HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUND, ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE INCLUDING HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUND, AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE

Abstract

Provided are a heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1, an organic light-emitting device including the same, and an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device.

##STR00001##

The detailed description of Formula 1 is the same as described in the present specification.

Claims

1. A heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 comprising: ##STR00596## wherein, in Formula 1, X.sub.1 is N or C, Ar.sub.1 is i) a π electron-rich C.sub.6-C.sub.60 polycyclic group, or ii) a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 polycyclic group to which a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, or any combination thereof is condensed, R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF.sub.5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —Ge(Q.sub.3)(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5), —B(Q.sub.8)(Q.sub.7), —P(═O)(Q.sub.8)(Q.sub.9), or —P(Q.sub.8)(Q.sub.9), a4, a5, and a7 are each independently an integer from 0 to 4, a6 and a8 are each independently an integer from 0 to 3, a9 is an integer from 0 to 20, and a substituent of the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, the substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, the substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, the substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —Ge(Q.sub.13)(Q.sub.14)(Q.sub.15), —B(Q.sub.16)(Q.sub.17), —P(═O)(Q.sub.18)(Q.sub.19), —P(Q.sub.18)(Q.sub.19), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —Ge(Q.sub.23)(Q.sub.24)(Q.sub.25), —B(Q.sub.26)(Q.sub.27), —P(═O)(Q.sub.28)(Q.sub.29), —P(Q.sub.28)(Q.sub.29), or any combination thereof; —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —Ge(Q.sub.33)(Q.sub.34)(Q.sub.35), —B(Q.sub.36)(Q.sub.37), —P(-0)(Q.sub.38)(Q.sub.39), or —P(Q.sub.38)(Q.sub.39), or any combination thereof, wherein Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.9, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.19, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.29, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.39 are each independently hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof; a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group; a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group; a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group; a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group; a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group; or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

2. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein Ar.sub.1 is: a) a C.sub.10-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which two or more first groups are condensed with each other, b) a C.sub.9-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which one or more first groups and one or more second groups are condensed with each other, c) a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which one or more second groups and one or more third groups are condensed with each other, or d) a C.sub.11-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which one or more first groups, one or more second groups, and one or more third groups are condensed with each other, wherein the first group is a benzene group, the second group is a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, or a silole group, and the third group is a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, or a pyrazine group.

3. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein Ar.sub.1 is a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyrene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzofluorene group, a naphthobenzosilole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofluorene group, a dinaphthosilole group, an azabenzofuran group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azaindole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azanaphthobenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzothiophene group, an azabenzocarbazole group, an azabenzofluorene group, an azanaphthobenbenzosilole group, an azadinaphthofuran group, an azadinaphthothiophene group, an azadibenzocarbazole group, an azadibenzofluorene group, or an azadinaphthosilole group.

4. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein a group represented by ##STR00597## in Formula 1 is a group represented by Formula 2-1 or 2-2: ##STR00598## wherein, in Formulae 2-1 and 2-2, X.sub.1 in Formula 2-1 is N, and X.sub.1 in Formula 2-2 is the same as described in claim X.sub.99 is O, S, N(R.sub.99a), C(R.sub.99a)(R.sub.99b), or Si(R.sub.99a)(R.sub.99b), R.sub.99a and R.sub.99b are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.9 in claims 1, and Ar.sub.91 and Ar.sub.92 are each independently a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, an azabenzofuran group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azaindole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, or an azadibenzosilole group, and * indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom.

5. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein a group represented by ##STR00599## in Formula 1 is a group represented by one of Formulae 3-1 to 3-5: ##STR00600## wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, X.sub.1 is N, X.sub.99 is O, S, N(R.sub.99a), C(R.sub.99a)(R.sub.99b), or Si(R.sub.99a)(R.sub.99b), R.sub.99a and R.sub.99b are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.9 in claim 1, and * indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom.

6. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently: hydrogen, deuterium, —F, or a cyano group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, or a pyridinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a pyridinyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

7. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are each independently a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

8. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.4 to R.sub.9 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, or a cyano group; or a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

9. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein a group represented by ##STR00601## in Formula 1 is a group represented by one of Formulae 4-1 to 4-3: ##STR00602## wherein, in Formulae 4-1 to 4-3, R.sub.1 to R.sub.4, and a4 are each the same as described in claim 1, and * indicates a binding site to a neighboring N.

10. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein a group represented by ##STR00603## in Formula 1 is a group represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-4: ##STR00604## wherein, in Formulae 5-1 to 5-4, R.sub.5 to R.sub.8 and a5 to a8 are each the same as described in claim 1, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring C, and *′ is a binding site to X.sub.1.

11. The heterocyclic compound of claim 1, wherein a group represented by ##STR00605## in Formula 1 is a group represented by one of Formulae 6-1 to 6-4: ##STR00606## wherein, in Formulae 6-1 to 6-4, X.sub.1, Ar.sub.1, R.sub.7 to R.sub.9, and a7 to a9 are the same as described in claim 1, and * indicates a binding site to a neighboring C.

12. An organic light-emitting device, comprising: a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the organic layer comprises at least one heterocyclic compound according to claim 1.

13. The organic light-emitting device of claim 12, wherein the organic layer comprises a hole transport region located between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region located between the emission layer and the second electrode, the hole transport region comprises a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron-blocking layer, an auxiliary layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region comprises a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

14. The organic light-emitting device of claim 12, wherein the heterocyclic compound is included in the emission layer.

15. The organic light-emitting device of claim 12, wherein the emission layer comprises a host and a dopant, and the at least one heterocyclic compound is included in the host.

16. The organic light-emitting device of claim 14, wherein blue light is emitted from the emission layer.

17. The organic light-emitting device of claim 15, wherein the dopant comprises a platinum complex.

18. The organic light-emitting device of claim 15, wherein the dopant comprises a platinum complex, the platinum complex comprises platinum and n ligands bound to the platinum, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and at least one of the n ligands comprises a carbene moiety bound to the platinum.

19. The organic light-emitting device of claim 15, wherein the dopant comprises a platinum complex, and the platinum complex emits blue light.

20. An electronic apparatus comprising the organic light-emitting device of claim 12.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0025] FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0026] FIG. 2 shows a graph of the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum (fluorescence spectrum and phosphorescence spectrum) of Compound 11;

[0027] FIG. 3 shows a lifetime-luminance graph of each of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Example 1, Example 3, and Comparative Example A1; and

[0028] FIG. 4 shows a lifetime-luminance graph of each of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Example 2, Example 4, and Comparative Example A1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

[0030] It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present

[0031] It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, “a first element,” “component,” “region,” “layer” or “section” discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings herein.

[0032] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” and “at least one” do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are intended to cover both the singular and plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, “an element” has the same meaning as “at least one element,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0033] “Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0034] Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element's relationship to another element as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The exemplary term “lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The exemplary terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below.

[0035] “About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10% or 5% of the stated value.

[0036] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0037] Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims.

[0038] A heterocyclic compound according to an embodiment may be represented by Formula 1:

##STR00003##

[0039] X.sub.1 in Formula 1 may be N or C.

[0040] Ar.sub.1 in Formula 1 may be i) a π electron-rich C.sub.6-C.sub.60 polycyclic group, or ii) a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 polycyclic group to which a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, or any combination thereof is condensed.

[0041] In an embodiment, Ar.sub.1 in Formula 1 may be

[0042] a) a C.sub.10-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which two or more first groups are condensed with each other,

[0043] b) a C.sub.9-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which one or more first groups and one or more second groups are condensed with each other,

[0044] c) a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which one or more second groups and one or more third groups are condensed with each other, or

[0045] d) a C.sub.11-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which one or more first groups, one or more second groups, and one or more third groups are condensed with each other,

[0046] wherein the first group may be a benzene group,

[0047] the second group may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, or a silole group, and

[0048] the third group may be a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, or a pyrazine group.

[0049] In one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.1 in Formula 1 may be a polycyclic group in which two to five rings are condensed with each other.

[0050] In one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.1 in Formula 1 may be a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyrene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzofluorene group, a naphthobenzosilole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofluorene group, a dinaphthosilole group, an azabenzofuran group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azaindole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azanaphthobenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzothiophene group, an azabenzocarbazole group, an azabenzofluorene group, an azanaphthobenbenzosilole group, an azadinaphthofuran group, an azadinaphthothiophene group, an azadibenzocarbazole group, an azadibenzofluorene group, or an azadinaphthosilole group.

