Method of removing pollutants from water using waste polyethylene terephthalate

Abstract

A method for removing at least one pollutant from an aqueous environment comprises adding an acid to the aqueous environment to provide an acidic aqueous environment, adding a chelator solution directly to the acidic aqueous environment to achieve a precipitate of the at least one pollutant, and isolating the precipitate from the aqueous environment. The at least one pollutant may include any one or more of a heavy metal cation, an organic dye, and an active pharmaceutical ingredient.

Claims

1. A method for removing at least one pollutant from an aqueous environment comprising said at least one pollutant, the method comprising: adding an acid to the aqueous environment to provide an acidic aqueous environment; adding a chelator solution to the aqueous environment to provide a precipitate of the at least one pollutant, the chelator solution including a decomposed polyethylene terephthalate; and separating the precipitate from the aqueous environment.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pollutant comprises at least one of heavy metals, organic dyes and active pharmaceutical ingredients.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one pollutant comprises heavy metals.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the heavy metals comprise at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni and Cr.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one pollutant comprises organic dyes.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the organic dyes comprise at least one dye selected from the group consisting of safranin, malachite green, methylene blue, crystal violet, and nigrosine.

7. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one pollutant comprises active pharmaceutical ingredients.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients comprise at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient selected from the group consisting of pioglitazone, pantoprazole and propanolol.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the chelator solution is prepared by: disposing the polyethylene terephthalate in a non-aqueous media to provide a reaction mixture; heating the reaction mixture to provide a heated liquid; and adding water to the heated liquid to provide the chelator solution.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the non-aqueous media comprises anhydrous ethylene glycol and an alkali.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the alkali comprises sodium hydroxide.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the reaction mixture is heated to at least about 195? C.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 depicts the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the as prepared composition alone.

(2) FIG. 2 depicts the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the as prepared composition precipitated with crystal violet (organic dye).

(3) FIG. 3 depicts the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the as prepared composition precipitated with copper (heavy metal ion).

(4) FIG. 4 depicts the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the as prepared composition precipitated with propranolol (active pharmaceutically ingredient).

(5) Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(6) An embodiment of the present subject matter is directed to a method for removing at least one pollutant from an aqueous environment using a chelator solution. The chelator solution can include an alkali decomposed polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The method for removing the at least one pollutant from an aqueous environment can include adding an acid to the aqueous environment to provide an acidic aqueous environment, adding the chelator solution directly to the acidic aqueous environment to achieve a precipitate of the at least one pollutant, and isolating the precipitate from the aqueous environment. The at least one pollutant may include any one or more of a heavy metal cation, an organic dye, and an active pharmaceutical ingredient. The aqueous environment can include wastewater or a natural water body contaminated with wastewater.

(7) In embodiments of the present method, the chelator solution can be prepared by degrading a PET source. PET is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibers for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fiber for engineering resins. In particular embodiments, the PET source includes waste PET from previously used PET products.

(8) The chelator solution can be synthesized by alkaline decomposition of the PET source. The alkaline decomposition of the PET source can include disposing the PET source in non-aqueous media to provide a reaction mixture, heating the reaction mixture to provide a heated liquid, and adding water to the heated liquid to provide the chelator solution. The heated liquid can be milky white. The chelator solution can be a clear solution. Any non-solubilized or non-degraded substance can be removed from the clear solution. In a particular embodiment, the non-aqueous media can include anhydrous ethylene glycol and an alkali. The reaction mixture can be heated to boiling and maintained at a boil for a time. In an embodiment, a temperature of the mixture to be maintained at a boil may be at least about 195? C., and in a particular embodiment, the temperature is 200? C.?5? C. In another embodiment, the time of boiling is at least about 20 minutes and in a particular embodiment, the time is 25 min?5 min. The alkali may be any suitable alkali, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and should be added in an amount to achieve an alkaline pH.

(9) Regarding suitability, sodium hydroxide, does not pose any threat to the environment. In water (including soil or sediment pore water), sodium hydroxide is present as sodium ions (Na.sup.+) and hydroxide ions (OH.sup.?). As a solid, NaOH rapidly dissolves and subsequently dissociates in water. If emitted into air as an aerosol, NaOH can be rapidly neutralized by reacting with carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2). Resulting salts (e.g., sodium (bi)carbonates) can precipitate out of the air. Thus, atmospheric emissions can largely end up in soil and water. In soil, sorption to soil particles can be negligible. Depending upon the buffer capacity of the soil, OH.sup.? can be neutralized in soil pore water or the pH may be increased, causing minimal environmental disturbance. Environmentally friendly alkali other than NaOH may alternatively be used.

