Soft member attachment structure and thermochromic writing instrument

Abstract

A soft-member attachment structure includes an attachment hole provided through a rear end portion of a barrel. The barrel configures a thermochromic writing instrument, along a longitudinal central axis and having an inner circumferential surface between two openings located at an upper end and a lower end; an attachment portion located under a large diameter portion of a soft member used for a thermochromic change and having a diameter being smaller than a diameter of the large diameter portion and allowing insertion into the attachment hole; a straight internal hole provided along a longitudinal central axis of the soft member and opening at least at a lower end of the soft member; and a rod-like inner core having an outer diameter allowing insertion into the internal hole, a length to be placed within the internal hole, and an outer circumferential surface contacting an inner circumferential surface of the internal hole.

Claims

1. A soft-member attachment structure for attaching a soft member to a thermochromic writing instrument, the soft member being used to cause thermochromic ink adhered to a paper surface to undergo a thermochromic change by frictional heat, the soft-member attachment structure comprising: the soft member; an attachment hole provided through a rear end portion of a barrel or an apex of a cap, the barrel and the cap configuring the thermochromic writing instrument, along a longitudinal central axis and having an inner circumferential surface between two openings located at an upper end and a lower end; an attachment portion located under a large diameter portion of the soft member used for a thermochromic change and having a diameter being smaller than a diameter of the large diameter portion and allowing insertion into the attachment hole; a straight internal hole provided along a longitudinal central axis of the soft member and opening at least at a lower end of the soft member; and a rod-like inner core having an outer diameter allowing insertion into the internal hole, a length to be placed within the internal hole, and an outer circumferential surface contacting an inner circumferential surface of the internal hole, wherein the attachment portion is inserted into the attachment hole and the inner core is inserted into the internal hole to configure the soft member to be attached to the attachment hole wherein in a process of inserting the inner core into the internal hole where the internal hole is a hole with one closed end opening at the lower end of the soft member and not opening at an upper end of the soft member, the inner core is provided with a vent portion to discharge air in the internal hole.

2. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 1, wherein the attachment portion is integrally formed under the large diameter portion as a single piece using a material same as that of the soft member, the internal hole is provided with a length from the attachment portion to a position reaching the large diameter portion in the soft member, and, in a state where the attachment portion is inserted into the attachment hole and the inner core is inserted into the internal hole, the inner core is held in a position corresponding to the inner circumferential surface of the attachment hole to configure the attachment portion to be sandwiched between the outer circumferential surface of the inner core and the inner circumferential surface of the attachment hole.

3. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 2, wherein, when a lower end of the inner core is provided with a flange portion having a diameter greater than an inner diameter of the internal hole and the inner core is inserted into the internal hole, the flange portion abuts on a lower end of the attachment portion.

4. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 2, wherein: an inward projection projecting inside the attachment hole is formed on the inner circumferential surface of the attachment hole, an outward projection projecting outside the attachment portion is formed on an outer circumferential surface of the attachment portion, when the attachment portion is inserted into the attachment hole, the outward projection rides over the inward projection to lock the outward projection and the inward projection to each other, and the inner core is held in a position corresponding to the inner circumferential surface of the attachment hole to sandwich the attachment portion between the outer circumferential surface of the inner core and the inward projection of the attachment hole.

5. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 2, wherein, in a state where the attachment portion is inserted into the attachment hole and the inner core is inserted into the internal hole, the inner core has a length from an opening at a lower end of the internal hole to beyond the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole.

6. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 2, wherein, in a state where the attachment portion is inserted into the attachment hole and the inner core is inserted into the internal hole, the inner core has a length from an opening at a lower end of the internal hole to the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole.

7. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 6, wherein, in a state where the attachment portion is inserted into the attachment hole and the inner core is inserted into the internal hole, an upper end of the inner core is inserted into the internal hole to a position beyond the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole.

8. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 2, wherein, in a state where the attachment portion is inserted into the attachment hole and the inner core is inserted into the internal hole, the inner core has a length from an opening at a lower end of the internal hole to a position not reaching the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole.

9. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 8, wherein, in a state where the attachment portion is inserted into the attachment hole and the inner core is inserted into the internal hole, an upper end of the inner core is inserted into the internal hole to a position beyond the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole.

10. A thermochromic writing instrument comprising the soft-member attachment structure according to claim 9, wherein the soft member is attached to the rear end portion of the barrel or the apex of the cap by the soft-member attachment structure.

11. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 2, wherein, in a state where the inner core has a maximum outer diameter identical to or greater than an inner diameter of the internal hole and the inner core is inserted into the internal hole, the outer circumferential surface of the inner core and the inner circumferential surface of the internal hole pressure fit each other.

12. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 11, wherein a lubricant is present between the outer circumferential surface of the inner core and the inner circumferential surface of the internal hole.

13. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 1, wherein the vent portion is a through hole penetrating the inner core from an end to another end along a longitudinal central axis of the inner core.

14. The soft-member attachment structure according to claim 1, wherein the vent portion is at least one groove or projection continuing from an end to another end of the inner core along the outer circumferential surface of the inner core.

15. A thermochromic writing instrument comprising the soft-member attachment structure according to claim 1, wherein the soft member is attached to the rear end portion of the barrel or the apex of the cap by the soft-member attachment structure.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a soft member and an attachment hole provided at a rear end portion of a barrel, the soft member and the attachment hole configuring a soft-member attachment structure according to an embodiment of the present invention, and illustrating a state before an attachment portion of the soft member is inserted into the attachment hole.

(2) FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a provisional insertion state in the process of inserting the attachment portion of the soft member into the attachment hole.

(3) FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a state where insertion of the soft member into the attachment hole is completed.

(4) FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a soft-member attachment structure according to an embodiment of the present invention and illustrating a state where an inner core according to the first embodiment is inserted into an internal hole of the soft member in FIG. 3.

(5) FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a soft-member attachment structure according to an embodiment of the present invention and illustrating a state where an inner core according to the second embodiment is inserted into the internal hole of the soft member in FIG. 3.