[0051] In one or more embodiments, a group represented by

##STR00004##

in Formula 1 may be a group represented by Formula 2-1 or 2-2:

##STR00005##

[0052] wherein, in Formulae 2-1 and 2-2,

[0053] X.sub.1 in Formula 2-1 may be N, and X.sub.1 in Formula 2-2 is the same as described herein,

[0054] X.sub.99 may be 0, S, N(R.sub.99a), C(R.sub.99a)(R.sub.99b), or Si(R.sub.99a)(R.sub.99b),

[0055] R.sub.99a and R.sub.99b are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.9,

[0056] Ar.sub.91 and Ar.sub.92 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, an azabenzofuran group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azaindole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, or an azadibenzosilole group, and * may indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0057] In one or more embodiments, a group represented by

##STR00006##

in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one of Formulae 3-1 to 3-5:

##STR00007##

wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-5,

[0058] X.sub.1 may be N,

[0059] X.sub.99 may be O, S, N(R.sub.99a), C(R.sub.99a)(R.sub.99b), or Si(R.sub.99a)(R.sub.99b),

[0060] R.sub.99a and R.sub.99b are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.9, and

[0061] * indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom.

[0062] R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 in Formula 1 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF.sub.5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —Ge(Q.sub.3)(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5), —B(Q.sub.6)(Q.sub.7), —P(═O)(Q.sub.8)(Q.sub.9), or —P(Qs)(Q.sub.9). Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.9 may each be the same as described herein.

[0063] In an embodiment, the number of Si (silicon) included in Formula 1 may be 1.

[0064] In an embodiment, R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 in Formula 1 may each independently be:

[0065] hydrogen, deuterium, —F, or a cyano group; or

[0066] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, or a pyridinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a pyridinyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0067] In one or more embodiments, R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 in Formula 1 may each independently be:

[0068] hydrogen, deuterium, —F, or a cyano group; or

[0069] a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a furanyl group, a thiophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a silolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an indolyl group, an indenyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a fluorenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dinaphthosilolyl group, or a pyridinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a furanyl group, a thiophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a silolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an indolyl group, an indenyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a fluorenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dinaphthosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0070] In one or more embodiments, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 in Formula 1 may each independently be a phenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0071] In one or more embodiments, R.sub.4 to R.sub.9 in Formula 1 may each independently be:

[0072] hydrogen, deuterium, —F, or a cyano group; or

[0073] a phenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0074] a4, a5, and a7 in Formula 1 respectively indicate the number of R.sub.4(s), the number of R.sub.5(s), and the number of R.sub.7(s), and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 4 (for example, 0, 1 or 2). When a4 is two or more, two or more of R.sub.4(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a5 is two or more, two or more of R.sub.5(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a7 is two or more, two or more of R.sub.7(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

[0075] a6 and a8 in Formula 1 respectively indicate the number of R.sub.6(s) and the number of R.sub.8(s), and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3 (for example, 0, 1 or 2). When a6 is 2 or more, two or more of R.sub.6(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a8 is 2 or more, two or more R.sub.8(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

[0076] a9 in Formula 1 indicates the numbers of R.sub.9(s), respectively, and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20 (for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3). When a9 is 2 or more, two or more of R.sub.9(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

[0077] In an embodiment, a group represented by

##STR00008##

in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one of Formulae 4-1 to 4-3 (for example, a group represented by one of Formulae 4-1 and 4-2):

##STR00009## [0078] wherein, in Formulae 4-1 to 4-3, [0079] R.sub.1 to R.sub.4, and a4 are each the same as described above, and * indicates a binding site to a neighboring N.

[0080] In an embodiment, a group represented by

##STR00010##

in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-4 (for example, a group represented by one of Formulae 5-2 and 5-3):

##STR00011##

[0081] wherein, in Formulae 5-1 to 5-4,

[0082] R.sub.5 to R.sub.8 and a5 to a8 are each the same as described above,

[0083] * indicates a binding site to a neighboring C, and

[0084] *′ is a binding site to X.sub.1.

[0085] In an embodiment, a group represented by

##STR00012##

in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one of Formulae 6-1 to 6-4 (for example, a group represented by one of Formulae 6-2 and 6-3):

##STR00013##

[0086] wherein, in Formulae 6-1 to 6-4,

[0087] Ar.sub.1, R.sub.7 to R.sub.9, and a7 to a9 are the same as described above, and

[0088] * indicates a binding site to a neighboring C.

[0089] In one or more embodiments, the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be one of Compounds 1 to 1006:

##STR00014## ##STR00015## ##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021## ##STR00022## ##STR00023## ##STR00024## ##STR00025## ##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030## ##STR00031## ##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034## ##STR00035## ##STR00036## ##STR00037## ##STR00038## ##STR00039## ##STR00040## ##STR00041## ##STR00042## ##STR00043## ##STR00044## ##STR00045## ##STR00046## ##STR00047## ##STR00048## ##STR00049## ##STR00050## ##STR00051## ##STR00052## ##STR00053## ##STR00054## ##STR00055## ##STR00056## ##STR00057## ##STR00058## ##STR00059## ##STR00060## ##STR00061## ##STR00062## ##STR00063## ##STR00064## ##STR00065## ##STR00066## ##STR00067## ##STR00068## ##STR00069## ##STR00070## ##STR00071## ##STR00072## ##STR00073## ##STR00074## ##STR00075##

##STR00076## ##STR00077## ##STR00078## ##STR00079## ##STR00080## ##STR00081## ##STR00082## ##STR00083## ##STR00084## ##STR00085## ##STR00086## ##STR00087## ##STR00088## ##STR00089## ##STR00090## ##STR00091## ##STR00092## ##STR00093## ##STR00094## ##STR00095## ##STR00096## ##STR00097## ##STR00098## ##STR00099## ##STR00100## ##STR00101## ##STR00102## ##STR00103## ##STR00104## ##STR00105## ##STR00106## ##STR00107## ##STR00108## ##STR00109## ##STR00110## ##STR00111## ##STR00112## ##STR00113## ##STR00114## ##STR00115## ##STR00116## ##STR00117## ##STR00118## ##STR00119## ##STR00120## ##STR00121## ##STR00122## ##STR00123## ##STR00124## ##STR00125## ##STR00126## ##STR00127## ##STR00128## ##STR00129## ##STR00130## ##STR00131## ##STR00132## ##STR00133## ##STR00134## ##STR00135## ##STR00136## ##STR00137## ##STR00138## ##STR00139## ##STR00140## ##STR00141## ##STR00142## ##STR00143## ##STR00144## ##STR00145## ##STR00146## ##STR00147## ##STR00148## ##STR00149## ##STR00150## ##STR00151## ##STR00152## ##STR00153## ##STR00154## ##STR00155##

##STR00156## ##STR00157## ##STR00158## ##STR00159## ##STR00160## ##STR00161## ##STR00162## ##STR00163## ##STR00164## ##STR00165## ##STR00166## ##STR00167## ##STR00168## ##STR00169## ##STR00170## ##STR00171## ##STR00172## ##STR00173## ##STR00174## ##STR00175## ##STR00176## ##STR00177## ##STR00178## ##STR00179## ##STR00180## ##STR00181## ##STR00182## ##STR00183## ##STR00184## ##STR00185## ##STR00186## ##STR00187## ##STR00188## ##STR00189## ##STR00190## ##STR00191## ##STR00192## ##STR00193## ##STR00194## ##STR00195##

##STR00196## ##STR00197## ##STR00198## ##STR00199## ##STR00200## ##STR00201## ##STR00202## ##STR00203## ##STR00204## ##STR00205## ##STR00206## ##STR00207## ##STR00208## ##STR00209## ##STR00210## ##STR00211## ##STR00212## ##STR00213## ##STR00214## ##STR00215## ##STR00216## ##STR00217## ##STR00218## ##STR00219## ##STR00220## ##STR00221## ##STR00222## ##STR00223## ##STR00224## ##STR00225## ##STR00226## ##STR00227## ##STR00228## ##STR00229## ##STR00230## ##STR00231## ##STR00232## ##STR00233## ##STR00234## ##STR00235## ##STR00236## ##STR00237## ##STR00238## ##STR00239## ##STR00240## ##STR00241## ##STR00242## ##STR00243## ##STR00244## ##STR00245## ##STR00246## ##STR00247## ##STR00248## ##STR00249## ##STR00250## ##STR00251## ##STR00252## ##STR00253## ##STR00254## ##STR00255## ##STR00256## ##STR00257## ##STR00258## ##STR00259## ##STR00260## ##STR00261## ##STR00262##

