CANNABIGEROL (CBG) PRODUCTS AND METHODS OF USE

Abstract

A pharmaceutically acceptable formulation comprising a cannabinoid, e.g., CBG, CBGA, CBGV, and CBGVA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, substantially without CBDA synthase products and TCHA synthase products; and at least one additional active composition, e.g., an endocannabinoid, dextromethorphan, melatonin, 5-hydroxy tryptophan, or serotonin. The cannabinoid may be a full spectrum or broad spectrum extract of a plant of genus Cannabis, containing cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, and substantially without cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol. The composition may be a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation for oral, mucosal (including sublingual), topical, inhaled, vaporized or spray, or smoked administration. The formulation may include absorption or pharmacological (synergistic) exogenous enhancers, e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, piperine, butyrate (or its natural derivatives) and other (endo)cannabinoids. The composition may have anti-inflammatory properties beneficial as a prophylaxis or therapy of symptoms due to SARS-Cov2 infection.

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising: at least one cannabinoid selected from the group consisting of CBG, CBGA, CBGV, and CBGVA, or pharmaceutically salt, ester or amide thereof, substantially without CBDA synthase products and TCHA synthase products of the at least one cannabinoid; and at least one additional active composition selected from the group consisting of an endocannabinoid, gamma amino butyric acid, and dehydroepiandrosterone.

2. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 1, provided in a unit dose or metered dose form.

3. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 2, wherein the at least one cannabinoid comprises at least 2.5 mg of the at least one cannabinoid selected from the group consisting of CBG, CBGA, CBGV, and CBGVA or a salt, ester or amide thereof.

4. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 2, wherein the at least one additional active composition comprises at least 25 mg of an endocannabinoid selected from the group consisting of LEA, PEA, SEA, and OEA.

5. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 2, wherein the at least one additional active composition comprises at least 10 mg of anandamide.

6. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 2, wherein the at least one additional active composition comprises at least 10 mg of dehydroepiandrosterone.

7. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 2, further comprising at least 0.5 Moles of at least one of butyrate, methyl butyrate, beta hydroxy butyrate, beta hydroxy methylbutyrate, and salts, esters, and amides thereof.

8. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 2, comprising at least 1 mg of the at least one cannabinoid, and the at least 10 mg of the one additional active composition per unit dose or metered dose.

9. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 1, further comprising at least one of piperine, curcumin, capsaicin, resveratrol, and echinacea.

10. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one cannabinoid comprises a full spectrum extract from a botanical source.

11. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 1, in a dental hygiene formulation and having antimicrobial effects after administration to oral mucosa.

12. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 1, in a pharmaceutically acceptable mist, vapor, or inhalable formulation.

13. A cannabinoid composition, comprising: at least one cannabinoid selected from the group consisting of CBG, CBGA, CBGV, and CBGVA, or pharmaceutically salt, ester or amide thereof, in combination with at least three terpenes selected from the group consisting of limonene, linalool, pinene, humulene, -caryophylline, bisabolene, terpinolene, and myrcene, the cannabinoid composition being substantially without cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol; and at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of an endocannabinoid, gamma amino butyric acid, and dehydroepiandrosterone.

14. The cannabinoid composition according to claim 13, further comprising at least one of the group consisting of curcumin, resveratrol, and piperine.

15. The cannabinoid composition according to claim 13, wherein the at least one additional component comprises an N-alkylamide endocannabinoid.

16. The cannabinoid formulation according to claim 13, further comprising at least one of butyrate, methyl butyrate, beta hydroxy butyrate, beta hydroxy methylbutyrate, and salts, esters, and amides thereof.

17. The cannabinoid composition according to claim 13, wherein the at least one cannabinoid comprises an extract of Cannabis plant comprising at least 5% by weight CBG and CBGA, with natural Cannabis terpenes and flavonoids comprising components having a boiling point of less than 125 C.

18. The cannabinoid composition according to claim 13, further comprising a spray, patch, cream, foam, gel, lotion, emollient, or ointment base in a topical dosage form.

19. A method of treating a human, comprising administering to a human a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation in oral, inhalant, enteral or transdermal form, comprising: at least 4 mg of at least one cannabinoid selected from the group consisting of CBG, CBGA, CBGV, and CBGVA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or amide thereof, substantially without CBDA synthase products and TCHA synthase products of the at least one cannabinoid; and at least one additional active composition in an amount of at least 1 mg, selected from the group consisting of an endocannabinoid, dextromethorphan, melatonin, 5-hydroxy tryptophan, serotonin, gamma amino butyric acid, dehydroepiandrosterone, and lipoic acid.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable formulation is effective to at least one of: alleviate a symptom of a coronavirus infection; down regulate at least one of Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (MPRSS2) expression and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression; and reduce levels of at least one of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-8, interleukin (IL)-1, TNF-, IFN-, PPAR, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

21. The method according to claim 19, wherein the at least one cannabinoid is provided in a full spectrum or broad spectrum botanical extract comprising terpenes.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0466] Example 1: The full spectrum extract from the Panakeia plant with any additional modifications, including adding or deleting natural ingredients, changing concentrations has been designated as Bazelet Health Systems, Inc. proprietary Phyto-EndoCannabinoid System Activating compound (PECSA) which is comprises all of the naturally occurring cannabinoids and other non-cannabinoid components that are co-extracted with the at least one CBGA (and to a lesser extent, CBGVA) or decarboxylated derivative-type compound (CBG, and to a lesser extent CBGV). In other PECSA iterations, the Panakeia full spectrum CBG/CBGA extract is concentrated, with other additive, substitutions or deletions, or combined with other natural ingredients to enhance effect, absorption and flavor, to form the novel proprietary food product. In one embodiment. The PECSA extract will contain primarily CBGA, or converted in some proportion to CBG, or be enriched from products from the Panakeia plant including higher concentrations of CBG. In other words, the extract contains a greater proportion of the total cannabinoid content as CBG as compared to the cannabinoid composition from which the extract was prepared primarily by purifying the plant extract further after extraction to select specifically for CBG (through patented methods for the exact extraction parameters for optimization of product yield). The therapeutic effects of PECSA are due to the combined ingredients as a synergistic or entourage effect, with CBGA/CBG as the primary ingredients. Although they are similar compounds, CBGA (an acid) and CBG, may have different therapeutic applications and benefits than if they were administered as an individual component.

