SYSTEM FOR REMOTELY OPERATED SUBSURFACE MEASUREMENTS

Abstract

A system is provided, including a remotely operated machine having: a coiled rod with a probe to be penetrated into subsurface by uncoiling the rod; a tracking unit determining a position of the machine; and adjustable support legs for stabilizing and levelling the machine; a remote workstation having a user interface for data input and output; a tracking control unit for tracking movement of the machine based on its position; a levelling control unit for controlling the support legs; and a deployment control unit for controlling uncoiling of the rod and penetration of the probe into the subsurface; the tracking control unit, levelling control unit and deployment control unit configured to communicate with the remote workstation allowing operation of these units to be monitored, initiated and/or controlled via the user interface; and the tracking control unit, levelling control unit, and deployment control unit configured to transmit a signal indicating successful execution of its operation.

Claims

1. A system (30), comprising: a remotely operated machine (14) comprising a mobile platform (16), the mobile platform carrying: a rod (2), configured to be stored in a coiled state on said mobile platform; a probe (3) comprising one or more sensors (66), the probe configured to be mounted to a first end of said rod and to be penetrated into the subsurface by uncoiling said rod; a tracking unit (18) configured to determine a position of said mobile platform; and a plurality of adjustable support legs (24) for stabilizing and/or levelling said mobile platform; a remote workstation (32) configured to be located remote from said machine, said remote workstation comprising a user interface (34) for outputting data to an operator and receiving input data from said operator; a processing system (40), comprising: a tracking control unit (20) configured to track and control movement of said mobile platform using position data from said tracking unit; a levelling control unit (26) configured to control deployment and adjustment of said support legs; and a deployment control unit (28) configured to control coiling of said rod, uncoiling of said rod, penetration of said probe into the subsurface, and retraction of said probe from the subsurface; wherein the tracking control unit, the levelling control unit, and the deployment control unit are configured to communicate with said user interface of said remote workstation such that operation of each of these units can be monitored, initiated and/or controlled via said user interface; and wherein each of said tracking control unit, said levelling control unit, and said deployment control unit is configured to transmit a signal indicating that its associated operation has been executed in accordance with specification.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein said levelling control unit is configured to initiate deployment and adjustment of said support legs in response to receiving the signal from the tracking control unit that said mobile platform has been positioned at a predetermined location.

3. The system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said deployment control unit is configured to initiate penetration of said probe into the subsurface in response to receiving the signal from the levelling control unit that said mobile platform has been stabilized and levelled.

4. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the user interface is configured to receive a signal from the operator for triggering operation of any one or more of the tracking control unit, the levelling control unit, and the deployment control unit.

5. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said deployment control unit is configured to receive measurement data from said one or more sensors and to control penetration of said probe into the subsurface based on said measurement data.

6. The system according to claim 5, wherein said deployment control unit is further configured to detect and/or predict a potential subsurface obstruction located further subsurface than said probe based on said measurement data and to stop said penetration of said probe prior to failure to the system caused by said subsurface obstruction.

7. The system according to claim 5 or 6, wherein said deployment control unit is further configured to control said penetration of said probe based on a position of said mobile platform received from said tracking unit and/or stratigraphic data related to said position.

8. The system according to claim 7, wherein said deployment control unit is further configured to detect and/or predict a potential subsurface obstruction located further subsurface than said probe based on said measurement data and said position and/or said stratigraphic data, and to stop said penetration of said probe prior to realizing failure to the system due to said subsurface obstruction.

9. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mobile platform further comprises a data transmission unit (44) for transmitting measurement data acquired by said one or more sensors substantially real-time to said remote workstation.

10. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tracking control unit is configured to control movement of said mobile platform to a predetermined first location (L1).

11. The system according to claim 10, wherein said tracking control unit is further configured to control movement of said mobile platform to a predetermined second location (L2) after operations controlled by said deployment control unit have been executed at said first location (L1).

12. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said mobile platform is further provided with one or more cameras (38), wherein said cameras are configured to communicate with said remote workstation for transmitting image data thereto; and wherein said tracking control unit comprises an obstacle detection system; wherein said user interface is configured to output said image data and data from said obstacle detection system.

13. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the tracking control unit is further configured to determine a path of movement of said mobile platform based on a position of the platform obtained by said tracking system and on prerecorded topographical data.

14. The system according to claim 13, wherein the tracking control unit automatically determines the path of movement.

15. The system according to any one of claims 1-12, wherein said user interface is configured to display prerecorded topographical data overlaid on a satellite navigation data map, and wherein the tracking control unit is configured to control movement of said mobile platform along a path of movement determined based on indications input by the operator.

16. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tracking control unit is configured to control a velocity of the mobile platform based on input from the operator via said user interface of said remote workstation.

17. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of said tracking control unit, said levelling control unit, and said deployment control unit is configured to transmit a second signal comprising one or more pre-defined parameters related to an outcome and/or result of its operation, and wherein said processing system is configured to process said second signal and/or forward said second signal to another one of said tracking control unit, said levelling control unit, and said deployment control unit.

18. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said mobile platform comprises a coil support device (7) for supporting said rod in said coiled state and allowing said rod to transition between said coiled state and an uncoiled state, wherein the coil support device can be positioned in a folded mode or in an unfolded mode, and wherein the deployment control unit is configured to make said coil support device transition from said folded mode to said unfolded mode prior to penetration of said probe into subsurface.

19. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the machine is a machine for cone penetration testing, CPT, and wherein the probe is a CPT probe.

20. The system according to claim 19, wherein the deployment control system is configured to penetrate the probe at a substantially constant rate, and wherein said processing unit is configured to display a graphical plot on said user interface based on measurement data from said one or more sensors.

21. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the machine is a machine for installing sensors at subsurface locations, and wherein the probe is configured to be disconnected from said first end of said rod upon or prior to retraction of said rod from said subsurface, and wherein the probe further comprises a sensor cable (68) and said one or more sensors are connected to said sensor cable.

22. The system according to claim 21, further comprising a pumping unit (70) for filling a void between the one or more sensors and surrounding ground with a fixation material.

23. The system according to claim 21 or 22, further comprising a data logging unit (74) and a manipulator arm (72) for positioning the data logging unit to be in wired connection with said sensor cable or to be within a predetermined distance from said one or more sensors such as to be wirelessly connected to said one or more sensors, said data logging unit configured to receive and store said measurement data.

24. The system according to claim 23, wherein said processing system further comprises a manipulator arm control unit (76) configured to control operation of said manipulator arm, wherein said manipulator arm control unit is configured to receive input from said user interface and/or to automatically perform positioning of said data logging unit.

25. The system according to claim 23 or 24, further comprising a gateway (78) configured to communicate with a plurality of said data loggers for receiving said measurement data and forwarding said measurement data to a client device in substantially real time.

26. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said remote workstation is configured to enable monitoring and communicating with a plurality of said remotely operated machines.

27. A computer program for, when executed by a processing system, causing a machine to perform a set of successive steps; wherein the machine comprises a mobile platform, the mobile platform carrying: a rod, configured to be stored in a coiled state on said mobile platform; a probe comprising one or more sensors, the probe configured to be mounted to a first end of said rod and to be penetrated into the subsurface; a tracking unit configured to determine a position of said mobile platform; and a plurality of adjustable support legs, for stabilizing and/or levelling said mobile platform; the machine further comprising a remote workstation configured to be located remote from said machine, said remote workstation comprising a user interface for outputting data to an operator and receiving data input from said operator; said set of successive steps comprising: tracking and controlling movement of said mobile platform to a first predetermined location using position data from said tracking unit; controlling deployment and adjustment of said support legs; and controlling deployment and penetration of said probe into the sub surface; wherein each of said successive steps comprises transmitting a signal indicating that the step has been executed in accordance with specification; and wherein said computer program is configured such that a subsequent of said successive steps is only performed upon receipt of said signal or of an instruction received from said remote workstation.

28. The program according to claim 27, wherein each of said steps comprises transmitting said signal to the user interface of the remote workstation.

29. The program according to claim 28, wherein execution of one or more of said successive steps can be initiated by an instruction input by the operator via said user interface.

30. The program according to any one of claims 27 to 29, further configured to cause said penetration of said probe into subsurface to be controlled based on measurement data acquired by said one or more sensors.

31. The program according to claim 30, further configured to detect and/or predict a potential subsurface obstruction located further subsurface than said probe based on said measurement data, and to stop said penetration of said probe prior to failure to the system due to said subsurface obstruction.

32. The program according to claim 30 or 31, further configured to cause said penetration of said probe to be based on a position of said mobile platform received from said tracking unit and/or stratigraphic data related to said position.

33. The program according to claim 32, further configured to detect and/or predict a potential subsurface obstruction located further subsurface than said probe based on said measurement data and said position and/or said stratigraphic data, and to stop said penetration of said probe prior to realizing failure to the system due to said subsurface obstruction.

34. The program according to any one of claims 27 to 33, further configured to cause said measurement data from said one or more sensors to be transmitted to a said remote workstation substantially in real time.

