BICYCLE FRAME AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING

Abstract

The present invention relates to a bicycle frame (100) and a method of production thereof. In one embodiment the bicycle frame (100) comprises a first hollow tube part (10) comprising a first thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite comprising a thermoplastic matrix and an embedded structure of fibers (11, 12); and a second hollow tube part (20) comprising at least a first fiber reinforced shell part (21) and a second fiber reinforced shell part (22) each comprising a second thermoplastic fiber composite. According to the method a fused interconnect is formed having an overlap (30) between the first hollow tube part (10) and the second hollow tube part (20), wherein the embedded structure of fibers (11, 12) of the first hollow tube part (10) at the overlap (30) crosses an overlap (30) between the hollow tube parts (10, 20).

Claims

1. Method of manufacturing a bicycle frame, the method comprising: providing a first hollow tube part comprising a first thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite comprising a thermoplastic polymer matrix and an embedded structure of fibers; providing at least a first fiber reinforced shell part and a second fiber reinforced shell part each comprising a second thermoplastic fiber composite including a thermoplastic polymer matrix and fibers; positioning the first fiber reinforced shell part adjacent to the second fiber reinforced shell part across a seam to form a second hollow tube part; inserting an end portion of the first hollow tube part into the second hollow tube part, or inserting an end portion of the second hollow tube part in the first hollow tube part, forming an overlap between the first hollow tube part and the fiber reinforced shell parts wherein at the overlap the embedded structure of fibers of the first hollow tube part crosses a boundary between the first hollow tube part and the second hollow tube part of shell parts; and fusing the first fiber reinforced shell part, the second fiber reinforced shell part, and the first hollow tube part in said relative position to each other, wherein fusing includes: heating the first hollow tube part and the fiber reinforced shell parts at least at a position of the overlap to a temperature above a softening temperature of the first and second thermoplastic fiber composite; and consolidating the heated first and second thermoplastic fiber composite by pressure to form a fused interconnect between the hollow tube parts.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first hollow tube part is a seamless hollow tube part.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first hollow tube part comprises a braided or winded fiber structure that is provided around the tube.

4. The method according claim 1, wherein the first hollow tube part is formed in separate heating and consolidating steps of a braided fiber structure comprising thermoplastic fibers and reinforcing fibers.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein an outer diameter of the first hollow tube part is smaller than an outer diameter of the second hollow tube part by a factor of at least two.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein, during fusing, the shell parts and first hollow tube part are enclosed by an outer mold at least at the position of the overlap.

7. The method according to claim 1, comprising providing a pressurizing medium within the first and/or the second hollow tube part and applying a hydrostatic pressure in a range between about one and about nine bar.

8. The method according to claim 1, comprising providing a layer, e.g. a strip, of a thermoplastic material, preferably the same thermoplastic material as the thermoplastic matrix material of the first hollow tube part and/or of the shell parts between the first and second hollow tube.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein fibers or bundles of fibers comprised in the embedded structure of fibers cross the seam between the first hollow tube part and the shell parts at an angle in a range between 30 and 90 degrees.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the shell parts is provided with a tongue to arrange an overlap along the seam between the shell parts.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method of manufacturing a bicycle frame is applied to form one or more of: a connection between a seat post or seat tube and the frame; a connection between a head tube and the frame front fork members; a connection between a fork blade and a streerer tube; and a connection between a seat stay or chain stay and the frame.

12. A bicycle frame, preferably obtainable by the method according to claim 1, the bicycle frame comprising a fused interconnect between: a first hollow tube part comprising a first thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite comprising a thermoplastic matrix and an embedded structure of fibers; and a second hollow tube part comprising at least a first fiber reinforced shell part and a second fiber reinforced shell part each comprising a second thermoplastic fiber composite comprising a thermoplastic matrix and fibers; wherein the fused interconnect includes an overlap between the first hollow tube part and the second hollow tube part formed of: an end portion of the first hollow tube part overlapping the second hollow tube, or of an end portion of the second hollow tube part overlapping the first hollow tube part, wherein the embedded structure of fibers of the first hollow tube part at the overlap crosses an overlap between the hollow tube parts.