[0467] Conditions for which Panakeia full spectrum extract and/or PECSA may improve the management of serious diseases or conditions associated with morbidity that has substantial impact on day-to-day functioning: pain (somatic-musculoskeletal, visceral, neuropathic and nociceptive), mood, anxiety, PTSD and sleep disorders, neurodegenerative disease (including dementias, Huntington and Parkinson disease), ischemic disease, brain injury (including acquired) or damage, age related inflammatory or autoimmune disease, cachexia, nausea and vomiting, glaucoma, movement disorders/spasticity, rheumatoid (or other autoimmune) arthritis, bone disease and osteopenia/osteoporosis, asthma, allergy, psoriasis, Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease), systemic lupus erythematosus, hypertension, diabetes, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, cancer, nephritis and renal ischemia, pelvic pain (including endometriosis), periodontal disease and gingivitis, skin conditions (including acne and eczema) as well as respiratory illness (i.e., Covid-19).

[0468] The PECSA full spectrum extract (with additional modification, including additives or deletions) may be provided in dosage forms, e.g., oral unit dosage forms, providing a CBG/CBGA content up to 1200 mg/day, and may be used for the management of many serious conditions or diseases as discussed above.

[0469] Example 2: Panakeia Extraction (Herbolea Process, or equivalent). Herbolea Biotech SRI also has an enzyme-assisted lipid-based extraction technology, see U.S. Pat. No. 10,973,864. The method for preparing a cannabinoid concentrate comprises of the following steps: providing a lipid extract containing cannabinoid acids of at least 20% by weight percent on total cannabinoids weight.

[0470] In an exemplary process, to extract the phytocannabinoids or terpenes containing plant material such as hemp or Cannabis can be fresh (preferred) or dried. The Cannabis flower is first milled and comminuted involving a micronization step of the plant material occurs is to reduce particle sizes and increase the surface of material reacting in the following step. All parts of the plant, such as stems (with high lignin content) and buds are usually trimmed, and it can be discarded recycled for organic fertilizer. Ideally, a well harvested sativa L will have more abundant flowers, with less hemp seeds, and an average plant weight is 450 gm (wet) or 295 gm (dry). Milling can be performed on wet or dried material.

[0471] Distilled water is added (if the plant biomass is too dry), along with enzymes (usually cellulose) and carrier oil (often sunflower) are added to the plant material to form a homogeneous mixture or slurry; temperature (usually <55 C) and pH (usually 4.5). It is then mixed with hydrolyzing enzymes (5-8%, based on the plant appearance, with lower amount if the plant has robust flowers), with higher concentrations required to dissolve the plant matrix, using cellulitic enzymes (primarily cellulase, hemicellulase, etc.) are added to the plant material to form an aqueous slurry. Conditions might vary according to the specific enzyme or enzymatic cocktail used to dissolve the plant material including lignin and chlorophyll. The mixture may be agitated through stirring or other agitation methods for at least 30 min to let the enzymes degrade the plant material. Ultrasound/sonication or microwaves or steam explosion may be used before or after adding enzymes to the mixture to reduce the time necessary to achieve plant material dissolution and high cannabinoids lipid-extraction yield. Water to plant ratio is critical to achieve plant material degradation through enzymatic activity; newly harvested plant material can also be used directly, avoiding pre-drying step during which degradation and/or losses of phytocannabinoids and terpenes, especially monoterpenes, can occur; in such case, little to no water can be used. Lipids can be added to the mixture any time without significantly modifying enzymatic activity; a suitable lipids-to-plant material ratio to obtain high phyto-cannabinoid content and high extraction yield (at least 70%, or more preferably at least 90%). The mixture obtained is then separated via density separation (i.e., centrifugation usually 2300 rotations per minute-rpm for 30 seconds) or pressing (French press) and/or filtration to recover a lipid fraction highly enriched with cannabinoids and waxes free. In case of lipid extract obtained from Cannabis, the extract can be optionally heated at higher temperatures to decarboxylate acid form cannabinoids (mainly CBGA) to the desired extent.

[0472] The use of enzymes drastically enhances the lipid-based extraction of phytocannabinoids and terpenes/terpenoids, including volatile monoterpenes, allowing for a significant reduction of the lipid solvent-to-plant material ratio (i.e., 10-15 times compared to traditional Romano-Hazekamp method), while still achieving a high cannabinoids extraction yield (i.e., 90%), hence the possibility to safely and directly obtain a waxes-free lipid extract, having a phytocannabinoid and terpene content appropriate for and compatible with therapeutic applications dosage, where the terpene fingerprint of the plant material is faithfully reproduced (the proportion of cannabinoids, terpenes and other phytochemicals is preserved, so CBGA remain the predominant contents). Furthermore, it has also been found that the use of enzymes dramatically increases the stability of phytocannabinoids and terpenes/terpenoids in the extract, allowing to achieve a shelf-life appropriate for and compatible with pharmaceutical applications with no addition of preservatives. In this step cannabinoids and terpenes are released. The pH of the mixture can be adjusted for optimal enzymatic activity (i.e., pH=4.5). Temperature is set in the range of 30-55 C.

