REPORTING OF COEFFICIENTS FOR CHANNEL STATE INFORMATION

Abstract

The disclosure includes a host operating in a communication system to provide an over-the-top (OTT) service. The host includes processing circuitry configured to initiate transmission of user data to a network node in a cellular network to a user equipment (UE). The network node is configured to receive a CSI report for a downlink channel from a wireless device and transmit the user data from the host to the UE to provide the OTT service based on the CSI report. The CSI report includes a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients, wherein the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients indicates the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients.

Claims

1. A host configured to operate in a communication system to provide an over-the-top (OTT) service, the host comprising: processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and a network interface configured to initiate transmission of the user data to a network node in a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE), the network node having a communication interface and processing circuitry configured to perform operations comprising: receiving a CSI report for a downlink channel from a wireless device, the CSI report comprising: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients, wherein the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients indicates the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients, wherein: in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients, amplitude quantization values are √{square root over ( 1/128)}, √{square root over ( 1/64)}, √{square root over ( 1/32)}, √{square root over ( 1/16)}, √{square root over (⅛)}, √{square root over (¼)}, √{square root over (½)}, and 1; and these amplitude quantization values are associated with quantization indices 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively; and transmitting the user data from the host to the UE to provide the OTT service based on the CSI report.

2. The host of the claim 1, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host is configured to execute a host application that provides the user data to a client application associated with the host application, the client application configured to receive the transmission of user data from the host.

3. The host of claim 1, wherein zero amplitude is not included in the quantization range for the set of reported coefficients;

4. The host of claim 1, wherein the CSI report indicates a plurality of precoder vectors, the precoder vectors being expressed as linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors, wherein the coefficients for the spatial-domain vectors in the linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors are parameterized in the frequency-domain as linear combinations of a set of frequency-domain vectors and a set of coefficients for the frequency-domain vectors in the linear combinations of the set of frequency-domain vectors, wherein the reported coefficients are the coefficients for the frequency-domain vectors in the linear combinations of the set of frequency-domain vectors, and wherein the frequency-domain vectors are reported in the CSI report.

5. The host of claim 1, wherein a CSI report configuration indicates a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report.

6. The host of claim 1, wherein the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients is encoded separately from the set of reported coefficients.

7. The host of claim 1, wherein: the CSI report comprises a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2; and the set of reported coefficients is included in the CSI Part 2.

8. The host of claim 1, wherein the set of the reported coefficients comprises one or more of amplitude coefficients and phase coefficients.

9. A method implemented in a host configured to operate in a communication system to provide an over-the-top (OTT) service via the communication system, which further includes a network node and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: providing user data for the UE; and initiating a transmission of the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the network node, wherein the network node performs operations comprising: receiving a CSI report for a downlink channel from a wireless device, the CSI report comprising: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients, wherein the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients indicates the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients, wherein: in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients, amplitude quantization values are √{square root over ( 1/128)}, √{square root over ( 1/64)}, √{square root over ( 1/32)}, √{square root over ( 1/16)}, √{square root over (⅛)}, √{square root over (¼)}, √{square root over (½)}, and 1; and these amplitude quantization values are associated with quantization indices 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively; and transmitting the user data from the host to the UE to provide the OTT service based on the CSI report.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: at the host, executing a host application associated with a client application executing on the UE to receive the user data, associated with the OTT service, from the host application.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: at the host, receiving input data from a client application executing on the UE, wherein the user data is provided to the client application in response to the input data from a host application.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein zero amplitude is not included in the quantization range for the set of reported coefficients;

13. The method of claim 9, wherein a CSI report configuration indicates a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients is encoded separately from the set of reported coefficients.

15. A communication system configured to provide an over-the-top (OTT) service, the communication system comprising: a host comprising: processing circuitry configured to provide user data for a user equipment (UE), the user data being associated with the over-the-top service; and a network interface configured to initiate transmission of the user data toward a cellular network node for transmission to the UE, the network node having a communication interface and processing circuitry configured to: receive a CSI report for a downlink channel from a wireless device, the CSI report comprising: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients, wherein the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients indicates the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients, wherein: in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients, amplitude quantization values are √{square root over ( 1/128)}, √{square root over ( 1/64)}, √{square root over ( 1/32)}, √{square root over ( 1/16)}, √{square root over (⅛)}, √{square root over (¼)}, √{square root over (½)}, and 1; and these amplitude quantization values are associated with quantization indices 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively; and transmit the user data from the host to the UE to provide the OTT service based on the CSI report.

16. The communication system of claim 15, further comprising: the network node; and/or the UE.

17. The communication system of claim 15, wherein zero amplitude is not included in the quantization range for the set of reported coefficients;

18. The communication system of claim 15, wherein the CSI report indicates a plurality of precoder vectors, the precoder vectors being expressed as linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors, wherein the coefficients for the spatial-domain vectors in the linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors are parameterized in the frequency-domain as linear combinations of a set of frequency-domain vectors and a set of coefficients for the frequency-domain vectors in the linear combinations of the set of frequency-domain vectors, wherein the reported coefficients are the coefficients for the frequency-domain vectors in the linear combinations of the set of frequency-domain vectors, and wherein the frequency-domain vectors are reported in the CSI report.

19. The communication system of claim 15, wherein a CSI report configuration indicates a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report.

20. The communication system of claim 15, wherein the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients is encoded separately from the set of reported coefficients.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0142] For a more complete understanding of the disclosed embodiments and their features and advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0143] FIG. 1 illustrates a transmission structure of precoded spatial multiplexing mode in NR;

[0144] FIG. 2 illustrates a two-dimensional antenna array of cross-polarized antenna elements;

[0145] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of resource element allocation for a 12-port CSI-RS in NR;

[0146] FIG. 4 illustrates a matrix representation of the Type II overhead reduction scheme, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0147] FIG. 5 illustrates an example wireless network, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0148] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method performed by a wireless device, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0149] FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method performed by a wireless device, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0150] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a virtual apparatus, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0151] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method performed by a network node, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0152] FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method performed by a network node, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0153] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a virtual apparatus, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0154] FIG. 12 illustrates an example user equipment, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0155] FIG. 13 illustrates an example virtualization environment, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0156] FIG. 14 illustrates an example telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0157] FIG. 15 illustrates an example host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0158] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an example method implemented in a communication system, in accordance certain embodiments;

[0159] FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a second example method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0160] FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating a third example method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with certain embodiments; and

[0161] FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating a fourth example method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with certain embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0162] Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.

[0163] As described above, a number of options for the basis subset selection have been discussed. According to one option, common selection is used for all the 2L beams, but only a size-K.sub.0<2LM subset of coefficients are reported (not reported coefficients are treated as zero). With this approach for basis subset selection, a common basis is used for all beams but only K.sub.0 out of the 2LM total coefficients are reported. It is an open problem how the size-K.sub.0 coefficient subset is to be indicated in the CSI report considering overhead constraints.

[0164] Certain aspects of the present disclosure and its embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges. In certain embodiments, feedback of at least three different quantities are considered as follows: a set of reported coefficients; an indicator of how to interpret the set of reported coefficients (e.g., as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients); and an indicator of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients and optionally the payload size of the above-described indicator of how to interpret the set of reported coefficients. The indicator of the payload size may be separately encoded from the set of reported coefficients.

[0165] According to one example embodiment, a method performed by a wireless device for reporting CSI for a DL channel is disclosed. The wireless device transmits a CSI report for the DL channel to a network node, the CSI report comprising: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients.