35. The program according to any one of claims 27 to 34, wherein said set of successive steps further comprises the step of: control movement of said mobile platform to a predetermined second location after penetration of said probe into subsurface at said first predetermined position has been executed and said signal indicating this has been transmitted.

36. The program according to any one of claims 27 to 35, said step of controlling movement of said mobile platform to said first predetermined location and/or said step of controlling movement of said mobile platform to said second predetermined location involves determining a path of movement of said mobile platform based on a position of the platform determined by said tracking system and on prerecorded topographical data.

37. The program according to any one of claims 27 to 36, wherein said step of controlling deployment and penetration of said probe comprises controlling movement of a coil support device supporting the coiled rod from a folded mode to an unfolded mode prior to penetration of said probe into said subsurface.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0062] Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description of the invention by way of non-limiting and non-exclusive embodiments. These embodiments are not to be construed as limiting the scope of protection. The person skilled in the art will realize that other alternatives and equivalent embodiments of the invention can be conceived and reduced to practice without departing from the scope of the present invention. Embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like or same reference symbols denote like, same or corresponding parts, and in which:

[0063] FIG. 1 shows a schematic drawing of a part of a geotechnical apparatus according to an embodiment;

[0064] FIG. 2 shows a probe 3 which may be located at section A of the apparatus of FIG. 1;

[0065] FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of a remotely operated machine according to an embodiment;

[0066] FIG. 4 shows a system comprising the remotely operated machine of FIG. 3;

[0067] FIG. 5 shows a functional illustration of a processing system 40 of the system of FIG. 4 according to an embodiment;

[0068] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a method of operation of the system of FIG. 4 according to an embodiment;

[0069] FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a plurality of measurement locations at a site;

[0070] FIG. 8 schematically shows a detail of a probe to be positioned in the subsurface using the remotely operated machine of FIG. 3 and/or system of FIG. 4, according to an embodiment; and

[0071] FIG. 9 schematically illustrates further features relating to the remote monitoring of a site.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0072] FIG. 1 shows a non-limiting embodiment of a geotechnical apparatus 1, for insertion of a probe or sensor holder 3 into the ground. The apparatus may advantageously be a cone penetrometer testing apparatus or an apparatus for inserting one or more sensors into the ground.

[0073] The apparatus 1 comprises a rod 2, which is formed in one single piece, provided at its lower extremity A with a probe, or sensor holder, 3. The probe 3 may be a penetrometer as more clearly shown in FIG. 2 or a sensor holder as illustrated in FIG. 8. The probe or sensor holder comprises or is provided with one or more sensors, such as pressure transducers, gas sensors, temperature sensors, etc.

[0074] The rod 2 preferably has a longitudinal bore (not shown) extending along its body which is in fluid communication with one or more lubricating openings 4, 5 (indicated in FIG. 2) behind the probe 3 for introducing lubricant along the rod's superficial area while the rod is pushed into the ground or pulled out from the ground. The lubricant reduces friction between the rod 2 and the soil, and contributes to the stability of the borehole and an increased depth of penetration. With the single piece rod 2 of the invention the lubricant can be provided through the one or more lubrication openings 4, 5 at a constant flow rate. The lubrication openings are advantageously provided immediately behind the probe, such that the lubrication fluid effectively fills the annulus in the borehole surrounding the rod behind the probe, without spoiling the soil formation. As lubricant, water or mud may be used, although other fluids may also be used.

[0075] The apparatus 1 further comprises a drive unit 6 for the single piece rod 2 for pushing said rod into the ground or pulling it from the ground. The pushing or pulling of the rod may for example be realized by gripping elements (not shown) and/or rollers included in the drive unit 6. Two grippers, having gripping elements gripping the rod, may be provided, for alternatingly gripping the rod and moving it along its longitudinal axis over a predefined length. Thereby, sufficient pulling and pushing force can be realized using a driver with relatively few moving parts. Alternatively, other type of driving or deployment mechanism may be used, providing a substantially constant movement of the rod.

[0076] The drive unit preferably comprises hydraulic means for realizing the movements of the components of the drive unit responsible for the movement of the rod into or out of the ground. These movements include the movements of the gripping elements to grip the rod as well as the movements of the grippers in a direction along the longitudinal axis of the rod. The drive unit is arranged to move the rod with a constant movement. This means that stick/slip between the rod and the ground can be avoided and thus the friction is reduced. The continuous push that is achieved also results in a higher quality data acquisition due to the avoidance of the stop start data gaps that occur in the traditional method of CPT.