##STR00263## ##STR00264## ##STR00265## ##STR00266## ##STR00267## ##STR00268## ##STR00269## ##STR00270## ##STR00271## ##STR00272## ##STR00273## ##STR00274## ##STR00275## ##STR00276## ##STR00277## ##STR00278## ##STR00279## ##STR00280## ##STR00281## ##STR00282## ##STR00283## ##STR00284## ##STR00285## ##STR00286## ##STR00287## ##STR00288## ##STR00289## ##STR00290## ##STR00291## ##STR00292## ##STR00293## ##STR00294## ##STR00295## ##STR00296## ##STR00297## ##STR00298## ##STR00299## ##STR00300## ##STR00301## ##STR00302## ##STR00303## ##STR00304## ##STR00305## ##STR00306## ##STR00307## ##STR00308## ##STR00309## ##STR00310## ##STR00311## ##STR00312## ##STR00313## ##STR00314## ##STR00315## ##STR00316##

##STR00317## ##STR00318## ##STR00319## ##STR00320## ##STR00321## ##STR00322## ##STR00323## ##STR00324## ##STR00325## ##STR00326## ##STR00327## ##STR00328## ##STR00329## ##STR00330## ##STR00331## ##STR00332## ##STR00333## ##STR00334## ##STR00335## ##STR00336##

[0090] In the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1, silicon (Si), a benzene group, a first carbazole group, a second carbazole group, and Ar.sub.1 are sequentially bonded via a single bond, and “N” of the first carbazole group is bonded to the benzene group and “N” of the second carbazole group is bonded to the first carbazole group (see Formula 1′ below). As a result, it is possible to have a relatively high T.sub.1 energy level and a relatively shallow highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, and accordingly, an electronic device, for example, an organic light-emitting device, including the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1, may have excellent driving voltage characteristics, excellent current efficiency characteristics, and excellent lifetime characteristics.

##STR00337##

[0091] In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may have a triplet energy level of about 2.85 eV or more, or, about 2.85 eV to about 3.5 eV (for example, see Table 1 below).

[0092] In an embodiment, the absolute value of the HOMO energy level of the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be in the range of about 5.2 eV or less, about 5.1 eV or less, about 4.8 eV to about 5.2 eV, or about 5.0 eV to about 5.1 eV (for example, see Table 1 below)).

[0093] The triplet energy level, and the HOMO energy level may be evaluated by a density functional theory (DFT).

[0094] In an embodiment, the HOMO energy level, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, triplet (Ti) energy level, and singlet (Si) energy level of compounds belonging to the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 and Compounds A1, A2, B1, B2, B3 and C are evaluated by the structure-optimized DFT (for example, the DFT method of the Gaussian program) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level, and evaluation results thereof are shown in Table 1:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Compound HOMO LUMO T.sub.1 S.sub.1 No. (eV) (eV) (eV) (eV) 11 −5.031 −1.016 3.153 3.594 27 −5.040 −1.064 3.012 3.577 238 −5.042 −0.944 2.852 3.578 715 −5.075 −1.112 2.913 3.403 A1 −5.223 −1.477 2.752 3.091 A2 −4.840 −0.970 2.795 3.578 B1 −5.058 −1.205 2.486 3.289 B2 −5.270 −1.044 2.806 3.814 B3 −5.288 −0.738 3.080 3.961   [00338]  [00339]  [00340]  [00341]  [00342]  [00343]  [00344]  [00345]  [00346]

[0095] Referring to Table 1, it can be seen that Compounds 11, 27, 238, and 715 may have 1) a triplet energy level that is greater than the triplet energy levels of Compounds A1, A2, B1, B2 and/or B3 and/or 2) the absolute value of the HOMO energy level which is smaller than the absolute values of the HOMO energy level of Compounds A1, A2, B1, B2 and/or B3.

[0096] The method of synthesizing the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be recognized by those skilled in the art with reference to Synthesis Example to be described later.

[0097] According to another aspect, an organic light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the organic layer includes at least one heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1.

[0098] Due to the inclusion of an organic layer including the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1, the organic light-emitting device may have high external quantum efficiency and long lifetime characteristics.

[0099] The heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be used between a pair of electrodes of an organic light-emitting device. In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in the emission layer. In this regard, the heterocyclic compound may act as a host, and the emission layer may further include a dopant (that is, the amount of the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 is greater than the amount of the dopant). The emission layer may emit, for example, blue light.

[0100] In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a host and a dopant, and the heterocyclic compound may be included in the host. In an embodiment, the amount (weight) of the host may be greater than the amount (weight) of the dopant.

[0101] In one or more embodiments, blue light may be emitted by the emission layer.

[0102] The dopant may be a fluorescent dopant or a phosphorescent dopant. In an embodiment, the dopant may be a phosphorescent dopant. In an embodiment, the dopant may include a platinum complex.

[0103] In an embodiment, the dopant may include a platinum complex,

[0104] The platinum complex may include platinum and n ligands bound to the platinum,

[0105] n may be an integer from 1 to 4, and

[0106] at least one of the n ligands may include a carbene moiety bound to the platinum.

[0107] In an embodiment, the dopant may include a platinum complex, and the platinum complex may emit blue light.

[0108] As used herein, the expression the “(organic layer) includes at least one heterocyclic compound” may be construed as meaning the “(organic layer) may include one heterocyclic compound of Formula 1 or two different heterocyclic compounds of Formula 1”.

[0109] For example, the organic layer may include only Compound 1 as the heterocyclic compound. In this embodiment, Compound 1 may be included in the emission layer of the organic light-emitting device. In some embodiments, the organic layer may include Compounds 1 and 2 as the heterocyclic compounds. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may exist in an identical layer (for example, Compound 1 and Compound 2 all may exist in an emission layer).

[0110] The first electrode may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode, and the second electrode may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode; or the first electrode may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and the second electrode may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode.

[0111] In an embodiment, in the organic light-emitting device, the first electrode may be an anode, the second electrode may be a cathode, and the organic layer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron-blocking layer, an auxiliary layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0112] The term “organic layer” used herein refers to a single layer and/or a plurality of layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the organic light-emitting device. The “organic layer” may include, in addition to an organic compound, an organometallic complex including metal.

Description of FIG. 1

[0113] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an exemplary embodiment. Hereinafter, the structure and manufacturing method of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described in connection with FIG. 1.

[0114] In FIG. 1, an organic light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 11, a second electrode 19 facing the first electrode 11, and an organic layer 10A between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 19.

[0115] In FIG. 1, the organic layer 10A includes an emission layer 15, a hole transport region 12 is between the first electrode 11 and an emission layer 15, and an electron transport region 17 is between the emission layer 15 and the second electrode 19.

[0116] A substrate may be additionally disposed under the first electrode 11 or on the second electrode 19. The substrate may be a conventional substrate used in organic light-emitting devices, e.g., a glass substrate or a transparent plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water repellency. First electrode 11

[0117] The first electrode 11 may be produced by depositing or sputtering, onto the substrate, a material for forming the first electrode 11. The first electrode 11 may be an anode. The material for forming the first electrode 11 may include materials with a high work function to facilitate hole injection.

[0118] The first electrode 11 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 11 is a transmissive electrode, the material for forming the first electrode 11 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO.sub.2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming a first electrode may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combinations thereof.

[0119] The first electrode 11 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers.

Emission layer 15

[0120] A thickness of the emission layer 15 may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Host in emission layer 15

[0121] A host in the emission layer 15 may include the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1.

[0122] In addition to the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 (for example, refer to the first host in Examples below), an arbitrary host (for example, refer to the second host in the Examples) may be further included. Hereinafter, a host that may be included in the emission layer 15 in addition to the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 will be described.

[0123] The host may not include a transition metal.

[0124] The host may be one kind of compound, or a mixture of two or more different types of compounds.

[0125] In an embodiment, the host may include at least one of a bipolar host, an electron-transporting host, a hole-transporting host, or any combination thereof. The bipolar host, the electron-transporting host, and the hole-transporting host may be different from each other.

[0126] The electron-transporting host may include at least one electron-transporting group.

[0127] The hole-transporting host may not include an electron-transporting group.

[0128] The term “electron-transporting group” used herein may include a cyano group, a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a group represented by one of the following formulae, or any combination thereof.

##STR00347##

wherein *, *′, and *″ in the formulae above are each a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0129] According to an embodiment, the electron-transporting host may include at least one of a cyano group, a π-electron deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, or any combination thereof.

[0130] In one or more embodiments, the electron-transporting host may include at least one cyano group.

[0131] In an embodiment, the electron-transporting host may include at least one cyano group, a π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, or any combination thereof.

[0132] In an embodiment, the host may include a bipolar host.

[0133] In an embodiment, the host may include an electron-transporting host.

[0134] In an embodiment, the host may include a hole-transporting host.

[0135] In an embodiment, the hole-transporting host may not be 1,3-bis(9-carbazolyl)benzene (mCP), tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 3,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (mCBP), N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N, N′-diphenyl-(1, 1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB), 4,4′,4″-tris[phenyl(m-tolyl)amino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), or N, N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N, N′-diphenylbenzidine (TPD).