13. The bicycle frame according to claim 12, wherein the first hollow tube part is a seamless hollow tube.

14. The bicycle frame according to claim 12, wherein the first hollow tube part comprises a braided fiber structure that is provided around said tube part.

15. The bicycle frame according to claim 12, wherein an outer diameter of the first hollow tube part is smaller than an outer diameter of the second hollow tube part by a factor of at least two.

16. The bicycle frame according to claim 12, comprising a layer of a thermoplastic material, preferably the same thermoplastic material as the thermoplastic matrix material of the first hollow tube part and/or of the shell parts, between the first and second hollow tube parts.

17. The bicycle frame according to claim 12, wherein fibers or bundles of fibers comprised in the embedded structure of fibers cross the seam between the first hollow tube part and the second hollow tube part at an angle in a range between 30 and 90 degrees.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0020] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the apparatus, systems and methods of the present disclosure will become better understood from the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings wherein:

[0021] FIG. 1 depicts a schematic exploded view of an embodiment of a bicycle frame formed of joined parts;

[0022] FIG. 2A schematically illustrates a portion of an embodiment of a bicycle frame comprising a fused interconnect between a first hollow tube part formed and a second hollow tube part during an intermediary stage of manufacturing;

[0023] FIG. 2B schematically illustrates a cross section side view during an intermediary stage of manufacturing an embodiment of a bicycle frame comprising a fused interconnect between a first hollow tube part formed and a second hollow tube part;

[0024] FIG. 3A depicts a schematic cross section view of the embodiment depicted in FIB 2B;

[0025] FIG. 3B schematically illustrates a cross section side view during an intermediary stage of manufacturing an embodiment of a bicycle frame comprising a fused interconnect between a first hollow tube part formed and a second hollow tube part;

[0026] FIG. 4A depicts a schematic cross section view of an embodiment of a second hollow tube part; and

[0027] FIG. 4B schematically illustrates an other portion of an embodiment of a bicycle frame comprising a fused interconnect between a first hollow tube part formed and a second hollow tube part during an intermediary stage of manufacturing.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0028] Terminology used for describing particular embodiments is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” specify the presence of stated features but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features. It will be further understood that when a particular step of a method is referred to as subsequent to another step, it can directly follow said other step or one or more intermediate steps may be carried out before carrying out the particular step, unless specified otherwise. Likewise it will be understood that when a connection between structures or components is described, this connection may be established directly or through intermediate structures or components unless specified otherwise.

[0029] The invention is described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. In the drawings, the absolute and relative sizes of systems, components, layers, and regions may be exaggerated for clarity. Embodiments may be described with reference to schematic and/or cross-section illustrations of possibly idealized embodiments and intermediate structures of the invention. In the description and drawings, like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Relative terms as well as derivatives thereof should be construed to refer to the orientation as then described or as shown in the drawing under discussion. These relative terms are for convenience of description and do not require that the system be constructed or operated in a particular orientation unless stated otherwise.

[0030] FIGS. 1 and 2A illustrate a bicycle frame that comprises first hollow tube part 10 joined to a second hollow tube part 20. The second hollow tube part comprising at least a first fiber reinforced shell part 21 and a second fiber reinforced shell part 22.

[0031] Advantageously the invention simplifies bike frame manufacturing and/or design as it allows the frame (e.g. digitally cut up into) to be formed of a plurality of joined frame parts (frame members). By manufacturing a frame from smaller components, e.g. shell parts, a frame may be manufactured from a comparatively small set of comparatively easily manufactured components. This simplifies manufacturing of tailor made frames, e.g. frame size or frame models, without requiring a dedicated mould for each different frame.

[0032] FIG. 1 depicts a schematic exploded view of an embodiment of a bicycle frame 100 formed of joined frame members (A-F). Where possible the frame members are manufactured from fiber reinforced shell parts, e.g. as shown in FIG. 2A depicting shell parts 21, 22, and 23 jointly comprised in a seat post of a bicycle frame 100, or as in FIG. 4B depicting shell parts 21, 22, 23, and 24 jointly comprised in a head tube of a frame 100.