[0077] The apparatus 1 further comprises a storage 7 for the rod 2, in which the rod 2 can be stored in coiled condition and from which the rod 2 is retrievable in the coiled condition. To support this storage and retrieval of the single piece rod 2 preferably a bender/straightener 8 is provided between the storage 7 and the drive unit 6 to convert the single piece rod 2 from the coiled condition to a straight condition and vice versa. By rotation of the storage 7, or a part thereof, the rod 2 can be coiled or uncoiled, respectively, depending on the direction of rotation. The bender/straightener advantageously comprises a plurality of rollers 12. The rollers 12 may be arranged as a first set of rollers positioned at one side of the rod and a second set of rollers positioned at an opposing side of the rod, so as to arrange that the rollers are arranged to convert the coiled rod to an essentially straight rod when uncoiling and are arranged to convert the straight rod to a coiled rod of essentially constant coil diameter when coiling the rod onto the storage 7.

[0078] In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the storage 7 is embodied with a guide arm 9 which is rotatable around an axis 10 of rotation. The guide arm 9 has a clamp 11 distant from the axis 10 of rotation which fixes the single piece rod 2 to the guide arm 9. This arranges that rotation of the guide arm 9 causes the single piece rod 2 to coil or uncoil depending on the direction of rotation of the guide arm 9. Alternatively, the storage 7 may comprise a drum, onto which the rod 2 can be coiled and from which it can be uncoiled in the manner described above.

[0079] A protection frame (not shown) may be provided for protecting elements of the apparatus, for example during transport and/or movement/positioning of the apparatus.

[0080] FIG. 3 shows a remotely operated machine 14, which may advantageously comprise the geotechnical apparatus 1 described herein above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. Alternatively, it may comprise another geotechnical apparatus.

[0081] The remotely operated machine 14 comprises a mobile platform 16, which carries the rod 2, which in FIG. 3 is shown stored in its coiled state. At one end of the rod 2 the probe 3 (not shown in FIG. 3) is mounted. The probe is configured to be penetrated, e.g. pushed, into the ground as the rod is uncoiled. The probe comprises one or more sensors, generally pressure transducers for monitoring changes in porewater pressure of the subsurface. Alternatively or additionally, other sensors such as gas sensors and/or temperature sensors may be provided. The drive unit 6, which facilitates the coiling and uncoiling of the rod 2 and the penetration of the probe 3 into the subsurface, is controlled by a deployment control unit 28, which may be located on the platform.

[0082] The machine 14 further comprises a tracking unit 18, such as a GPS, providing position coordinates data, for tracking the position of the machine. In conjunction with a tracking control unit 20 and a propulsion unit 22, such as crawlers, caterpillar drives, or wheels, it facilitates guidance of the remotely operated machine to the measurement locations where the subsurface measurements should be performed or sensors positioned into the subsurface. In some embodiments, the machine further comprises one or more IP connected cameras 38 which may provide further assistance in the positioning and guidance of the machine, as will be described in more detail further herein below.

[0083] Although the propulsion unit 22 in the illustrated example comprises caterpillar drives, also other means are foreseen, such as a wheel drive system. That is, the machine 14 could alternatively be carried by a wheel based truck instead of the caterpillar driven vehicle.

[0084] A plurality (generally four) of adjustable support legs 24 are provided, for levelling and stabilizing the mobile platform 16 prior to and during penetration of the probe into the subsurface. The adjustable support legs 24 are controlled by a levelling control unit 26 which controls deployment and adjustment of the support legs.

[0085] In the illustrated embodiment the remotely operated machine 14 comprises a communication unit 44, enabling the transmission of data and/or control signals from the various components of the remotely operated machine 14 to a remote workstation 32, illustrated in FIG. 4, and for receiving signals from the remote workstation and/or other external units. The communication unit 44 is connected, via a wired connection or wirelessly, to the tracking control unit 20, the levelling control unit 26, the deployment control unit 28, the camera 38, and to the sensors located on the probe 3. Alternatively, each of these devices may be equipped with its own communication unit for communicating with the remote workstation 32. The different control units and other components may also be configured to communicate with one another. The transmission of data, such as position coordinate data, sensor measurement data, and image data from the cameras, from the machine 14 to the remote workstation 32, as well as control data and steering commands from the remote workstation 32 to the remotely operated machine 14, takes place in substantially real time. Thereby, fully remote operation of the machine can be achieved.