[0136] The host may include an electron-transporting host and a hole-transporting host.

[0137] The electron-transporting host may include at least one π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group and at least one electron-transporting group,

[0138] the hole-transporting host may include at least one π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, and may not include an electron-transporting group, and

[0139] the electron-transporting group may include a cyano group, a π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, or any combination thereof.

[0140] In an embodiment, the electron-transporting host may include i) at least one of a cyano group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof, and ii) at least one of a triphenylene group, a carbazole group, or any combination thereof.

[0141] In an embodiment, the hole-transporting host may include at least one carbazole group.

[0142] In an embodiment, the electron-transporting host may include a compound represented by Formula E-1 below, and

[0143] the hole-transporting host may include a compound represented by Formula H-1 below:

[Ar.sub.301].sub.xb11—[(L.sub.301).sub.xb1—R.sub.301].sub.xb21   Formula E-1

[0144] wherein, in Formula E-1,

[0145] Ar.sub.301 may be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.301a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.301a,

[0146] xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

[0147] L.sub.301 may each independently be a single bond, a group represented by one of the following formulae, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.301a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.301a, and *, *′, and *″ in the following formulae each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom,

##STR00348##

[0148] xb1 may be an integer from 1 to 5,

[0149] R.sub.301a and R.sub.301 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —SF.sub.5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q.sub.307)(Q.sub.302)(Q.sub.303), —N(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), —B(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), —C(═O)(Q.sub.301), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.301), —S(═O)(Q.sub.301), —P(═O)(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), or —P(═S)(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302),

[0150] xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5,

[0151] Q.sub.301 to Q.sub.303 may each independently be a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and

[0152] at least one of Condition 1 to Condition 3 is satisfied:

Condition 1

[0153] At least one of Ar.sub.301, L.sub.301, and R.sub.301 in Formula E-1 may each independently include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.

Condition 2

[0154] In Formula E-1, L.sub.301 may be a group represented by one of the following Formulae.

##STR00349##

Condition 3

[0155] R.sub.301 in Formula E-1 is a cyano group, —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.301), —S(═O)(Q.sub.301), —P(═O)(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), or —P(═S)(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302)

##STR00350##

[0156] wherein, in Formulae H-1.sub.7 11, and 12,

[0157] L.sub.401 may be:

[0158] a single bond; or

[0159] a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, —Si(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402)(Q.sub.403), or any combination thereof,

[0160] xc1 may be an integer from 1 to 10, wherein, when xc1 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.401(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

[0161] Ar.sub.401 may be a group represented by Formula 11 or 12,

[0162] Ar.sub.402 may be:

[0163] a group represented by Formula 11 or 12; or

[0164] a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group (for example, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a triphenylenyl group), each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, or any combination thereof,

[0165] xc 11 may be an integer from 1 to 10, wherein, when xcl 1 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.402 (s) may be identical to or different from each other,

[0166] CY.sub.401 and CY.sub.402 may each independently be a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group (for example, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzosilole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, or a benzonaphthosilole group),

[0167] A.sub.21 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.411), C(R.sub.411)(R.sub.412), or SKR.sub.411)(R.sub.412),

[0168] A.sub.22 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R.sub.411), C(R.sub.411)(R.sub.412), or Si(R.sub.411)(R.sub.412),

[0169] at least one of A.sub.21 and A.sub.22 in Formula 12 may not be a single bond,

[0170] R.sub.401, R.sub.402, R.sub.411, and R.sub.412 may each independently be:

[0171] hydrogen, deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group;

[0172] a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof;

[0173] π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof; or

[0174] —Si(Q.sub.404)(Q.sub.405)(Q.sub.406),

[0175] wherein e1 and e2 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10,

[0176] Q.sub.401 to Q.sub.406 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a triphenylenyl group, and

[0177] * indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom.

[0178] In an embodiment, Ar.sub.301 and L.sub.301 in Formula E-1 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an iso-benzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, a isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF.sub.5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an am idino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano group-containing phenyl group, a cyano group-containing biphenyl group, a cyano group-containing terphenyl group, a cyano group-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof,

[0179] at least one of L.sub.301(s) in the number of xb1 may each independently be an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an iso-benzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, a isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azaacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF.sub.5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthly group, a cyano group-containing a phenyl group, a cyano group-containing a biphenyl group, a cyano group-containing a terphenyl group, a cyano group-containing a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof, and

[0180] R.sub.301 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF.sub.5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano group-containing phenyl group, a cyano group-containing biphenyl group, a cyano group-containing terphenyl group, a cyano group-containing tetraphenyl group, a cyano group-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32),

[0181] wherein Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

[0182] In one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.301 may be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, or a dibenzothiophene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF.sub.5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano group-containing phenyl group, a cyano group-containing biphenyl group, a cyano group-containing terphenyl group, a cyano group-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof; or a group represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-3 and 6-1 to 6-33, and L.sub.301 may be a group represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-3 and Formulae 6-1 to 6-33:

##STR00351## ##STR00352## ##STR00353## ##STR00354##

[0183] wherein, in Formulae 5-1 to 5-3 and 6-1 to 6-33,

[0184] Z.sub.1 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF.sub.5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an am idino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano group-containing phenyl group, a cyano group-containing biphenyl group, a cyano group-containing terphenyl group, a cyano group-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32),

[0185] d4 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4,

[0186] d3 may be 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0187] d2 may be 0, 1, or 2, and

[0188] * and *′ each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom.

[0189] wherein Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may respectively be understood by referring to the descriptions of Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 provided herein.

[0190] In one or more embodiments, L.sub.301 may be a group represented by one of Formulae 5-2, 5-3, and 6-8 to 6-33.

[0191] In an embodiment, R.sub.301 may be a cyano group or a group represented by one of Formulae 7-1 to 7-18, and at least one of Ar.sub.402(s) in the number of xc11 is a group represented by one of Formulae 7-1 to 7-18:

##STR00355## ##STR00356##

[0192] wherein, in Formulae 7-1 to 7-18,

[0193] xb41 to xb44 may each be 0, 1, or 2, provided that xb41 in Formula 7-10 may not be 0, xb41+xb42 in Formulae 7-11 to 7-13 may not be 0, xb41+xb42+xb43 in Formulae 7-14 to 7-16 may not be 0, xb41+xb42+xb43+xb44 in Formulae 7-17 and 7-18 may not be 0, and * indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom.

[0194] In Formula E-1, at least two Ar3o1(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and at least two L.sub.301(s) may be identical to or different from each other. In Formula H-1, at least two L.sub.401(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and at least two Ar.sub.402(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

[0195] Specific examples of the electron-transporting host may include, for example, compounds of Groups HE1 to HE7:

##STR00357## ##STR00358## ##STR00359## ##STR00360## ##STR00361## ##STR00362## ##STR00363## ##STR00364## ##STR00365## ##STR00366## ##STR00367## ##STR00368## ##STR00369##

##STR00370## ##STR00371## ##STR00372## ##STR00373## ##STR00374## ##STR00375## ##STR00376## ##STR00377## ##STR00378## ##STR00379## ##STR00380## ##STR00381## ##STR00382## ##STR00383## ##STR00384## ##STR00385## ##STR00386## ##STR00387## ##STR00388## ##STR00389## ##STR00390## ##STR00391##

##STR00392## ##STR00393## ##STR00394## ##STR00395## ##STR00396## ##STR00397## ##STR00398## ##STR00399## ##STR00400## ##STR00401## ##STR00402## ##STR00403## ##STR00404## ##STR00405## ##STR00406## ##STR00407## ##STR00408## ##STR00409## ##STR00410## ##STR00411## ##STR00412## ##STR00413## ##STR00414## ##STR00415## ##STR00416##

##STR00417## ##STR00418## ##STR00419## ##STR00420## ##STR00421## ##STR00422## ##STR00423## ##STR00424## ##STR00425##

##STR00426## ##STR00427## ##STR00428## ##STR00429## ##STR00430## ##STR00431## ##STR00432## ##STR00433## ##STR00434## ##STR00435## ##STR00436## ##STR00437## ##STR00438## ##STR00439## ##STR00440## ##STR00441## ##STR00442## ##STR00443## ##STR00444## ##STR00445## ##STR00446## ##STR00447## ##STR00448## ##STR00449## ##STR00450## ##STR00451## ##STR00452## ##STR00453## ##STR00454## ##STR00455## ##STR00456## ##STR00457## ##STR00458## ##STR00459## ##STR00460## ##STR00461## ##STR00462## ##STR00463## ##STR00464## ##STR00465## ##STR00466##