[0166] In certain embodiments, the wireless device may receive a CSI report configuration, the CSI report configuration indicating a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report. In certain embodiments, the wireless device may estimate the DL channel. The wireless device may determine, based on the estimated DL channel, a plurality of coefficients. The wireless device may determine that a subset of the plurality of coefficients are quantized to zero. The wireless device may omit the determined subset of coefficients from the CSI report. In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2.

[0167] According to other example embodiments, a corresponding wireless device, computer program, and computer program product are also disclosed.

[0168] According to another example embodiment, a method performed by a network node for decoding CSI for a DL channel is disclosed. The network node receives a CSI report for the DL channel from a wireless device, the CSI report comprising: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients.

[0169] In certain embodiments, the network node may decode the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients. The network node may determine, based on the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients, a number of non-zero coefficients included in the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the network node may determine a payload size of the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the network node may decode the set of reported coefficients.

[0170] In certain embodiments, the network node may send a CSI report configuration to the wireless device, the CSI report configuration indicating a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report.

[0171] According to other example embodiments, a corresponding network node, computer program, and computer program product are also disclosed.

[0172] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

[0173] FIG. 5 illustrates an example wireless network, in accordance with certain embodiments. Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a wireless network, such as the example wireless network illustrated in FIG. 5. For simplicity, the wireless network of FIG. 5 only depicts network 506, network nodes 560 and 560b, and wireless devices 510, 510b, and 510c. In practice, a wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, network node 560 and wireless device 510 are depicted with additional detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices' access to and/or use of the services provided by, or via, the wireless network.

[0174] The wireless network may comprise and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and/or radio network or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to specific standards or other types of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular embodiments of the wireless network may implement communication standards, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 standards; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave and/or ZigBee standards.

[0175] Network 506 may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), packet data networks, optical networks, wide-area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices.

[0176] Network node 560 and wireless device 510 comprise various components described in more detail below. These components work together in order to provide network node and/or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connections in a wireless network. In different embodiments, the wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections.

[0177] As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a wireless device and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the wireless network to enable and/or provide wireless access to the wireless device and/or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and may then also be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Yet further examples of network nodes include multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), core network nodes (e.g., MSCs, MMEs), O&M nodes, OSS nodes, SON nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., E-SMLCs), and/or MDTs. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node as described in more detail below. More generally, however, network nodes may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a wireless device with access to the wireless network or to provide some service to a wireless device that has accessed the wireless network.

[0178] In FIG. 5, network node 560 includes processing circuitry 570, device readable medium 580, interface 590, auxiliary equipment 584, power source 586, power circuitry 587, and antenna 562. Although network node 560 illustrated in the example wireless network of FIG. 5 may represent a device that includes the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node 560 are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, a network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., device readable medium 580 may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules).

[0179] Similarly, network node 560 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which network node 560 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeB's. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, network node 560 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device readable medium 580 for the different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna 562 may be shared by the RATs). Network node 560 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 560, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 560.

[0180] Processing circuitry 570 is configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by processing circuitry 570 may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry 570 by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.

[0181] Processing circuitry 570 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 560 components, such as device readable medium 580, network node 560 functionality. For example, processing circuitry 570 may execute instructions stored in device readable medium 580 or in memory within processing circuitry 570. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry 570 may include a system on a chip (SOC).

[0182] In some embodiments, processing circuitry 570 may include one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 572 and baseband processing circuitry 574. In some embodiments, radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 572 and baseband processing circuitry 574 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 572 and baseband processing circuitry 574 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units

[0183] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB or other such network device may be performed by processing circuitry 570 executing instructions stored on device readable medium 580 or memory within processing circuitry 570. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry 570 without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable medium, such as in a hard-wired manner In any of those embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry 570 can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry 570 alone or to other components of network node 560, but are enjoyed by network node 560 as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally.

[0184] Device readable medium 580 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry 570. Device readable medium 580 may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry 570 and, utilized by network node 560. Device readable medium 580 may be used to store any calculations made by processing circuitry 570 and/or any data received via interface 590. In some embodiments, processing circuitry 570 and device readable medium 580 may be considered to be integrated.

[0185] Interface 590 is used in the wired or wireless communication of signalling and/or data between network node 560, network 506, and/or wireless devices 510. As illustrated, interface 590 comprises port(s)/terminal(s) 594 to send and receive data, for example to and from network 506 over a wired connection. Interface 590 also includes radio front end circuitry 592 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, antenna 562. Radio front end circuitry 592 comprises filters 598 and amplifiers 596. Radio front end circuitry 592 may be connected to antenna 562 and processing circuitry 570. Radio front end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 562 and processing circuitry 570. Radio front end circuitry 592 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or wireless devices via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry 592 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 598 and/or amplifiers 596. The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna 562. Similarly, when receiving data, antenna 562 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry 592. The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry 570. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components.

[0186] In certain alternative embodiments, network node 560 may not include separate radio front end circuitry 592, instead, processing circuitry 570 may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna 562 without separate radio front end circuitry 592. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of RF transceiver circuitry 572 may be considered a part of interface 590. In still other embodiments, interface 590 may include one or more ports or terminals 594, radio front end circuitry 592, and RF transceiver circuitry 572, as part of a radio unit (not shown), and interface 590 may communicate with baseband processing circuitry 574, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0187] Antenna 562 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals. Antenna 562 may be coupled to radio front end circuitry 590 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, antenna 562 may comprise one or more omni-directional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between, for example, 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omni-directional antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals from devices within a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line of sight antenna used to transmit/receive radio signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, antenna 562 may be separate from network node 560 and may be connectable to network node 560 through an interface or port.

[0188] Antenna 562, interface 590, and/or processing circuitry 570 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, antenna 562, interface 590, and/or processing circuitry 570 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment.

[0189] Power circuitry 587 may comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry and is configured to supply the components of network node 560 with power for performing the functionality described herein. Power circuitry 587 may receive power from power source 586. Power source 586 and/or power circuitry 587 may be configured to provide power to the various components of network node 560 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). Power source 586 may either be included in, or external to, power circuitry 587 and/or network node 560. For example, network node 560 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry 587. As a further example, power source 586 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry 587. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used.

[0190] Alternative embodiments of network node 560 may include additional components beyond those shown in FIG. 5 that may be responsible for providing certain aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node 560 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into network node 560 and to allow output of information from network node 560. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node 560.

[0191] As used herein, wireless device refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term wireless device may be used interchangeably herein with user equipment (UE). Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information through air. In some embodiments, a wireless device may be configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a wireless device may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the network. Examples of a wireless device include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless cameras, a gaming console or device, a music storage device, a playback appliance, a wearable terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a tablet, a laptop, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), a laptop-mounted equipment (LME), a smart device, a wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE). a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, etc. A wireless device may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and may in this case be referred to as a D2D communication device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a wireless device may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another wireless device and/or a network node. The wireless device may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the wireless device may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances (e.g. refrigerators, televisions, etc.) personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a wireless device may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. A wireless device as described above may represent the endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, a wireless device as described above may be mobile, in which case it may also be referred to as a mobile device or a mobile terminal.

[0192] As illustrated, wireless device 550 includes antenna 511, interface 514, processing circuitry 520, device readable medium 530, user interface equipment 532, auxiliary equipment 534, power source 536 and power circuitry 537. Wireless device 510 may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies supported by wireless device 510, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to mention a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or set of chips as other components within wireless device 510.