[0086] FIG. 4 shows the system 30 comprising the remotely operated machine 14 and the remote workstation 32 from which operation of the machine 14 can be monitored and/or controlled. The remote workstation 32 comprises a user interface 34 for outputting data to an operator 36 and receiving input data from the operator, for example to initiate operation of one or more of the components or devices on the machine or for intervening or providing instructions relating to their operation. The tracking control unit 20, levelling control unit 26, and deployment control unit 28 communicate with the remote workstation 32 such that operation of each of these units can be monitored, initiated, and/or controlled via the user interface 34 of the remote workstation. The data output by the user interface may comprise indications of the functioning and operation of different components of the machine 14, indications of whether or not functions, events or operations have executed successfully or not, measurement data recorded by the sensors of the probe, image data from the one or more cameras 38, etc. Input data may comprise commands for controlling one or more functions of the machine 14, initiating one or more functions, operations or events performed by the components thereof. Thereby, via the remote workstation 32, the operator 36 can monitor and if applicable control operation of the remotely operated machine 14 from a distance, without having to be positioned on the machine 14. The distance may generally be some hundred meters, up to about 500 meters, preferably within line of sight. In some embodiments, the distance may be even longer. Thereby, sites at potentially high risk, such as areas downstream a tailing dam or other structure potentially imminent of failure, can be monitored and surveyed without putting the human operator 36 in danger.

[0087] Although only one machine 14 is illustrated in FIG. 4, the remote workstation 32 may be configured for simultaneously controlling more than one remotely operated machines 14.

[0088] The tracking control unit 20, levelling control unit 26, and the deployment control unit 28 are preferably realized by programmable logic controls, PLCs, which may be operationally connected and/or form part of a processing unit, or system, 40, as conceptually in FIG. 5. The tracking control unit 20, the levelling control unit 26, and the deployment control unit 28 are configured to communicate with one another, for example via a central unit or connection 42. This central unit or connection may be represented by, or comprise, physical, i.e. wired, connections or wireless communication. Each of the tracking control unit, the levelling control unit, and the deployment control unit is configured to transmit a signal indicating that its associated operation has been executed in accordance with specification. This signal triggers the operation of the control unit responsible for the next step of operation of the remotely operated machine 14, as will be described in more detail further herein below. Additional units or processors may form part of the processing system 40, such as a manipulator arm control unit 76 (described with reference to FIG. 9 further herein below). Different components of the machine 14, such as the sensors of the probe 3 and the cameras 38 may also be operationally connected to or communicating with the processing system. It should be noted that the processing system 40 may not be a physical entity or single unit, but may be abstractly realized by the various units and components being functionally and/or operationally interacting with one another and/or a central processor and/or software program for realizing the operation of the remotely controlled machine 14.

[0089] The different control units may be located physically close to one another, or at a distance from one another. Although in FIG. 4, the tracking control unit 20, levelling control unit 26, and deployment control unit 28 are all illustrated as being located on the platform 16, one or more of the processing system 40 may be located remote from the platform 16. Further, components, such as control units and/or data input/output circuits and communication circuit, of the remote workstation 32 may also be considered to form part of the processing system 40.

[0090] Operation of the Machine

[0091] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the operation of the remotely operated machine 14 can be considered a chain of successive steps or events, wherein each event is initiated by, and only performed if, the preceding event having successfully executed. That is, after operation of the machine 14 has been initiated by the operator 36, each of the successive events only takes place if the previous event has been executed or performed in compliance with specification, i.e., has completed successfully, without any unacceptable error or malfunction occurring. Each of the successive events described herein below may be initiated automatically in response to the signal emitted by one of the control units described herein above upon completion of their respective operation, or by the operator 36, via an input to the user interface 34 of the remote workstation 32, manually initiating the next event in response to the signal.

[0092] In the first event 52, or step of the operation, the remotely operated machine 14 is moved to a first position L1 under control of the GPS and the tracking control unit 20. At the first position L1, the machine is positioned with high accuracy, generally within 2 cm of the specified position. When the specified position of the machine 14 has been verified, a positive signal, i.e., a signal indicating a successful positioning event, is emitted and the operation continues with the next event 54.

[0093] In the second event 54, in response to receiving the signal from the tracking control unit that the machine 14 has been positioned at a predetermined location, the levelling control unit 26 controls deployment and adjustment of the support legs 24 to level the platform 16 and stabilize it.

[0094] In the third event 56, which is optional, the coiled rod may be transitioned from a folded position, in which it may be arranged during transport or movement of the machine 14, to an unfolded position, wherein the coil is oriented in the substantially upright position illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3. In some embodiments, this step may be controlled by the deployment control unit 28, and may form part of the deployment event 58.