[0196] In an embodiment, the hole-transporting host may include at least one of Compounds H-H1 to H-H103:

##STR00467## ##STR00468## ##STR00469## ##STR00470## ##STR00471## ##STR00472## ##STR00473## ##STR00474## ##STR00475## ##STR00476## ##STR00477## ##STR00478## ##STR00479## ##STR00480## ##STR00481## ##STR00482## ##STR00483## ##STR00484## ##STR00485## ##STR00486## ##STR00487## ##STR00488## ##STR00489## ##STR00490## ##STR00491## ##STR00492## ##STR00493##

[0197] In an embodiment, the bipolar host may be a compound of Group HEH1:

##STR00494## ##STR00495## ##STR00496## ##STR00497## ##STR00498## ##STR00499## ##STR00500## ##STR00501## ##STR00502## ##STR00503## ##STR00504## ##STR00505## ##STR00506## ##STR00507## ##STR00508## ##STR00509## ##STR00510## ##STR00511## ##STR00512## ##STR00513## ##STR00514## ##STR00515## ##STR00516## ##STR00517## ##STR00518## ##STR00519## ##STR00520## ##STR00521##

##STR00522## ##STR00523## ##STR00524## ##STR00525## ##STR00526## ##STR00527## ##STR00528## ##STR00529## ##STR00530## ##STR00531## ##STR00532## ##STR00533## ##STR00534## ##STR00535## ##STR00536## ##STR00537## ##STR00538## ##STR00539## ##STR00540## ##STR00541## ##STR00542## ##STR00543## ##STR00544## ##STR00545## ##STR00546##

[0198] The term “Ph” used herein is a phenyl group.

[0199] In an embodiment, an example of the hole-transporting host may be Compound H1. In an embodiment, an example of the electron-transporting host may be Compound H2:

##STR00547##

Dopant in emission layer 15

[0200] A dopant in the emission layer 15 may be a phosphorescent dopant.

[0201] In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may be a blue dopant.

[0202] In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may be a blue platinum dopant.

[0203] In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may include a transition metal and a tetradentate ligand.

[0204] In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 11 below:

##STR00548##

[0205] wherein, in Formula 11,

[0206] M may be a transition metal,

[0207] X.sub.11 to X.sub.14 may each independently be C or N,

[0208] two of a bond between X.sub.11 and M, a bond between X.sub.12 and M, a bond between X.sub.13 and M, and a bond between X.sub.14 and M may be coordinate bonds, and the other two bonds may be covalent bonds,

[0209] ring CY.sub.11 to ring CY.sub.14 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group,

[0210] T.sub.11 may be a single bond, a double bond, .sup.*-N(R.sub.15a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-B(R.sub.15a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-P(R.sub.15a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(R.sub.15a)(R.sub.15b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-Si(R.sub.15a)(R.sub.15b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-Ge(R.sub.15a)(R.sub.15b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-S-.sup.*′, .sup.*-Se-.sup.*′, .sup.*-O-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(═O)-.sup.*′, .sup.*—S(═O)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-S(═O).sub.2-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(R.sub.15a)═.sup.*′, *═C(R.sub.15a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(F.sub.15a)═C(R.sub.15b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(═S)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C≡C-.sup.*′, a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0211] T.sub.12 may be a single bond, a double bond, .sup.*-N(R.sub.16a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-B(R.sub.16a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-P(R.sub.16a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(R.sub.16a)(R.sub.16b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-Si(R.sub.16a)(R.sub.16b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-Ge(R.sub.16a)(R.sub.16b)-.sup.*′*-S-.sup.*′, .sup.*-Se-.sup.*′, .sup.*-0-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(═O)-.sup.*′, .sup.*—S(═O)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-S(═O).sub.2-*′, .sup.*-C(R.sub.16a)═.sup.*′, *═C(R.sub.16a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(F.sub.16a)═C(R.sub.16b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(═S)-.sup.*′, .sup.*—C≡C-.sup.*′, a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0212] T.sub.13 may be a single bond, a double bond, .sup.*—N(R.sub.17a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-B(R.sub.17a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-P(R.sub.17a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(R.sub.17a)(R.sub.17b)-′, .sup.*—Si(R.sub.17a)(R.sub.17b)-′, .sup.*-Ge(R.sub.17a)(Ri7b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-S-.sup.*′, .sup.*—Se—.sup.*′, .sup.*—O—.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(═O)-.sup.*′, .sup.*—S(═O)-.sup.*40 , .sup.*-S (═O).sub.2-.sup.*′, .sup.*—C(R.sub.17a)═.sup.*′, .sup.*═C(R.sub.17a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(R.sub.17a)═C(R.sub.17b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(═S)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C≡C-.sup.*′, a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0213] T.sub.14 may be a single bond, a double bond, .sup.*-N(R.sub.18a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-B(R.sub.18a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-P(R.sub.18a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(R.sub.18a)(R.sub.18b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-Si(R.sub.18a)(R.sub.18b)-.sup.*═, .sup.*-Ge(R.sub.18a)(R.sub.18b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-S-.sup.*′, .sup.*-Se-.sup.*′, .sup.*-O-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(═O)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-S(═O)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-S (═O).sub.2-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(R.sub.18a)═.sup.*′, .sup.*═C(R.sub.18a)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C(R.sub.18a)═C(R.sub.18b)-.sup.*′, .sup.*-C≡C-.sup.*′, a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0214] n1 to n4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5, and three or more of n1 to n4 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,

[0215] when n1 is 0, T.sub.11 does not exist, when n2 is 0, T.sub.12 does not exist, when n3 is 0, T.sub.13 does not exist, when n4 is 0, T.sub.14 does not exist,

[0216] when n1 is 2 or more, two or more of T.sub.11(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when n2 is 2 or more, two or more of T.sub.12(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when n3 is 2 or more, two or more of T.sub.13(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when n4 is 2 or more, two or more of T.sub.14(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

[0217] R.sup.11 to R.sub.14, R.sub.15a, R.sub.15b, R.sub.16a, R.sub.16bR.sub.17a, R.sub.17b, R.sub.18a, and R.sub.18b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF.sub.5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.7-C.sub.60 alkyl aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —Si(Q.sub.3)(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5), —Ge(Q.sub.3)(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5), —B(Q.sub.6)(Q.sub.7), —P(═O)(Q.sub.8)(Q.sub.9), or —P(Q.sub.8)(Q.sub.9),

[0218] a11 to a 14 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20,

[0219] two or more of R.sub.11(s) in the number of all may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0220] two or more of R.sub.12(s) in the number of a12 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0221] two or more of R.sub.13(s) in the number of a13 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0222] two or more of R.sub.14(s) in the number of a14 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0223] two or more of R.sub.11 to R.sub.14, R.sub.15a, R.sub.15b, R.sub.16a, R.sub.16bR.sub.17a, R.sub.17b, R.sub.18a, and R.sub.18b may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0224] R.sub.10a is understood by referring to the description of R.sub.1 provided herein,

[0225] * and *.sup.1 each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom, and

[0226] a substituent of the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, the substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, the substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, the substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, the substituted C.sub.7-C.sub.60 alkyl aryl group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 eteroaryl group, the substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is:

[0227] deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group,

[0228] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —Si(Q.sub.13)(Q.sub.14)(Q.sub.15), —Ge(Q.sub.13)(Q.sub.14)(Q.sub.15), —B(Q.sub.16)(Q.sub.17), —P(═O)(Q.sub.18)(Q.sub.19), —P(Q.sub.18)(Q.sub.19), or any combination thereof;

[0229] a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, -N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), -Si(Q.sub.23)(Q.sub.24)(Q.sub.25), —Ge(Q.sub.23)(Q.sub.24)(Q.sub.25), —B(Q.sub.26)(Q.sub.27), —P(═O)(Q.sub.28)(Q.sub.29), —P(Q.sub.28)(Q.sub.29), or any combination thereof;

[0230] —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —Si(Q.sub.33)(Q.sub.34)(Q.sub.35), —Ge(Q.sub.33)(Q.sub.34)(Q.sub.35), —B(Q.sub.36)(Q.sub.37), —P(═O)(Q.sub.38)(Q.sub.39), or —P(Q.sub.38)(Q.sub.39), or

[0231] any combination thereof,

[0232] wherein Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.9, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.19, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.29, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.39 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an am idino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, or any combination thereof, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, or any combination thereof, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

[0233] In an embodiment, M in Formula 11 may be Pt, Pd, or Au.

[0234] In one or more embodiments, a bond between X.sub.11 and M in Formula 11 may be a coordinate bond.

[0235] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 11, X.sub.11 may be C, and a bond between X.sub.11 and M may be a coordinate bond. That is, X.sub.11 in Formula 11 may be C in a carbene moiety.