[0193] Antenna 511 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals, and is connected to interface 514. In certain alternative embodiments, antenna 511 may be separate from wireless device 510 and be connectable to wireless device 510 through an interface or port. Antenna 511, interface 514, and/or processing circuitry 520 may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a wireless device. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a network node and/or another wireless device. In some embodiments, radio front end circuitry and/or antenna 511 may be considered an interface.

[0194] As illustrated, interface 514 comprises radio front end circuitry 512 and antenna 511. Radio front end circuitry 512 comprise one or more filters 518 and amplifiers 516. Radio front end circuitry 514 is connected to antenna 511 and processing circuitry 520, and is configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 511 and processing circuitry 520. Radio front end circuitry 512 may be coupled to or a part of antenna 511. In some embodiments, wireless device 510 may not include separate radio front end circuitry 512; rather, processing circuitry 520 may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna 511. Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of RF transceiver circuitry 522 may be considered a part of interface 514. Radio front end circuitry 512 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or wireless devices via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry 512 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 518 and/or amplifiers 516. The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna 511. Similarly, when receiving data, antenna 511 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry 512. The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry 520. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components.

[0195] Processing circuitry 520 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other wireless device 510 components, such as device readable medium 530, wireless device 510 functionality. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry 520 may execute instructions stored in device readable medium 530 or in memory within processing circuitry 520 to provide the functionality disclosed herein.

[0196] As illustrated, processing circuitry 520 includes one or more of RF transceiver circuitry 522, baseband processing circuitry 524, and application processing circuitry 526. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. In certain embodiments processing circuitry 520 of wireless device 510 may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry 522, baseband processing circuitry 524, and application processing circuitry 526 may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, part or all of baseband processing circuitry 524 and application processing circuitry 526 may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and RF transceiver circuitry 522 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In still alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 522 and baseband processing circuitry 524 may be on the same chip or set of chips, and application processing circuitry 526 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 522, baseband processing circuitry 524, and application processing circuitry 526 may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry 522 may be a part of interface 514. RF transceiver circuitry 522 may condition RF signals for processing circuitry 520.

[0197] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by a wireless device may be provided by processing circuitry 520 executing instructions stored on device readable medium 530, which in certain embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry 520 without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry 520 can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry 520 alone or to other components of wireless device 510, but are enjoyed by wireless device 510 as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally.

[0198] Processing circuitry 520 may be configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being performed by a wireless device. These operations, as performed by processing circuitry 520, may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry 520 by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored by wireless device 510, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.

[0199] Device readable medium 530 may be operable to store a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry 520. Device readable medium 530 may include computer memory (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM) or Read Only Memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., a hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry 520. In some embodiments, processing circuitry 520 and device readable medium 530 may be considered to be integrated.

[0200] User interface equipment 532 may provide components that allow for a human user to interact with wireless device 510. Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, audial, tactile, etc. User interface equipment 532 may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to wireless device 510. The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface equipment 532 installed in wireless device 510. For example, if wireless device 510 is a smart phone, the interaction may be via a touch screen; if wireless device 510 is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., the number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). User interface equipment 532 may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, and output interfaces, devices and circuits. User interface equipment 532 is configured to allow input of information into wireless device 510, and is connected to processing circuitry 520 to allow processing circuitry 520 to process the input information. User interface equipment 532 may include, for example, a microphone, a proximity or other sensor, keys/buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. User interface equipment 532 is also configured to allow output of information from wireless device 510, and to allow processing circuitry 520 to output information from wireless device 510. User interface equipment 532 may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibrating circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits, of user interface equipment 532, wireless device 510 may communicate with end users and/or the wireless network, and allow them to benefit from the functionality described herein.

[0201] Auxiliary equipment 534 is operable to provide more specific functionality which may not be generally performed by wireless devices. This may comprise specialized sensors for doing measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communications etc. The inclusion and type of components of auxiliary equipment 534 may vary depending on the embodiment and/or scenario.

[0202] Power source 536 may, in some embodiments, be in the form of a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic devices or power cells, may also be used. Wireless device 510 may further comprise power circuitry 537 for delivering power from power source 536 to the various parts of wireless device 510 which need power from power source 536 to carry out any functionality described or indicated herein. Power circuitry 537 may in certain embodiments comprise power management circuitry. Power circuitry 537 may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source; in which case wireless device 510 may be connectable to the external power source (such as an electricity outlet) via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power circuitry 537 may also in certain embodiments be operable to deliver power from an external power source to power source 536. This may be, for example, for the charging of power source 536. Power circuitry 537 may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from power source 536 to make the power suitable for the respective components of wireless device 510 to which power is supplied.

[0203] As described above, for CSI measurement and feedback, CSI-RS are defined. A CSI-RS is transmitted on each transmit antenna (or antenna port) and is used by wireless device 510 to measure the DL channel between each of the transmit antenna ports and each of its receive antenna ports. By measuring the received CSI-RS, wireless device 510 can estimate the channel that the CSI-RS is traversing, including the radio propagation channel and antenna gains. The CSI-RS for the above-described purpose is also referred to as Non-Zero Power CSI-RS.

[0204] Wireless device 510 can be configured with multiple CSI reporting settings and multiple CSI-RS resource settings. Each resource setting can contain multiple resource sets, and each resource set can contain up to 8 CSI-RS resources. For each CSI reporting setting, wireless device 510 feeds back a CSI report. The CSI report may include, among other things, CSI parameters to be reported such as RI, PMI, CQI, and CRI (e.g., in cases where multiple CSI-RS resources are included in a resource set).

[0205] As described above, a number of options for the basis subset selection have been discussed. According to one option, common selection is used for all the 2L beams, but only a size-K.sub.0<2LM subset of coefficients are reported (not reported coefficients are treated as zero). With this approach for basis subset selection, a common basis is used for all beams but only K.sub.0 out of the 2LM total coefficients are reported. It is an open problem how the size-K.sub.0 coefficient subset is to be indicated in the CSI report considering overhead constraints. Certain aspects of the present disclosure and its embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges. It should be understood, however, that this is just one scenario in which the CSI reporting format described herein may be useful. The present disclosure contemplates that the various embodiments described herein may be used in other situations as well.

[0206] Some of the coefficients of the size-K.sub.0 coefficient subset may be quantized in to amplitude domain to be zero. The present disclosure recognizes that, in such a scenario, phase information corresponding to those coefficients is redundant and could be omitted from the CSI report. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure utilize this aspect to reduce the CSI report payload (and thereby reduce the amount of resources required for transmission and/or improve the decoding reliability of the CSI report).

[0207] For example, in certain embodiments some part of the CSI may be omitted. In certain embodiments, the size of the remaining CSI payload (i.e., how many parameters are omitted) may be known by the receiver (typically, a network node such as network node 560, which may be a gNB) prior to decoding the CSI, so that the receiver of the CSI is not required to perform multiple blind decoding hypotheses for different candidate CSI payloads. In certain embodiments, an indication of which parameters have been omitted may be conveyed in the report, so that the receiver of the CSI can correctly interpret the remaining parameters.

[0208] In certain embodiments, one or more types of feedback may be used. For example, in certain embodiments the feedback may include one or more of the following quantities: a set of reported coefficients; an indicator of how to interpret the set of reported coefficients (e.g., as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients); and an indicator of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the feedback may also include the payload size of the indicator of how to interpret the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the indicator of the payload size may be separately encoded from the set of reported coefficients.