[0473] In addition to that, the solid fraction generated by the process shows a phytocannabinoids content significantly reduced. In the case of hemp seeds (if using Panakeia, low concentrations of CBGA, and if using standard hemp plants, low concentrations of CBGA, CBD or CBDA, but also contain a protein rich cake), the cannabinoids content was greatly reduced compared to mechanical expeller, therefore making the protein-rich solid fraction compliant with safety guidelines for feed and food product applications. Panakeia hemp seed, if utilized for the carrier oil may be derived with specific plants harvested for the seed yield and have a different terpene distribution. The extraction process may include the entire Panakeia plant biomass; or the Panakeia seeds separated, and the seed oil extracted with an oil yield of about 25%.

[0474] A nonpolar solvent (usually water) is then added to facilitate the extraction and direct infusion, and the carrier oil helps solubilize the active ingredients (cannabinoids and terpenes), which yields a full spectrum extract, (if scaled for 100 kg oil which is >90% efficient), known as bioherbolysis. This allows higher efficiency without concentrating at first step, giving subsequent flexibility to further concentrate at higher levels of CBGA spectrum. The mixture is then placed in a centrifuge in which the slurry is centrifuged at high speeds (>4000 rpm, usually 4500 rpm). The lightest phase contains non-polar compounds (cannabinoids 25%, terpenes 0.1%) solubilized in oil, followed by a higher density aqueous phase containing water soluble compounds (including carbohydrates), and then these fractions are separated using an ultra-filtration technique.

[0475] Example 3 Hydrocan Process. Herbolea also developed a solvent-less extraction technology. See, WO20210373431. The oil extract (of lightest density) is then distilled with specific temperature (maximum evaporation temperatures are between 120 C. to 260 C.) and vacuum specifications (minimum pressures of 0.001-0.04 millibar-mbar, usually 0.023 mbar), and separating from said vacuum distillation a distillate containing the cannabinoid concentrate to form a cannabinoid acid solid distillate known as Hydrocan (without terpenes or other phytochemicals), which can be in cake form. This distillate is then mixed and pH balanced with an aqueous solution and filtered, in which a decolorized cannabinoids product (almost 1 Ox the concentration of the full spectrum lipid extract) are selectively extracted with >90% efficiency, known as Distillac (if scaled for 10.1 Kg Concentrate of CBGA). It can be further filtered (using polishing and charcoal) to reduce pathogens (bacteria, algae and fungi) as well as produce pure crystallized (<80% efficiency) CBGA.

[0476] This also contains other cannabinoids, but not THCA, THCVA, THC, THCV, CBDA, CBDVA, CBD, CBDV, CBGA, in powder form, predictably has a longer shelf life than decarboxylated CBG, if stored at room temperature or below, no light exposure and vacuum packed. It can then be converted to CBG and combined with other phytochemicals for the full spectrum Panakeia extract or PECSA based products based on subsequent distillations to incorporate or eliminate any terpenes, which can enhance the taste, odor or flavor.

[0477] A preferred protocol for all of the extraction of the full spectrum CBGA/CBG product are based on patented extraction from Herbolea, though modified for the present application to Panakeia.

[0478] The lipid extract containing cannabinoids may be obtained by putting in contact with a biological material containing cannabinoids with liquid paraffin, which can selectively extract cannabinoids in their acid forms more efficiently than neutral forms. Therefore, if liquid paraffin is utilized to obtain a lipid extract, it is possible to obtain a distillate, having a higher purity, even if the cannabinoids in the starting biological material have gone through partial decarboxylation. Where decarboxylation is not a primary concern, the paraffin is not necessary.

[0479] The method may also be described by obtaining the lipid extract containing cannabinoids from a plant material containing cannabinoids by means of the steps of: a. comminuting a biological material containing cannabinoids; b. mixing the comminuted plant material with enzymes to form a mixture to which water and lipids or solvents are optionally added; c. agitating the mixture at a temperature range of 1 to 80 C.; and d. separating the mixture into a lipid phase, an aqueous phase, and a solid phase; wherein the lipid phase comprises the lipid extract.

[0480] Enzymes may also be used to process the plant material, including one or more enzymes independently selected from the group consisting of Oxidoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolases, Lyases, Isomerases, and Ligases, cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase, glucanase, -glucanase, pectinase, glucuronyltransferase, lipase, amylase, alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, phospholipase, arabanase, galacto-mannanase, beta-mannanase, protease and phytase. In an embodiment, said enzyme is cellulase. In another embodiment, said enzyme is beta-glucosidase. In another embodiment, said enzyme is hemicellulase. In another embodiment, said enzyme is xylanase. In yet another embodiment, said enzyme is glucanase. In yet another embodiment, said enzyme is pectinase. In still another embodiment, said enzyme is amylase. In yet another embodiment, said enzyme is lipase or phospholipase. In said another embodiment, said enzyme is glucuronosyltransferase or alcohol dehydrogenase. In yet another embodiment, said enzyme is arabinanase. In still another embodiment, said enzyme is phytase. In a further embodiment, said enzyme is protease. Preferably, said enzyme is a mix or a cocktail of cellulase, -glucanase, pectinase, -mannanase, alpha-amylase and protease; wherein the amount of enzyme is 3% of the weight of plant material; and the pH of the mixture is adjusted to pH 5.6 with monohydrate citric acid.

[0481] Preferably, the cannabinoid concentrate comprises less than 1 ppm of organic solvent selected from a group consisting of Acetone, Benzene, Butane, Chloroform, Cydohexane, Dichloromethane, Ethanol, EthylAcetate, Ethylbenzene, Heptane, Hexane, Isobutane, Isopropanol, Methanol, Pentane, Propane, Toluene, m-Xylene, o-Xylene, p-Xyleneheptane or a mixture thereof.