[0236] In one or more embodiments, ring CY.sub.11 to ring CY.sub.14. in Formula 11 may each independently be i) a first ring, ii) a second ring, iii) a condensed ring in which two or more first rings are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed ring in which two or more second rings are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed ring in which at least one first ring is condensed with at least one second ring,

[0237] the first ring may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a silole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, an isoxadiazole group, an oxatriazole group, an isoxatriazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a thiatriazole group, an isothiatriazole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an azasilole group, a diazasilole group, or a triazasilole group, and

[0238] the second ring may be an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a norbornene group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, an oxazine group, a thiazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a dihydropyridine group, or a dihydroazasilane group.

[0239] An amount (weight) of the dopant in the emission layer 15 may be in a range of about 0.1 part by weight to about 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the emission layer 15.

Hole-Transporting Region 12

[0240] The hole-transporting region 12 may be located between the first electrode 11 and the emission layer 15 of the organic light-emitting device 10.

[0241] The hole-transporting region 12 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure.

[0242] For example, the hole transport region 12 may have a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/first hole transport layer/second hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/first hole transport layer/second hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure, a hole transport layer/interlayer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/interlayer structure, a hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure.

[0243] The hole-transporting region 12 may include any compound having hole-transporting properties.

[0244] For example, the hole-transporting region 12 may include an amine-based compound.

[0245] In an embodiment, the hole-transporting region 12 may include, for example, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB, p-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PAN I/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), one of a compound represented by Formula 201 to a compound represented by Formula 205, or any combination thereof:

##STR00549## ##STR00550## ##STR00551##

[0246] wherein, in Formulae 201 to 205,

[0247] L.sub.201 to L.sub.209 may each independently be .sup.*—O—.sup.*′, .sup.*—S—.sup.*′, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group,

[0248] xa1 to xa9 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,

[0249] R.sub.201 to R.sub.206 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein neighboring two groups of R.sub.201 to R.sub.206 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.

[0250] For example,

[0251] L.sub.201 to L.sub.209 may be a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a corogen group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, an isoindole group, an indole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene sulfone group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, or a triindolobenzene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, —Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), or any combination thereof,

[0252] xa1 to xa9 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2, and

[0253] R.sub.201 to R.sub.206 may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, or a benzothienocarbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an am idino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof.

[0254] Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

[0255] In one or more embodiments, the hole-transporting region 12 may include a carbazole-containing amine-based compound.

[0256] In an embodiment, the hole-transporting region 12 may include a carbazole-containing amine-based compound and a carbazole-free amine-based compound.

[0257] The carbazole-containing amine-based compound may include, for example, a compound represented by Formula 201 including a carbazole group and further including at least one of a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, or any combination thereof.

[0258] The carbazole-free amine-based compound may include, for example, a compound represented by Formula 201 not including a carbazole group and including at least one of a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, or any combination thereof.

[0259] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0260] In an embodiment, the hole transport region 12 may include a compound represented by Formula 201-1, 202-1, or 201-2, or any combination thereof:

##STR00552##

[0261] In Formulae 201-1, 202-1, and 201-2, L.sub.201 to L.sub.203, L.sub.205, xa1 to xa3, xa5, R.sub.201 and R.sub.202 are the same as described herein, and R.sub.211 to R.sub.213 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a dimethylfluorenyl group, a diphenylfluorenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

[0262] For example, the hole transport region 12 may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT39 or any combination thereof:

##STR00553## ##STR00554## ##STR00555## ##STR00556## ##STR00557## ##STR00558## ##STR00559##

[0263] In one or more embodiments, hole-transporting region 12 of the organic light-emitting device 10 may further include a p-dopant. When the hole-transporting region 12 further includes a p-dopant, the hole-transporting region 12 may have a matrix (for example, at least one of compounds represented by Formulae 201 to 205) and a p-dopant included in the matrix. The p-dopant may be uniformly or non-uniformly doped in the hole-transporting region 12.

[0264] In an embodiment, the LUMO energy level of the p-dopant may be about −3.5 eV or less.

[0265] The p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, a cyano group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

[0266] In an embodiment, the p-dopant may include:

[0267] a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ),2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), or F6-TCNNQ;

[0268] a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide;

[0269] 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN);

[0270] a compound represented by Formula 221; or

[0271] any combination thereof:

##STR00560##

[0272] In Formula 221,R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein at least one substituent of R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may be: a cyano group; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with —F; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with —Cl; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with —Br; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with —I; or any combination thereof.

[0273] The compound represented by Formula 221 may include, for example, Compound HT-D2:

##STR00561##

[0274] The hole-transporting region 12 may have a thickness of about 100 Å to about 10000 Å, for example, about 400 Å to about 2000 Å, and the emission layer 15 may have a thickness of about 100 Å to about 3000 Å, for example, about 300 Å to about 1000 Å. When the thickness of each of the hole-transporting region 12 and the emission layer 15 is within these ranges described above, satisfactory hole transportation characteristics and/or luminescent characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0275] The hole transport region 12 may further include a buffer layer.

[0276] Also, the buffer layer may compensate for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer, and thus, efficiency of a formed organic light-emitting device may be improved.

[0277] The hole transport region 12 may further include an electron-blocking layer. The electron-blocking layer may include a known material, for example, mCP or DBFPO:

##STR00562##

Electron-Transporting Region 17

[0278] The electron-transporting region 17 is placed between the emission layer 15 and the second electrode 19 of the organic light-emitting device 10.

[0279] The electron-transporting region 17 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure.

[0280] For example, the electron transport region 17 may have an electron transport layer, an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a buffer layer/electron transport layer structure, hole-blocking layer/electron transport layer structure, a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a hole-blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure. The electron-transporting region 17 may further include an electron control layer.

[0281] The electron-transporting region 17 may include known electron-transporting materials.

[0282] The electron transport region 17 (for example, a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group. The π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group is the same as described above.

[0283] For example, the electron transport region 17 may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[Ar.sub.601].sub.xe11-[(L.sub.601).sub.xe1-R.sub.601].sub.xe21   Formula 601

[0284] wherein, in Formula 601,

[0285] Ar.sub.601 and L.sub.601 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.601a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.601a,

[0286] xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

[0287] xe1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

[0288] R.sub.601a and R.sub.601 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602)(Q.sub.603), —C(═O)(Q.sub.601), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.601), or —P (═O)(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602),

[0289] Q.sub.601 to Q.sub.603 may each independently be a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and

[0290] xe21 may be an integer from 1 to 5.

[0291] In an embodiment, at least one of Ar.sub.601(s) in the number of xe11 and R.sub.601(s) in the number of xe21 may include the Tr electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.

[0292] In an embodiment, Ar.sub.601 and L.sub.601 in Formula 601 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof,

[0293] Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

[0294] When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.601(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

[0295] In one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.601 in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group.

[0296] In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1:

##STR00563##

[0297] wherein, in Formula 601-1,

[0298] X614 may be N or C(R.sub.614), X.sub.615 may be N or C(R.sub.615), X.sub.616 may be N or C(R.sub.616), and at least one of X.sub.614 to X.sub.616 may be N,

[0299] L.sub.611 to L.sub.613 may each independently be the same as described in connection with L601,

[0300] xe611 to xe613 may each independently be the same as described in connection with xe1,

[0301] R.sub.611 to R.sub.613 may each independently be the same as described in connection with R601, and

[0302] R.sub.614 to R.sub.616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

[0303] In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

[0304] In one or more embodiments, R.sub.601 and R.sub.611 to R.sub.613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, or an azacarbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, or any combination thereof; or

[0305] —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.601), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602),

[0306] wherein Q.sub.601 and Q.sub.602 are the same as described above.

[0307] The electron transport region 17 may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET36 or any combination thereof:

##STR00564## ##STR00565## ##STR00566## ##STR00567## ##STR00568## ##STR00569## ##STR00570## ##STR00571## ##STR00572## ##STR00573## ##STR00574##

[0308] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region 17 may include 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), NTAZ, DBFPO, or any combination thereof. For example, when the electron transport region 17 includes a hole-blocking layer, the hole-blocking layer may include BCP or Bphen:

##STR00575##

[0309] Thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, and the electron control layer may each independently be in the range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within these ranges, excellent hole-blocking characteristics or excellent electron control characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0310] A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in the range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the range described above, the electron transport layer may have satisfactory electron transporting characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0311] The electron transport region 17 (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region 17) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

[0312] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may include a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, a Cs ion, or any combination thereof, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may include a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, a Ba ion, or any combination thereof. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxydiphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0313] In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:

##STR00576##

[0314] The electron-transporting region 17 may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 19. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 19.