[0033] According to the method of the invention, the first hollow tube part 10 may optionally be formed of shell parts of thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite which comprises a thermoplastic polymer matrix 11 and an embedded structure of fibers 12 (reinforcement fibers). In some embodiments, e.g. as shown in FIG. 2B. e.g. if so required in view of an expected load, the embedded structure of fibers is preferably provided essentially around the tube.

[0034] The method of the invention further comprises providing shell parts for forming the second frame part. For the second frame part these include at least a first fiber reinforced shell part 21 and a second fiber reinforced shell part 22 such as shown in FIG. 2B. Optionally, the method comprises providing shell parts for forming first frame part. Each shell part comprises a second thermoplastic fiber composite including a thermoplastic polymer matrix and fibers. The shell parts are designed to, upon fusing, form the respective frame part, e.g. the second hollow tube part 20. A shell part is preferably made from a thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite, for example, by making blanks from fiber reinforces tapes such as UD tapes (unidirectinally reinfored fiber tapes) comprising a structure of reinforcement fibers, e.g. a woven, braided, or twined structure of reinforcement fibers, or aligned bundles of fibers or other planar structures which can in a second manufacturing step be pressure moulded into a desired shell form. Alternatively such composite structures, e.g. layers or strips, may be placed or draped in a suitable shape, e.g. a mould, to be consolidated into the desired shape at an appropriate temperature and/or pressure. As a further alternative, it is foreseen that the shell parts can be manufactured by impregnating a dry structure of reinforcement fibers with a thermoplastic matrix material in a suitably designed mould, alternatively, a multicomponent mixture which chemically reacts to a thermoplastic matrix material can be used.

[0035] It will be appreciated that one or more of the shell parts and/or the hollow tube part may be provided with a solid insert allowing external parts to be affixed to the frame. The solid inset can be a metal part. For example, an aluminum part having a screw thread. The insert can be positioned in an appropriately dimensioned aperture provided in a face of the shell part and/or hollow tube part. Advantageously the insert can be anchored to the frame part upon consolidation of thermoplastic material comprised in the frame parts.

[0036] As described, the first frame part, e.g. the first hollow tube part 10 can be formed of shell parts. In view of reduced manufacturing complexity, the first frame part, e.g. the first hollow tube part 10 is typically a preformed hollow tube part, preferably a seamless hollow tube part. In particular manufacturability of seamless hollow tubes having a small diameter e.g. <about 3 to 4 cm. were found to display reduced manufacturing complexity compared to similarly dimensioned hollow tubes formed of interconnected shell parts for which manufacturing, in particular as small dimensions requires accurate positioning during the fusing step.

[0037] Preferably, the first hollow tube part 10 is made in a separate production step including heating and consolidating of a fiber structure comprising thermoplastic fibers and reinforcing fibers. A hollow tube comprising a braided fiber structure, e.g. a braided structure of reinforment fibers, may advantageously resist loads, e.g. tensile loads, from various directions.

[0038] Preferably, thermoplastic fibers and reinforcing fibers are braided in a form of a sleeve or sock, such that the first hollow tube part may be a continuous or seamless hollow tube part. In a preferred embodiment, the first hollow tube part is formed in a separate outer mould defining an outer diameter and/or an outer surface finish of said hollow tube part. Preferably, an inner mould or structure to apply pressure are arranged to form the first hollow tube part having an essentially constant and/or essentially round inner diameter. An essentially constant and essentially round inner diameter may be particularly beneficial to receive a round tubular bike part, e.g. saddle post or a steerer tube.

[0039] Alternatively, the first hollow tube parts can be manufactured by pultrusion, injection moulding, pull winding, or other winding methods or any similar suitable method known to the skilled person allowing manufacturing of shell parts wherein the reinforcement fibers have a length sufficient to cross the seam.