(10) Ethylene glycol does not persist in large amounts in ambient air because breakdown is rapid (half-life in air is 8-84 hours). In environmental exposure situations, low vapor pressure precludes substantial inhalation exposure at ambient temperatures, and poor skin absorption prevents significant absorption after dermal contact. Ethylene glycol is miscible with water and can leach through soil to groundwater. It biodegrades rapidly in soil (half-life, 2-12 days), surface water (half-life, 2-12 days) and ground water (half-life, 4-24 days). Because ethylene glycol is not fat soluble and biodegrades rapidly, bioconcentration and bioaccumulation are insignificant.

(11) The amounts of materials for the methods described herein are exemplary, and appropriate scaling of the amounts are encompassed by the present subject matter, as long as the relative ratios of materials are maintained. As used herein, the term about, when used to modify a numerical value, means within ten percent of that numerical value. The following examples illustrate the present teachings.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Synthesis of Composition for Removal of Contaminants from an Aqueous Environment

(12) To produce the composition for removal of contaminants from an aqueous environment or chelator solution, waste PET from previously used water bottles were cut into small pieces, approximately 0.5 cm?0.5 cm. The PET pieces (22 g) were heated in anhydrous (non-aqueous) ethylene glycol (55 mL) with at least 2 equivalents of NaOH as the alkali to provide a reaction mixture including PET pellets. The reaction mixture was heated until boiling, and then maintained at a boil for a sufficient time for the PET pieces to decompose. In the present example, the reaction mixture was maintained at ?200? C. for about 25 min. During the heating, the pieces of PET decomposed and the heated mixture turned milky white, presumably indicating decomposition of the PET. The heating was stopped after the 25 minutes and ?250 mL of deionized water was added into the mixture and stirred vigorously at room temperature until the milky-white liquid was converted into a clear solution. The clear solution was filtered through a Whatman paper (No. 42). The resulting filtered solution was directly used as the chelator solution or composition added to the aqueous environment for removal of exemplary heavy metal ions, organic dyes and active pharmaceutical ingredients. It should be understood that the exemplary composition prepared as above is also referred to herein as the chelator solution CS.

Example 2

Demonstration of the Method for Removing Heavy Metals. Organic Dyes and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

(13) Aqueous solutions including heavy metal ions (copper, chromium, lead, silver) and organic dyes (crystal violet, malachite green, methylene blue, safranin) were prepared at 100 ppm concentration at room temperature using doubly distilled deionized water as the solvent. Aqueous solutions of APIs (poiglitazone, pantoprazole and propanolol) were prepared by dissolving the API, respectively, in a minimal volume of methanol and then adding enough doubly distilled deionized water to achieve a final API concentration of 50 ppm. The aqueous solutions including the pollutants were slightly acidified by adding acetic acid to a final 1:100 (v/v) ratio to produce exemplary acidified solutions, unless noted otherwise.

(14) To test removal efficiency and efficacy of the exemplary composition and method, various volumes of the exemplary composition were directly added to the acidified solutions including the pollutants (heavy metal ions, organic dyes and APIs (column 2 in Tables 1-2)). Exemplary results of the effects of adding varying amounts of CS are provided for the exemplary organic dyes (Tables 1 and 2, respectively). In general, to a point, the percentage of pollutant removal increases with increasing CS added, but even very small amounts of CS remove substantial levels of pollutants.

(15) In the case of exemplary heavy metal ion Cu.sup.2+, precipitation of pollutants was quickly evident for each volume of exemplary composition added, as shown in FIG. 3. Results for the heavy metals tested are found in Table 1. The copper solution was colored before addition of the exemplary composition and became nearly clear upon the addition of the exemplary composition in each amount. Solid precipitate comprising the heavy metal was carefully removed from the exemplary acidified solutions by centrifugation to produce a supernatant and a pellet. The supernatant was analyzed for concentration of remaining heavy metal ions in the solution after precipitation by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

(16) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Removal of heavy metal pollutant from purified water using CS of different volumes Volume of Initial Conc. of CS added pollutant in 1 ml Percentage Metal (?l) solution (ppm) removal Copper 100 100 48.7 250 100 60.85 500 100 71.39 1000 100 82.06 Lead 100 100 11.63 250 100 45.85 500 100 58.50 1000 100 69.23 Chromium 100 100 83.46 250 100 84.03 500 100 88.39 1000 100 91.26 Nickel 100 100 74 250 100 82.5 500 100 87 1000 100 90 Cobalt 100 100 80.12 250 100 80.75 500 100 87.81 1000 100 91.98

(17) Aqueous solutions of the five dyes (crystal violet, malachite green, methylene blue, safranin, respectively) were prepared at 100 ppm concentration at room temperature using doubly distilled deionized water. The UV-Vis molecular absorption spectra of the dye solutions were obtained. These dyes solutions were slightly acidified by adding acetic acid in 1:100 (v/v) ratio. To these acidified solution of dyes, varying volumes of CS were directly added. Immediate precipitation of all dyes was clear in each case. As shown in FIG. 2, the colored dye solutions became nearly clear upon the addition of the CS. Solid precipitated dye complexes were carefully removed from the solutions by centrifugation and the supernatant was analyzed for concentration of dyes remaining in the solution after precipitation by UV-VIS spectrometry. Exemplary results are provided in Table 2 below.

