FIG. 20.
(60) In some applications, the rod ends and links are not clamped in the clevis, for example clevis mount 220, and may rotate about the ball face or translate along the mounting bolt or pin and strike the clevis. In one embodiment of the present invention, the inner member 14 is fabricated from NITRONIC 60, an austenitic, corrosion resistant steel with a high chromium content (i.e., 16 to 17 wt %) for wear resistance, a controlled amount (i.e., 0.10 to 0.18 wt %) of nitrogen, 0.08 max wt % carbon, 7 to 9 wt % or 7.5 to 8.5 wt % manganese, 0.040 max wt % phosphorus, 0.030 or 0.01 max wt % sulfur, 3.7 to 4.2 silicon, and 8.0 to 8.5 wt % nickel. NITRONIC 60 has tremendous elongation and ductility of over 30% compared to the less than 1% elongation of Stellite 6 and is much more crack resistant.
(61) In one embodiment the head portion 114 and the link body shaft 103 of the rod ends 104A and 104B are manufactured from an austenitic age hardenable nickel-chromium-based superalloy such as INCONEL 718, having 50-55 wt % nickel and 17-21 wt % chromium and other elements as illustrated in FIG. 27.
(62) FIG. 21 provides tables listing certain wear characteristics of NITRONIC 60 and Stellite 6. FIG. 22 provides a table listing the composition of NITRONIC 60. FIG. 23 provides a table comparing the wear compatibility of certain alloys listed therein including INCONEL 718.
(63) As shown in FIG. 25, a bearing 410 having a standard ball 414, with no integrally formed hubs, and an outer ring 412 is mounted within a clevis 420 via a link shaft 430. The ball 414 contacts inside clevis walls 422A and 422B thereby limiting misalignment. In contrast, use of hub balls or spacers accommodate further spacing apart of the clevis walls 422A and 422B thereby permitting greater misalignment. However, the link shaft 430 can bend more readily leading to the cracking or other failure of the ball 414. The use of hub balls for the inner member, for example the inner member 14 of the bearing 10, accommodates further spacing apart of the clevis walls 422A and 422B. Consequently, hub balls increase the length-to-diameter ratio that a linking shaft 30 (e.g., a pin or bolt) must span.
(64) Thus, integrally forming hubs 13 with the ball 14, for example as shown in FIGS. 6, 10 and 14, greatly simplifies assembly; however, the integrally formed hubs 13 introduce a risk of ball cracking. A typical ball fracture of a hub ball 514 and an integrally formed hub 513 of a bearing 510 manufactured from brittle materials is shown in FIG. 26. In contrast, fabricating a ball with integrally formed hubs, for example the inner member 14 and integrally formed hubs 13 of the bearing 10, from an alloy with greater elongation (or ductility) increases the toughness and reduces or eliminates the risk of ball cracking. The present invention provides a bearing that exhibits the wear properties of a bearing fabricated from Stellite materials or Cobalt materials, yet has increased elongation to prevent ball cracking. The bearing of the present invention also survives the stresses of forming or swaging for use in a spherical plain bearing construction.
(65) Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to the detailed embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed in the above detailed description, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