[0209] One problem with the NR Rel-15 approach described above in the background section is that the wideband amplitude coefficients p.sub.l,i.sup.(1) are always transmitted, even if they are zero-valued. Unlike such an existing approach, in which wideband amplitude coefficients cannot be omitted (even if they are zero-valued), the present disclosure presents at least some embodiments in which the feedback (e.g., a CSI report) provided by a wireless device to a network node comprises an indicator of how to interpret the set of reported coefficients (e.g., as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients). This may allow the receiving network node to correctly interpret the feedback, even if zero-valued coefficients (such as zero-valued wideband coefficients) are omitted in the feedback.

[0210] Wireless device 510 may be configured to perform a method for reporting CSI for a DL channel. In certain embodiments, network node 560 sends a CSI report configuration to wireless device 510. The CSI report configuration may indicate a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that wireless device 510 can include in a CSI report. In certain embodiments, wireless device 510 receives the CSI report configuration, which may indicate the maximum number of non-zero coefficients that wireless device 510 can include in the CSI report.

[0211] Wireless device 510 may estimate the DL channel and determine, based on the estimated DL channel, a plurality of coefficients. In certain embodiments, the plurality of coefficients may comprise one or more of amplitude coefficients and phase coefficients. Wireless device 510 may determine that a subset of the plurality of coefficients are quantized to zero and omit the determined subset of coefficients from the CSI report.

[0212] Wireless device 510 transmits the CSI report for the DL channel to network node 560. The CSI report may comprise: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how network node 560 is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients.

[0213] The set of reported coefficients may comprise a subset K1 of the plurality of coefficients that are quantized to a non-zero value. In certain embodiments, only non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI report. In certain embodiments, zero amplitude may not be included in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients.

[0214] The indication of how network node 560 is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may indicate the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients. The indication of how network node 560 is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may comprise an indication of a number of non-zero coefficients K1 included in the CSI report. In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a payload size of the indication of how network node 560 is to interpret the set of reported coefficients.

[0215] The indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients may be encoded separately from the set of reported coefficients.

[0216] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2. The set of reported coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0217] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients. The indication of the size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0218] The CSI report may indicate a plurality of precoder vectors. The precoder vectors may be expressed as linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors and frequency-domain vectors. The reported coefficients may be coefficients of the linear combinations.

[0219] In certain embodiments, network node 560 is configured to perform a method for decoding CSI for the DL channel. Network node 560 receives the CSI report for the DL channel from wireless device 510. As described above, the CSI report may comprise: the set of reported coefficients; the indication of how network node 560 is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients. It should be understood that the CSI report received by network node 560 may comprise any of the features described above with respect to the CSI report sent by wireless device 510.

[0220] In certain embodiments, network node 560 may decode the indication of how network node 560 is to interpret the set of reported coefficients. Network node 560 may determine, based on the indication of how network node 560 is to interpret the set of reported coefficients, a number of non-zero coefficients included in the set of reported coefficients. Network node 560 may determine a payload size of the set of reported coefficients. Network node 560 may decode the set of reported coefficients.

[0221] To illustrate, two example cases of coefficient quantization strategies are described in more detail below. Although the present disclosure describes certain coefficient quantization strategies, these are for purposes of example only and it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the example coefficient quantization strategies described herein. The present disclosure contemplates that the various embodiments described herein may be applicable to any other suitable quantization strategy.

[0222] According to a first example coefficient quantization strategy, the amplitude and phase components of {tilde over (W)}.sub.2-coefficients c.sub.i,m are the reported quantities (note that these coefficients are also denoted by {tilde over (C)}.sub.F in some places in the background section). For instance:

c.sub.i,m=p.sub.i,mφ.sub.i,m,

where p.sub.i,m is the amplitude coefficient while φ.sub.i,m is a phase coefficient.

[0223] Assume that wireless device 510 (e.g., a UE) is configured to only report K.sub.0 out of the 2LM coefficients and the remaining are set to zero and not reported. Depending on the channel of wireless device 510, some of the K.sub.0 coefficients in the subset to be reported may be quantized to zero anyway. The CSI payload could be reduced if they are not reported. Assume further that only K.sub.1≤K.sub.0 of the coefficients are quantized by wireless device 510 to a non-zero value.

[0224] In the scenario described above, the coefficients for all SD-components (i.e., beams) may be considered jointly and one value of K.sub.1 may be reported and applied to a plurality of beams. In another embodiment, one K.sub.1 may be signaled for each beam, hence each value of i.

[0225] Generally, in the example embodiments of the first example coefficient quantization strategy described below, the indication is applied per-layer unless otherwise noted (i.e., for rank-2 PMI feedback, there is a separate set of coefficients and subset selection for each rank, and the indication is given separately for each layer).

[0226] In the following example embodiments related to the first example coefficient quantization strategy, different variants implementing the above-described approach are given.

[0227] According to a first example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, the maximum number of non-zero coefficients K.sub.0 may be configured to wireless device 510 as part of the CSI report configuration. In such a scenario, the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients may be an indicator of the number of non-zero coefficients K.sub.1 included in CSI Part 1, using ┌log.sub.2(K.sub.0)┐ bits.

[0228] Additionally, a size-K.sub.1 (where K.sub.1<K.sub.0) subset of non-zero coefficients is indicated in CSI Part 2, along with the K.sub.1 actual coefficients (i.e., the set of reported coefficients). In certain embodiments, the CSI report includes an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients. As one example, this subset of coefficients may be indicated to network node 560 using a combinatorial signaling scheme that requires

[00020]$.Math.{\log }_2\left(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{LM}\\ K_1\end{array}\right).Math.$

bits to be transmitted. Each non-zero coefficient may be quantized and represented using N bits. In this example embodiment, wireless device 510 may be instructed to only include up to K.sub.0 coefficients in the CSI report (e.g., through configuration as part of the CSI report configuration), and to force (or assume) the other, non-reported, coefficients to be zero. In one example implementation, wireless device 510 would select the K.sub.0 non-zero coefficients as those with the strongest amplitude after applying the amplitude quantization. However, according to the assumption/example, there may be 2LM−K.sub.1 coefficient that may have been quantized to zero. In such a scenario, wireless device 510 then indicates, in the other quantities separately encoded in CSI Part 1, how many of the K.sub.0 coefficients are actually non-zero. As this information is encoded in CSI Part 1, which is decoded prior to CSI Part 2 by network node 560, network node 560 knows how many actual non-zero coefficients are included in CSI Part 2. This information advantageously enables network node 560 to determine the payload size of both the indicator of the size-K.sub.1 subset as well as the payload size of the set of K.sub.1 coefficients, both of which are encoded in CSI Part 2. Hence, based on this information, possibly along with other information in CSI Part 1, network node 560 knows the payload of CSI Part 2 and can decode CSI Part 2.

[0229] After decoding CSI Part 2, network node 560 reads the indication of the size-K.sub.1 subset of non-zero coefficients and hence knows which K.sub.1 out of the total 2LM coefficients that have been reported by wireless device 510 (or, equivalently, which 2LM−K.sub.1 coefficients have not been reported and have been assumed to be zero).

[0230] According to a second example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, a configuration of minimum value of reported non-zero coefficients is enabled. In this second example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, the approach is as described above for the first example embodiment, but both a minimum K.sub.2 and maximum K.sub.0 number non-zero coefficients are configured to wireless device 510 (e.g., as part of the CSI report configuration). In certain embodiments, an indicator of the number of non-zero coefficients K.sub.1 is included in CSI Part 1, using ┌log.sub.2(K.sub.0−K.sub.2)┐ bits.