(6) FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a state where a lubricant is present between the internal hole of the soft member and the inner core in FIG. 5.

(7) FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another state where a lubricant is present between the internal hole of the soft member and the inner core in FIG. 5.

(8) FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a state where an upper end of the inner core in FIG. 5 is inserted into the internal hole to a position beyond an opening at an upper end of the attachment hole.

(9) FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a soft-member attachment structure according to an embodiment of the present invention and illustrating a state where an inner core according to the third embodiment is inserted into the internal hole of the soft member in FIG. 3.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(10) A soft-member attachment structure and a thermochromic writing instrument according to embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the drawings.

(11) 1. Overview

(12) A soft-member attachment structure in the present embodiment is provided to attach a soft member to a thermochromic writing instrument, the soft member being used to cause thermochromic ink adhered to a paper surface to undergo a thermochromic change by frictional heat. FIGS. 1 through 9 do not illustrate the entire thermochromic writing instrument but illustrate only a rear end portion of a barrel configuring the thermochromic writing instrument.

(13) The soft-member attachment structure in the present embodiment is mainly configured with an attachment hole 2, an attachment portion 5, and an internal hole 31 illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 3 and an inner core 7 illustrated in FIGS. 4 through 9. The attachment hole 2 is provided at the rear end portion of a barrel 1. The attachment portion 5 is integrally formed under a large diameter portion 4 of a soft member 3 as a single piece. The internal hole 31 is provided from the attachment portion 5 to a position reaching the center of the large diameter portion 4 in the soft member 3. The inner core 7 is one component independent of the barrel 1 and the soft member 3. As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, the inner core 7 is inserted into the internal hole 31 of the soft member 3 in a state where the attachment portion 5 of the soft member 3 is fully inserted into the attachment hole 2 of the barrel 1. The structure for attaching the soft member 3 is detailed below.

(14) 2. Attachment Hole

(15) As illustrated in FIG. 1, the attachment hole 2 is provided at the rear end portion of the barrel 1. The attachment hole 2 penetrates the rear end portion of the barrel 1 along the longitudinal central axis. The attachment hole 2 has an inner circumferential surface between two openings located at the upper end and the lower end. In a lower part of the inner circumferential surface of the attachment hole 2, an annular inward projection 21 is formed. The inward projection 21 has an outer circumferential surface on which a guide surface 21a is formed as a tapered surface in an inverted conical shape. The guide surface 21a has a diameter gradually decreasing downward from the upper part. The guide surface 21a has a lower end continuing to a vertical outer circumferential surface of a minimum inner diameter portion 21b, which is an opening at the lower end of the attachment hole 2. The attachment hole 2 thus configured has lateral cross sections in circular shapes with different diameters.

(16) The barrel 1 is produced by injection molding a synthetic resin (e.g., polypropylene). The attachment hole 2 and the inward projection 21 are integrally formed as a single piece at the rear end portion of the barrel 1 by injection molding. It should be noted that the attachment hole 2 may be provided at, for example, the apex of a cap configuring the thermochromic writing instrument not limited to the rear end portion of the barrel 1.

(17) 3. Soft Member

(18) As illustrated in FIG. 1, the soft member 3 in the present embodiment is configured by integrally forming the attachment portion (small diameter portion) 5 with a diameter smaller than that of the large diameter portion 4 as a single piece under the large diameter portion 4 in a bullet shape. The large diameter portion 4 is an area functioning as a friction portion 32 of the thermochromic writing instrument and is used to cause thermochromic ink adhered to a paper surface to undergo a thermochromic change by frictional heat. Moreover, the large diameter portion 4 in the present embodiment has a function of adsorbing and separating metallic luster pigments blended in the thermochromic ink from the paper surface. The attachment portion 5 is used to attach the soft member 3 to the attachment hole 2 of the barrel 1.

(19) 3.1 Large Diameter Portion (Friction Portion)

(20) The large diameter portion 4 has an outer circumferential surface that is a convex curved surface capable of contacting the paper surface at various tilt angles. The large diameter portion 4 has a diameter at the lower end greater than the diameter of the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole 2 and preferably smaller than the diameter on the rear end surface of the barrel 1. At the boundary between the large diameter portion 4 and the attachment portion 5, an annular surface 41 abutting on the rear end surface of the barrel 1 is formed. When the attachment portion 5 is attached to the attachment hole 2, the large diameter portion 4 projects above the rear end surface of the barrel 1.

(21) 3.2 Attachment Portion

(22) The attachment portion 5 includes a tubular wall portion and has a diameter being smaller than the diameter at the lower end of the large diameter portion 4 and allowing insertion into the attachment hole 2. At the center of an outer circumferential surface of the attachment portion 5, an annular outward projection 51 is formed. Above the outward projection 51 on the outer circumferential surface of the attachment portion 5, an annular bulged portion 52 is formed. In the attachment portion 5, a cylindrical portion 53 is provided under the outward projection 51.

(23) The outward projection 51 has an outer circumferential surface on which a guide surface 51a is formed as a tapered surface in an inverted conical shape. The guide surface 51a has a diameter gradually increasing upward from the lower part. The guide surface 51a has an upper end continuing to a vertical outer circumferential surface of a maximum outer diameter portion 51b of the outward projection 51. The vertical outer circumferential surface of the maximum outer diameter portion 51b has an upper end continuing to a horizontal annular upper end surface.

(24) The maximum outer diameter portion 51b of the outward projection 51 has a diameter greater than the diameter of the minimum inner diameter portion 21b in the inward projection 21 of the attachment hole 2 described above and smaller than the diameter of the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole 2. For example, the difference in dimensions between the maximum outer diameter portion 51b and the minimum inner diameter portion 21b is ranged from 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm and preferably ranged from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm. The difference in dimensions thus configured allows, in the process of inserting the attachment portion 5 into the attachment hole 2, smooth passage of the outward projection 51 through the inward projection 21 to readily lock the outward projection 51 to the inward projection 21 (refer to FIGS. 2 and 3).

