THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICRO-ENVIRONMENT STRUCTURE FOR CONTROLLING CELL BEHAVIOR, THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE FOR CONTROLLING CELL BEHAVIOR, AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ARRAY AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICRO-ENVIRONMENT STRUCTURE

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a three-dimensional micro-environment structure for controlling cell behavior, a three-dimensional surface and an array for controlling cell behavior, and a method for manufacturing the three-dimensional micro-environment structure.

Claims

1. A three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior comprising: a nanofiber membrane; and two or more peptide motifs, including a P1 (first peptide) motif and a P2 (second peptide) motif.

2. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 1, wherein the two or more peptide motifs bind to two or more different receptors on the cell, thereby generating a signal for controlling the cell behavior.

3. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 1, wherein the cell behavior is one or more selected from the group consisting of cell adhesion, migration, growth, proliferation, morphogenesis, differentiation and apoptosis.

4. (canceled)

5. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 1, wherein the nanofiber membrane comprises one or more of PVDF, PAN, PES, PU and PLA.

6. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 1, wherein the P1 (first peptide) motif in the peptide motifs controls integrin receptor activity, and the P2 (second peptide) motif controls integrin coreceptor activity, thereby generating a signal for controlling the cell behavior.

7. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 6, wherein the coreceptor is one or more of FGF receptor, Frizzled receptor, TGF receptor, EGF receptor, LIF receptor, BMP receptor, cadherin, syndecan, and interleukin receptor.

8. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 1, wherein the P1 (first peptide) motif activates one or more of 31, 51, 61, 91, 3 and 5 integrin receptors and heparin receptors.

9. (canceled)

10. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 1, wherein the P1 (first peptide) motif is selected from RGD, PHSRN-RGDSP, GRGDSP, KLDAPT, SPPRRARVT, and KNNQKSEPLIGRKKT.

11-12. (canceled)

13. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 1, wherein the P1 (first peptide) motif is derived from the LG domain of laminin 5.

14. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 13, wherein the P1 (first peptide) motif is selected from GKNTGDHFVLYM, VVSLYNFEQTFML, RFDQELRLVSYN, RLVSYSGVLFFLK, ASKAIQVFLLGG, VLVRVERATVFS, TVFSVDQDNMLE, RLRGPQRVFDLH, FDLHQNMGSVN, QQNLGSVNVSTG, and SRATAQKVSRRS.

15. (canceled)

16. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 6, wherein the P1 (first peptide) motif activates each of 51 and 61 integrin receptors.

17. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 6, wherein the P1 (first peptide) motif is either PHSRN-RGDSP as an 51 integrin activation motif or VVSLYNFEQTFML as an 51 integrin activation motif.

18. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 6, wherein the coreceptor is at least one selected from the group consisting of Frizzled receptor, LIF receptor, FGF receptor and TGF receptor.

19-29. (canceled)

30. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 1, wherein the peptide motifs are introduced at a concentration of 0.001 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml.

31. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 1, wherein the peptide motifs are those attached to an adhesive protein.

32. The three-dimensional microenvironment structure of claim 31, wherein the adhesive protein is a mussel adhesive protein.

33. A surface for controlling cell behavior, the surface comprising two or more peptide motifs, including a P1 (first peptide) motif and a P2 (second peptide) motif, which bind to cell receptors, wherein the peptide motifs bind to two or more different receptors on the cell, thereby generating a signal for controlling the cell behavior.

34. The surface of claim 33, wherein the surface is a porous surface, a non-porous surface, or a combination thereof.

35. The surface of claim 33, wherein the surface is the surface of one or more of a nanofiber, a hydrogel and a particle.

36. The surface of claim 33, wherein the cell behavior is one or more selected from the group consisting of cell adhesion, migration, growth, proliferation, morphogenesis, differentiation or apoptosis.

37. The surface of claim 33, wherein the two or more different receptors are integrin receptor and integrin coreceptor.

38. The surface of claim 37, wherein the coreceptor is one or more selected from among FGF receptor, Frizzled receptor, TGF receptor, EGF receptor, LIF receptor, BMP receptor, cadherin, syndecan, and interleukin receptor.

39-42. (canceled)

43. The surface of claim 37, wherein the two or more different receptors are any one of integrin-Frizzled receptor, integrin-LIF receptor, integrin-BMP receptor, integrin-FGF receptor, and integrin-EGF receptor.

44. The surface of claim 33, wherein the two or more peptide motifs are an integrin-binding motif and an integrin coreceptor-binding motif.

45. The surface of claim 44, wherein the integrin-binding motif is a motif that binds to one or more of a3b1, a5b1, a6b1, a9b1 and avb3 integrins.

46. The surface of claim 44, wherein the integrin coreceptor-binding motif is a motif that binds to one or more of integrin-Frizzled receptor, integrin-LIF receptor, integrin-BMP receptor, integrin-FGF receptor, and integrin-EGF receptor.

47-48. (canceled)

49. A method for manufacturing a three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior, the method comprising the steps of: 1) preparing a composition containing one or more polymer materials selected from among PVDF, PAN, PES and PLA; 2) preparing a composition containing peptide motifs; and 3) mixing the composition of 1) and the composition of 2), followed by electrospinning.

50. A method for manufacturing a three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior, the method comprising the steps of: 1) electrospinning a composition containing one or more polymer materials selected from among PVDF, PAN, PES and PLA, thereby manufacturing a three-dimensional structure; and 2) coating the three-dimensional structure with a composition containing peptide motifs.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0060] FIG. 1 shows the results of silver staining performed to confirm that a peptide motif functioning as an extracellular matrix mimetic is located on the nanofiber surface.

[0061] FIG. 2A depicts photographs of nanofibers having fiber diameters of 200 nm, 500 nm and 800 nm, respectively, and FIG. 2B depicts photographs of nanofibers having fiber diameters of 600 nm and 1000 nm, respectively.

[0062] FIG. 3 shows results indicating that when an extracellular matrix mimetic is introduced to the nanofiber surface, particles having a particle size of 500 nm to 5 m can be obtained.

[0063] FIG. 4 is an example of an array layout of the present disclosure.

[0064] FIG. 5 schematically represents membranes having a peptide motif located on the surface thereof.

[0065] FIG. 6A is an example of a structure of the present disclosure.

[0066] FIG. 6B shows the results of fluorescent staining performed to confirm that a peptide motif is present on the nanofiber membrane surface.

[0067] FIG. 6C shows the effects of protein blending and spinning and a motif on the adhesion of cells (mESCs).

[0068] FIG. 7 shows an array for coating and evaluating 20 peptides according to the present disclosure.

[0069] FIGS. 8 to 10 show results indicating that peptides derived from fibronectin (such as PHSRN-RGDSP), laminin (such as RNIAEIKDI) or cadherin (such as ADTPPV) are effective for stem cell adhesion and colony formation.

[0070] FIG. 11 shows the results of AP staining performed to examine the effects of each motif on embryonic stem cell self-renewal and colony size.

[0071] FIG. 12 shows the effect of a coating method (2D plate coating) used for protein coating.

[0072] FIGS. 13 and 14 show the results of AP staining performed to examine the effects of simultaneous control of activities of two key receptors on embryonic stem cell self-renewal and colony size.

[0073] FIG. 15 shows the results of two-dimensionally examining the effects of protein motifs in hiPSCs.

[0074] FIG. 16 shows the results of two-dimensionally examining the effects of protein motifs in hiPSCs.

[0075] FIG. 17 shows the results of AP staining.

[0076] FIG. 18 shows the results of examining the effect of the density of a PHSRN-RGDSP motif in mESCs.

[0077] FIG. 19 shows the effect of protein coating concentration on hiPSC culture (2D plate).

[0078] FIG. 20 shows the results of controlling the thicknesses of PVDF membranes.

[0079] FIG. 21 shows a microenvironment array comprising individual motifs alone.

[0080] FIG. 22 is a graph showing the effect of each peptide motif on the migration of cells.