[0231] With the approach described in this second example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, the fact that it is unlikely that wireless device 510 would report many coefficients to be non-zero is utilized to reduce the overhead of the payload size indicator. Therefore, a minimum number of non-zero coefficients is configured for wireless device 510, so that wireless device 510 only has the possibility to indicate between K.sub.2 and K.sub.0 non-zero coefficients. Hence, a smaller number of bits ┌log.sub.2(K.sub.0−K.sub.2)┐ can be used.

[0232] In a variant of this second example embodiment, K.sub.1 may instead be constrained to belong to a set of values such that K.sub.1 E S where S is a set of integers. In such a scenario, an indicator of the number of non-zero coefficients K.sub.1 may then be represented using ┌log.sub.2(|S|)┐ bits, where |S| denotes the cardinality of the set. As an example of such a set, consider the case S={1,2,4, K.sub.0}, which would require 2 bits for signaling K.sub.1.

[0233] According to a third example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, separate indication of K.sub.0 and K.sub.1-subset is enabled, with the indication of the K.sub.0-subset in CSI Part 1. According to this third example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, the maximum number of non-zero coefficients K.sub.0 may be configured for wireless device 510 (e.g., as part of the CSI report configuration). An indicator of the number of non-zero coefficients K.sub.1 may be included in CSI Part 1, using ┌log.sub.2(K.sub.0)┐ bits. A size-K.sub.0 subset of non-zero coefficients may be indicated in CSI Part 2, and additionally a size-K.sub.1 subset of the K.sub.0 coefficients may be indicated as non-zero in CSI Part 2, along with the K.sub.1 actual coefficients in CSI Part 2. In certain embodiments, this can be indicated with combinatorial signaling using, for example,

[00021]$.Math.{\log }_2\left(\begin{array}{c}2\mathrm{LM}\\ K_0\end{array}\right).Math.+.Math.{\log }_2\left(\begin{array}{c}{K}_0\\ K_1\end{array}\right).Math.$

bits. This indication via combinatorial signaling is an example of an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a larger set of candidate reported coefficients.

[0234] According to a fourth example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, separate indication of K.sub.0-subset and K.sub.1-subset is facilitated, with the indication of the K.sub.0-subset in CSI Part 2. According to this fourth example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, the maximum number of non-zero coefficients K.sub.0 may be configured for wireless device 510 (e.g., as part of the CSI report). A size-K.sub.0 subset of initial non-zero coefficients may be indicated in CSI Part 1 and additionally an indicator of the additional number of non-zero coefficients K.sub.1 may be included in CSI Part 1, using ┌log.sub.2(K.sub.0)┐ bits. An indicator of a size-K.sub.1 subset of the K.sub.0 coefficients may be reported in CSI Part 2, along with the K.sub.1 actual coefficients.

[0235] In this fourth example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, the indication of the size-K.sub.0 subset of coefficients out of the 2LM coefficients may be reported as a separate quantity, the payload of which is constant irrespective of the selection of K.sub.1. Therefore, the indication of the size-K.sub.0 subset may be reported in CSI Part 1. The selection of which K.sub.1-subset out of the size-K.sub.0-subset are additionally non-zero is given separately. By this, the number of parameters that depend on wireless device 510's selection of K.sub.1 is minimized, which may be beneficial from a wireless device implementation viewpoint.

[0236] According to a fifth example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, the amplitude quantization does not include a “zero” state. According to this fifth example embodiment, any of the four example embodiments of the first coefficient quantization strategy described above may be used and, additionally, zero amplitude is not included in the quantization range for the reported coefficients.

[0237] In this fifth example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, the quantization range does not need to include a “zero”-value, because only non-zero coefficients are reported. Instead, another non-zero value could be added which would improve the quantization granularity. An example of this is given in the table below where the value

[00022]$\sqrt{\frac{1}{128}}$

has replaced the value “0”.

TABLE-US-00004 Rel-15 amplitude Potential new k.sub.l, i.sup.(1) quantization amplitude quantization 0 0 √{square root over ( 1/128)} 1 √{square root over ( 1/64)} √{square root over ( 1/64)} 2 √{square root over ( 1/32)} √{square root over ( 1/32)} 3 √{square root over ( 1/16)} √{square root over ( 1/16)} 4 √{square root over (⅛)} √{square root over (⅛)} 5 √{square root over (¼)} √{square root over (¼)} 6 √{square root over (½)} √{square root over (½)} 7 1 1

[0238] According to a sixth example embodiment of the first coefficient quantization strategy, layer-dependent reporting is provided. According to this sixth example embodiment, K.sub.1 is a function of the MIMO layer index. Hence, it may be that for one layer K.sub.1(l1) is used whereas for another layer (l2) is used. In certain embodiments, K.sub.1=K.sub.1(l1)=K.sub.1(l2)= . . . for all layers.

[0239] According to a second coefficient quantization strategy, the {tilde over (W)}.sub.2 coefficients (which are also denoted by {tilde over (C)}.sub.F in some places in the background section) may be expressed as:

c.sub.i,m=p.sub.i.sup.(1){tilde over (c)}.sub.i,m=p.sub.i.sup.(1)p.sub.i,m.sup.(2)φ.sub.i,m,

where p.sub.i.sup.(1) is a wideband amplitude coefficient that is reported separately from {tilde over (c)}.sub.i,m, p.sub.i,m.sup.(2) on is a (differential) amplitude coefficient (relative the wideband), and φ.sub.i,m is a phase coefficient.

[0240] The six example embodiments described above with respect to the first coefficient quantization strategy are generally applicable for the second coefficient quantization strategy as well. Some additional details are described below with respect to the utilization of the specific quantization structure of the second coefficient quantization strategy.

[0241] In certain embodiments, the quantization range for p.sub.i.sup.(1) does not include zero and instead, if wireless device 510 wishes to indicate a p.sub.i.sup.(1)=0 for some beam i, wireless device 510 instead indicates this by signaling p.sub.i,m.sup.(2)=0, m=0, . . . , M−1.

[0242] In certain embodiments, where a beam-specific subset indication is used, a reported value p.sub.i.sup.(1)=0 will imply that K.sub.1=0 for that beam. Hence, there may be no additional information reported for this beam. Thus, the indication of the wideband amplitude and the beam-specific K.sub.1-subset indication may be jointly encoded to conserve overhead.

[0243] In certain embodiments, K.sub.1 is instead constrained to belong to a set of values such that K.sub.1ϵS(p.sub.1.sup.(1), p.sub.2.sup.(1), . . . , p.sub.L.sup.(1)), where the set is a function of the reported wideband coefficients. Hence, the wideband coefficients may be part of the CSI Part 1 and it will then decide the set of potential values of K.sub.1 and implicitly also the size of the bit load to signal K.sub.1.

[0244] In certain embodiments, the cardinally of S(p.sub.1.sup.(1), p.sub.2.sup.(1), . . . , p.sub.L.sup.(1)) is one, hence K.sub.1 is a function of the set of wideband amplitude coefficient or a subset thereof.

[0245] Although various example embodiments have been described above, this is for purposes of example only. The present disclosure is not limited to the particular example embodiments set forth above. It should be understood that the various aspects of the above-described example embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner.

[0246] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method 600 performed by a wireless device, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 6 illustrates a method 600 performed by a wireless device for reporting CSI for a DL channel. Method 600 begins at step 601, where the wireless device transmits a CSI report for the DL channel to a network node, the CSI report comprising: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients.

[0247] In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may indicate the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients.

[0248] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise: estimating the DL channel; determining, based on the estimated DL channel, a plurality of coefficients; determining that a subset of the plurality of coefficients are quantized to zero; and omitting the determined subset of coefficients from the CSI report. In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2.