[0040] The method according to the invention further comprises positioning the first fiber reinforced shell part adjacent to the second fiber reinforced shell part across a seam S to form a second hollow tube part 20. The seam can be an overlap having a certain length, e.g. an overlap with a length in a range between five and twenty millimeters. In addition the method comprises inserting an end portion of the first hollow tube part 10 into the second hollow tube part 20, or inserting an end portion of the second hollow tube part 20 in the first hollow tube part 10, forming an overlap 30 between the first hollow tube part and the fiber reinforced shell parts, e.g. as shown in FIG. 2B schematically illustrating a cross section side view of an embodiment of a bicycle frame at this stage of the manufacturing process. At the overlap 30 the embedded structure of fibers 11 of the first hollow tube part crosses a boundary B between the first hollow tube part and the second hollow tube part of shell parts.

[0041] The method according to the invention further comprises fusing the first fiber reinforced shell part, the second fiber reinforced shell part, and the first hollow tube part in their relative position to each other. Fusing preferably includes: heating the first hollow tube part and the fiber reinforced shell parts at least at a position of the overlap to a temperature above a softening temperature of the first and second thermoplastic fiber composite; and consolidating (e.g. cooling) the heated first and second thermoplastic fiber composite by pressure to form a fused interconnect between the hollow tube parts. After consolidation the frame parts are inseparably joined together up to a melting temperature. Advantageously, the method according to the invention can enable manufacture of a monocoque frame which is light weight and stiff.

[0042] Preferably, the embedded structure of fibers also crosses the seam between the shell parts of the second hollow tube part at a position of the overlap, e.g. as shown in FIG. 3A schematically depicting a cross section view of the embodiment depicted in FIB 2B. Inventors found embodiments wherein the embedded structure of fibers also crosses the seam between the shell parts of the second hollow tube part at a position of the overlap can have improved strength, e.g. at a position of the interconnection between the shell parts.

[0043] Preferably, the temperature at a position of the overlap is raised to a temperature above a melting temperature of the first and second thermoplastic fiber composite, e.g. of the respective thermoplastic polymer. Heating above a melting temperature of the thermoplastic fiber composites can improve flow and/or mixing of the thermoplastic fiber composites, e.g. across an interface or boundary between parts. Improved flow and/or mixing of the thermoplastic fiber composites across an interface, boundary, or seam between parts can even further improve a strength of the interconnection between tube part and shell parts and/or between the shell parts. Thus an improved formation of a strong integral bond between the parts can be obtained, thus improving monolithic behavior of the frame.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment, the first hollow tube part and/or the shell parts essentially consist of the respective thermoplastic fiber composite. By having the first hollow tube part and/or the shell parts respectively essentially consisting of, e.g. essentially formed of or made from, the respective thermoplastic fiber composite, a light weight yet stiff frame can be constructed. Preferably, the frame is manufactured without comparatively heavy metal tubes.

[0045] Inventors found that the embodiments wherein the first frame part is formed of a seamless hollow tube can be particularly suitable for joining frame parts of unequal diameter, i.e. in cases wherein the outer diameters D10 and D20 of the joined parts differ by a factor of at least two. For such cases inventors found that conventional methods to interconnect such parts, e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,556, may yield a less strong and/or less durable interconnect. As described before, embodiments wherein the first frame part is formed of a seamless hollow tube may further be preferred in view of reduced manufacturing complexity when the outer diameter of the first frame part is small, e.g. below 30 mm or below 40 mm.

[0046] In some preferred embodiments, the shell parts and first hollow tube part are enclosed by an outer mould at least at the position of the overlap during fusing. Preferably the outer mould is formed of at least two matching outer mould parts. Preferably the outer mould is a heatable mould allowing to raise the temperature of at least the overlapping sections of the tube and shell parts above a softening temperature of the first and second thermoplastic fiber composite. Enclosing the parts can improve control over a final outer shape of the joint and/or improve a surface finish, e.g. provide a smooth surface finish, depending on a shape/dimension of the mould and/or on a smoothness of an inner surface of said mould. Providing a reduced surface roughness, e.g. along seam or across a boundary, may reduce a need for subsequent surface treatments, e.g. polishing of the frame.