[0095] In the fourth event 58, the geotechnical apparatus located on the platform 16 is deployed. In response to receiving the signal from the levelling control unit 26 that the mobile platform has been stabilized and levelled, or receiving a signal that the coil formed by the coiled rod has been transitioned to the unfolded position, the deployment control unit 28 controls operation of the drive unit 6 to initiate penetration of the probe 3 into the subsurface. The subsurface penetration may advantageously be controlled based on data recorded by the plurality of sensors of the probe. After the probe 3 has been pushed to a certain depth, and measurements such as CPT measurements have been performed, and/or after the probe 3 has been inserted into the subsurface according to specification and decoupled from the rod 2, the rod 2 is retracted from the subsurface by the driving unit 6, under control of the deployment control unit 28, operating to cause the rod 2 to be coiled up again.

[0096] In the fifth event 60, which is also optional, the coil may be moved back into the folded position prior to movement of the machine 14 to the next location. In some embodiments, this step may be controlled by the deployment control unit, and may form part of the deployment event 58.

[0097] In the sixth event 62, in response to a signal indicating that the deployment according to event 58, or the folding according to event 60, has been executed successfully, the tracking control unit 20 controls movement and tracking of the machine 14 to a next location and positioning at this location. This location may be a predetermined second location, L2, at which the probe 3 is to be penetrated into the subsurface while performing measurements such as CPT measurements, and/or for being positioned in the subsurface for enabling monitoring over time.

[0098] If subsurface penetration has been performed, or attempted, at each of a plurality of predetermined locations L1-Ln, or if the machine 14 or some of its components has been determined to be malfunctioning, the next location of event 62 may be a default position, such as a default end position, of the machine 14. In general, this default end position may correspond to an initial position from which operation of the machine 14 was initiated, for example unloaded from a lorry carrying the machine to and from the monitoring site.

[0099] If any of the above described events has not been executed according to specification, i.e., has not executed successfully, the positive signal is not emitted. Preferably, a negative signal is emitted, providing a warning or indication to the operator 36 that the event was not successful. The system may perform another attempt at performing the event in question, or jump to the last event 62, in the chain 50 of events.

[0100] Herein below, specific details of the different events and the related control units according to advantageous embodiments are described.

[0101] Events 52, 62Tracking and Positioning

[0102] The tracking and positioning of the machine is facilitated with the tracking unit, e.g. a GPS, as described above. The path of movement may be predetermined, based on topographical data and using satellite navigation systems. Alternatively, the path of movement may be adjusted, or even determined, substantially real time, as will be described further herein below. The velocity at which the machine moves is controlled by the tracking control unit, preferably based on input from the operator via the user interface of the remote control.

[0103] The image data recorded by the one or more cameras 38 may be transmitted to the tracking control unit 20, which may further comprise an obstacle detection system configured for detecting an obstacle located along and/or adjacent an intended path of movement of the machine 14, or between a present position of the machine and the next predetermined measurement location. The obstacle detection may be performed taking the image data recorded by the cameras 38 into account. The path of movement of the machine 14 to any of the measurement locations L1-Ln or to the default end position may be controlled, for example be automatically recalculated, based on one or more obstacles detected by the obstacle detection system. Alternatively, the image data generated by the cameras and/or indications of obstacles detected by the obstacle detection system may be transmitted to the remote workstation for display on a display of the input/output unit, allowing the operator 36 to input instructions for the processing system to recalculate the path of movement of the machine, or manually re-determining the path of movement.

[0104] The tracking control unit 20 may further be configured to determine the path of movement of the machine 14 based on the position thereof detected by the tracking unit 18 and previously recorded or known topographical data of the site to be monitored or surveyed. This may be performed automatically under control of a computer program, such as the computer program described herein below. Alternatively or additionally, the topographical data may be displayed on the remote workstation 32, overlaid or superpositioned on a satellite navigation map. This enables the operator to gain insight into the path of movement and/or the properties and potential obstructions between the different measurement locations. The tracking control unit 20 may be configured to determine the path of movement of the machine 14 based on input from the operator 36.

[0105] During the above described tracking of the movement of the machine, the tracking control unit may transmit one or more second signals to the central unit 42 of the processing system 40 and/or to the remote workstation 32. This second signal may comprise further data relating to the operation of the tracking control unit and the tracking of the machine. At the remote workstation 32, it may be processed or directly used to provide information to the operator. The central unit 42 may forward the second signal or data therein, eventually after first having processed it, to the levelling control unit and/or the deployment control unit.

[0106] The above described features enables the machine 14 to be positioned at a predetermined position or location with high accuracy. The accuracy may be such that the machine is positioned within 2 cm of the specified position.

[0107] Events 54, 60Levelling of the Platform:

[0108] Once the machine has been positioned at one of the measurement locations, operation of the levelling control unit 26 is triggered. Under control of the levelling control unit, the support legs 24 are deployed, by extending each support leg from its holder unit and adjusting the length of each leg such that the machine, or more specifically the platform 16, is levelled in a horizontal plane, and stably supporting it in levelled position. Once stable levelling has been achieved the first signal is transmitted, indicating the event 54 to have been executed in accordance with its specifications.