[0081] FIG. 23 shows the representative results of a scratch test.

[0082] FIG. 24 shows the results of an experiment performed in Example 12 of the present disclosure.

MODE FOR INVENTION

[0083] The present disclosure is directed to a three-dimensional microenvironment structure capable of accurately controlling cell behaviors, such as cell adhesion, migration, growth and differentiation, a surface and an array for controlling cell behavior, and a method for manufacturing the three-dimensional microenvironment structure.

[0084] The three-dimensional structure in the present disclosure is meant to include any three-dimensional structure which is used for the purpose of cell adhesion, migration, growth and differentiation. In addition, the microenvironment in the present disclosure is any biological, chemical and physical element for realizing a natural extracellular matrix outside cells.

[0085] The three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior according to the present disclosure comprises a nanofiber membrane and peptide motifs.

[0086] The present disclosure provides a three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior including: a nanofiber membrane; and two or more peptide motifs, including a P1 (first peptide) motif and a P2 (second peptide) motif.

[0087] In the present disclosure, the cell behavior may be one or more selected from the group consisting of cell adhesion, migration, growth and differentiation. In particular, it is preferably cell growth.

[0088] The nanofiber membrane of the present disclosure may comprise nanofibers comprising or made of a polymer material. The polymer material may be a polymer which may be electrospun, and examples thereof include, but are not limited to, polyvinylidene (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyethersulfone (PES), polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactide glycolic acid (PLGA), polycaprolactone, polyalkylene oxide, and the like. In particular, the nanofiber membrane of the present disclosure preferably comprises one or more of PVDF, PAN, PES and PLA.

[0089] The polymer material of the present disclosure may be selected from those having a molecular weight in the range of at least 100,000 to several million Daltons (Da), and preferably has a molecular weight of 300000 to 500000 Da.

[0090] The peptide motifs of the present disclosure may bind to receptors on the cells, thereby generating a signal for controlling the cell behavior. The two or more peptide motifs may be preferably included simultaneously, and thus may bind to two or more different receptors on the cells, thereby generating a signal for controlling the cell behavior.

[0091] In the present disclosure, the P1 (first peptide) motif in the peptide motifs may control integrin receptor activity, and the P2 (second peptide) motif may control integrin coreceptor activity, thereby generating a signal for controlling the cell behavior.

[0092] The peptide motifs of the present disclosure preferably include an integrin-binding motif and an integrin coreceptor-binding motif. The integrin-binding motif may be a motif that binds to one or more integrins selected from among a3b1, a5b1, a6b1, a9b1 and avb3 integrins, and the integrin coreceptor-binding motif may be a motif that binds to one or more receptors selected from among integrin-Frizzled receptor, integrin-LIF receptor, integrin-BMP receptor, integrin-FGF receptor, and integrin-EGF receptor.

[0093] Specifically, the peptide motifs of the present disclosure may control the activity of one or more of integrin-Frizzled receptor, integrin-LIF receptor, integrin-BMP receptor, integrin-FGF receptor, and integrin-EGF receptor.

[0094] In particular, in the present disclosure, an experiment on culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells, performed using two different receptors, revealed that the self-renewal and growth/proliferation effects were better in the order of cell receptor integrin-Frizzed receptor>integrin-LIF receptor>integrin-FGF receptor, and an experiment on culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells, performed using four different receptors in order to examine the effect of combinations on cell receptor activation, revealed that four types of combinations comprising Frizzled or TGF receptor had an excellent effect of maintaining colony size, self-renewal ability and differentiation ability.

[0095] The peptide motifs of the present disclosure preferably include one or more of RGD, PHSRN-RGDSP, SPPRRARVT, TWYKIAF, RKRLQVQLSIRT, NRWHSIYITRFG, GIIFFL, RYVVLPR, RNIAEIKDI, WQPPRARI, KNNQKSEPLLIGRKKT, KKQRFRHRNRKGYRSG, LCCGRGHRTRTQRVTERCNC, LGTQGRLCNKTSEGMDGCEL, IVPLLLLVLH, YTAQGEPFPNNVEKLCAP, LFSHAVSSNG, ADTPPV, DQNDN, and LRAHAVDING, and preferably essentially include PHSRN-RGDSP.

[0096] The peptide motifs are preferably introduced to the three-dimensional microenvironment structure or the surface thereof at a concentration of 0.001 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml, most preferably 0.01 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml.

[0097] More preferably, the peptide motifs of the present disclosure may be those attached to a mussel adhesive protein. The mussel adhesive protein may be a commercially available material or may be synthesized or obtained from a natural source. Examples of commercially available mussel adhesive proteins include, but are not limited to, MAPTrix ECM marketed by Kollodis BioSciences, Inc. (North Augusta, S.C., USA). The MAPTrix ECM is a mussel adhesive protein-based extracellular matrix mimetic material developed by Kollodis BioSciences, Inc. This material is a mussel adhesive protein recombinantly fuctionalized with a variety of extracellular matrix-derived peptides in order to mimic the bioactivity of naturally occurring extracellular matrices, and was experimentally demonstrated to have a bioactivity similar to natural extracellular matrix proteins in primary cell cultures as compared to natural or recombinant extracellular matrix proteins. The pre-designed extracellular matrix mimetic MAPTrix ECM is highly advantageous for creating a synthetic three-dimensional extracellular matrix microenvironment structure. For example, it may provide a synthetic three-dimensional microenvironment structure which is regulated cell-specifically or depending on the user's definition, and thus it may precisely mimic the natural microenvironment so that the biochemical cues provided thereby will be similar to biological cues provided by the natural microenvironment.

[0098] The MAPTrix ECM is a mussel adhesive protein recombinantly functionalized with bioactive peptides. In the present disclosure, the mussel adhesive protein may be used either alone or as a fusion protein comprising: a first peptide corresponding to the C-terminus, N-terminus, or both, of foot protein FP-5 represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8 to 10 or foot protein 3 (FP-3) represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6; and at least one second peptide selected from the group consisting of the mussel adhesive protein FP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 or 3) or fragments of each protein.

[0099] In the present disclosure, bioactive peptides are necessary to mimic the microenvironment structure of a natural extracellular matrix. Furthermore, additional components, such as growth factors, for example, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or substance P, may also be included to further enhance the beneficial effect of the extracellular matrix mimetic material on cell and tissue culture, medical devices and treatments, or other related applications.

[0100] The bioactive peptides may be added to the C-terminus, N-terminus, or both, of the mussel adhesive protein by gene recombination technology. In addition, these bioactive peptides may be added not only to the C-terminus or N-terminus of the fused mussel adhesive protein, but also between the components of the fusion protein. For example, extracellular matrix- or growth factor-derived peptides may be added between the FP-1 and FP-5 of the fusion protein FP-151. Additionally, the bioactive peptides may be different extracellular matrix- or growth factor-derived peptides present at both ends or between the components of the fusion protein.

[0101] Bioactive peptides are natural or synthetic peptides derived from extracellular matrix proteins, and mimic the biochemical or biophysical cues of a natural extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix proteins can be fibrous proteins, such as collagen, fibronectin, laminin, or vitronectin. The extracellular matrix proteins may influence the activity of cell surface receptors such as integrins, which may, in turn, bind to polyvalent extracellular matrix proteins, and then activate signaling pathways by co-clustering with kinases and adaptor proteins in focal adhesion complexes. For example, a RGD-containing peptide segment derived from fibronectin, laminin or vitronectin may regulate integrin activity.

[0102] The present disclosure provides a surface for controlling cell behavior, which may be a microenvironmentally defined 3D surface, a microenvironment surface or a three-dimensional microenvironment surface. The surface of the present disclosure is a surface for controlling cell behavior comprising two or more peptide motifs, including a P1 (first 1 peptide) motif and a P2 (second peptide) motif, which bind to cell receptors, wherein the peptide motifs may bind to two or more different receptors on the cell, thereby generating a signal for controlling the cell behavior.