(25) The bulged portion 52 contacts the inner circumferential surface of the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole 2 when the attachment portion 5 is fully inserted into the attachment hole 2 (refer to FIG. 3). This allows suppression of radial wobble of the soft member 3. The bulged portion 52 has a diameter substantially identical to the diameter of the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole 2. The diameter of the bulged portion 52 is smaller than the diameter at the lower end of the large diameter portion 4 and greater than the diameter of the maximum outer diameter portion 51b of the outward projection 51.

(26) The cylindrical portion 53 has a diameter smaller than the diameter of the minimum inner diameter portion 21b of the inward projection 21 of the attachment hole 2 described above. The cylindrical portion 53 is provided to cause the attachment portion 5 to be in the provisional insertion state to the attachment hole 2. The provisional insertion state is illustrated in FIG. 2. The cylindrical portion 53 thus configured facilitates the operation for attaching the soft member 3. That is, the soft member 3 is dropped into the attachment hole 2 to be in the provisional insertion state illustrated in FIG. 2. The soft member 3 is then pressed into the attachment hole 2 to fully insert the attachment portion 5 into the attachment hole 2 and simultaneously lock the outward projection 51 to the inward projection 21 (refer to FIG. 3). It should be noted that the outer circumferential surface under the outward projection 51 in the attachment portion 5 is not limited to the circumferential surface of the cylindrical portion 53 and may be, for example, a tapered surface in an inverted conical shape.

(27) 3.3 Formation of Annular Space

(28) An intermediate portion (area between the bulged portion 52 and the outward projection 51) of the attachment portion 5 has an outer diameter is smaller than the inner diameter around the entrance of the attachment hole 2 (area above the inward projection 21). In the provisional insertion state illustrated in FIG. 2, an annular space 6 is thus formed between the attachment portion 5 and the attachment hole 2. The annular space 6 prevents the intermediate portion of the attachment portion 5 from pressure fitting the inner circumferential surface around the entrance of the attachment hole 2. That is, after the provisional insertion state illustrated in FIG. 2, the outward projection 51 of the attachment portion 5 rides over the inward projection 21 of the attachment hole 2. In this situation, the outward projection 51 is firmly pressure fitted to the inward projection 21, causing the intermediate portion of the attachment portion 5 to be elastically deformed and bulge radially outside. If the intermediate portion of the attachment portion 5 pressure fits the inner circumferential surface around the entrance of the attachment hole 2, frictional resistance turns out to occur that inhibits insertion of the attachment portion 5. The annular space 6 stores the intermediate portion of the attachment portion 5 bulging radially outside to prevent the intermediate portion of the attachment portion 5 from pressure fitting the inner circumferential surface around the entrance of the attachment hole 2.

(29) 3.4 Axial Clearance

(30) As illustrated in FIG. 1, a length A from the upper end of the attachment portion 5 to the upper end of the outward projection 51 is slightly larger than a length B from the upper end of the attachment hole 2 to the lower end of the inward projection 21. This causes the entire outward projection 51 to securely pass through the inward projection 21. That is, if the lengths A and B are identical, there is a possibility that the frictional resistance to occur between the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21 causes the upper end surface of the maximum outer diameter portion 51b of the outward projection 51 not to be capable of passing through the inward projection 21. The length A of the attachment portion 5 slightly larger than the length B of the attachment hole 2 allows the entire outward projection 51 to pass through the inward projection 21 even after the annular surface 41 of the large diameter portion 4 abuts on the rear end of the barrel 1. This allows the entire outward projection 51 to securely pass through the inward projection 21 even if frictional resistance occurs between the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21. The difference in the dimensions of the lengths A and B appears as a clearance C, illustrated in FIG. 3, between the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21. The clearance C is preferably ranged from 0.05 mm to 1.0 mm and more preferably from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The slight clearance C thus configured does not cause movement of the soft member 3 in the direction of the central axis and loosening of the locking between the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21.

(31) 3.5 Internal Hole

(32) Inside the soft member 3, the internal hole 31 is provided. The internal hole 31 is a straight hole provided along the central axis of the soft member 3 and opens at least at the lower end of the soft member 3. The internal hole 31 in the present embodiment is a hole with one closed end, the hole reaching the center of the large diameter portion 4 from the lower end of the attachment portion 5 and not opening at the upper end of the soft member 3. The internal hole 31 is provided from the lower end of the attachment portion 5 to a position reaching at least the upper end of the outward projection 51. The internal hole 31 thus configured facilitates deformation of the outward projection 51 radially inside. It is this possible to readily lock the outward projection 51 to the inward projection 21. Moreover, the internal hole 31 is subjected to insertion of the inner core 7 described later.

(33) 3.6 Hardness and Viscosity of Soft Member

(34) The material constituting the soft member 3 is preferably an elastic synthetic resin (rubber, elastomer) and examples include silicone resins, SBS resins (styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymers), SEBS resins (styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymers), fluorine-based resins, chloroprene resins, nitrile resins, polyester-based resins, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), and the like.

(35) The soft member 3 in the present embodiment has a hardness less than that of a conventional friction portion to physically erase the metallic luster pigments blended in the thermochromic ink described later from the paper surface. The soft member 3 with the lower hardness is capable of entering indentation of the handwriting formed on the paper surface.

(36) The hardness of the soft member 3 is expressed by, for example, a Shore A hardness measured in accordance with Testing Methods for Durometer Hardness of Plastics defined in JIS K 7215-1986 of Japan Industrial Standard. The durometer used for measuring the Shore A hardness is provided with an indenter biased by a spring and indicates the amount of indentation of the indenter against a measured object as a Shore A hardness. A smaller Shore A hardness indicates that the measured object is softer, and a larger Shore A hardness indicates that the measured object is harder.

(37) The Shore A hardness of the soft member 3 measured by the testing method in accordance with JIS K 7215-1986 preferably satisfies the following conditions i) and ii):

(38) i) The Shore A hardness immediately after starting contact with the indenter is 60 or more and 85 or less; and

(39) ii) The value HS defined by the following equation is 0 or more and less than 5.
HS=(Shore A Hardness immediately after Starting Contact with Indenter)(Shore A Hardness 15 seconds after Starting Contact with Indenter)

(40) It should be noted that immediately after starting contact with the indenter in i) and ii) above means a time within 1 second after contacting the measured object with the indenter.