[0315] The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

[0316] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof.

[0317] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs.

[0318] The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof.

[0319] The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

[0320] The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may include oxides and halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.

[0321] The alkali metal compound may include: one of alkali metal oxides such as Li.sub.2O, Cs.sub.2O, or K.sub.2O; one of alkali metal halides such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI; or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the alkali metal compound may include LiF, Li.sub.2O, NaF, Lil, NaI, CsI, KI, or any combination thereof.

[0322] The alkaline earth metal compound may include one of alkaline earth metal compounds, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr.sub.1−xO (0<x<1), or Ba.sub.xCa.sub.1−xO (0<x<1), or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the alkaline earth metal compound may include BaO, SrO, CaO, or any combination thereof.

[0323] The rare earth metal compound may include YbF.sub.3, ScF.sub.3, ScO.sub.3, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, GdF.sub.3, TbF.sub.3, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may include YbF.sub.3, ScF.sub.3, TbF.sub.3, YbI.sub.3, ScI.sub.3, TbI.sub.3, or any combination thereof.

[0324] The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and rare earth metal as described above, and a ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may include hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0325] The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material. When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

[0326] A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, and, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage. Second electrode 19

[0327] The second electrode 19 is located on the organic layer 10A having such a structure. The second electrode 19 may be a cathode which is an electron injection electrode, and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode 19 may be selected from a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function.

[0328] The second electrode 19 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 19 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0329] The second electrode 19 may have a single-layered structure having a single layer or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

Explanation of Terms

[0330] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylene group” as used here refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group.

[0331] Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, the C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, and/or the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group are a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an iso-octyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, or a tert-decyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an iso-octyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0332] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group” used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA.sub.101 (wherein Aioi is the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group), and examples thereof are a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, and a pentoxy group.

[0333] The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by substituting at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group.

[0334] The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by substituting at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethynyl group, and a propynyl group. The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group.

[0335] The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and the term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group.

[0336] Examples of the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group.

[0337] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the term “the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group.

[0338] Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group are a silolanyl group, a silinanyl group, tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydro-2 H-pyranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group.

[0339] The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that includes 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and has no aromaticity, and examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group.

[0340] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group are a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group.

[0341] The term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group and the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

[0342] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B as a ring-forming atom and a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B as a ring-forming atom and a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

[0343] The term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group” as used herein indicates —OA.sub.102 (wherein A.sub.102 is the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group), and the term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group” as used herein indicates —SA.sub.103 (wherein A.sub.103 is the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group).

[0344] The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” used herein refers to a monovalent group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other, only carbon is used as a ring-forming atom (for example, the number of carbon atoms may be 8 to 60) and the whole molecule is a non-aromaticity group. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group include a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.

[0345] The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed with each other, a heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B, other than carbon atoms (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group include a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.

[0346] The term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including at least one *—N═.sup.*′ (wherein .sup.* and .sup.*′ each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom) as a ring-forming moiety. For example, the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be a) a first ring, b) a condensed ring in which at least two first rings are condensed, or c) a condensed ring in which at least one first ring and at least one second ring are condensed.

[0347] The term “π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and not including .sup.*—N═.sup.*′ (wherein .sup.* and .sup.*′ each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom) as a ring-forming moiety. For example, the π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be a) a second ring or b) a condensed ring in which at least two second rings are condensed.

[0348] The term “C.sub.5-C.sub.60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group having 5 to 60 carbon atoms, and may be, for example, a) a third ring or b) a condensed ring in which two or more third rings are condensed with each other.

[0349] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and includes at least one heteroatom, and may be, for example, a) a fourth ring, b) a condensed ring in which two or more fourth rings are condensed with each other, or c) a condensed ring in which at least one third ring is condensed with at least one fourth ring.

[0350] The “first ring” as used herein may be an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, or a thiadiazole group.

[0351] The “second ring” as used herein may be a benzene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a pyrrole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, or a silole group.

[0352] The “third ring” as used herein may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentadiene group, an indene group, an adamantane group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane group (a norbornane group), a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, or a benzene group.

[0353] The “fourth ring” as used herein may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a silole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, an isoxadiazole group, an oxatriazole group, an isoxatriazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a thiatriazole group, an isothiatriazole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an azasilole group, a diazasilole group, a triazasilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, or a triazine group.

[0354] In some embodiments, the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an acridine group, or a pyridopyrazine group:

[0355] In some embodiments, the π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentaphene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, an isoindole group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a naphthopyrrole group, a naphthofuran group, a naphthothiophene group, a naphthosilole group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a triindolobenzene group, a pyrrolophenanthrene group, a furanophenanthrene group, a thienophenanthrene group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonapthothiophene group, an (indolo)phenanthrene group, a (benzofurano)phenanthrene group, or a (benzothieno)phenanthrene group.

[0356] For example, the C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, cyclopentadiene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, or a norbornene group.

[0357] For example, the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be a thiophene group, a furan group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, a borole group, a phosphole group, a selenophene group, a germole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azaindole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, or a benzothiadiazole group.

[0358] The term “a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 cyclic group, and a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group” may be part of a condensed cycle or may be a monovalent, a divalent, a trivalent, a tetravalent, a pentavalent, or a hexavalent group, depending on the formula structure.

[0359] A substituent of the substituted π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, the substituted π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, the substituted C.sub.5-C.sub.60 cyclic group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylene group, the substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenylene group, the substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynylene group, the substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, the substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, the substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, the substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, the substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, the substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may each independently be:

[0360] deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group;

[0361] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 alkylaryl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkylheteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —Si(Q.sub.13)(Q.sub.14)(Q.sub.15), —Ge(Q.sub.13)(Q.sub.14)(Q.sub.15), —B(Q.sub.16)(Q.sub.17), —P(═O)(Q.sub.18)(Q.sub.19), —P(Q.sub.18)(Q.sub.19), or any combination thereof;

[0362] a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 alkylaryl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkylheteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, -CDH.sub.2, -CF.sub.3, -CF.sub.2H, -CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 alkylaryl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkylheteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —Si(Q.sub.23)(Q.sub.24)(Q.sub.25), —Ge(Q.sub.23)(Q.sub.24)(Q.sub.25), —B(Q.sub.26)(Q.sub.27), —P(═O)(Q.sub.28)(Q.sub.29), —P(Q.sub.28)(Q.sub.29), or any combination thereof;

[0363] —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —Si(Q.sub.33)(Q.sub.34)(Q.sub.35), —Ge(Q.sub.33)(Q.sub.34)(Q.sub.35), —B(Q.sub.36)(Q.sub.37), —P(═O)(Q.sub.38)(Q.sub.39), or —P(Q.sub.38)(Q.sub.39), or

[0364] any combination thereof,

[0365] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.9, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.19, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.29, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.39 used herein may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof; a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; a C.sub.3-C10 cycloalkyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group; a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group; a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group; a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group; a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group; or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

[0366] For example, Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.9, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.19, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.29 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.39 described herein may each independently be:

[0367] —CH.sub.3, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CD.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CD.sub.2H, —CH.sub.2CDH.sub.2, —CHDCH.sub.3, —CHDCD.sub.2H, —CHDCDH.sub.2, —CHDCD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2CD.sub.2H, or —CD.sub.2CDH.sub.2; or

[0368] an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0369] As used herein, the number of carbons in each group that is substituted (e.g., C.sub.1-C.sub.60 ) excludes the number of carbons in the substituent. For example, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group can be substituted with a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group. The total number of carbons included in the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group substituted with the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group is not limited to 60 carbons. In addition, more than one C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl substituent may be present on the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group. This definition is not limited to the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group and applies to all substituted groups that recite a carbon range.

[0370] The term “room temperature” used herein refers to a temperature of about 25° C.

[0371] The terms “a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a tetraphenyl group” used herein respectively refer to monovalent groups in which two, three, or four phenyl groups which are linked together via a single bond.

[0372] Hereinafter, a compound and an organic light-emitting device according to embodiments are described in detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. However, the organic light-emitting device is not limited thereto. The wording “‘B’′ was used instead of ‘A’” used in describing Synthesis Examples means that an amount of ‘A’ used was identical to an amount of ‘B’ used, in terms of a molar equivalent.

EXAMPLES

Synthesis Example 1 (Compound 11)

[0373] ##STR00577##

[0374] 9H-3,9′:3′,9′-Tercarbazole (4.0 g, 8.04 mmol), (3-bromophenyl)triphenylsilane (3.67 g, 8.84 mmol), Pd(dba).sub.2 (0.23 g, 0.40 mmol), PtBu.sub.3 (50 wt % in toluene, 0.80 mmol), and NaOtBu (1.16 g, 12.06 mmol) were mixed with xylene (100 mL), and stirred while refluxing at a temperature of 120° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, the temperature was lowered to room temperature, and the resultant product was poured into methanol to filter the formed precipitate, and the filtrate was purified by silica column chromatography, and then recrystallized using dichloromethane and hexane to obtain 4.6 g of Compound 11 (67% yield).