[0482] Example 4 Cannabis Plant Harvesting. The Panakeia Cannabis sativa L. plant is cultivated from a seed, and the seedling is grown in a climate-controlled environment with temperature ranges from 45-100 F., and humidity that ranges from 20-100%, with sunlight or simulated sunlight for >18 hours per day, and with fertilized soil that is pesticide and herbicide free. Cannabis sativa L. rapidly sequesters carbon and bolsters soil systems. It is estimated that an average Panakeia plant weighs 450 gm (wet), with a required growing surface area of 2 ft for indoor growing environments and outdoor growing environments of 2,000-3,500 plants per acre are estimated.

[0483] Current studies have shown the mineral accumulating capabilities of Cannabis sativa L. as a cover crop and its potential as a promising method of bioremediation. Cannabis sativa L. taproot and root-ball, aids in the structuring of soils and retention of water which prevents desertification, while bolstering soil systems and aiding in the global effort to reduce carbon emissions and creating habitat for the evolution and expansion of complex soil food webs. This makes Panakeia Cannabis Sativa L. safe for use in water conservation, harvesting and improving soil structure. A hemp seed cake has been shown to be optimal for livestock feed, increasing overall health, quality of meat and reducing methane off gassing by 10%. Oil seeds contain 25-35% lipids with unique and perfectly balanced fatty acid profiles, characterized by an over 80% amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the essential fatty acids of ratio (omega 3/omega 6 as 1:4), as suggested for optimal human nutrition.

[0484] The biomass produced in these areas will be the future industrial feedstock of the globe. High in alpha cellulose, hemi cellulose and lignin, micronized hemp herd can be utilized for its multifaceted attributes and applications including fabrication of unique graphene-like nanomaterial, or as a building material, hempcrete, consisting of two major compounds (Hemp shiv, and a Lime-based binder for good thermal and insulation properties.

[0485] Typically, the Cannabis plants are traditionally hung upside down to dry from a clothesline while blocking most of the light with a sensor monitored climate controlled: 70 F.10, humidity: 50%5 and good air flow, using a fan (although this may lower humidity, but one needs to avoid over-drying). There may be optimization for altitude. For smaller components, an herb dryer has been used to set any loose buds or smaller branches on. As the Cannabis dries, the CBGA found in the kiefs and buds may spontaneously convert to CBG. The buds that are dried too quickly will experience a more significant decomposition, with less concentration of cannabinoids than those that are allowed to dry more slowly.

[0486] Curing is a continuation of the drying process, but in a slower, controlled environment, such as in sealed mason jars, and occurs for up to two months. Curing is to be avoided if the CBGA is desired to be retained. Once the Cannabis is dry, it may still need time for CBGA to CBG spontaneous conversion. Proper curing stops the degradation process before volatile compounds like terpenes and cannabinoids evaporate or transform into less favorable compounds. Additionally, cannabinoid synthesis (the process of creating those valuable chemicals) continues to take place even after harvest. During the curing process, bacteria work to break down the chlorophyll in the plant material. Chlorophyll is what makes the plants nice and green in color, but also contributes to a harsh smoking experience. The containers are stored in a dark, temperate place, with occasional burping to allow oxygen into the jar and release moisture or other off-gassing substances.

[0487] An oil, concentrate, or extract is any product derived from Cannabis flower that is processed into a concentrated form, but each type of Cannabis oil is unique. Cannabis oils are efficient, with less product required to achieve the desired experience. Extracts are refined. Essential oils and cannabinoids are separated from plant material to create a smooth Cannabis full spectrum oil, which are products that are sold as a tincture (sublingual), capsule form (oral), topical or vaporizer (inhaled). A tincture is a liquid concentrate procured through alcohol extraction, which pulls out many of the plant's beneficial cannabinoids. A topical dosage form may comprise a cream, foam, gel, lotion, or ointment base in which a cannabinoid (and other components) is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_medication.

[0488] For example, 36.7 lbs of the Panakeia CBG hemp strain was extracted using cryo ethanol extraction (80 C.). The resulting emulsion was filtered through a 20 m filter, and fed into the rotovap to remove the ethanol and decarboxylate the CBGA. The initial temperature was set to 101 C., and the pressure was 0.06 MPa. When most of the ethanol was extracted, the temperature was increased to 120 C. to ensure full decarboxylation with the pressure remaining the same. The resulting oil had more of a citrus, floral scent than typical CBD oil. The consistency in the rotovap also appeared to have a lower viscosity that what is typical of CBD. Once the material was decanted from the rotovap into jars, it became apparent that there were two distinct layers indicating that there were two oils present with different densities. The top layer was thick, black and sticky to the touch much like CBD. The bottom layer was thinner, golden in color and had a slick (like olive oil) feel.

[0489] Other cannabinoid extraction processes can be applied to Panakeia. Various processes to extract phytocannabinoids and/or terpenes/terpenoids have been developed. The following major extraction processes are known:

[0490] 1. Cold pressing for producing hemp seed oil. Hemp seed oil is rich in nutrients and is a good addition to any diet, but only contains small amounts of cannabinoids (<2%, in the case of industrial hemp), as it is made from just the seeds of the plant. Hemp seed oil can certainly be added to CBD supplements as a base for these products. However, cold pressing is not useful to produce an oil high in cannabinoids, as cannabinoids are mostly contained in the stalks and buds that cannot be directly processed by a normal press or expeller.

[0491] 2. The Rick Simpson Method for Cannabis Oil is a popular extraction method for extracting CBD oil, which uses petroleum or naphtha as solvents. This method, although efficient in extracting the active compounds from the Cannabis plant (mostly done with plants high in THC), usually leads to products that have a lower concentration of terpenoids and other cannabinoids such as CBD, while effectively yielding higher concentrations of THC. The main drawback of such method is that residuals from the solvents may remain and potentially interfere with one's immune function as described by Romano and Hazekamp (Cannabis Oil: chemical evaluation of an upcoming Cannabis-based medicine, 2013).