[0103] The surface of the present disclosure may mean a cell culture structure itself, such as a nanofiber, a hydrogel, a particle, cellulose, or a glass fiber, or may be the surface thereof. In particular, the surface may be a pattern or porous nanofiber itself composed of various materials, including polyvinylidene (PVDF), or may be the surface thereof.

[0104] The surface of the present disclosure may be a surface for controlling cell behavior comprising two or more peptide motifs which bind to cell receptors, wherein the peptide motifs may bind to two or more different receptors on the cell, thereby generating a signal for controlling the cell behavior.

[0105] In the present disclosure, the cell behavior may be one or more selected from the group consisting of cell adhesion, migration, growth and differentiation, and the two or more different receptors may be integrin receptor and integrin coreceptor. In addition, the two or more different receptors may be any one of integrin-Frizzled receptor, integrin-LIF receptor, integrin-BMP receptor, integrin-FGF receptor, and integrin-EGF receptor.

[0106] Meanwhile, the contents described above with respect to the three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior are equally applied to all matters including the peptide motifs and/or receptors in the surface of the present disclosure.

[0107] In one example of the present disclosure, the surface comprises a substrate protein containing either a heparin-binding motif derived from fibronectin domain III or an 51 integrin-activating motif. The heparin-binding motif or the 51 integrin-activating motif is preferably selected from among RGD (SEQ ID NO: 15), GRGDSP (SEQ ID NO: 16), PHSRN-RGDSP (SEQ ID NO: 17), SPPRRARVT (SEQ ID NO: 18), WQPPRARI (SEQ ID NO: 19), KNNQKSEPLIGRKKT (SEQ ID NO: 20), or a combination of the 51 integrin that activates the motifs and the motif-bound heparin.

[0108] In another example, the surface of the present disclosure comprises a substrate protein containing an 61 integrin-activating motif derived from the laminin 5 LG domain or laminin 1, which supports stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. The 61 integrin-activating motif is preferably selected from among GKNTGDHFVLYM (SEQ ID NO: 22), VVSLYNFEQTFML (SEQ ID NO: 23), RFDQELRLVSYN (SEQ ID NO: 24), RLVSYSGVLFFLK (SEQ ID NO: 25), ASKAIQVFLLGG (SEQ ID NO: 26), VLVRVERATVFS (SEQ ID NO: 27), TVFSVDQDNMLE (SEQ ID NO: 28), RLRGPQRVFDLH (SEQ ID NO: 29), FDLHQNMGSVN (SEQ ID NO: 30), QQNLGSVNVSTG (SEQ ID NO: 31), SRATAQKVSRRS (SEQ ID NO: 32), TWYKIAFQRNRK (SEQ ID NO: 45), and NRWHSIYITRFG (SEQ ID NO: 46).

[0109] In another example, the surface of the present disclosure comprises a substrate protein containing a combinatorial motif of an 61-binding motif and an 51 integrin-activating motif in order to support stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. The combinatorial motif is preferably a combination of PHSRN-RGDSP (SEQ ID NO: 17) and NRWHSIYITRFG (SEQ ID NO: 46), which supports stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal.

[0110] The present disclosure provides an FGF mimetic comprising a recombinant mussel adhesive protein functionalized with an FGF-derived peptide motif derived from a canofin domain or a hexafin domain. The FGF mimetic peptide motif is preferably selected from among a canofin domain derived from HFKDPKRLYCK (SEQ ID NO: 34), FLPMSAKS (SEQ ID NO: 35) or KTGPGQKAIL (SEQ ID NO: 36), or a hexafin domain derived from ANRYLAMKEDGRLLAS (SEQ ID NO: 33).

[0111] The present disclosure provides an array for controlling cell behavior comprising two or more selected from the three-dimensional microenvironment structure and the surface.

[0112] One embodiment of the array for controlling cell behavior according to the present disclosure is shown in Example 4 and FIG. 7.

[0113] The contents described above with respect to the three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior and/or the surface are equally applied to all matters including the peptide motifs and/or receptors in the array of the present disclosure.

[0114] The present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing a three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior. Specifically, the method may comprise the steps of: 1) preparing a composition containing one or more polymer materials selected from among PVDF, PAN, PES and PLA; 2) preparing a composition containing peptide motifs; and 3) mixing the composition of 1) and the composition of 2), followed by electrospinning.

[0115] In addition, the method for manufacturing a three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior according to the present disclosure may comprise the steps of: 1) electrospinning a composition containing one or more polymer materials selected from among PVDF, PAN, PES and PLA, thereby manufacturing a three-dimensional structure; and 2) coating the three-dimensional structure with a composition containing peptide motifs.

[0116] The contents described above with respect to the three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior and/or the surface and/or the array are equally applied to all matters including the peptide motifs and/or receptors in the method for manufacturing a three-dimensional microenvironment structure for controlling cell behavior according to the present disclosure.

[0117] Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to examples. However, these examples are only illustrative of the present disclosure, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

Example 1: Introduction of Peptide Motifs to Nanofiber Surface by Electrospinning

[0118] Experimental Method

[0119] 1) Preparation of Electrospinning Solution: Each of four synthetic polymers, PVDF (average molecular weight: 200 kDa; purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, USA)), PAN (average molecular weight: 200 kDa), PES, and PLA (average molecular weight: 200 kDa; purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, USA)), was prepared at a concentration of 12 to 18 wt % in the solvent DMAc.

[0120] 2) Next, the extracellular matrix mimetic MAPTrix (purchased from Kollodis Biosciences (North Augusta, S.C., USA)) was dissolved in a mixed solvent of water/DMAc, and then the synthetic polymer solutions of 1) were added thereto, thereby preparing electrospinning solutions having concentrations of 15 wt % and 18 wt %.

[0121] At this time, DMAc and THF were used as solvents, and the mixing ratio of the solvents was controlled to adjust the fiber diameter.

[0122] For example, in order to manufacture fibers having a fiber diameter of 200 nm, the concentration of the spinning solution was set at 15 wt % and the mixing ratio of the solvents (DMAc/THF) was set at 7/3. In this state, electrospinning was performed.

[0123] In order to manufacture fibers having a fiber diameter of 5,600 nm, the concentration of the spinning solution was set at 18 wt % and the mixing ratio of the solvents (DMAc/THF) was set at 7/3. In this state, electrospinning was performed.

[0124] In addition, in order to manufacture fibers having a fiber diameter of 800 to 1000 nm, the concentration of the spinning solution was set at 18 wt % and the mixing ratio of the solvents (DMAc/THF) was set at 5/5. In this state, electrospinning was performed.

[0125] As electrospinning conditions, a voltage of 21 kV and an injection rate of 0.1 mL/min were used, which were constant for all the spinning solutions, but the distance between the nozzle and the collector was adjusted to 10 to 11 cm so that nanofibers would be easily formed from each solution. While the temperature and humidity in a chamber were maintained at constant temperature and humidity (30 C. and 60%), electrospinning was performed. To control the fiber diameter, the temperature and the humidity were adjusted depending on spinnability and the fiber diameter distribution.

[0126] The composition and electrospinning conditions of each electrospinning are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Composition (structural components) of electrospunable solution Polymer Solution MAPTrix Solution (1 mL) 100 mg PVDF 5 mL DMAc 7 mg DW/DMAc (0.1/0.9) 100 mg PES 5 mL DMAc 7 mg DW/DMAc (0.1/0.9) 100 mg PAN 5 mL DMAc 7 mg DW/DMAc (0.1/0.9) 100 mg PLGA 5 mL DMAc 7 mg DW/DMAc (0.1/0.9) 50 mg PVDF/ 5 mL DMAc 7 mg DW/DMAc (0.1/0.9) 50 mg PAN 50 mg PVDF/ 5 mL DMAc 7 mg DW/DMAc (0.1/0.9) 50 mg PES

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Parameters for Electrospinning Voltage Rate Distance E-solution Concentration (kV) (mL/min) (cm) PVDF 18% 21 0.1 11 PES 18% 21 0.1 10 PAN 18% 21 0.1 10 PLGA 18% 21 0.1 11 PVDF/PAN 18% 21 0.1 10 PVDF/PES 18% 21 0.1 10

[0127] The E-solution is an electrospunable bio-functional component prepared according to the above-described method.