[0109] When the subsurface measurements and/or positioning of one or more sensors have been finished and the rod 2 has been retracted to its coiled state, the operation of the levelling control unit is again triggered. Now the support legs are retracted, such that the machine 14 can be tracked to a next position.

[0110] Event 58Subsurface Penetration:

[0111] When the machine 14 has been levelled and stabilized operation of the deployment control unit 28 is triggered. As described above, the deployment control unit controls operation of the hydraulic drive system 6, also referred to as Cone Deployment System, CDS, rotating the coil such as to uncoil the rod 2 and driving it into the subsurface. The uncoiling of the rod 2 is preferably driven such that the probe 3 is penetrated into the ground at a substantially constant rate.

[0112] During penetration of the rod 2 and the probe 3 into the subsurface, the deployment control unit 28 may receive measurement data recorded by the one or more sensors located in the probe 3. The probe penetration and the measurements, typically pressure measurements, may form part of Cone Penetration Testing, CPT, measurements, which are known in the field. Alternatively or additionally, other types of measurements, such as gas monitoring, e.g. detection of one or more specified gases, and/or temperature measurements, may be performed. The measured data may be transmitted to the remote workstation 32, where a graphical plot based on the measured data may be displayed in substantially real time. To this end, the measured data may have been processed, by the deployment control unit 28 or the central unit 42 of the processing system 40, and/or by a processor at the remote workstation 32. The graphical plot allows the operator 36 to monitor the subsurface penetration real time, and enables real time intervention by the operator.

[0113] Additionally, the measured data may be processed and/or stored for later analysis as well as for learning processes of the processing system and/or a software thereof, using artificial intelligence to improve the operation of the machine. The graphically presented data is automatically processed by software and ready for interpretation and reporting to the client. Live, or real time, reporting can be executed if so desired.

[0114] In preferred embodiments, the deployment control unit 28 and/or the central unit 42 of the processing system 40 is further configured to detect and/or predict a subsurface obstruction, or the probability of such subsurface obstruction, located further subsurface than the probe 3, based on the data measured by the sensors. Such subsurface obstruction detection may be further improved by the software or computer program, which controls the operation of the deployment control unit 28, using artificial intelligence. By predicting such subsurface obstruction, probe penetration can be stopped prior potential failure being caused by the obstruction, thereby avoiding damage to the probe, the rod, and/or other components of the machine. Conventionally, the subsurface penetration of the rod was controlled by an operator located at the machine, who based on his knowledge and experience made an estimate of potential subsurface obstructions and terminated penetration based on that. Using computer processing and calculations, advantageously in conjunction with artificial intelligence, has been observed to greatly increase the accuracy of the prediction, enabling the probe penetration to be stopped prior to, even just prior to, the obstruction. Such learning may be performed based on accumulation of measurement data over extended time and a plurality of different sites.

[0115] The penetration of the probe into the subsurface may also be controlled taking into account the position coordinates, i.e. the GPS coordinates, of the point of penetration and/or known stratigraphic data. The position coordinates and the stratigraphic data may also be taken into account by the system during subsurface failure prediction.

[0116] The remotely operated machine is advantageously used for performing measurements of the ground conditions, e.g. CPT measurements, and/or for inserting one or more sensors into the subsurface for continuous surveying, at a large plurality of locations L1, L2, . . . , Ln, as illustrated in FIG. 7. At each of these locations, the chain of events described above with reference to FIG. 6 may be performed. The operation may start from an initial position L.sub.initial, which may be represented by the position from which the machine is launched. After subsurface penetration has been performed at the last location Ln, the machine may be tracked backed to the initial position.

[0117] Control of the Events, Computer Program:

[0118] The chain of events 50 described above, comprising the events 52-62, is controlled by a computer program, or software, comprising instructions which, when executed by the processing system 40 and/or one of the control units comprised therein, controls the machine 14 to be operated as described above with respect to the plurality of events.

[0119] The computer program, or one or more modules or functions thereof, may rely on artificial intelligence, AI, for updating the corresponding program part or function based on learning and/or experience gathered over time during operation of one or more remotely operated machines 14. One example of this is the prediction of subsurface hazards described above. Other examples relate to the tracking and positioning of the machine.