[0492] 3. Extraction with ethanol can be used for extracting the full range of cannabinoids from the Cannabis plant, and it is safer than the Rick Simpson method. On the other hand, ethanol has a low selectivity, and it extracts undesired chlorophyll and waxes, so the final product has an unpleasant taste. Chlorophyll can be removed by filtering the extract, but this additional step also removes a significant proportion of the cannabinoids, therefore leading to less potent extract. Furthermore, stability of cannabinoids as well as N-alkylamides in ethanol extracts is low (Citti et al., 2015 and Spelman, 2009).

[0493] 4. Extraction with Sonication/ultrasonic waves: C. Da Porto, (Ultrasound-assisted extraction of volatile compounds from industrial Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences, 2014) describes procedures for extracting THC and terpenes from hemp by using ultrasonic waves. The use of ultrasonic increased the extraction of THC, but after 15 min of treatment the overall efficiency of extraction was still not satisfactory.

[0494] 5. Super Critical CO.sub.2 extraction (U.S. Pat. No. 9,186,386 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,126 B1) can bean efficient method to obtain a highly enriched cannabinoids oil (>60%). At such level of concentration, the product is not directly consumed but it is diluted with vegetable oils such as olive oil to reach -5%. The method uses safe solvents, but it requires complex equipment and expertise, is energy demanding, and the product obtained is very expensive. Additionally, it requires the initial Cannabis material to be dried, adding a step that is time consuming and has negative effects on important compounds such as volatile monoterpenes. Furthermore, the process itself is subject to significant losses in terms of monoterpenes extraction yield, hindering the entourage effect of the extracts. Additionally, it has high selectivity for toxic components which might be present in pesticides, therefore a risk associated to their presence in concentrated form in the final product might be present. Moreover, the product of SCCO.sub.2 extraction may have a significantly different chemotypic fingerprint from that of Cannabis flower (Sexton, 2017). Finally, the stability of cannabinoids extracted with CO.sub.2 diluted in olive oil is inferior to that obtained with their direct extraction in olive oil as described by Cannazza (Medicinal Cannabis: Principal cannabinoids concentration and their stability evaluated by a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry method, 2016).

[0495] 6. Winterization may be performed after supercritical fluid extraction and encompasses the use of ethanol or butane at low temperatures (U.S. Pat. No. 9,186,386 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,126 B1). Such process presents several drawbacks such as the high investment required, the need for highly skilled technicians to utilize complex equipment, the use of flammable and harmful organic solvents to winterize the crude extract, the high energy consumption. It is very challenging to completely remove organic solvents used in combination with CO.sub.2 during the extraction step or to remove chlorophyll in the winterization step. The technical challenge to overcome has led policymakers to set content limits for organic solvents, some of which are known cancerogenic compounds, as high as 5.000 ppm (source Health Canada). Additionally, supercritical C02 has high selectivity for toxic components which might be present in pesticides, therefore a risk associated to their presence in concentrated form in the final product might be present. Furthermore, as heat is required to dry the biomass and remove the solvents as well as it is generated through the C02 extraction step, it is very difficult to well-preserve heat-sensitive acidic forms that can decarboxylate. The cannabinoids content achieved with such process is not sufficiently high to go directly into a crystallization step. An intermediate distillation step is often required. Finally, supercritical CO.sub.2 cannot extract with the same efficiency acidic forms of cannabinoids due to higher molecular weight compared to the neutral forms. All these aspects make the whole process not an ideal option to extract and concentrate acidic forms of cannabinoids. In the vaping sector, for instance, the possibility to utilize concentrates having a high content of CBDA instead of CBD is helpful to avoid the formation of crystals in the vaping cartridges.

[0496] A more recent alternative technique is represented by cryogenic-ethanol, a process in which a biomass that has been previously dried is extracted at very low temperatures (40 C.) to avoid extraction of chlorophyll and waxes into the solvent. The cannabinoids-enriched ethanol solution is then evaporated to recover the solvent. Such activity is energy intensive, and it can be very time consuming, considering the large volumes of solvents to be evaporated (up to 20 times biomass weight). Furthermore, the use of organic solvents inherently results in safety, health and environmental issues.

[0497] As to the cannabinoid isolates, today CBFD crystals are obtained from concentrates generated with one of the techniques earlier described by means of purification steps, such as distillation followed by chromatography, and then a crystallization step by means of heptane or hexane (GB 2393182, WO2016153347A1). Chromatography is required to eliminate impurities before entering the crystallization step, especially if the starting biomass contain low level of cannabinoids such as hemp. Chromatography can be a very time consuming and costly process and presents some limitations in scaling up. Furthermore, chromatographic purification methods such as flash chromatography can have a high environmental impact since they typically involve large quantities of harmful or toxic solvents run at high flow rates.

[0498] 7. Extraction with microwaves. Koturevic et al. (A rapid method for the extraction of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa using microwave heating technique, 2014) described the possibility to use microwaves to assist the extraction of cannabinoids by organic solvents. Few organizations such as New Brunswick Innovation Research Chair in Medical Technologies (NBIRC), Radient Technologies and Scientus Pharma announced partnerships with Cannabis producers to develop microwaves-assisted cannabinoids extraction methods. Technical data are still limited, nevertheless technical limitations might derive from the step of separation of solvent from plant material, the recovery of solvent that remains adsorbed in the vegetable matrix, the ratio solvent to plant material and, finally, the possibility to reach high concentration in extracts in case non-volatile solvents are used (i.e., vegetable oils).