[0128] Experimental Results

[0129] It was confirmed by an electron microscope that a nanofiber membrane was formed in which the peptide motif functioning as an extracellular matrix mimetic was located on the nanofiber surface. In addition, it was confirmed by a staining test that the peptide motif was present on the nanofiber surface. Namely, pure PVDF (PVDF control) was not stained, and thus did not change color, because the amine group (NH.sub.2) of the protein was not present thereon; however, the nanofiber surface having each protein (MAP, Combo, or RGD) added thereto could be stained due to the presence of the NH.sub.2 group.

[0130] The experimental results are shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows the results of silver staining performed to confirm that a peptide motif functioning as an extracellular matrix mimetic is located on the nanofiber surface.

[0131] Functionalization to introduce a peptide motif onto the nanofiber surface according to a conventional art requires additional processes such as a surface treatment process of chemically immobilizing the peptide motif to introduce the peptide motif onto the nanofiber surface, but the present disclosure is based on the thermodynamic principle, and does not require the addition or supplementation of a conventional electrospinning process, indicating that the present disclosure has the advantages of being economical and simple.

Example 2: Nanofiber Membranes Having Controlled Fiber Diameters

[0132] Experimental Method

[0133] 1) To control the nanofiber diameter, PVDF was selected as a representative, and PVDF copolymers miscible with the PVDF were used to prepare mixtures. As the PVDF copolymers, PVDF copolymers having molecular weights of 400,000, 600,000 and 650,000 were used to manufacture nanofiber membranes having various fiber diameters.

[0134] 2) While the mixing ratio of the PVDF and the PVDF copolymer was changed from 1:1 to 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8 and 1:9, the effect of the molecular weight and mixing ratio of the PVDF copolymer on the control of the diameter was observed.

[0135] The electrospinning procedure and conditions are the same as described in Example 1.

[0136] Experimental Results

[0137] The experimental results are shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2A depicts photographs of nanofibers having fiber diameters of 200 nm, 500 nm and 800 nm, respectively, and FIG. 2B depicts photographs of nanofibers having fiber diameters of 600 nm and 1000 nm, respectively.

[0138] The experimental results revealed that optimization of the mixing ratio of the PVDF and the PVDF copolymer and the molecular weight of the PVDF made it possible to manufacture nanofiber membranes having fiber diameters of 200 nm, 500 nm and 800 nm, respectively.

[0139] The diameter of nanofibers is one of the important factors that affect cell adhesion and growth. In the present disclosure, a membrane substrate having a changed nanofiber diameter was achieved while a biochemical environment formed by an extracellular matrix was maintained constant. In a chemical immobilization method according to a conventional art, a constant density or orientation is not always realized, since the chemical reaction between the peptide motif and the nanofiber surface is a random reaction, but in the present disclosure, a membrane having a precisely controlled nanofiber diameter can be manufactured while a constant density or orientation is always maintained.

Example 3: Manufacture of Nanofibers Containing Particles

[0140] Experimental Method

[0141] 1) To introduce particles composed of an extracellular matrix mimetic onto the surface of nanofibers, sodium bicarbonate was dissolved in 1 mL of water to obtain 10 mM buffer solution (pH 6.5), and 10 mg of EDC (1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride) and 5 mg of SNHS were dissolved in the buffer solution, thereby preparing an aqueous solution.

[0142] 2) Next, 0.1 mg of a mussel protein with the fibronectin mimetic PHSRN-RGDSP peptide motif was dissolved in 1 mL of water, thereby preparing a reaction solution.

[0143] 3) The EDC/SNHS solution was added to a nanofiber membrane-coated micro well plate and incubated for 30 minutes so that the COOH group of MAPTrix present on the nanofiber membrane surface was activated.

[0144] Thereafter, the reaction solution of 2) was added to the nanofiber surface so that it reacted with the COOH group on the nanofiber surface to form particles.

[0145] Experimental Results

[0146] The experimental results are shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows results indicating that when an extracellular matrix mimetic is introduced to the nanofiber surface, particles having a particle size of 500 nm to 5 m can be obtained.

[0147] The surface topography of the nanofibers is one of the important factors constituting a cellular microenvironment, and it was confirmed that a peptide motif was present on the particle surface, making it possible to manufacture a membrane capable of more precisely controlling cell behavior by a combination of the surface topography and the peptide motif.

Example 4: Preparation of Microenvironment Array

Example 4-1: Attachment of Peptide Motif to Nanofiber Membrane Surface

[0148] Experimental Method

[0149] 1) Nanofiber membranes having each of 12 fibronectin-derived peptide motifs present on the surface thereof were prepared according to Example 1 (see the layout shown in FIG. 4).

[0150] 2) Next, the membrane comprising each peptide motif was coated on a 12-well plate, and FIG. 4 shows an array layout.

[0151] 3) At this time, the sequences of 10 peptide motifs, including the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 to 20 and 43, are described as representatives in the specification.

[0152] Experimental Results

[0153] FIG. 5 depicts electron micrographs of membranes having fiber diameters of 200 nm, 500 nm and 800 nm, respectively. FIG. 5 schematically represents membranes having a peptide motif located on the surface thereof, and FIG. 6B shows the results of fluorescent staining performed to confirm that a peptide motif is present on the nanofiber membrane surface.

[0154] From the experimental results, it was confirmed that the peptide motif was present on the nanofiber surface and membranes having fiber diameters of 200 nm, 500 nm and 800 nm could be manufactured, making it possible to manufacture a cell culture surface capable of precisely controlling a cellular microenvironment.

[0155] In addition, FIG. 6C shows the effects of protein blending and spinning and a motif on the adhesion of cells (mESCs), and the terms used therein indicate the following: [0156] PVDF: a sample obtained by spinning only PVDF; [0157] PVDF-MAP: a sample obtained by blending and spinning MAP (mussel adhesive protein) during spinning of PVDF; [0158] PVDF-Combo: a sample obtained by blending and spinning Combo (MAP-Combo (fibronectin motif: PHSRN+GRGDSP)) during spinning of PVDF.

[0159] From the experimental results, it was confirmed that when only PVDF was spun, mESCs hardly adhered, but when the protein was blended and spun with PVDF, a large amount of the cells adhered, and when the motif (Combo) was used, a larger amount of the cells adhered. In addition, the adhesion of the cells was higher in the order of PVDF<PVDF-MAP<PVDF-Combo. Additionally, blending and spinning of the protein was effective and made the motif effective.

Example 4-2: Selection of Peptide Motif Effective for Stem Cell Adhesion and Colony Formation

[0160] Experimental Method

[0161] 1) The 600-nm nanofiber membrane manufactured by blending and spinning Combo according to Example 1 was coated with each of 20 peptides, including fibronectin, laminin, WNT, LIF, and cadherin-like peptide, thereby preparing an array (FIG. 7 shows an array for coating and evaluating 20 types of peptides according to the present disclosure).

[0162] 2) In order to realize various microenvironments using peptides alone or in combination, MAPTrix comprising an integrin-binding motif, such as RGD (SEQ ID NO: 15), GRGDSP (SEQ ID NO: 16), PHSRN-RGDSP (SEQ ID NO: 17) or KLDAPT (SEQ ID NO: 43), which binds to integrin, LIF or Frizzled receptor, and a heparin-binding motif, such as SPPRRARVT (SEQ ID NO: 18), WQPPRARI (SEQ ID NO: 19), KNNQKSEPLIGRKKT (SEQ ID NO: 20), ATETTITIS, or YEKPGSPPREVVPRPRPGV, was used to create an extracellular microenvironment surface in each well.