(41) The Shore A hardness immediately after starting contact with the indenter in i) above is preferably 60 or more and 80 or less and more preferably 65 or more and 75 or less. The conditions i) and ii) above may be satisfied by adding a viscoelastic material to the material constituting the soft member 3. For example, a polymeric material, such as a rubber component, a resin component, and an elastomeric component, may be added as the viscoelastic material. In particular, preferred polymeric materials contain, as a main component, a highly viscous -olefin based copolymer composition obtained by adding paraffinic oil to an -olefin based copolymer. Specifically, such a polymeric material contains a highly viscous -olefin based copolymer composition as a main component and is appropriately subjected to melt mixing of a polystyrene-based elastomer and an olefinic elastomer as elastic materials and moreover crystalline polyolefin, which is less elastic. The ratio of mixing these materials is selected considering the efficiency of frictional heat generation, the capability of separating the metallic luster pigments, and the processability of the soft member.

(42) Satisfaction of the Shore A hardness in i) above increases the efficiency of frictional heat generation of the soft member 3. The soft member 3 is thus capable of causing the handwriting in the thermochromic ink to readily undergo a thermochromic change. In addition, the soft member 3 satisfying the Shore A hardness in i) above is softer than a conventional friction portion and is capable of entering the indentation of the handwriting formed on the paper surface. Further, the soft member 3 satisfying HS in ii) above allows the metallic luster pigments to be adsorbed and separated from the indentation of the handwriting.

(43) The value HS in ii) above indicates the relaxation time for stress relaxation (temporal change in stress) when a certain strain is applied to the soft member 3. The relaxation time for stress relaxation is an indicator for classification of the material into an elastic material, a viscoelastic material, or a viscous material. The soft member 3 satisfying the value HS in ii) above is considered as an elastic material provided with suitable viscosity for allowing adsorption of the metallic luster pigments. Meanwhile, the material with the value HS of 5 or more is considered as a viscoelastic material or a viscous material. If the soft member 3 is a viscoelastic material or a viscous material, the amount of deformation during abrasion of the handwriting in the thermochromic ink is too large and sufficient friction performance is not obtained. Accordingly, the value HS of the soft member 3 is preferably 0 or more and less than 5.

(44) It should be noted that the Shore A hardness in i) and ii) above may be a Shore A hardness converted from a Shore D hardness of the soft member 3 measured by a testing method in accordance with JIS K 7215-1986.

(45) 3.7 Amount of Wear of Soft Member

(46) In order to physically erase the metallic luster pigments blended in the thermochromic ink from the paper surface, the soft member 3 is preferably scraped by friction on the paper surface and preferably generates a small amount of wear crumbs (eraser crumbs). The soft member 3 wears itself while adhering the metallic luster pigments to the wear crumbs and enclosing them, thereby removing the metallic luster pigments from the paper surface.

(47) The amount of wear of the soft member 3 is expressed by, for example, tensile strength Tb at break and elongation Eb at break calculated in accordance with Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplasticDetermination of tensile stress-strain properties defined in JIS K 6251: 2017 of Japan Industrial Standard. The tensile strength Tb at break is a value obtained by dividing the tensile force recorded when the measured object is broken by the cross section of the measured object before testing. The elongation Eb at break is an elongation when the measured object is broken and expressed in a percentage (%) based on the length of the measured object before testing.

(48) The present inventor has found that the amount of wear of the soft member 3 is inversely proportional to the value TbEb. That is, the amount of wear of the soft member 3 is influenced by the mechanical strength and the elongation percentage of the material. Appropriate combination of the values of the tensile strength Tb at break and the elongation Eb at break allows control of the amount of wear of the soft member 3. The value TbEb represents the amount of energy for wearing the soft member 3. Accordingly, the value TbEb is smaller when the measured object is more prone to be worn, and the value is larger when the measured object is less likely to be worn.

(49) The value TbEb of the soft member 3 calculated by the method in accordance with JIS K 6251: 2017 preferably satisfies the following condition iii).

(50) iii) 5,000TbEb18,000 It should be noted that, in iii) above, the unit of the tensile strength Tb at break is MPa and the unit of the elongation Eb at break is % while they may be converted to other units.

(51) In iii) above, it is preferred that 8,000TbEb16,000 and more preferred that 10,000TbEb14,000. The soft member 3 satisfying the condition iii) above generates a moderate amount of wear crumbs by normal friction operation with human hand. This allows the metallic luster pigments blended in the thermochromic ink to be adhered to the wear crumbs to be enclosed in the crumbs.

(52) In iii) above, if the value TbEb is more than 18,000, it is difficult to wear the soft member 3 by normal friction operation with human hand. Thus, it is not possible to wear the soft member 3 while adhering the metallic luster pigments to the wear crumbs and enclosing them.

(53) Meanwhile, in iii) above, if the value TbEb is less than 5,000, the soft member 3 turns out to be readily scraped by normal friction operation with human hand. This causes loss of the frictional heat generated with the soft member 3 together with the wear crumbs and it is thus difficult to cause the thermochromic ink to efficiently undergo a thermochromic change.

(54) 4. Inner Core

(55) The inner core 7 is formed with a synthetic resin harder than the soft member 3 or metal. The material constituting the inner core 7 will be described later. The inner core 7 is inserted into the internal hole 31 of the soft member 3 thus configured to allow improvement in the rigidity of the soft member 3 and inhibition of deformation of the soft member 3. It is thus possible to exhibit good friction performance even when the hardness of the soft member 3 is reduced.

(56) The inner core 7 in the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4 has a length from the opening at the lower end of the internal hole 31 to a position reaching the center of the large diameter portion 4. The inner core 7 with such a length is inserted into the internal hole 31 to allow improvement in the rigidity of both the large diameter portion 4 and the attachment portion 5 and inhibition of deformation by friction operation.