[0499] 8. Romano-Hazekamp method is based on the extraction of cannabinoids from pre-heated, dried Cannabis inflorescences using vegetable oils (i.e., olive oil) as solvents. The method can be used for extracting the full range of cannabinoids from the Cannabis plant and it has the advantage of being very safe for consumption. Furthermore, it is considered the most sustainable process from an environmental point of view. (Cannabis Oil: chemical evaluation of an upcoming Cannabis-based medicine, Luigi L Romano, Arno Hazekamp, 2013). The drawbacks of this simple and increasingly popular method are that in order to achieve a satisfactory cannabinoids extraction yield, the extraction with vegetable oils has to take place at 98 C. for a prolonged time (1-2 h) and the quantity of oil to be added as solvent to the plant material is from 4 to 10 times the quantity of plant material, accordingly the level of cannabinoids content in the oil achievable is less than 1%, and more than 50% of volatile mono-terpenes is lost due to prolonged high temperature treatment. Finally, the stability of cannabinoids in the vegetable oil is very low, with a degradation in just two weeks of over 15% and over 20% for storage at 4 C. and ambient temperature respectively, as described by Pacifici.

[0500] WO 2018/130682 relates to an enzyme-assisted lipid-based extraction method for obtaining a lipid-soluble extract containing phytocannabinoids and/or terpenoids and/or terpenes. WO2015/070167 describes a method to purify cannabinoids by (i) contacting plant matter containing cannabinoids with a vegetable oil, (ii) heat the obtained lipid extract to fully decarboxylate the cannabinoids, (iii) distillate the decarboxylated cannabinoids.

[0501] 9. Steam distilling and hydro-distillation are traditional methods for monoterpenes extraction. Steam distilling involves suspending a basket of herb above a vessel of boiling water. The steam passes through the perforated basket and penetrates the plant material. Only volatile compounds such as monoterpenes are soluble in the steam. Hydro distillation is similar to steam distilling except that the herb is placed directly in the boiling water. The methods are not suitable for non-volatile substances such as cannabinoids or heavier terpene compounds.

[0502] Another standard CBD extraction process, which can also be used for Panakeia, but would likely convert CBGA into CBG during the process. However, if alternative hemp plants are processed with CBDA/CBD content including small amounts of TCHA/THC (<0.3%) were used, this could convert to CBD and THC, respectively, but this process cannot insure that at some point in the extraction/purification/concentration process that THC content will remain <0.3% in all steps, per Federal requirements: step 1 comprises heating chopped Cannabis (2-3 mm) at 100-150 C. for sufficient time to allow decarboxylation. step 2 comprises CO.sub.2 extraction using: a) a coarse powder (the particles are passed through a 3 mm mesh); b) a packing density of 0.3; and c) super-critical conditions of 600 bar at 35 C. for 4 hours, although other combinations of temp and pressure ranging from 10-35 C. and 60-600 bar (both super critical and sub critical conditions) could, it is acknowledged, be used; and step 3 comprises conducting an ethanolic precipitation at 20 C. for 24 hours and removing the waxy material by filtration. [0503] 1 Biomass goes into knife crusher with milling (0.2 mm) of product. [0504] 2 Placed in Malaxer with T=55 C., pH=5, with distilled water, citric acid, enzymes and carrier oil to form slurry. [0505] 3 Placed in Decanter at T=40-55 C for separation, lipid cake extracted. [0506] 4 Placed in Clarifier Raw lipid extracts at T=40-55 C to form full spectrum oil.

[0507] An alternate process to increase hemp-CBD or Panakeia concentration is: In mixing reactor, Full spectrum oil is mixed with NaOH, water. The mixture is placed in a Centrifugal separator (6 cubic meters per hour), 60 meter head, to separate out alkaline water, discarding exhausted oil. Alkaline water is placed in static mixer for recovery using HCl, for acid solution for flocculation. Acidic water further diluted with distilled neutral water, and filtrated with vibrating screen. Maximum degradation of CBD occurred when samples were stored at 37 C. for 30 days with average values up to 20%. The effect of light was lower, but still significant with averages values up to 15% degradation after 30 days.

[0508] For hemp harvest, with fresh dry biomass, ideally curing at 15-20 degrees C. at 60% humidity, its CoA is usually assayed 1-2 weeks after harvest, although it may be tested as long as 12 weeks after harvest, with moisture content of 10-12%, which diminishes over time due to evaporation; higher moisture may result in mold contamination.

[0509] In normal Cannabis, CBG content may increase with ageing or heat, with correspondingly less CBGA content, and therefore the total CBG content can creep up by <12% in the biomass over time because of a greater proportion of CBG. (i.e., a yield of 10 gram (gm) total CBG per 100 gm hemp biomass with 95% CBGA content, would be 8.83 gm, or 8.8%, whereas if this CBGA was converted entirely to CBG over time, or with heating, the biomass would be 10 gm, or 10%). Over time, cannabinoid concentration may also trend higher due to greater effects of drying with increased concentration (with a lower biomass). The same principles hold true for calculations of total CBD or THC content based on CBDA/CBD and THCA/THC, respectively.

[0510] More commonly the Panakeia plant yield is approx. 6-8% total CBG/CBGA which has no detectable THC or insignificant, but may be detectable, CBD by LC/MS certified lab. Based on this analysis, there was no detectable other cannabinoids. Terpene analysis by Molecular Science Corp: trans-Caryophyllene 0.14 mg/g; Caryophyllene Oxide 0.03 mg/g; alpha-Humulene 0.03 mg/g; Eucalyptol 0.01 mg/g; cis-Nerolidol 0.01 mg/g; Limonene 0.01 mg/g; -Pinene 0.01 mg/g; Borneol 0.01 mg/g.

[0511] The cannabinoid certificate of analysis (CoA) may be obtained based on the entire plant biomass (including leaves, with lower total cannabinoid concentrations) vs. the flower bud content. The total CBG content of CoA is calculated as % CBG+(% CBGA0.877), based on the difference of the molecular weight of the acidic form.