[0163] The sequences of the 20 peptide motifs include RGD, PHSRN-RGDSP, SPPRRARVT, TWYKIAF, RKRLQVQLSIRT, NRWHSIYITRFG, GIIFFL, RYVVLPR, RNIAEIKDI, WQPPRARI, KNNQKSEPLLIGRKKT, KKQRFRHRNRKGYRSG, LCCGRGHRTRTQRVTERCNC, LGTQGRLCNKTSEGMDGCEL, IVPLLLLVLH, YTAQGEPFPNNVEKLCAP, LFSHAVSSNG, ADTPPV, DQNDN, LRAHAVDING, and the like.

[0164] Experimental Results

[0165] The experimental results are shown in FIGS. 8 to 10.

[0166] FIGS. 8 to 10 show results indicating that peptides derived from fibronectin (such as PHSRN-RGDSP), laminin (such as RNIAEIKDI) or cadherin (such as ADTPPV) are effective for stem cell adhesion and colony formation.

[0167] As shown in the figures, it can be confirmed that peptides derived from fibronectin (such as PHSRN-RGDSP), laminin (such as RNIAEIKDI) or cadherin (such as ADTPPV) are effective for stem cell adhesion and colony formation. However, PHSRN-RGDSP resulted in the cell adhesion and colony size comparable to the levels of Matrigel, and thus PHSRN-RGDSP was used in subsequent experiments.

Example 5: Effect of Peptide Motif on Culture of Stem Cells

[0168] Experimental Method

[0169] 1) To investigate a microenvironment showing excellent embryonic stem cell self-renewal and growth by the use of the array prepared in Example 4, a cell culture experiment was performed.

[0170] 2) A cell culture medium containing serum replacement medium and LIF was dispensed into each well, and then mouse-derived embryonic stem cells were cultured therein for 96 hours, after which the effect of each microenvironment on embryonic stem cell self-renewal and colony size was examined by AP staining.

[0171] To verify the effect of the peptide motif, nanofibers and a PDL-coated surface, which have no peptide motif, were used as controls in comparative experiments.

[0172] Experimental Results

[0173] The experimental results are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12.

[0174] FIG. 11 shows the results of AP staining performed to examine the effects of each motif on embryonic stem cell self-renewal and colony size.

[0175] The effect of each motif on embryonic stem cell self-renewal and colony size was examined by AP staining, and as a result, as shown in FIG. 11, it was confirmed that the nanofibers comprising the PHSRN-RGDSP motif exhibited excellent self-renewal effects and the largest colony size.

[0176] FIG. 12 shows the effect of a coating method (2D plate coating) used for protein coating, and the experimental results are as follows.

[0177] Coated protein: 0.5 mg/ml Combo

[0178] (A): a protein solution was immediately added and coated onto a NHS/EDC solution

[0179] (R): a protein solution was coated after removal of a NHS/EDC solution.

[0180] As a result, in (A), the protein was observed as particles, but in (R), no particles were observed. In addition, in (A), a colony shape with well-maintained sternness was maintained during culture of the mESCs, but in (R), there were many differentiated cells with no sternness maintained. This suggests that the shape of the protein coated varies depending on the coating method and formation of the particles has a better effect on culture of the mESCs.

[0181] This experiment revealed that optimization of the type of peptide motif on the nanofiber surface and the topography of a surface for cell culture can greatly improve stem cell self-renewal and colony size.

Example 6: Effect of Combination of Cell Receptor Activation Motifs on Culture of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (1)

[0182] Experimental Method

[0183] According to Examples 1 and 2, membranes having a controlled nanofiber diameter of 200 nm were manufactured. At this time, the nanomembrane surface was prepared to have peptide motifs capable of simultaneously controlling the activities of three receptors (integrin-FGF receptor, integrin-Frizzled receptor and integrin-LIF receptor), in order to confirm the synergistic effect of combinations of peptides capable of simultaneously controlling different receptors, among the motifs confirmed to have an effect on stem cell culture in Example 5 among the seven key receptors that determine the behavior of stem cells.

[0184] Membranes with three microenvironments were prepared and coated on 6 well plates. Culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells was performed in the same manner as described in Example 5, and the effect of each microenvironment on the behavior of the stem cells was examined.

[0185] Experimental Results

[0186] The experimental results are shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. FIGS. 13 and 14 show the results of AP staining performed to examine the effects of simultaneous control of activities of two key receptors on stem cell self-renewal and colony size.

[0187] Specifically, FIG. 13 shows the results obtained by coating PHSRN-RGDSP and each FGF protein on plates and examining whether the coated protein can simultaneously control integrin-FGF receptor and examining the effect of the coating concentration of the proteins.

[0188] From the experimental results, it can be confirmed that the cell shape and the colony size were different between the plate was coated with PHSRN-RGDSP alone and when the plate was coated with a combination of PHSRN-RGDSP and each FGF protein. It can be seen that when the plate was coated with the FGF3 protein, the shape of the stem cells was better and the colony size increased, compared to when the plate was coated with FGF1 or FGF4. In addition, it can be seen that as the amount of protein coated increased, the colony size became smaller, but the shape of the stem cells became better. This suggests that coating with a combination of PHSRN-RGDSP and the FGF3 protein has a better effect on the culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells than coating with PHSRN-RGDSP alone.

[0189] In addition, as shown in FIGS. 14A to 14C, it can be confirmed that when integrin receptor and FGF receptor were simultaneously controlled, better self-renewal results than when integrin receptor alone was controlled could be obtained, and the cell shape and the colony size also approached those of the positive control Matrigel.

[0190] Comparison of the cell shape and the colony size indicated that control of integrin-Frizzed receptor and integrin-LIF receptor had a better effect than control of integrin-FGF receptor. Comparison of the stem cell shape and the colony size indicated that the self-renewal and growth/proliferation effects were better in the order of integrin-Frizzed receptor>integrin-LIF receptor>integrin-FGF receptor.

[0191] In particular, a combination of integrin-Frizzed receptor was above the Matrigel level in terms of the maintenance of stem cell differentiation potential and exhibited an effect similar to that of iMatrix.

[0192] From the experimental results, it could be confirmed in this Example that the seven receptors that determine the behavior of stem cells have different degrees of contribution to the maintenance of stem cell differentiation potential and the self-renewal of stem cells, and that when two receptors are simultaneously controlled, a combination of integrin receptor and Frizzled receptor is a mimetic which is closest to an in vivo microenvironment.

Example 7: Effect of Combination of Cell Receptor Activation Motifs on Culture of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2)

[0193] Experimental Method

[0194] According to Example 6, plates having peptide motifs present on the surface thereof were prepared. At this time, the plate surface has a peptide motif that binds to each receptor so as to simultaneously control the activities of four receptors among the seven key receptors.

[0195] According to the same procedures as described in Examples 5 and 6, the effect of each microenvironment on culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells was examined.

[0196] Combinatorial receptors that are controlled by a surface coated on each well plate are integrin-Frizzed-FGF-TGF receptor, integrin-LIF-FGF-TGF, integrin-Frizzled-LIF-TGF, and integrin-Frizzled-LIF-FGF receptor.

[0197] Experimental Results

[0198] The experimental results are shown in FIGS. 15 and 16.

[0199] FIG. 15 shows the results of two-dimensionally examining the effect of protein motifs in hiPSC cells, and indicates the following.

[0200] Culture of hiPSCs after coating proteins on a 2D plate

[0201] Control: Matrigel

[0202] Proteins coated: Five proteins, Combo, FGF3, TGFb1, Wnt5a, and LIF1. All indicates coating with a mixture of all proteins (each protein was added at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml). The symbol - indicates the protein excluded from the mixture solution (e.g., -FGF3 indicates that only FGF was excluded from the mixture solution of the five proteins).

[0203] *- indicates coating with Combo alone, and MAP indicates coating with 0.1 mg/ml Combo+0.4 mg/ml MAP.