[0120] The computer program or software may be modular, wherein each of the events is represented by a separate module or (set of) function(s) of the program. The separate modules or functions may be called upon by a main code of the program, wherein each module or set of functions may be called upon automatically upon the main code receiving a command representing the positive signal, i.e., the signal indicating successful execution of an event, and/or upon receipt of a command generated by an input from the operator 36 via the user interface 34 of the remote workstation. By the modularity of the program, each module or function may be separately reprogrammed and/or updated.

[0121] Installation of Sensors for Continuous Monitoring of a Site

[0122] In some situations, it may be desirable to perform monitoring of a site and its subsurface properties over time, in particular at a site downstream a structure imminent of failure and/or at a site at potential risk itself. This can advantageously be facilitated by using the remotely operated machine, illustrated in FIG. 3, and the system illustrated in FIGS. 4, for subsurface positioning one or more sensors at a plurality of measurement locations, L1-Ln. This may be performed by operating the machine as described above, in particular by the chain of events illustrated in FIG. 6.

[0123] FIG. 8 schematically illustrates features relevant for embodiments in which the remotely operated machine 14 is a machine for installing sensors at subsurface locations. The machine may be the machine 14 illustrated in FIG. 3. Although the machine is preferably based on, and comprises all features of the machine 14 illustrated in FIG. 3, it will be understood by the skilled person that some or more features described above may be dispensed with.

[0124] To this end, the probe 3 is mounted to the rod 2 such as to enable disconnection of the probe 3 from the rod 2 after the probe 3 has been penetrated into the subsurface, preferably to a predetermined or specified distance into the ground. This may be achieved by the friction between the probe and its surrounding as the rod is retracted from the subsurface. Alternatively, it may be achieved by a connection mechanism 64 allowing disconnection of the probe 3 to be triggered from remote and/or automatically upon a set subsurface penetration depth having been reached. The probe 3 comprises one or more sensors 66, such as pressure transducers, gas sensors, temperature sensors, etc. The sensors 66 may be positioned in the subsurface with the probe 3 remaining in the ground as a whole. Alternatively, the sensors 66 may be disconnected from the probe 3, under the friction force, or by a disconnection mechanism operationally similar to the connection mechanism 64.

[0125] The sensors 66 are connected to a sensor cable 68 allowing the measurement data of the sensors to be stored in a memory or data logging unit, and/or transmitted by a transmitter.

[0126] The machine further comprises a pumping unit 70 for filling a void, or annulus, between the one or more sensors 66, or the probe 3, and the surrounding ground. The void is filled with a substantially solid or elastic substance fixating the sensors at their subsurface location.

[0127] After the plurality of sensors 66 have been inserted into the subsurface and the rod 2 has been retracted, a data logging unit 74 is positioned above ground at the plurality of sensors using a manipulator arm 72 of the machine 14. The operation of the manipulator arm 72 is controlled by a manipulator arm control unit 76. The manipulator arm control unit preferably forms part of the processing system 40 in a manner similar to the tracking control unit 20, the levelling control unit 26, and the deployment control unit 28, and enables automatic and/or semi-autonomous positioning of the data logging unit 74. Similar to the operation of the other parts and components of the machine 14, the positioning of the data logging unit 74 can be monitored and/or influenced via the remote workstation 32.

[0128] The data logging unit may be physically connected to the top of the sensor string, or cable, 68, forming a wired connected with the one or more sensors. Alternatively, the data logging unit may communicate with the one or more sensors via wireless communication.

[0129] One or more sensors 66 and an associated data logging unit 74, hence form a monitoring unit. Generally a plurality of monitoring units are positioned at the site to be monitored, e.g. by positioning one monitoring unit at each of the locations, L1, L2, . . . , Ln of FIG. 7.

[0130] The data logging unit 74 receives and logs the data measured by the sensors 66. The sensor data is transmitted, either real time, at preset time intervals, or upon request, to a gateway 78. The gateway 78 generally communicates with a plurality of data logging units 74 at the site. Via the gateway 78 the data measured by the sensors can be transmitted, preferably real time or at intervals, to a client device for monitoring and/or analyzing at a remote location.

[0131] It will be clear to a person skilled in the art that the scope of the invention is not limited to the examples discussed in the foregoing, but that several amendments and modifications thereof are possible without deviating from the scope of the invention as defined in the attached claims. While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the figures and the description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary only, and not restrictive. The present invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments but comprises any combination of the disclosed embodiments that can come to an advantage.

[0132] Variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by a person skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the figures, the description and the attached claims. In the description and claims, the word comprising does not exclude other elements, and the indefinite article a or an does not exclude a plurality. In fact it is to be construed as meaning at least one. The mere fact that certain features are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these features cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Features of the above described embodiments and aspects can be combined unless their combining results in evident technical conflicts.