(57) The inner core 7 is a small columnar component with an outer diameter substantially identical to the inner diameter of the internal hole 31. The columnar inner core 7 has an outer circumferential surface contacting an inner circumferential surface of the internal hole 31 along the entire length. The inner core 7 is preferably configured to have an outer diameter greater than the inner diameter of the internal hole 31 and have an outer circumferential surface pressure fitting the inner circumferential surface of the internal hole 31 along the entire length. In the present embodiment, the upper half of the inner core 7 is referred to as an upper core portion 72 and the lower half of the inner core 7 is referred to as a lower core portion 73.

(58) 4.1 Upper Core Portion

(59) The upper core portion 72 contacts or pressure fits inside the large diameter portion 4 to improve the rigidity of the large diameter portion 4. The upper core portion 72 inhibits deformation of the large diameter portion 4 by friction operation. In particular, when the soft member 3 has a Shore A hardness of more than 85 or a HS value of 5 or more, the upper core portion 72 exhibits an inhibiting effect effective for deformation of the entire large diameter portion 4. That is, the large diameter portion 4 in the present embodiment has an outer circumferential surface that is a convex curved surface and is capable of contacting the paper surface at various tilt angles. Regardless of which area of the large diameter portion 4 among the apex, near the apex, and the side abrading the paper surface, the upper core portion 72 inhibits deformation of the large diameter portion 4 to allow generation of the frictional heat for a thermochromic change. It should be noted that, in the case that the large diameter portion 4 has rigidity not to cause deformation by friction operation, the entire length of the soft member 3 may be reduced to configure the upper core portion 72 not to contact inside the large diameter portion 4 (refer to FIG. 5).

(60) 4.2 Lower Core Portion

(61) The lower core portion 73 contacts or pressure fits inside the attachment portion 5 to improve the rigidity of the attachment portion 5. The lower core portion 73 exhibits the following two important mechanical effects on attachment of the soft member 3 to the rear end portion of the barrel 1.

(62) Firstly, the lower core portion 73 inhibits inward deformation of the attachment portion 5 to prevent detaching the locking between the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21. That is, the soft member 3 in the present embodiment is provided with the internal hole 31 and has the low hardness, causing the entire piece to be readily deformed. In particular, the attachment portion 5 is in a tubular shape with a small thickness and is thus prone to be deformed inside by friction operation. The lower core portion 73 contacts or pressure fits inside the attachment portion 5 to inhibit inward deformation of the attachment portion 5. This causes the locking between the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21 not to be detached by friction operation.

(63) Secondly, the lower core portion 73 presses the attachment portion 5 outward to cause the locking between the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21 to be firm. That is, the lower core portion 73 contacts or pressure fits inside the attachment portion 5 to press the entire attachment portion 5 outward. The pressing force of the lower core portion 73 biases the outward projection 51 of the attachment portion 5 outward. Meanwhile, the inward projection 21 of the attachment hole 2 is subjected to the pressing force of the lower core portion 73 to generate a reaction force and press the attachment portion 5 inward. The above-described forces in the directions inside and outside cause the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21 to be locked more firmly.

(64) 4.3 Vent Portion

(65) The internal hole 31 in the present embodiment is a hole with one closed end, the hole opening at the lower end of the soft member 3 and not opening at the upper end of the soft member 3. Meanwhile, the inner core 7 is a small columnar component with an outer diameter not less than the inner diameter of the internal hole 31. When the inner core 7 thus configured is inserted into the internal hole 31 with one closed end, air in the internal hole 31 is compressed by the inner core 7 and the inner core 7 sometimes cannot be smoothly inserted into the internal hole 31. To cope with such a situation, the inner core 7 is provided with a vent portion 71. The vent portion 71 in the present embodiment is a through hole penetrating the inner core 7 from an end to the other end along the longitudinal central axis of the inner core 7. In the process of inserting the inner core 7 into the internal hole 31, the air in the internal hole 31 passes through the vent portion 71 to be discharged outside. The vent portion 71 thus configured facilitates operation for inserting the inner core 7 into the internal hole 31 and allows an automatic assembling machine to perform the operation for inserting the inner core 7.

(66) It should be noted that the vent portion 71 is not limited to the configuration illustrated in FIG. 4. For example, the cross-sectional shape of the vent portion 71 is not limited to a circular shape and may be in a shape other than a circle. In addition, the vent portion 71 may be provided in a position shifted from the central axis of the inner core 7. Moreover, the vent portion 71 is not limited to the through hole and may be, for example, at least one groove or projection provided on the outer circumferential surface of the inner core 7. The groove or the projection as the vent portion 71 may have a linear shape or a shape other than the linear shape. For example, the vent portion 71 may be four grooves or four projections provided in the positions of 0, 90, 180, and 270 on the outer circumferential surface of the columnar inner core 7. As another example, the vent portion 71 may be a spiral groove or projection provided along the outer circumferential surface of the inner core 7. The spiral groove or projection exhibits an anti-slip effect to prevent the inner core 7 from slipping out of the internal hole 31. Moreover, instead of providing the inner core 7 with the vent portion 71, the groove or projection described above may be provided on the inner circumferential surface of the internal hole 31.

(67) 4.4 Shape of Inner Core

(68) As illustrated in FIG. 4, the inner core 7 preferably has a vertically symmetrical shape about the laterally central axis. The inner core 7 in the vertically symmetrical shape eliminates the difference between the top and the bottom of the inner core 7 and allows insertion into the internal hole 31 of the inner core 7 from either the top or the bottom.

(69) In contrast, the inner core 7 may have a vertically asymmetrical shape. For example, the inner core 7 may be chamfered at least in an edge portion at the upper end to facilitate insertion into the internal hole 31. The upper core portion 72 may be thinner and the lower core portion 73 may be thicker. For example, the upper core portion 72 has an outer diameter substantially identical to the inner diameter of the internal hole 31. Meanwhile, the lower core portion 73 has an outer diameter greater than the inner diameter of the internal hole 31 to cause an outer circumferential surface of the lower core portion 73 to pressure fit the inner circumferential surface of the internal hole 31. In such a configuration, the thin upper core portion 72 allows the inner core 7 to be readily inserted into the internal hole 31. In addition, the thick lower core portion 73 allows the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21 to be firmly locked.