[0047] In other or further preferred embodiments, the method comprises providing an internal pressure to the shell parts, i.e., from within the first and/or the second hollow tube part. Pressure can be applied by a fluid, e.g. a gas or a liquid. Either the fluid is contained by the parts themselves or by a material which can either be removed after consolidation or remains bonded after consolidation. Alternatively, pressure can be applied by a solid means, e.g., a pair of moving press members, simulating a hydrostatic pressure. In some embodiments, pressure can be applied by inserting a solid inset into the space within the frame parts at a position of the overlap. The inset having a considerably larger, e.g. at least 1.2 times larger, preferably more, e.g., 2 times larger, thermal expansion coefficient than the mould, such that, as temperature of the mould increases during the fusing step, the inset expands and pressurizes the frame parts against the mould. For example, in one embodiment, the inset can be of aluminum whereas the mould can be of steel, e.g. stainless steel. Typically, the pressure applied is in a range between about one and about nine bar. Preferred embodiments for applying pressure avoid deformation of a cross section or dimension of the first tube part and/or of the shell parts, e.g. due to reflow of material at elevated temperature. Maintaining a cross section of the first and/or second tube part may allow a proper fit of subsequent frame parts, e.g. a seat tube or steerer tube, in said frame part.

[0048] Alternatively, or in addition, a semi-solid inset, such as an elastomeric inset or similarly deformable inset, can be used to apply an internal pressure. The semi-solid inset is preferably removed after consolidation. Similar to solid insets the semi-solid inset may, at least in part, impart a localized pressure onto the frame parts due to expansion, e.g. thermal expansion. Advantageously, the semi-solid inset can conform to a topology (3D geometry) of the frame parts, e.g. at the overlap. A semi-solid inset improves the pressure distribution, in particular in comparison with solid insets. A semi-solid inset can be of particular benefit in combination with application of a hydrostatic pressure by a fluid. A semi-solid inset can, at least in part, transfer an applied hydrostatic pressure to a targeted portion of the frame while conforming to its topology, e.g. at the overlap.

[0049] Heat for fusing can be applied using a variety of means or combinations thereof. These include; radiative heating, e.g. via induction or microwaves; and heating through direct contact, e.g., via a heated mould and/or by heating the pressurizing medium, e.g. the gas. In some embodiments, heat is at least in part provided by a heated pressurizing fluid. By applying a heated fluid heat may at least partly be applied to the parts from an inner direction allowing a faster heating and/or a more homogeneous temperature distribution across the parts. A liquid fluid, e.g. water or oil, may advantageously have a comparatively larger heat capacity than a gas, enabling faster heat transfer and/or transfer of more heat within a given period of time.

[0050] In some preferred embodiments, e.g. as shown in FIG. 3B a layer 40, e.g. a strip, of a thermoplastic material is provided between the first 10 and second hollow tube 20. Providing a layer 40, e.g. a strip, of a thermoplastic material can improve fusing of the frame parts and improve adhesion between the frame members at the overlap 30. Preferably, said layer 40 comprises the same thermoplastic material as the thermoplastic matrix material of the first hollow tube part and/or of the shell parts. Optionally the layer 40 is provided with reinforcement fibers, e.g. UD tape. Providing a layer 40 with reinforcement fibers results in a joint having an increased number of fibers, e.g. fibers crossing a boundary between joined frame members.

[0051] Preferably, layer 40, has a thickness in a range between 10 and 250 μm. A thickness within the specified range was found to improve contact between the hollow tube and the shell parts.

[0052] In other or further preferred embodiments, fibers or bundles of fibers comprised in the embedded structure of fibers and/or comprised in layer 40, cross the seam between the first hollow tube part and the shell parts at an angle in a range between 30 and 90 degrees, e.g. 45 degrees. Inventors found that fibers or bundles of fibers comprised in the embedded structure of fibers (and/or in layer 40) crossing the seam between the first hollow tube part and the shell parts at an angle within the specified range improves the strength of the interconnect between first hollow tube part and the shell parts in a direction of an expected or calculated load on the frame. It will be appreciated that the angle can depend on a direction of the expected or calculated load on the frame. Preferably, the fibers cross the seam between the shell parts at an angle in a range between 30 and 90 degrees.