[0375] HPLC-MS : 832.25 [M+H].sup.+

[0376] λ.sub.emission=376 nm (Room-temperature fluorescence)

[0377] λ.sub.emission=415 nm (Low-temperature phosphorescence)

[0378] FIG. 2 shows the PL spectrum (fluorescent spectrum and phosphorescent spectrum) of Compound 11.

Synthesis Example 2 (Compound 27)

[0379] ##STR00578##

[0380] 9H-3,9′:3′,9′-Tercarbazole (3.0 g, 6.03 mmol), (4-bromophenyl)triphenylsilane (2.75 g, 6.63 mmol), Pd(dba).sub.2 (0.17 g, 0.30 mmol), PtBu.sub.3 (50 wt % in toluene, 0.60 mmol), and NaOtBu (0.87 g, 9.04 mmol) were mixed with xylene (100 mL), and then, stirred while refluxing at a temperature of 120° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, the temperature was lowered to room temperature, and the resultant product was poured into methanol to filter the formed precipitate, and the filtrate was purified through silica column chromatography, and then recrystallized using dichloromethane and hexane to obtain 3.2 g of Compound 27 (yield of 64%).

[0381] HPLC-MS : 832.25 [M+H]+

[0382] λ.sub.emission=376 nm (Room-temperature fluorescence)

[0383] λ.sub.emission=415 nm (Low-temperature phosphorescence)

Synthesis Example 3 (Compound 238)

[0384] ##STR00579##

[0385] 3′-(Dibenzo[b,d]furan-3-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazole (3.0 g, 6.02 mmol), (3-bromophenyl)triphenylsilane (2.75 g, 6.62 mmol), Pd(dba)2 (0.17 g, 0.30 mmol), PtBu.sub.3 (50 wt % in toluene, 0.60 mmol), and NaOtBu (0.87 g, 9.03 mmol) were mixed with xylene (100 mL), and then stirred while refluxing at a temperature of 120° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, the temperature was lowered to room temperature, and the resultant product was poured into methanol to filter the formed precipitate, and the filtrate was purified through silica column chromatography, and then recrystallized using dichloromethane and hexane to obtain 2.6 g of Compound 238 (yield of 52%).

[0386] HPLC-MS : 834.23 [M+H]+

[0387] λ.sub.emission=376 nm (Room-temperature fluorescence)

[0388] λ.sub.emission=448 nm (Low-temperature phosphorescence)

Synthesis Example 4 (Compound 715)

[0389] ##STR00580##

[0390] 9H-3,9′:3′,9′-Tercarbazole (3.0 g, 4.53 mmol), (3-bromophenyl)triphenylsilane (2.07 g, 4.98 mmol), Pd(dba)2 (0.13 g, 0.23 mmol), PtBu3 (50 wt % in toluene, 0.46 mmol), and NaOtBu (0.65 g, 6.79 mmol) were mixed with xylene (50 mL), and then stirred while refluxing at a temperature of 120° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, the temperature was lowered to room temperature, and the resultant product was poured into methanol to filter the formed precipitate, and the filtrate was purified through silica column chromatography, and then recrystallized using dichloromethane and hexane to obtain 2.5 g of Compound 715 (yield of 55%).

[0391] HPLC-MS : 997.31 [M+H]+λ.sub.emission=377 nm (Room-temperature fluorescence) λ.sub.emission=443 nm (Low-temperature phosphorescence)

[0392] Evaluation Example 1: Evaluation of HOMO, T.sub.1 and Si energy level

[0393] The HOMO, LUMO, T.sub.1 and Si energy levels of the compounds shown in Table 3 below were measured according to the method described in Table 2, and the results are shown in Table 3:

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Evaluation HOMO energy level and LUMO energy level were method for evaluated using atmospheric photoelectron spectroscopy HOMO energy device (RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd.: AC3) level and LUMO energy level S.sub.1 energy level The photoluminescence spectrum of a mixture of evaluation 2-MeTHF and each compound (dissolved to adjust the method concentration of the compound to be 1 × 10.sup.−4M) was measured at room temperature using a photoluminescence measuring instrument, and the peaks were analyzed to calculate the onset S.sub.1 energy level. T.sub.1 energy level A mixture of 2-MeTHF and each compound (dissolved evaluation to adjust the concentration of the compound to be method 1 × 10.sup.−4M) was put in a quartz cell, and then, liquid nitrogen (77 K) is added thereto and the photoluminescence spectrum thereof was measured using a photoluminescence measuring instrument. The obtained photoluminescence spectrum was compared with the normal room temperature photoluminescence spectrum, and only the peak only at low temperature was analyzed to calculate the onset T.sub.1 energy level.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Compound HOMO LUMO S.sub.1 T.sub.1 No. (eV) (eV) (eV) (eV) 11 −5.70 −2.27 3.47 3.05 27 −5.68 −2.25 3.47 3.05 238 −5.73 −2.15 3.43 2.90 715 −5.81 −2.40 3.44 2.96   [00581]  [00582]  [00583]  [00584]

[0394] According to Table 3, it can be confirmed that Compounds 11, 27, 238 and 715 have excellent electrical characteristics.

Example 1

[0395] A glass substrate with a 1,500 Å-thick indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode (first electrode, anode) formed thereon was cleaned by distilled water ultrasonication. After the distilled water ultrasonication, ultrasonic cleaning was performed with a solvent such as isopropyl alcohol, acetone, and methanol, and the glass substrate was dried and transferred to a plasma cleaner. The glass substrate was cleaned by using oxygen plasma for 5 minutes, and then transferred to a vacuum laminator.

[0396] Compound HT3 and Compound HT-D2 were co-deposited on the ITO electrode on the glass substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 100 Å, and Compound HT3 was deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 1,300 Å, and mCP was deposited on the hole transport layer to form an electron-blocking layer having a thickness of 100 Å to form a hole transport region.

[0397] Compound 11 (host) and FIr6 (dopant, 10 wt %) were co-deposited on the hole transport region to form an emission layer having a thickness of 400 Å.

[0398] BCP was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole-blocking layer having a thickness of 100 Å, and Compound ET3 and Liq were co-deposited on the hole-blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, and Liq was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and an Al second electrode (cathode) having a thickness of 1,200 Å was formed on the electron injection layer, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.

##STR00585##

Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, and C

[0399] Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that compounds described in Table 4 were each used instead of Compound 11 in the formation of the emission layer.

Evaluation of Example 2

Evaluation of Properties of Organic Light-Emitting Devices

[0400] The driving voltage (V), current efficiency (cd/A), and lifetime (T.sub.95 at 1,000 nit, hr) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, and C were evaluated by using a Current-Voltmeter (Keithley 2400) and luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000Å). The results are shown in Table 2. Lifetime (T.sub.95) refers to a time that is taken for the brightness to become 95% compared to the initial luminance of 100%. In Table 4, the driving voltage, current efficiency and lifetime of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples A1, A2, B1, B2, B3 and C are expressed as relative values (%) compared to the driving voltage, current efficiency and lifetime of Comparative Example Al. Meanwhile, the lifetime-luminance graph of each of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Example 1, Example 3, and Comparative Example Al are shown in FIG. 3, and the lifetime-luminance graph of each of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Example 2, Example 4 and Comparative Example Al is shown in FIG. 4.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Driving Current Lifetime voltage efficiency (LT.sub.95) Luminance (Relative (Relative (Relative Host (cd/m.sup.2) value, %) value, %) value, %) Example 1 11 1000 79 154 1226 Example 2 27 1000 79 151 1222 Example 3 238 1000 81 155 1070 Example 4 715 1000 80 145 1186 Comparative A1 1000 100 100 100 Example A1 Comparative A2 1000 95 110 202 Example A2 Comparative B1 1000 107 108 144 Example B1 Comparative B2 1000 99 121 250 Example B2 Comparative B3 1000 92 110 139 Example B3 Comparative C 1000 85 150 580 Example C   [00586]  [00587]  [00588]  [00589]  [00590]  [00591]  [00592]  [00593]  [00594]  [00595]

[0401] From Table 4, it can be seen that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 4 have improved driving voltage, improved current efficiency, and improved lifetime compared to the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, and C.

[0402] By using the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1, an organic light-emitting device having high luminescence efficiency and long lifetime characteristics, and an electronic apparatus including the same can be provided.

[0403] It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.