[0249] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may indicate a plurality of precoder vectors. The precoder vectors may be expressed as linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors and frequency-domain vectors. The reported coefficients may be coefficients of the linear combinations.

[0250] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise receiving a CSI report configuration, the CSI report configuration indicating a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report.

[0251] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a payload size of the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients.

[0252] In certain embodiments, the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients may be encoded separately from the set of reported coefficients.

[0253] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2. The set of reported coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0254] In certain embodiments, the set of reported coefficients may comprise a subset K1 of the plurality of coefficients that are quantized to a non-zero value.

[0255] In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may comprise an indication of a number of non-zero coefficients K1 included in the CSI report.

[0256] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients. The indication of the size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0257] In certain embodiments, only non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI report.

[0258] In certain embodiments, the plurality of coefficients may comprise one or more of amplitude coefficients and phase coefficients.

[0259] In certain embodiments, zero amplitude may not be included in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients.

[0260] FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method 700 performed by a wireless device, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 performed by a wireless device for reporting CSI for a DL channel. Method 700 begins at step 701, where the wireless device estimates a DL channel.

[0261] At step 702, the wireless device determines, based on the estimated DL channel, a plurality of coefficients. At step 703, the wireless device determines that a subset of the plurality of coefficients are quantized to zero. At step 704, the wireless device omits the determined subset of coefficients from a CSI report for the DL channel.

[0262] At step 705, the wireless device transmits the CSI report for the DL channel to a network node, the CSI report comprising: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients.

[0263] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2. In certain embodiments, the set of reported coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2. In certain embodiments, the set of reported coefficients may comprise a subset K1 of the plurality of coefficients that are quantized to a non-zero value. In certain embodiments, the set of reported coefficients may comprise a subset K1 of the plurality of coefficients that are quantized to a non-zero value.

[0264] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients. The indication of the size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0265] In certain embodiments, only non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI report. In certain embodiments, the plurality of coefficients may comprise one or more of amplitude coefficients and phase coefficients. In certain embodiments, zero amplitude may not be included in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients.

[0266] In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may indicate the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may comprise an indication of a number of non-zero coefficients K1 included in the CSI report.

[0267] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a payload size of the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients may be encoded separately from the set of reported coefficients.

[0268] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may indicate a plurality of precoder vectors. The precoder vectors may be expressed as linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors and frequency-domain vectors. The reported coefficients may be coefficients of the linear combinations.

[0269] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise receiving a CSI report configuration, the CSI report configuration indicating a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report.

[0270] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a virtual apparatus, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an apparatus 800 in a wireless network (for example, the wireless network shown in FIG. 5). The apparatus may be implemented in a wireless device (e.g., wireless device 510 shown in FIG. 5). Apparatus 800 is operable to carry out the example methods described above with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7 and possibly any other processes or methods disclosed herein. It is also to be understood that the methods of FIGS. 6 and 7 are not necessarily carried out solely by apparatus 800. At least some operations of the method can be performed by one or more other entities.

[0271] Virtual Apparatus 800 may comprise processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause receiving unit 802, determining unit 804, communication unit 806, and any other suitable units of apparatus 800 to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0272] In certain embodiments, apparatus 800 may be a UE. As illustrated in FIG. 8, apparatus 800 includes receiving unit 802, determining unit 804, and communication unit 806. Receiving unit 802 may be configured to perform the receiving functions of apparatus 800. For example, receiving unit 802 may be configured to receive one or more signals. As another example, receiving unit 802 may be configured to receive a DL channel. As another example, receiving unit 802 may be configured to receive a CSI report configuration. In certain embodiments, the CSI report configuration may indicate a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report.

[0273] Receiving unit 802 may receive any suitable information (e.g., from another wireless device or a network node). Receiving unit 802 may include a receiver and/or a transceiver, such as RF transceiver circuitry 522 described above in relation to FIG. 5. Receiving unit 802 may include circuitry configured to receive messages and/or signals (wireless or wired). In particular embodiments, receiving unit 802 may communicate received messages and/or signals to determining unit 804 and/or any other suitable unit of apparatus 800. The functions of receiving unit 802 may, in certain embodiments, be performed in one or more distinct units.

[0274] Determining unit 804 may perform the processing functions of apparatus 800. For example, determining unit 804 may be configured to generate a CSI report for a DL channel. In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2. In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to include the set of reported coefficients in the CSI Part 2.

[0275] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients. The indication of the size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0276] In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to only include non-zero coefficients in the CSI report. In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to not include zero amplitude in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients.

[0277] In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to estimate a DL channel. Determining unit 804 may be configured to determine, based on the estimated DL channel, a plurality of coefficients. In certain embodiments, the plurality of coefficients may comprise one or more of amplitude coefficients and phase coefficients. Determining unit 804 may be configured to determine that a subset of the plurality of coefficients are quantized to zero. Determining unit 804 may be configured to omit the determined subset of coefficients from the CSI report.

[0278] In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to determine the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the set of reported coefficients may comprise a subset K1 of the plurality of coefficients that are quantized to a non-zero value.

[0279] In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to determine how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to determine the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may indicate the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may comprise an indication of a number of non-zero coefficients K1 included in the CSI report.

[0280] In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to determine a payload size of the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a payload size of the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients.

[0281] In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to determine the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to determine an indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may be configured to encode the indication of the payload size of the set of reported coefficients separately from the set of reported coefficients.

[0282] In certain embodiments, determining unit 804 may determine a plurality of precoder vectors. In certain embodiments, the CSI report may indicate a plurality of precoder vectors. The precoder vectors may be expressed as linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors and frequency-domain vectors. The reported coefficients may be coefficients of the linear combinations.

[0283] As yet another example, determining unit 804 may be configured to provide user data.

[0284] Determining unit 804 may include or be included in one or more processors, such as processing circuitry 520 described above in relation to FIG. 5. Determining unit 804 may include analog and/or digital circuitry configured to perform any of the functions of determining unit 804 and/or processing circuitry 520 described above. The functions of determining unit 804 may, in certain embodiments, be performed in one or more distinct units.

[0285] Communication unit 806 may be configured to perform the transmission functions of apparatus 800. For example, communication unit 806 may be configured to transmit the CSI report for the DL channel to a network node.

[0286] Communication unit 806 may transmit messages (e.g., to another wireless device and/or a network node). Communication unit 806 may include a transmitter and/or a transceiver, such as RF transceiver circuitry 522 described above in relation to FIG. 5. Communication unit 806 may include circuitry configured to transmit messages and/or signals (e.g., through wireless or wired means). In particular embodiments, communication unit 806 may receive messages and/or signals for transmission from determining unit 804 or any other unit of apparatus 800. The functions of communication unit 804 may, in certain embodiments, be performed in one or more distinct units.

[0287] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method 900 performed by a network node, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 9 illustrates a method 900 performed by a network node for decoding CSI for a DL channel Method 900 begins at step 901, where the network node receives a CSI report for the DL channel from a wireless device, the CSI report comprising: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients.

[0288] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise: decoding the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and determining, based on the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients, a number of non-zero coefficients included in the set of reported coefficients.

[0289] In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may indicate the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients.

[0290] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may indicate a plurality of precoder vectors. The precoder vectors may be expressed as linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors and frequency-domain vectors. The reported coefficients may be coefficients of the linear combinations.

[0291] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise determining a payload size of the set of reported coefficients.

[0292] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise decoding the set of reported coefficients.

[0293] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise sending a CSI report configuration to the wireless device, the CSI report configuration indicating a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report.

[0294] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a payload size of the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients.