[0053] In some embodiments, e.g. as shown in FIG. 4A, at least one of the shell parts is provided with a tongue 25 arranged to provide at least a partial overlap along the seam between the shell parts 21 and 22. Alternatively there may be provided a complete overlap along the length of the parts. Provision of an overlap between the shell parts can improve strength of the formed fused tube. It will be appreciated that a tongue need not necessarily be provided. A good connection may alternatively be achieved between shell parts, e.g. non-overlapping shell parts or shell parts without tongues (e.g. butt-to-butt), by fusing the parts in during a heating step.

[0054] Accordingly, in some embodiments the temperature and/or pressure during the fusing stage is such that the shell parts matrix material may flow across a seam between the shell parts to form a monolithic connection. To this end the temperature during the fusing step is preferably raised above a flowing temperature, e.g. a melting temperature, of the thermoplastic polymer matrix material, preferably at least 5 degrees Celsius above said melting temperature, e.g. in a range between 5 and 25° C. It was found that by bringing the thermoplastic polymer matrix material of the shell in a molten state a consistent fusion between the shell part may be attained.

[0055] It will be appreciated that the method according to the invention may be applied to any part of a bicycle frame. For example, the method of manufacturing a bicycle frame can applied to form one or more of: [0056] a connection between a seat post or seat tube and the frame; [0057] a connection between a head tube and the frame front fork members; [0058] a connection between a fork blade and a streerer tube; and [0059] a connection between a seat stay or chain stay and the frame.
See for example, FIG. 4B, schematically illustrating a head tube portion of a bicycle frame 100 comprising a fused interconnect between a first hollow tube part 10 and two second hollow tube parts formed of shell fiber reinforced parts 20-24.

[0060] Further aspects of the present invention relate to a bicycle frame. Preferably, said frame can be obtained using the method of manufacturing according to the present invention. In agreement with the features disclosed in relation to said method the bicycle frame comprises a fused interconnect between: a first hollow tube part formed of a first thermoplastic fiber reinforced composite comprising a thermoplastic matrix and an embedded structure of fibers; and a second hollow tube part comprising at least a first fiber reinforced shell part and a second fiber reinforced shell part each formed of a second thermoplastic fiber composite comprising a thermoplastic matrix and fibers. The fused interconnect includes an overlap between the first hollow tube part and the second hollow tube part. The overlap preferably comprises at least a fused end portion of the first hollow tube part overlapping a portion of the second hollow tube, or an end portion of the second hollow tube part overlapping a section of the first hollow tube part, wherein the embedded structure of fibers of the first hollow tube part at the overlap crosses an overlap (a seam or boundary) between the hollow tube parts. Optionally or additionally, the fibers or bundles of fibers comprised in the embedded structure of fibers cross the seam between the first hollow tube part and the second hollow tube part at an angle in a range between 30 and 90 degrees.

[0061] As described in relation to the method of manufacturing, the first hollow tube part can preferably be a seamless hollow tube. Likewise, the first hollow tube part can preferably comprise a braided fiber structure that is provided essentially around said tube part. Further, it will be appreciated that an outer diameter of the first hollow tube part is preferably smaller than an outer diameter of the second hollow tube part by a factor of at least two. In some embodiments, the bicycle frame comprises a layer of a thermoplastic material, preferably the same thermoplastic material as the thermoplastic matrix material of the first hollow tube part and/or of the shell parts, between the first and second hollow tube parts. Said layer is provided at the interconnect between the hollow parts to improve adhesion between said parts.

[0062] For the purpose of clarity and a concise description, features are described herein as part of the same or separate embodiments, however, it will be appreciated that the scope of the invention may include embodiments having combinations of all or some of the features described.

[0063] In interpreting the appended claims, it should be understood that the word “comprising” does not exclude the presence of other elements or acts than those listed in a given claim; the word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements; any reference signs in the claims do not limit their scope; several “means” may be represented by the same or different item(s) or implemented structure or function; any of the disclosed devices or portions thereof may be combined together or separated into further portions unless specifically stated otherwise. Where one claim refers to another claim, this may indicate synergetic advantage achieved by the combination of their respective features. But the mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot also be used to advantage. The present embodiments may thus include all working combinations of the claims wherein each claim can in principle refer to any preceding claim unless clearly excluded by context.