[0204] From the experimental results, it was shown that when the plate was coated with Combo alone, all hiPSCs grew in a differentiated form, and when MAP was added, hiPSCs grew, but the colony size became smaller. In addition, in the absence of FGF3, the colony size became smaller, and in the absence of TGFb1 and Wnt5a, the colony size became larger, but a differentiated form appeared. In the absence of LIF1, the colony shape became better, there was a difference in the effect of the protein motifs coated, and the colony shape of hiPSCs also changed due to the addition of the protein motifs.

[0205] In addition, FIG. 16 shows the results of two-dimensionally examining the effects of protein motifs in hiPSCs. Specifically, it shows the results of analyzing the expression of sternness markers after coating proteins on 2D plates and culturing hiPSCs, and indicates the following:

[0206] Control: Matrigel

[0207] Proteins coated: Five proteins, Combo, FGF3, TGFb1, Wnt5a, and LIF1. All indicates coating with a mixture of all proteins (each protein was added at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml). The symbol - indicates the protein excluded from the mixture solution (e.g., -FGF3 indicates that only FGF was excluded from the mixture solution of the five proteins).

[0208] *- indicates coating with Combo alone, and MAP indicates coating with 0.1 mg/ml Combo+0.4 mg/ml MAP.

[0209] It shows the results of analyzing the expression of sternness markers (Oct4 and Sox2) in hiPSCs, and indicates the following.

[0210] From the experimental results, it can be seen that when the plate was coated with Combo alone, the cells adhered at a level similar to the level of Matrigel, but the expression of sternness markers was weak, and when the plate was coated with a mixture of Combo and the motifs, the expression of sternness markers was stronger than that of Matrigel, and when FGF3 was absent, the colony shape of hiPSCs became smaller and the expression of sternness markers became weaker. In addition, it was confirmed that when TGFb1 and Wnt5a were absent, the expression of sternness markers became weaker, and coating with the motif mixture was effective for maintaining the sternness of hiPSCs, and the shape of the cells and the expression of sternness markers varied depending on the type of motif used.

[0211] As mentioned in Example 6, the seven receptors had different degrees of contribution to stem cell self-renewal. In addition, comparison of the combination of four receptors of this Example with the combination of two receptors indicated that the combination of four receptors exhibited better results than the combination of two receptors.

[0212] When the degree of contribution of each receptor was examined, it can be seen that the degree of contribution of LIF receptor was the lowest, and the degree of contribution of FGF receptor was higher than that of LIF receptor but lower than that of Frizzled or TGF receptor. In particular, it can be seen that the combination containing Frizzled or TGF receptor had a better self-renewal effect than Matrigel and had an effect comparable to the level of iMatrix.

Example 8. Effect of Different Physical Environments on Culture of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (3)

[0213] Experimental Method

[0214] According to Examples 1 and 2, membranes having nanofiber diameters of 200 nm (Combo-A type), 600 nm (Combo-B type) and 1000 nm (Combo-C type) were prepared. At this time, the membrane surface had PHSRN-RGDSP which is an integrin binding peptide motif.

[0215] According to the same procedures as described in Examples 6 and 7, the effect of each microenvironment on culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells was examined.

[0216] Experimental Results

[0217] The experimental results are shown in FIG. 17.

[0218] In order to examine the effect of the diameter of nanofibers on stem cell culture, the AP staining results shown in FIG. 17 were analyzed. As a result, as the diameter increased, the stem cell adhesion and colony size increased. It can be seen that in the nanofibers having the same diameter, the number of cells adhered and the colony size increased as the density of PHSRN-RGDSP increased. Specifically, FIG. 17 indicates the following.

[0219] Control of fiber diameter of PVDF membrane

[0220] Blend-spun protein: 10 mg/ml Combo

[0221] PVDF (having no protein)

[0222] Combo blend spinning A type: fiber diameter of 200 nm

[0223] Combo blend spinning B type: fiber diameter of 600 nm

[0224] Combo blend spinning C type: fiber diameter of 1000 nm.

[0225] From the experimental results, it could be confirmed that when A, B and C type Combo motifs were included, cell adhesion increased, and cell adhesion did differ depending on the fiber diameter. In addition, the degree of adhesion indicated A=B<C. (in FIG. 17, Combo blend spinning A, B and C type membranes).

[0226] Referring to FIG. 17, it can be seen that when mESCs were cultured in the membrane obtained by Combo blend spinning, a larger number of cells adhered and grew as the fiber diameter increased, and the colony shape of mESCs in the membrane obtained by Combo blend spinning was better than that in PDL used as the control. In conclusion, it can be seen that the sternness of mESCs was well maintained.

[0227] It can be seen that an increasing nanofiber diameter is advantageous for maintaining the self-renewal and differential potential of stem cells.

Example 9. Effect of Density of Integrin Binding Motif (i)

[0228] Experimental Method

[0229] In order to examine the effect of the density of the integrin-binding motif PHSRN-RGDSP in the nanofiber surface on culture of stem cells, the extracellular matrix mimetic MAPTrix PHSRN-RGDSP was used in amounts of 10 mg and 20 mg when manufacturing nanofibers according to Example 1, so that the density of PHSRN-RGDSP in the nanofiber surface changed. The effect of the density of PHSRN-RGDSP on the self-renewal and colony size of stem cells was examined.

[0230] Experimental Results

[0231] The experimental results are shown in FIG. 18. FIG. 18 shows the results of examining the effect of the density of a PHSRN-RGDSP motif in mESCs. Detailed experimental conditions and results are as follows:

[0232] The protein was added in amounts of 10 mg and 20 mg when manufacturing Combo blend-spun B type membranes according to Examples 1 and 2, and then mESCs were cultured on the membranes and the colony size and shape of the mESCs were examined.

[0233] Control: PDL

[0234] Blend-spun protein motif: 10 mg PHSRN-RGDSP, and 20 mg PHSRN-RGDSP

[0235] As can be seen in FIG. 18, as the surface density of PHSRN-RGDSP increased, the adhesion of stem cells and the colony size also increased. Namely, the surface density of PHSRN-RGDSP plays an important role in the self-renewal and growth of stem cells. However, it can be seen that the self-renewal is still at a lower level than self-renewal on PDL. In order to confirm the surface density corresponding to the level on PDL, an additional experiment was performed, and the contents thereof will be addressed in Example 10 (Effect of Density of Integrin Binding Motif (ii)) below.

[0236] It can be seen that the membrane showed lower self-renewal than that of PDL which is a common material for stem cell culture, but when the density of PHSRN-RGDSP was increased, the effect of improving self-renewal could be obtained.

Example 10: Effect of Density of Integrin Binding Motif (ii)

[0237] Experimental Method

[0238] In order to further examine the effect of the density of the integrin binding motif PHSRN-RGDSP on culture of stem cells, a PHSRN-RGDSP mimetic was coated on the 2D plate surface using an EDC/NHS catalyst, and the effect of the concentration (i.e., surface density) of PHSRN-RGDSP on the behavior of stem cells was examined according to the procedures described in Examples 6 and 7. The concentrations of PHSRN-RGDSP in the coating solution were 0.01 mg/ml, 0.06 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, and 1 mg/ml, respectively.

[0239] Experimental Results

[0240] The experimental results are shown in FIG. 19. FIG. 19 shows the effect of protein coating concentration on hiPSC culture (2D plate), and an experiment for examining the effect was performed under the following conditions.

[0241] Control: Matrigel

[0242] Coated protein: MAP and Combo

[0243] Coating concentration: 0.01 mg/ml, 0.06 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, and 1 mg/ml.

[0244] Referring to FIG. 19, it can be seen that when the plate was coated with MAP, hiPSCs hardly adhered, and when the plate was coated with 0.5 mg/ml of MAP, cells adhered and grew, but did not form a normal colony, and when the plate was coated with Combo, hiPSCs adhered and grew, and as the concentration of Combo increased, a larger number of cells adhered and grew, similar to growth on Matrigel. In addition, it can be seen that the coating concentration of the protein affected the culture of hiPSCs and the motif (Combo) was effective.