[0512] A sample analysis performed by Crest Lab on recently harvested Panakeia reveals: water content 11.7%, with CBGA 6.8%, CBG 0.1%, without detectable THCA, THC, THCV, CBDA, CBD, CBDV, CBC, CBN, heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, below threshold aerobic bacteria, fungi and yeast, bile tolerant gram negative, E. coli, salmonella.

[0513] A sample analysis from Americanna Laboratories using a dry Panakeia 81 g flower reveals 5.4% moisture, with 6.52% total of available total CBG (based on detected CBGA=7.22% which converting by a factor of 0.877 to CBG, in addition to pure CBG=0.192%).

[0514] Example 5: A unit dose caplet is formulated with Panekeia Hydrolac 10% (10 mg total cannabinoid), piperine 10 mg, cinnamon 25 mg, PEA 200-600 mg in olive or black seed oil for total of 500-1000 mg.

[0515] Example 6: A unit dose gummy is formulated with Panekeia Hydrolac 10% (10 mg), piperine 5%, cinnamon 5%, PEA 200 mg lecithin, HM pectin, citric acid, and sugar, for a total of 1000 mg.

[0516] Example 7: A beverage (240 ml) is formulated with Panekeia Hydrolac 10% (30 mg), piperine 15 mg, cinnamon 15 mg, turmeric 20 mg, Vit D 1001 U, butyrate 50 mg, resveratrol 250 mg, quercetin 500 mg, PEA 200 mg, melatonin 2 mg, EDTA 5 mg.

[0517] Example 8: Beverage (240 ml) Panekeia Hydrolac 10% (30 mg), piperine 15 mg, cinnamon 15 mg, turmeric 20 mg, Vit D 1001 U, butyrate 150 mg, resveratrol 250 mg, quercetin 500 mg, PEA 400 mg, melatonin 2 mg, Lactobacillus 2 billion colony forming units, using a standard units or portions of flowable powder packet or measured liquid to a functional beverage.

[0518] Example 9: A topical ointment: Panekeia 10%, piperine 5%, capsaicin 0.1%, DMSO 5%, Aloe 5%, mango extract 5%, Vit E 2%, alginate 2%, in an ointment base, e.g., www.medisca.com/Pages/ProductDetails.aspx?StockCode=0937&C=B&C2=109

[0519] Example 10: Topical ointment: Panekeia 10%, piperine 5-7%, capsaicin 0.1%, Aloe 5%, mango extract 5%, Vit E 2%, alginate linked -D-mannuronate (M) sodium hydrogel 1% or DMSO 20%.

[0520] Example 11: PECSA 80% CBG (no CBGA) full spectrum vape, 2% Beta-Caryophyllene or 2% Limonene from the herbolysis/hydrocan process (for beverages, OTC, and commercialized food products and topical/cosmetic creams which requires quantitative labeling of ingredients).

[0521] Example 12: PECSA 30% (50/50 CBG/CBGA) full spectrum distillate with pepper, cinnamon (may have varying proportions based on ingestion route and which product it is combined with), with sesame seed oil base from the herbolysis/hydrocan process (for ingestible tablets/capsules, SL spray, gummies, and non-commercialized topicals which requires semiquantitative labeling).

[0522] Example 13: PECSA 20% (approx 25% CBG/75% CBGA full spectrum extract oil (may optionally be decolorized) with pepper, cinnamon, with sesame seed oil base (may have varying proportions based on ingestion route and which product it is combined with) from the herbolysis process (only tinctures, non-commercialized food additives (i.e., brownies, gelatin), toothpaste, gum which requires semiquantitative labeling).

[0523] Example 14: PECSA with 10-20 mg CBG plus citicoline 300.

[0524] Example 15: PECSA with 10-20 mg CBG plus Apoaequorin 10 mg.

[0525] Example 16: PECSA with 10-20 mg CBG with Ibuprofen 200 mg.

[0526] Example 17: PECSA with 10-20 mg CBG with Naproxen Sodium 220 mg.

[0527] Example 18: PECSA containing 5-10 mg CBG, plus acetaminophen 500 mg.

[0528] Example 19: PECSA containing 10 mg CBG plus St. John's wort 900 mg (for depression).

[0529] Example 20: PECSA containing 10 mg CBG plus 10 mg delta 8 THC and 10 mg CBD.

[0530] Example 21: Skin Cream containing PECSA with 100-500 mg CBG (5-10%) plus lipophilic cream.

[0531] Example 22: Skin Cream containing PECSA with 100-500 mg CBG (5-10%) in lipophilic base with 2.5% Retinol and Hyaluronic Acid.

[0532] Example 23: PECSA containing 5-25 mg CBG plus Cetirizine 5 mg for allergies.

[0533] Example 24: PECSA containing 2.5-5 mg CBG plus low dose fluticasone propionate 50 mcg in a nasal spray for daily use in each nostril for Allergic rhinitis.

[0534] Example 25: CBG5 mg plus Acetaminophen 650 mg, Dextromethorphan HBr 20 mg, Doxylamine Succinate 12.5 mg, Phenylephrine HCl 10 mg, per 15 ml for cough/cold.

[0535] Example 26: CBG5 mg plus Acetaminophen 325 mg, Dextromethorphan 15 mg, Doxylamine Succinate 6.25 mg, in caplets.

[0536] Example 27: CBG5 mg plus Acetaminophen 325 mg, dextromethorphan 10 mg, phenylephrine 5 mg; per 15 mL.

[0537] Example 28: CBG5 mg plus Acetaminophen 325 mg, dextromethorphan 10 mg, phenylephrine 5 mg, guaifenesin 200 mg; per 15 mL.