(70) 4.5 Holding of Inner Core

(71) To prevent the inner core 7 inserted into the internal hole 31 from readily slipping out, the inner core 7 may be provided with an anti-slip structure on the outer circumferential surface. As the anti-slip structure, for example, the outer circumferential surface of the inner core 7 may be treated as a rough surface to increase the frictional resistance against the inner circumferential surface of the internal hole 31. As another example of the anti-slip structure, a small projection may be provided on the outer circumferential surface of the inner core 7. Moreover, the outer diameter of the inner core 7 may be markedly larger than the inner diameter of the internal hole 31 to prevent the inner core 7 from readily slipping out of the internal hole 31.

(72) 4.6 Material for Inner Core

(73) The inner core 7 is formed with a synthetic resin harder than the soft member 3 or metal. Examples of the synthetic resin allowed to be used include polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacetal, acryl, nylon, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer resins (AS resins), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer resins (ABS resins), and the like. As the synthetic resin, rubber or an elastomer harder than the soft member 3 may be used. Examples of the rubber or the elastomer allowed to be used include silicone resins, SBS resins (styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymers), SEBS resins (styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymers), fluorine-based resins, chloroprene resins, nitrile resins, polyester-based resins, and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM). Moreover, examples of the metal allowed to be used include aluminum alloy, stainless steel, brass, and the like. The inner core 7 made of such a synthetic resin may be produced by, for example, machining, injection molding, or the like. Meanwhile, the inner core 7 made of such a metal may be produced by, for example, machining, plastic processing, or the like.

(74) 5. Method of Attaching Soft Member

(75) With reference to FIGS. 1 through 4, a method of attaching the soft member 3 according to the present embodiment will then be described.

(76) As illustrated in FIG. 1, the soft member 3 is arranged above the attachment hole 2 at the rear end portion of the barrel 1 and then directly dropped into the attachment hole 2. Then, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the cylindrical portion 53 of the attachment portion 5 enters the minimum inner diameter portion 21b of the attachment hole 2 to cause the attachment portion 5 to be in the provisional insertion state to the attachment hole 2. In this situation, the guide surface 51a of the attachment portion 5 abuts on the guide surface 21a of the attachment hole 2 to stably keep the provisional insertion state of the attachment portion 5.

(77) The soft member 3 in the provisional insertion state is then pressed into the attachment hole 2. During this operation, the outward projection 51 of the attachment portion 5 rides over the inward projection 21 of the attachment hole 2. In this situation, the outward projection 51 is firmly pressure fitted to the inward projection 21, causing elastic deformation of the intermediate portion of the attachment portion 5 to bulge radially outside. The intermediate portion of the attachment portion 5 bulging radially outside is stored in the annular space 6 of the attachment hole 2. The intermediate portion of the attachment portion 5 thus does not pressure fit the inner circumferential surface around the entrance of the attachment hole 2 and does not inhibit insertion of the attachment portion 5. Accordingly, the outward projection 51 smoothly passes through the inward projection 21 to lock the outward projection 51 to the inward projection 21. The insertion of the attachment portion 5 into the attachment hole 2 is thus completed (refer to FIG. 3).

(78) As illustrated in FIG. 4, the inner core 7 is then inserted into the internal hole 31 of the soft member 3. In the process of inserting the inner core 7 into the internal hole 31, the air in the internal hole 31 is discharged outside passing through the vent portion 71. The vent portion 71 thus configured allows the inner core 7 to be readily inserted into the internal hole 31. The inner core 7 inserted into the internal hole 31 presses the attachment portion 5 outward to cause the locking between the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21 to be firm. The attachment of the soft member 3 to the rear end portion of the barrel 1 is thus completed.

(79) Such a method of attaching the soft member 3 in the present embodiment allows insertion of the flexible attachment portion 5 into the attachment hole 2, before inserting the inner core 7 into the internal hole 31, to readily lock the outward projection 51 to the inward projection 21. The inner core 7 is then inserted into the internal hole 31, causing the forces in the directions inside and outside to act on the attachment portion 5 and the locking between the outward projection 51 and the inward projection 21 to be firmly maintained. In addition, the inner core 7 is inserted into the internal hole 31 after inserting the attachment portion 5 into the attachment hole 2 and thus the attachment of the soft member 3 illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 4 does not have to be operated with a large force.

(80) 6. Inner Core According to Second Embodiment

(81) With reference to FIG. 5, an inner core 7 according to the second embodiment will then be described. FIG. 5 illustrates a state where the attachment portion 5 is inserted into the attachment hole 2 at the rear end portion of the barrel 1 and the inner core 7 in the present embodiment is inserted into the internal hole 31. In FIG. 5, the configuration other than the inner core 7 is identical to that in FIG. 4.

(82) As illustrated in FIG. 5, the inner core 7 according to the second embodiment has a length from the opening at the lower end of the internal hole 31 to the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole 2. The upper end of the inner core 7 inserted into the internal hole 31 does not extend beyond the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole 2 and does not reach inside the large diameter portion 4. In other words, the inner core 7 is held in the position corresponding to the inner circumferential surface of the attachment hole 2 and does not contact inside the large diameter portion 4 at all.

(83) Even when the soft member 3 has a Shore A hardness satisfying the conditions i) and ii) above, an increase in the thickness of the apex, near the apex, and the side of the large diameter portion 4 allows the rigidity of the large diameter portion 4 to be increased. When the large diameter portion 4 has rigidity not to cause deformation by friction operation, it is possible to reduce the entire length of the inner core 7.

(84) The inner core 7 in the second embodiment allows firm fixation of the attachment portion 5 to the attachment hole 2. Moreover, even when the soft member 3 is worn, the paper surface is not damaged. That is, the soft member 3 in the present embodiment satisfies the condition on the amount of wear in iii) above and the large diameter portion 4 is worn by use. Even when the large diameter portion 4 is worn, the upper end of the inner core 7 does not project above the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole 2. Thus, even when the large diameter portion 4 is worn, the paper surface is not damaged by the upper end of the inner core 7.