[0295] In certain embodiments, the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients may be encoded separately from the set of reported coefficients.

[0296] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2. The set of reported coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0297] In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may comprise an indication of a number of non-zero coefficients K1 included in the CSI report.

[0298] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients. The indication of the size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0299] In certain embodiments, only non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI report.

[0300] In certain embodiments, the set of reported coefficients may comprise one or more of amplitude coefficients and phase coefficients.

[0301] In certain embodiments, zero amplitude may not be included in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients.

[0302] FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method 1000 performed by a network node, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 10 illustrates a method 1000 performed by a network node for decoding CSI for a DL channel Method 1000 begins at step 1001, where the network node receives a CSI report for the DL channel from a wireless device, the CSI report comprising: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients.

[0303] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2. The set of reported coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0304] In certain embodiments, only non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI report. In certain embodiments, the set of reported coefficients may comprise one or more of amplitude coefficients and phase coefficients. In certain embodiments, zero amplitude may not be included in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients.

[0305] In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may indicate the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may comprise an indication of a number of non-zero coefficients K1 included in the CSI report. In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a payload size of the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients.

[0306] In certain embodiments, the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients may be encoded separately from the set of reported coefficients.

[0307] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may further comprise an indication of a size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients. The indication of the size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0308] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may indicate a plurality of precoder vectors. The precoder vectors may be expressed as linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors and frequency-domain vectors. The reported coefficients may be coefficients of the linear combinations.

[0309] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise sending a CSI report configuration to the wireless device, the CSI report configuration indicating a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report.

[0310] At step 1002, the network node decodes the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients.

[0311] At step 1003, the network node determines, based on the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients, a number of non-zero coefficients included in the set of reported coefficients.

[0312] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise determining a payload size of the set of reported coefficients.

[0313] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise decoding the set of reported coefficients.

[0314] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a virtual apparatus, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 11 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an apparatus 1100 in a wireless network (for example, the wireless network shown in FIG. 5). The apparatus may be implemented in a network node (e.g., network node 560 shown in FIG. 5). Apparatus 1100 is operable to carry out the example method described above with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10 and possibly any other processes or methods disclosed herein. It is also to be understood that the methods of FIGS. 9 and 10 are not necessarily carried out solely by apparatus 1100. At least some operations of the method can be performed by one or more other entities.

[0315] Virtual Apparatus 1100 may comprise processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause receiving unit 1102, determining unit 1104, communication unit 1106, and any other suitable units of apparatus 1100 to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0316] In certain embodiments, apparatus 1100 may be a gNB. As illustrated in FIG. 11, apparatus 1100 includes receiving unit 1102, determining unit 1104, and communication unit 1106. Receiving unit 1102 may be configured to perform the receiving functions of apparatus 1100. For example, receiving unit 1102 may be configured to receive a CSI report for a DL channel from a wireless device. In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise: a set of reported coefficients; an indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients; and an indication of a payload size of the set of the reported coefficients.

[0317] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise a CSI Part 1 and a CSI Part 2. In certain embodiments, the set of reported coefficients maybe included in the CSI Part 2.

[0318] In certain embodiments, the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients may be encoded separately from the set of reported coefficients.

[0319] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may indicate a plurality of precoder vectors. The precoder vectors may be expressed as linear combinations of spatial-domain vectors and frequency-domain vectors. The reported coefficients may be coefficients of the linear combinations.

[0320] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise an indication of a payload size of the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients.

[0321] In certain embodiments, only non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI report. In certain embodiments, the set of reported coefficients may comprise one or more of amplitude coefficients and phase coefficients. In certain embodiments, zero amplitude may not be included in a quantization range for the set of reported coefficients.

[0322] Receiving unit 1102 may receive any suitable information (e.g., from a wireless device or another network node). Receiving unit 1102 may include a receiver and/or a transceiver, such as RF transceiver circuitry 572 described above in relation to FIG. 5. Receiving unit 1102 may include circuitry configured to receive messages and/or signals (wireless or wired). In particular embodiments, receiving unit 1102 may communicate received messages and/or signals to determining unit 1104 and/or any other suitable unit of apparatus 1100. The functions of receiving unit 1102 may, in certain embodiments, be performed in one or more distinct units.

[0323] Determining unit 1104 may perform the processing functions of apparatus 1100. For example, determining unit 1104 may be configured to decode the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may indicate the set of reported coefficients as a subset of a set of candidate reported coefficients.

[0324] As another example, determining unit 1104 may be configured to determine, based on the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients, a number of non-zero coefficients included in the set of reported coefficients. In certain embodiments, the indication of how the network node is to interpret the set of reported coefficients may comprise an indication of a number of non-zero coefficients K1 included in the CSI report.

[0325] In certain embodiments, the CSI report may comprise an indication of a size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients. The indication of the size K0 subset of non-zero coefficients may be included in the CSI Part 2.

[0326] As still another example, determining unit 1104 may be configured to determine a payload size of the set of reported coefficients. As yet another example, determining unit 1104 may be configured to determine a payload size of the indication of the payload size of the set of the reported coefficients. As another example, determining unit 1104 may be configured to decode the set of reported coefficients.

[0327] As another example, determining unit 1104 may be configured to determine a CSI report configuration for the wireless device. In certain embodiments, determining unit 1104 may be configured to determine a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report. In certain embodiments, determining unit 1104 may be configured to indicate the maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report in the CSI report configuration.

[0328] Determining unit 1104 may include or be included in one or more processors, such as processing circuitry 570 described above in relation to FIG. 5. Determining unit 1104 may include analog and/or digital circuitry configured to perform any of the functions of determining unit 1104 and/or processing circuitry 570 described above. The functions of determining unit 1104 may, in certain embodiments, be performed in one or more distinct units.

[0329] Communication unit 1106 may be configured to perform the transmission functions of apparatus 1100. For example, communication unit 1106 may be configured to send a CSI report configuration to the wireless device. The CSI report configuration may indicate a maximum number of non-zero coefficients that the wireless device can include in the CSI report. As another example, communication unit 1106 may be configured to forward the user data to a host computer or the wireless device.

[0330] Communication unit 1106 may transmit messages (e.g., to a wireless device and/or another network node). Communication unit 1106 may include a transmitter and/or a transceiver, such as RF transceiver circuitry 572 described above in relation to FIG. 5. Communication unit 1106 may include circuitry configured to transmit messages and/or signals (e.g., through wireless or wired means). In particular embodiments, communication unit 1106 may receive messages and/or signals for transmission from determining unit 1104 or any other unit of apparatus 1100. The functions of communication unit 1104 may, in certain embodiments, be performed in one or more distinct units.

[0331] The term unit may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and/or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and/or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and/or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and/or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein.

[0332] In some embodiments a computer program, computer program product or computer readable storage medium comprises instructions which when executed on a computer perform any of the embodiments disclosed herein. In further examples the instructions are carried on a signal or carrier and which are executable on a computer wherein when executed perform any of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0333] FIG. 12 illustrates an example user equipment, in accordance with certain embodiments. As used herein, a user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter). UE 1200 may be any UE identified by the 3.sup.rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a NB-IoT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. UE 1200, as illustrated in FIG. 12, is one example of a wireless device configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3.sup.rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP's GSM, UMTS, LTE, and/or 5G standards. As mentioned previously, the term wireless device and UE may be used interchangeable. Accordingly, although FIG. 12 is a UE, the components discussed herein are equally applicable to a wireless device, and vice-versa.