[0538] Example 29: CBG5 mg, plus Acetaminophen 325 mg, Dextromethorphan HBr 10 mg, Phenylephrine HCl 5 mg.

[0539] Example 30: CBG5 mg plus Diphenhydramine HCl 50 mg (in each 30 ml dose cup or 2 tablespoons).

[0540] Example 31: PECSA containing 10 mg CBG plus melatonin 3 mg dissolved in tincture of 8-10% alcohol for sleep.

[0541] Example 32: CBG5-30 mg plus psyllium fiber 10 g.

[0542] Example 33: PECSA containing 5-10 mg CBG, plus alginic acid, sodium bicarbonate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and optionally bismuth subsalicylate.

[0543] Example 34: PECSA containing 5-10 mg CBG plus famotidine 10 mg.

[0544] Example 35: PECSA containing 5-10 mg CBG plus calcium carbonate 500 mg.

[0545] Example 36: PECSA containing 5-10 mg CBG plus Calcium Citrate 650 mg, Vitamin D3 25 mcg (1000 II).

[0546] Example 37: PECSA containing 5-10 mg CBG plus Melatonin 5 mg in a fast dissolve tablet.

[0547] Example 38: PECSA containing 5-10 mg CBG plus caffeine 330 mg.

[0548] Example 39: Energy drink, 355 ml, containing CBG 5-10 mg, caffeine 120 mg, B vitamin mixture, taurine, guarana, ginseng, glucuronolactone, green tea leaf extract, sugar.

[0549] Example 40: Iced Tea, CBG5-10 mg, Water, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Citric Acid, Black Tea Powder, Phosphoric Acid, Sodium Benzoate (Preserves Freshness), Potassium Sorbate (Preserves Freshness), calcium disodium EDTA.

[0550] Example 41: Chocolate bars 1.5 oz each, with 7.5 mg CBG (5 mg CBG/30 gm).

[0551] Example 42: India Pale Ale beer, treated with hops plus Panakeia to stop fermentation, 5-8% ethanol.

[0552] Example 43: capsule: CBG 5-10 mg, PEA 400 mg, -caryophyllene 10 mg, cinnamon 25 mg, pepper (piperine) 10 mg.

[0553] Example 44: teabag: Panakeia 500 mg, echinacea 1000 mg.

[0554] Example 45: Vaporizer base PECSA full spectrum containing CBG5 mg per dose with propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin.

[0555] Example 46: Avape formulation: Panekeia Distillac 95% (10 mg), caryophylline 5 mg, myrcene 5 mg, Eugenol 1 mg, MCT coconut 5 ml.

[0556] While the invention has been disclosed with reference to specific embodiments, it is apparent that other embodiments and variations of this invention may be devised by others skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The appended claims are intended to be construed to include all such embodiments and equivalent variations.

[0557] EXAMPLE: Orally bioavailable formulations. US 20200397744 (Rehman et al.), provides a composition for oral administration comprising a cannabinoid in combination with a stilbenoid or derivative thereof and a solubility enhancing agent. The process comprises mixing and/or bonding a cannabinoid oil with the stilbenoid or the derivative thereof and generating cocrystals of the cannabinoid and the stilbenoid; lyophilizing the cocrystals to form a powder; adding a solubility enhancing agent to the powder; and formulating the powder into the oral dosage form, e.g., by pressing into tablets. The powder may be generated from the co-crystals of the cannabinoid with pterostilbene or the powder may be formed by subsequently mixing the lyophilized cannabinoid with the stilbenoid before forming the tablet. The tablets provide high bioavailability of the cannabinoid. The stilbenoid or derivative thereof is selected from the group consisting of: resveratrol, piceatannolin, pinosylvin, astringin, piceid, oxyresveratrol, amelopsin A, amelopsin B, vitisin A, combretastatin, combretastatin B-1, isonotholaenic acid, combretastatin A-1, combretastatin A-4, gnetudeistol E, pinostilbene, pterostilbene, isoharpontigenin, gnetudeistol D, 4-methoxyresveratrol, rhaponticin, and rhapontigenin, cavicularin, i-hydroxyphenanthrene and juncusol. The solubility enhancing agent may be a carbohydrate, e.g., mannitol. The use of pterostilbene to ameliorate oxidative stress and improve working memory and compositions containing pterostilbene are described in US 20090069444. Pterostilbene formulations may using cyclodextrins, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,592,328.U.S. Pat. No. 9,474,725, describes compositions infused with lipophilic active agents to provide enhanced bioavailability.

[0558] CBG is extracted, and optionally purified in the form of an oil. A reactor vessel is charged with solid pterostilbene and the CBG oil in a suitable crystallization solvent. The solution is heated and then cooled to promote formation of cocrystals. The cocrystals are then collected, washed and dried under vacuum. A solubility-enhancing agent, which may be a carbohydrate such as mannitol for example, is then added to the cocrystals. The cocrystals are then lyophilized to produce a powder. The powder may then be pressed into tablets. The tablets may be provided for oral or sublingual administration.

[0559] Alternatively, a base material containing mannitol, silicone dioxide, sorbitol, crospovidone, microcrystalline cellulose, copovidone, sucralose, and flavoring may be mixed with pterostilbene for five minutes at low speed. A heated CBG oil is added to the base material and pterostilbene mixture and mixed at low speed for 5 minutes. The resulting liquid mixture is then freeze-dried. The dried mixture was fed into a granulator to generate a granulated mixture, and then, e.g., tableted into tablets, each containing 2.5, 4, 5, 7.5, or 10 mg of cannabinoid (CBG), 15-50 mg of pterostilbene or other stilbene derivative, 300-800 mg of mannitol, 5-10 mg of sorbitol, 1-2 mg of crospovidone, 1-3 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 1-2 mg of sucralose, and 50-100 mg of a flavoring agent.

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