(85) 7. Lubricant

(86) As illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, a lubricant may be configured between the outer circumferential surface of the inner core 7 and the inner circumferential surface of the internal hole 31. In FIGS. 6 and 7, a thick line between the inner core 7 and the internal hole 31 illustrates a lubricant adhered portion 74. The lubricant reduces the pressing force for inserting the inner core 7 into the internal hole 31 of the soft member 3 to allow the inner core 7 to be readily inserted into the internal hole 31.

(87) For example, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the lubricant is applied on the outer circumferential surface of the inner core 7 before the inner core 7 is inserted into the internal hole 31. It is possible to adhere the lubricant to the internal hole 31 by applying the lubricant only on the inner core 7, causing reduction in the steps for attaching the soft member 3. In addition, the lubricant is not adhered to the large diameter portion 4 as the friction portion 32, and thus the lubricant is not adhered to the paper surface by friction operation.

(88) As another example, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the lubricant is applied on the inner circumferential surface of the internal hole 31 before the inner core 7 is inserted into the internal hole 31. The lubricant is adhered neither to the outer circumferential surface of the soft member 3 nor to the outer circumferential surface of the inner core 7, facilitating the handling of these components and allowing smooth attachment of the soft member 3.

(89) Examples of the lubricant allowed to be used include: liquid lubricants, such as silicone-based compounds, fluorine-based compounds, and surfactants; and powder lubricants other than them.

(90) Examples of such a silicone-based compound allowed to be used include silicone oil, silicone gum, and the like. Examples of such a fluorine-based compound allowed to be used include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, and the like. Examples of such a surfactant allowed to be used include anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants. It is also possible to use antistatic agents containing them as a main component.

(91) Examples of such a powder lubricant allowed to be used include molybdenum disulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene resins (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), stearyl erucamide, stearamide, erucamide, behenamide, ethylene-bis-stearamide, n-oleyl behenamide, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, boron nitride, melamine cyanurate, methyl silicone, and the like. These powder lubricants have an advantage of being inert to thermochromic ink and other ink for writing instruments.

(92) 8. Position of Inner Core in Internal Hole

(93) FIG. 8 illustrates a state where the upper end of the inner core 7 in FIG. 5 described above is inserted into the internal hole 31 to a position beyond the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole 2. From the perspective of firmly fixing the attachment portion 5 of the soft member 3 to the attachment hole 2, the inner core 7 may be in the position at least corresponding to the entire attachment hole 2 and the outward projection 51 of the attachment portion 5. Accordingly, even when the short inner core 7 illustrated in FIG. 5 is inserted into the internal hole 31 to the position illustrated in FIG. 8, there is no disadvantage of weakening the fixation of the attachment portion 5 or damaging the paper surface by the tip end of the inner core 7. Rather, the upper end of the inner core 7 contacting or pressure fitting inside the base portion of the large diameter portion 4 has an advantage of inhibiting deformation of the large diameter portion 4 with the base portion as a fulcrum.

(94) 9. Positioning of Inner Core

(95) To stably settle the position of the inner core 7 inserted into the internal hole 31, a flange portion 74 illustrated in FIG. 9 may be provided at the rear end of the inner core 7. When the inner core 7 is inserted into the internal hole 31, the flange portion 74 abuts on the lower end of the attachment portion 5. The position of the lower end of the inner core 7 thus coincides with the opening at the lower end of the internal hole 31 and the position of the inner core 7 inserted into the internal hole 31 is stably settled. The flange portion 74 thus configured allows the inner core 7 to correspond to the entire attachment hole 2 and the outward projection 51 of the attachment portion 5 and is also capable of settling the position of the tip end of the inner core 7.

(96) 10. Thermochromic Writing Instrument

(97) The thermochromic writing instrument widely includes writing instruments to which the thermochromic ink is applicable, such as fountain pens, markers, ball-point pens, mechanical pencils, and pencils.

(98) 10.1 Thermochromic Ink

(99) The thermochromic ink is applied to thermochromic writing instruments in the form of either liquid or solid. For example, when the thermochromic writing instrument is a fountain pen, a marker, or a ball-point pen, liquid thermochromic ink is used. Meanwhile, when the thermochromic writing instrument is a mechanical pencil or a pencil, solid thermochromic ink processed in the form of core is used.

(100) The thermochromic ink is provided with a performance of removing or changing color by heating. As a colorant to be blended in the thermochromic ink, it is preferred to use a reversible thermochromic composition containing at least three components, including an electron-donating organic coloring compound, an electron accepting compound, and a reaction medium to determine the induction temperature for the coloration reaction of these compounds. In particular, microcapsule pigments configured to contain the reversible thermochromic composition in microcapsules are effective as the colorant.

(101) The microcapsule pigments have an average particle diameter ranging, for example, from 0.05 m or more to 5.0 m or less, preferably from 0.1 m or more to 4.0 m or less, and more preferably from 0.5 m or more to 3.0 m or less. The microcapsule pigments having an average particle diameter ranging from 0.05 m or more to 5.0 m or less achieve good writing performance and handwriting concentration. Moreover, the microcapsule pigments having an average particle diameter of 2.0 m or more allow the soft member 3 in the present embodiment to chemically erase the thermochromic ink and physically erase the metallic luster pigments.

(102) The average particle diameter of the microcapsule pigments described above is the value of the average particle diameter of the volume equivalent particles measured using image analyzing particle size distribution measurement software Mac-View produced by Mountech Co., Ltd. It should be noted that, when most of the particles have a particle diameter of more than 0.2 m, the value of the average particle diameter of the volume equivalent particles may be measured using a device under the trade name of Multisizer 4e manufactured by Beckman Coulter K. K.

(103) 10.2 Metallic Luster Pigments

(104) In the thermochromic ink in the present embodiment, metallic luster pigments are blended in addition to the microcapsule pigments described above. The metallic luster pigments add metallic luster to the ink color. The metallic luster pigments preferably have an average particle diameter of 10 m or more. The metallic luster pigments having an average particle diameter of 10 m or more achieve highly lustrous handwriting and better physical erasure with the soft member 3.