[0245] It was confirmed that as the coating concentration of PHSRN-RGDSP, that is, the density of PHSRN-RGDSP on the surface, increased, the adhesion of cells increased and the colony size also increased. As observed in the AP staining results shown in FIG. 19, it can be seen that when the coating concentration of PHSRN-RGDSP was 0.1 mg/mL or higher, the cell adhesion performance and colony size comparable to the levels observed on Matrigel were obtained.

[0246] The minimum concentration for obtaining the self-renewal and growth effects comparable to the levels observed on Matrigel was examined, and the obtained result could be used as an index to determine the minimum concentration for simultaneously controlling the activities of key integrin receptors.

Example 11: Measurement of the Effect of Nanomembrane Thickness on Stem Cell Self-Renewal (the Above-Described Conditions were Maintained Except for the Thickness)

[0247] Experimental Method

[0248] According to Examples 1 and 2, membranes having nanofiber diameters of 600 nm and 1000 nm were manufactured. During the manufacture, the thicknesses of the membranes were controlled. The membranes having a fiber diameter of 600 nm were manufactured to have thicknesses of 1.5 m, 2.8 m and 5.5 m, and the membranes having a fiber diameter of 1000 nm were manufactured to have thicknesses of 3 m, 5 m and 7 m. At this time, the membranes were manufactured by blend-spinning with PHSRN-RGDSP. The behavior of stem cells depending on the thickness of the membrane was examined according to the procedures described in Example 5.

[0249] Experimental Results

[0250] The experimental results are shown in FIG. 20. FIG. 20 shows the results of controlling the thicknesses of PVDF membranes, and the experimental conditions and results are as follows:

[0251] Blend-spun protein: 10 mg/ml Combo

[0252] Combo blend-spun B type: fiber diameter of 600 nm

[0253] Combo blend-spun C type: fiber diameter of 1 m.

[0254] From the experimental results, it can be seen that when the B or C type Combo motif was included, the cell adhesion increased, and the cell adhesion did differ depending on the thickness of the membrane. In addition, the adhesion was higher in the order of B<C. At the same time, the effect of the membrane thickness on the behavior of stem cells was examined by AP staining.

[0255] From the experimental results, it can be seen that in all the membranes having nanofiber diameters of 600 nm and 1000 nm, the self-renewal efficiency did differ depending on the membrane thickness, and as the membrane thickness became thicker, the number of stem cells increased.

[0256] In addition, the experimental results revealed that as the membrane thickness became thicker, the effect of stem cell culture was better.

Example 12: Cell Migration Assay

[0257] Experimental Method

[0258] According to Examples 1 and 2, nanofiber membranes having a fiber diameter of 200 nm were manufactured. In order to explore microenvironments suitable for the growth and migration of the epithelial HaCaT (keratinocyte) and HS27 (fibroblast) cells constituting skin tissue, four laminin-derived peptide motifs and four collagen-derived peptide motifs were prepared, and 16 microenvironments containing the growth factor basic FGF and FGF mimetic peptide were prepared on surfaces coated with each motif. FIG. 21 shows a microenvironment array comprising individual motifs alone. Using this array, HaCaT and HS27 cells were dispensed, and microenvironments effective for cell growth and migration were explored.

[0259] The effect of each microenvironment on the migration of epithelial cells was examined by a scratch test.

[0260] Experimental Results

[0261] The experimental results are shown in FIGS. 22 to 24. FIG. 22 is a graph showing the effect of each peptide motif on the migration of cells, and as can be seen therein, the effect of the laminin-derived peptide motifs was better than that of the collagen-derived peptide motifs. In addition, it can be seen that there is an optimal concentration of each motif at which the migration reaches the maximum.

[0262] However, as can be seen in FIG. 24, the microenvironments containing the growth factor has resulted in promoting overall cell migration. In addition, it can be seen that, in the microenvironments containing the growth factor FGF, the difference in the effect of the collagen- or laminin-derived peptide motifs is offset.

[0263] FIG. 23 shows the representative results of a scratch test, and the degree of cell migration with the passage of time can be seen therein. In FIG. 23A, the collagen-derived motif GLPGER shows a low effect on cell migration. However, in FIG. 23B, the laminin-derived motif IKVAV shows a high effect on cell migration.

[0264] The migration of epithelial cells is essential for the wound healing process, and when a microenvironment that optimizes the migration of each type of cell is realized, the wound healing time may be shortened. The present disclosure may provide a microenvironment that optimizes the migration of each type of cells, and thus may be used for the development of wound dressing materials, etc.