(18) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Removal of organic dye pollutants from purified water using CS of different volumes Volume of Initial Conc. of CS added pollutant in 01 Percentage Dyes (?l) ml solution (ppm) removal Nigrosine 100 100 50.30043 250 100 83.90558 500 100 81.09871 1000 100 94.6309 Methylene 100 100 61.27143 Blue 250 100 93.08571 500 100 97.88571 1000 100 99.06429 Safranin 100 100 70.50132 250 100 98.42568 500 100 99.89563 1000 100 100.00156 Malachite 100 100 21.8742 Green 250 100 81.15533 500 100 95.89217 1000 100 97.59307 Crystal 100 100 88.82394 Violet 250 100 94.92254 500 100 95.57746 1000 100 95.67606

(19) Precipitation experiments at acidification levels (exemplary aqueous environments acidified by different volumes of acetic acid, i.e., different pH) of conditions was also conducted. Exemplary results are provided for malachite green in Table 3 below.

(20) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Effect of varying initial acid volume added on percentage of malachite green removed Initial Conc. of Volume of Volume of malachite green acetic acid CS added in 1 ml solution Percentage added (?l) (?l) (ppm) removal 10 200 100 94.46598 25 200 100 96.16816 50 200 100 97.59307 75 200 100 98.34403 100 200 100 98.27856

(21) In order to observe the role of pH modification on the efficiency of the precipitation process, different volume ratios of acetic acid were added to the malachite green solution (used as a model system) for the purpose of acidification. Then, the precipitation process was performed as described. Increased acid added improved pollutant removal, but for all tested acidified solutions, removal was significant.

(22) Similarly, aqueous solutions of the three APIs (poiglitazone, pantoprazole and propranolol) were prepared at 50 ppm concentration at room temperature using doubly distilled deionized water. These drug solutions were slightly acidified by adding acetic acid in 01:100 (v/v) ratio. To these acidified solutions of drugs, varying volumes of CS were directly added. Immediate precipitation of drugs was clear in each case, as demonstrated in FIG. 4 for one of the drugs, propranolol. Solid precipitated drug complexes were carefully removed from the solutions by centrifugation and the supernatant was analyzed for concentration of drugs remaining in the solution after precipitation.

(23) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Removal of API pollutants of different concentrations from purified water using CS Initial Conc. Volume of CS of pollutant in 1 Percentage API added (?l) ml solution (ppm) removal Pantoprazole 200 1 98.43637 200 10 99.07707 200 20 99.08162 200 50 98.96689 Propranolol 200 1 100.8656 200 10 98.83141 200 20 98.70243 200 50 98.72427 Pioglitazone 200 1 99.73057 200 10 98.69985 200 20 98.75783 200 50 96.90511

(24) The percent of heavy metal ions, organic dye molecules and API removed from solution after the completion of precipitation was computed as follows:

(25) $\%\mathrm{pollutant}\mathrm{removal}=\frac{c_i-c_f}{c_i}?100\%$
where Ci is the P initial concentration and Cf is the final concentration (ppm) of heavy metal ions, organic dye molecules or API molecules, as relevant.

(26) To check the efficiency of the present process for removing pollutants from generic aqueous environments, the present method was applied to wastewater spiked with solutions of metal ions, dyes and APIs. The wastewater was collected from the wastewater treatment facility of King Saud University. Table 5 provides information regarding the composition of the wastewater.

(27) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Composition of wastewater used in spiking experiments Parameters Concentration pH 7.5 Turbidity (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) 591 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 380 Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/L) 292 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) 560 NH.sub.3N (mg/L) 39.8 NO.sub.3N (mg/L) 4.7 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (mg/L) 43.1 Oil & Grease (mg/L) 29.7

(28) The wastewater collected was spiked individually with each pollutant to ensure presence of the pollutant in a detectable range. Negligible amounts of each pollutant were assumed to be originally present in the wastewater. Precipitation experiments were carried out as above. The results are provided in Table 6.

(29) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Removal of pollutants from wastewater solutions Volume Volume of Initial of CS acetic acid % Removal Conc. added added (ppm) Pollutant (ppm) (?l) (?l) (Wastewater) Organic Nigrosine 100 200 10 99.01788 Dyes Methylene 100 200 10 99.0013 Blue Safranin 100 200 10 99.00156 Malachite 100 200 10 99.01042 Green Crystal 100 200 10 99.00331 Violet Heavy Copper 100 200 10 82.1368 Metal Chromium 100 200 10 65.71162 Lead 100 200 10 55.0905 API Pantoprazole 50 200 10 99.07707 Propranolol 50 200 10 99.76628 Pioglitazone 50 200 10 99.83438

(30) It is to be understood that the present method is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the generic language of the following claims enabled by the embodiments described herein, or otherwise shown in the drawings or described above in terms sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the claimed subject matter.