(105) As an example of the metallic luster pigments, transparent metallic luster pigments are preferred. The transparent metallic luster pigments are visually sensed as fully erased when the microcapsule pigments undergo a thermochromic change to be colorless. Examples of the transparent metallic luster pigments include: luster pigments having a material selected from natural mica, synthetic mica, flat glass pieces, thin aluminum oxide flakes, and the like as a core material and coating the core material with metal oxide; cholesteric liquid crystal luster pigments; and the like.

(106) The luster pigments having natural mica as a core material preferably has a surface coated with titanium oxide or preferably has the surface coating of the titanium oxide layer overcoated with iron oxide or non-thermochromic pigments. For example, it is possible to use pigments under the trade name of Iriodin produced by Merck KGaA. and pigments under the trade name of Lumina Colors produced by Engelhard Corp.

(107) The luster pigments having synthetic mica as a core material preferably has a surface coated with metal oxide, such as titanium oxide. For example, it is possible to use oxide of metals, such as titanium, zirconium, chromium, vanadium, and iron, and in particular, metal oxide containing titanium oxide as a main component is preferred. For example, it is possible to use pigments under the trade name of ULTIMICA produced by Nihon Koken Kogyo Co., Ltd.

(108) The luster pigments having flat glass pieces as a core material preferably has a surface coated with metal oxide, such as titanium oxide. For example, it is possible to use pigments under the trade name of METASHINE produced by Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd.

(109) The luster pigments having thin aluminum oxide flakes as a core material may have a surface coated with metal oxide, such as titanium oxide. Examples of the metal oxide allowed to be used include oxide of metals, such as titanium, zirconium, chromium, vanadium, and iron, and in particular, metal oxide containing titanium oxide as a main component is preferred. For example, it is possible to use pigments under the trade name of Xirallic produced by Merck Ltd.

(110) The liquid crystal polymer used as the cholesteric liquid crystal luster pigments has properties, due to the interference effect of light, to reflect light in some spectrum range and transmit all the light in the other spectrum ranges. The cholesteric liquid crystal luster pigments have excellent metallic luster, color flop properties to change the hue depending on the visual angle, and transparency. Examples of the cholesteric liquid crystal luster pigments allowed to be used include pigments under the trade name of Helicone HC produced by Wacker Chemie AG.

(111) As a lustrous material produced by vacuum depositing metal, such as gold and silver, on a film and then separating the foil to be finely ground, it is possible to use, for example, pigments under the trade name of ELgee neo produced by Oike & Co., Ltd.

(112) The metallic luster pigments have an average particle diameter ranging from 0.1 m or more to 50 m or less, preferably from 2 m or more to 40 m or less, and more preferably from 10 m or more to 40 m or less. The metallic luster pigments having an average particle diameter ranging from 0.1 m or more to 50 m or less achieve good writing performance and lustrous handwriting. The average particle diameter of the metallic luster pigments is obtained by, for example, measuring a particle diameter distribution using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer LA-300 manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd. and calculating a volume-based average particle diameter (median diameter) based on the distribution value.

(113) 11. Action and Effects

(114) The structure for attaching the soft member 3 described above is configured to insert the inner core 7 into the internal hole 31, thereby improving the rigidity of the softened friction portion 32 (large diameter portion 4) and inhibiting deformation of the friction portion 32 to allow the friction portion 32 to exhibit good friction performance. In addition, the structure is capable of firmly fixing the attachment portion 5 of the soft member 3 by the forces in the directions inside and outside and the attachment of the soft member 3 does not have to be operated with a large force. Moreover, even when the softened friction portion 32 is worn, the paper surface is not damaged. In addition, the structure is capable of chemically and physically erasing the handwriting in the thermochromic ink in which the metallic luster pigments are blended using the softened friction portion 32.

(115) 12. Others

(116) The soft-member attachment structure of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. For example, the area to attach the soft member 3 is not limited to the rear end portion of the barrel 1 configuring the thermochromic writing instrument. For example, the soft-member attachment structure of the present invention allows the soft member 3 to be attached to the apex of a cap configuring the thermochromic writing instrument.

(117) Each inner core 7 in the present embodiments has a length from the opening at the lower end of the internal hole 31 to a position reaching the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole. The length of the inner core 7 is not limited to the length in the embodiments described above. The inner core 7 may have a length from the opening at the lower end of the internal hole 31 to a position not reaching the opening at the upper end of the attachment hole. The inner core 7 may have a length at least corresponding to the inner circumferential surface of the attachment hole 2.

(118) The outward projection 51 of the attachment portion 5 and the inward projection 21 of the attachment hole 2 are not the essential components of the soft-member attachment structure of the present invention. For example, the outer circumferential surface of the attachment portion 5 and the inner circumferential surface of the attachment hole 2 may be circumferential surfaces each having a single diameter.

(119) The soft member in the present invention is not limited to the friction portion of the thermochromic writing instrument. The soft member includes, for example, an eraser attached to a mechanical pencil, an input section attached to a stylus pen used for input on a touch screen, and the like. In other words, the soft-member attachment structure of the present invention is capable of firmly fixing a flexible eraser, a flexible input section, and the like and the attachment of them does not have to be operated with a large force.

DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

(120) 1 Barrel 2 Attachment Hole 21 Inward Projection 21a Guide Surface 21b Minimum Inner Diameter Portion 3 Soft Member 31 Internal Hole 32 Friction Portion 4 Large Diameter Portion 41 Annular Surface 5 Attachment Portion (Small Diameter Portion) 51 Outward Projection 51a Guide Surface 51b Maximum Outer Diameter Portion 52 Bulged Portion 53 Cylindrical Portion 6 Annular Space 7 Inner Core 71 Vent Portion 72 Upper Core Portion 73 Lower Core Portion 74 Lubricant Adhered Portion A Length from Upper End of Attachment Portion to Upper End of Outward Projection B Length from Upper End of Attachment Hole to Lower End of Inward Projection C Clearance between Inward Projection and Outward Projection