TABLE-US-00003 [SequenceListText] SEQIDNO:1 modelpeptideofthetandemrepeatdecapeptidederivedfromfootprotein1(14P-1,Mytilusedulis) :AlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLys SEQIDNO:2 2timesrepeatedsequencederivedfromfootprotein1(1-P-1,Mytilusedulis) :AlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLys SEQIDNO:3 6timesrepeatedsequencederivedfromfootprotein1(1-P-1,Mytilusedulis) :AlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysPro SerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProPro ThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLys SEQIDNO:4 partialsequenceoffootproteintype2(FP-2,Mytiluscalifornianus) :GluValHisAlaCysLysProAsnProCysLysAsnAsnGlyArgCysTyrProAspGlyLysThr GlyTyrLysCysLysCysValGlyGlyTyrSerGlyProThrCysAlaCys SEQIDNO:5 Footproteintype3(PP-3,Mytiluseclulis) :AlaAspTyrTyrGlyProLysTyrGlyProProArgArgTyrGlyGlyGlyAsnTyrAsnArgTyr GlyGlySerArgArgTyrGlyGlyTyrLysGlyTrpAsnAsnGlyTrpLysArgGlyArgTrpGly ArgLysTyrTyrGluPheGluPhe SEQIDNO:6 Footproteintype3(PP-3,Mytilusgalloprovincialis:mgfp-3A) :AlaAspTyrTyrGlyProLysTyrGlyProProArgArgTyrGlyGlyGlyAsnTyrAsnArgTyr GlyArgArgTyrGlyGlyTyrLysGlyTrpAsnAsnGlyTrpLysArgGlyArgTrpGlyArgLys TyrTyr SEQIDNO:7 partialsequencefromfootproteintype4(Mytiluscalifornianus) :GlyHisValHisArgHisArgValLeuHisLysHisValHisAsnHisArgValLeuHisLysHis LeuHisLysHisGlnValLeuHisGlyHisValHisArgHisGlnValLeuHisLysHisValHisAsn HisArgValLeuHisLysHisLeuHisLysHisGlnValLeuHis SEQIDNO:8 Footproteintype5(FP-5,Mytiluseclulis) :SerSerGluGluTyrLysGlyGlyTyrTyrProGlyAsnAlaTyrHisTyrHisSerGlyGlySerTyr HisGlySerGlyTyrHisGlyGlyTyrLysGlyLysTyrTyrGlyLysAlaLysLysTyrTyrTyrLys TyrLysAsnSerGlyLysTyrLysTyrLeuLysLysAlaArgLysTyrHisArgLysGlyTyrLys LysTyrTyrGlyGlySerSer SEQIDNO:9 Footprotein5(FP-5,Mytilusedulis) :SerSerGluGluTyrLysGlyGlyTyrTyrProGlyAsnThrTyrHisTyrHisSerGlyGlySerTyr HisGlySerGlyTyrHisGlyGlyTyrLysGlyLysTyrTyrGlyLysAlaLysLysTyrTyrTyrLys TyrLysAsnSerGlyLysTyrLysTyrLeuLysLysAlaArgLysTyrHisArgLysGlyTyrLys LysTyrTyrGlyGlyGlySerSer SEQIDNO:10 Footprotein5(FP-5,Mytiluscoruscus) :TyrAspAspTyrSerAspGlyTyrTyrProGlySerAlaTyrAsnTyrProSerGlySerHisTrpHis GlyHisGlyTyrLysGlyLysTyrTyrGlyLysGlyLysLysTyrTyrTyrLysPheLysArgThr GlyLysTyrLysTyrLeuLysLysAlaArgLysTyrHisArgLysGlyTyrLysLysHisTyrGly GlySerSerSer SEQIDNO:11 musseladhesiveproteinfootproteintype5from(Mytilusgalloprovincialis) :SerSerGluGluTyrLysGlyGlyTyrTyrProGlyAsnThrTyrHisTyrHisSerGlyGlySerTyr HisGlySerGlyTyrHisGlyGlyTyrLysGlyLysTyrTyrGlyLysAlaLysLysTyrTyrTyrLys TyrLysAsnSerGlyLysTyrLysTyrLeuLysLysAlaArgLysTyrHisArgLysGlyTyrLys LysTyrTyrGlyGlyGlySerSer SEQIDNO:12 musseladhesiveproteinfootproteintype6 :GlyGlyGlyAsnTyrArgGlyTyrCysSerAsnLysGlyCysArgSerGlyTyrIlePheTyrAsp AsnArgGlyPheCysLysTyrGlySerSerSerTyrLysTyrAspCysGlyAsnTyrAlaGlyCys CysLeuProArgAsnProTyrGlyArgValLysTyrTyrCysThrLysLysTyrSerCysProAsp AspPheTyrTyrTyrAsnAsnLysGlyTyrTyrTyrTyrAsnAspLysAspTyrPheAsnCysGly SerTyrAsnGlyCysCysLeuArgSerGlyTyr SEQIDNO:13 hybridmusseladhesiveprotein(PP-151,MEFP-5based:Kollodis) AlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysPro SerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrPro ProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysSerSerGluGluTyrLysGlyGlyTyr TyrProGlyAsnAlaTyrHisTyrHisSerGlyGlySerTyrHisGlySerGlyTyrHisGlyGlyTyr LysGlyLysTyrTyrGlyLysAlaLysLysTyrTyrTyrLysTyrLysAsnSerGlyLysTyrLysTyr LeuLysLysAlaArgLysTyrHisArgLysGlyTyrLysTyrTyrGlyGlySerSerAlaLysProSer TyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProPro ThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLys AlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLys SEQIDNO:14 hybridmusseladhesiveprotein(PP-151,MGFP-5based) AlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysPro SerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrPro ProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysSerSerGluGluTyrLysGlyGlyTyr TyrProGlyAsnThrTyrHisTyrHisSerGlyGlySerTyrHisGlySerGlyTyrHisGlyGlyTyr LysGlyLysTyrTyrGlyLysAlaLysLysTyrTyrTyrLysTyrLysAsnSerGlyLysTyrLysTyr LeuLysLysAlaArgLysTyrHisArgLysGlyTyrLysLysTyrTyrGlyGlyGlySerSerAlaLys ProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyr ProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThr TyrLysAlaLysProSerTyrProProThrTyrLys SEQIDNO:15 Fibronectin-derivedpeptide(RGD) :ArgGlyAsp SEQIDNO:16 Fibronectin-derivedpeptide(GRGDSP) :GlyArgGlyAspSerPro SEQIDNO:17 Fibronectin-derivedpeptide(PHSRN-RGDSP) :ProHisSerArgAsnArgGlyAspSerPro SEQIDNO:18 Fibronectin-derivedpeptide(SPPRRARVT) :SerProProArgArgAlaArgValThr SEQIDNO:19 Fibronectin-derivedpeptide(WQPPRARI) :TrpGlnProProArgAlaArgIle SEQIDNO:20 :Fibronectin-derivedpeptide(KNNQKSEPLIGRKKT) LysAsnAsnGlnLysSerGluProLeuIleGlyArgLysLysThr SEQIDNO:21 Laminin-derivedpeptide(RKRLQVQLSIRT) :ArgLysArgLeuGlnValGlnLeuSerIleArgThr SEQIDNO:22 Laminin-derivedpeptide(GKNTGDHFVLYM) :GlyLysAsnThrGlyAspHisPheValLeuTyrMet SEQIDNO:23 Laminin-derivedpeptide(VVSLYNFEQTFML) :ValValSerLeuTyrAsnPheGluGlnThrPheMetLeu SEQIDNO:24 Laminin-derivedpeptide(RFDQELRLVSYN) :ArgPheAspGlnGluLeuArgLeuValSerTyrAsn SEQIDNO:25 Laminin-derivedpeptide(RLVSYSGVLFFLK) :ArgLeuValSerTyrSerGlyValLeuPhePheLeuLys SEQIDNO:26 Laminin-derivedpeptide(ASKAIQVFLLGG) :AlaSerLysAlaIleGlnValPheLeuLeuGlyGly SEQIDNO:27 Laminin-derivedpeptide(VLVRVERATVFS) :ThrHisArgProProMetTrpSerProValTrpPro SEQIDNO:28 Laminin-derivedpeptide(TVFSVDQDNMLE) :ThrValPheSerValAspGlnAspAsnMetLeuGlu SEQIDNO:29 Laminin-derivedpeptide(RLRGPQRVFDLH) :ArgLeuArgGlyProGlnArgValPheAspLeuHis SEQIDNO:30 Laminin-derivedpeptide(1-iDLHQNMGSVN) :PheAspLeuHisGlnAsnMetGlySerValAsn SEQIDNO:31 Laminin-derivedpeptide(QQNLGSVNVSTG) :GlnGlnAsnLeuGlySerValAsnValSerThrGly SEQIDNO:32 Laminin-derived(SRATAQKVSRRS) :SerArgAlaThrAlaGlnLysValSerArgArgSer SEQIDNO:33 FGF-derivedpeptide(ANRYLAMKEDGRLLAS) :AlaAsnArgTyrLeuAlaMetLysGluAspGlyArgLeuLeuAlaSer SEQIDNO:34 FGF-derivedpeptide(HFKDPKRLYCK) :HisPheLysAspProLysArgLeuTyrCysLys SEQIDNO:35 FGF-derivedpeptide(FLPMSAKS) :PheLeuProMetSerAlaLysSer SEQIDNO:36 FGF-derivedpeptide(KTGPGQKA) :LysThrGlyProGlyGlnLysAla SEQIDNO:37 TGF-derivedpeptide(LTGKNFPMFHRN) :LeuThrGlyLysAsnPheProMetPheHisArgAsn SEQIDNO:38 TGF-derivedpeptide(MHRMPSFLPTTL) :MetHisArgMetProSerPheLeuProThrThrLeu SEQIDNO:39 WNT-derivedpeptide(LCCGRGHRTRTQRVTERCNC) :LeuCysCysGlyArgGlyHisArgThrArgThrGlnArgValThrGluArgCysAsnCys SEQIDNO:40 WNT-derivedpeptide(LGTQGRLCNKTSEGMDGCEL) :LeuGlyThrGlnGlyArgLeuCysAsnLysThrSerGluGlyMetAspGlyCysGluLeu SEQIDNO:41 LIF-derivedpeptide(IVPLLLLVLH) :IleValProLeuLeuLeuLeuValLeuHis SEQIDNO:42 LIF-derivedpeptide(YTAQGEPFPNNVEKLCAP) :TyrThrAlaGlnGlyGluProPheProAsnAsnValGluLysLeuCysAlaPro SEQIDNO:43 Fibronectin-derivedpeptide(KLDAPT) :LysLeuAspAlaProThr SEQIDNO:44 Fibronectin-derivedpeptide(ElLDVPSTT) :GluIleLeuAspValProSerThrThr SEQIDNO:45 Laminin-derivedpeptide(TWYKIAFQRNRK) :ThrTrpTyrLysIleAlaPheGlnArgAsnArgLys SEQIDNO:46 Laminin-derivedpeptide(NRWHSIYITRFG) :AsnArgTrpHisSerIleTyrIleThrArgPheGly

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[0265] Patent Document 1: US Patent Publication No. 2006-0134050