[0334] In FIG. 12, UE 1200 includes processing circuitry 1201 that is operatively coupled to input/output interface 1205, radio frequency (RF) interface 1209, network connection interface 1211, memory 1215 including random access memory (RAM) 1217, read-only memory (ROM) 1219, and storage medium 1221 or the like, communication subsystem 1231, power source 1233, and/or any other component, or any combination thereof. Storage medium 1221 includes operating system 1223, application program 1225, and data 1227. In other embodiments, storage medium 1221 may include other similar types of information. Certain UEs may utilize all of the components shown in FIG. 12, or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[0335] In FIG. 12, processing circuitry 1201 may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuitry 1201 may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute machine instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored program, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 1201 may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer.

[0336] In the depicted embodiment, input/output interface 1205 may be configured to provide a communication interface to an input device, output device, or input and output device. UE 1200 may be configured to use an output device via input/output interface 1205. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from UE 1200. The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. UE 1200 may be configured to use an input device via input/output interface 1205 to allow a user to capture information into UE 1200. The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, another like sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and an optical sensor.

[0337] In FIG. 12, RF interface 1209 may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. Network connection interface 1211 may be configured to provide a communication interface to network 1243a. Network 1243a may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network 1243a may comprise a Wi-Fi network. Network connection interface 1211 may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, SONET, ATM, or the like. Network connection interface 1211 may implement receiver and transmitter functionality appropriate to the communication network links (e.g., optical, electrical, and the like). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately.

[0338] RAM 1217 may be configured to interface via bus 1202 to processing circuitry 1201 to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during the execution of software programs such as the operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM 1219 may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to processing circuitry 1201. For example, ROM 1219 may be configured to store invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions such as basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokes from a keyboard that are stored in a non-volatile memory. Storage medium 1221 may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives. In one example, storage medium 1221 may be configured to include operating system 1223, application program 1225 such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine or another application, and data file 1227. Storage medium 1221 may store, for use by UE 1200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

[0339] Storage medium 1221 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), floppy disk drive, flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity (SIM/RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. Storage medium 1221 may allow UE 1200 to access computer-executable instructions, application programs or the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied in storage medium 1221, which may comprise a device readable medium.

[0340] In FIG. 12, processing circuitry 1201 may be configured to communicate with network 1243b using communication subsystem 1231. Network 1243a and network 1243b may be the same network or networks or different network or networks. Communication subsystem 1231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with network 1243b. For example, communication subsystem 1231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication such as another wireless device, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN) according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.11, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, or the like. Each transceiver may include transmitter 1233 and/or receiver 1235 to implement transmitter or receiver functionality, respectively, appropriate to the RAN links (e.g., frequency allocations and the like). Further, transmitter 1233 and receiver 1235 of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately.

[0341] In the illustrated embodiment, the communication functions of communication subsystem 1231 may include data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. For example, communication subsystem 1231 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth communication, and GPS communication. Network 1243b may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network 1243b may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or a near-field network. Power source 1213 may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to components of UE 1200.

[0342] The features, benefits and/or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of UE 1200 or partitioned across multiple components of UE 1200. Further, the features, benefits, and/or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software or firmware. In one example, communication subsystem 1231 may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Further, processing circuitry 1201 may be configured to communicate with any of such components over bus 1202. In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that when executed by processing circuitry 1201 perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be partitioned between processing circuitry 1201 and communication subsystem 1231. In another example, the non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0343] FIG. 13 illustrates an example virtualization environment, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 13 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1300 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device or any other type of communication device) or components thereof and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks).

[0344] In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments 1300 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes 1330. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node), then the network node may be entirely virtualized.

[0345] The functions may be implemented by one or more applications 1320 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications 1320 are run in virtualization environment 1300 which provides hardware 1330 comprising processing circuitry 1360 and memory 1390. Memory 1390 contains instructions 1395 executable by processing circuitry 1360 whereby application 1320 is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and/or functions disclosed herein.

[0346] Virtualization environment 1300, comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices 1330 comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry 1360, which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory 1390-1 which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions 1395 or software executed by processing circuitry 1360. Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs) 1370, also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface 1380. Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media 1390-2 having stored therein software 1395 and/or instructions executable by processing circuitry 1360. Software 1395 may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers 1350 (also referred to as hypervisors), software to execute virtual machines 1340 as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein.

[0347] Virtual machines 1340, comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 1350 or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance 1320 may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines 1340, and the implementations may be made in different ways.

[0348] During operation, processing circuitry 1360 executes software 1395 to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer 1350, which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer 1350 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine 1340.

[0349] As shown in FIG. 13, hardware 1330 may be a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1330 may comprise antenna 13225 and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1330 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or customer premise equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration (MANO) 13100, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1320.

[0350] Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.

[0351] In the context of NFV, virtual machine 1340 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of virtual machines 1340, and that part of hardware 1330 that executes that virtual machine, be it hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and/or hardware shared by that virtual machine with others of the virtual machines 1340, forms a separate virtual network elements (VNE).

[0352] Still in the context of NFV, Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more virtual machines 1340 on top of hardware networking infrastructure 1330 and corresponds to application 1320 in FIG. 13.

[0353] In some embodiments, one or more radio units 13200 that each include one or more transmitters 13220 and one or more receivers 13210 may be coupled to one or more antennas 13225. Radio units 13200 may communicate directly with hardware nodes 1330 via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station.

[0354] In some embodiments, some signalling can be effected with the use of control system 13230 which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes 1330 and radio units 13200.

[0355] FIG. 14 illustrates an example telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer, in accordance with certain embodiments. With reference to FIG. 14, in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes telecommunication network 1410, such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises access network 1411, such as a radio access network, and core network 1414. Access network 1411 comprises a plurality of base stations 1412a, 1412b, 1412c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area 1413a, 1413b, 1413c. Each base station 1412a, 1412b, 1412c is connectable to core network 1414 over a wired or wireless connection 1415. A first UE 1491 located in coverage area 1413c is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station 1412c. A second UE 1492 in coverage area 1413a is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station 1412a. While a plurality of UEs 1491, 1492 are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station 1412.

[0356] Telecommunication network 1410 is itself connected to host computer 1430, which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computer 1430 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections 1421 and 1422 between telecommunication network 1410 and host computer 1430 may extend directly from core network 1414 to host computer 1430 or may go via an optional intermediate network 1420. Intermediate network 1420 may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network 1420, if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate network 1420 may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown).

[0357] The communication system of FIG. 14 as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs 1491, 1492 and host computer 1430. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection 1450. Host computer 1430 and the connected UEs 1491, 1492 are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via OTT connection 1450, using access network 1411, core network 1414, any intermediate network 1420 and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. OTT connection 1450 may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which OTT connection 1450 passes are unaware of routing of UL and DL communications. For example, base station 1412 may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming DL communication with data originating from host computer 1430 to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE 1491. Similarly, base station 1412 need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing UL communication originating from the UE 1491 towards the host computer 1430.

[0358] FIG. 15 illustrates an example host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection, in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0359] Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to FIG. 15. In communication system 1500, host computer 1510 comprises hardware 1515 including communication interface 1516 configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system 1500. Host computer 1510 further comprises processing circuitry 1518, which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, processing circuitry 1518 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Host computer 1510 further comprises software 1511, which is stored in or accessible by host computer 1510 and executable by processing circuitry 1518. Software 1511 includes host application 1512. Host application 1512 may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE 1530 connecting via OTT connection 1550 terminating at UE 1530 and host computer 1510. In providing the service to the remote user, host application 1512 may provide user data which is transmitted using OTT connection 1550.

[0360] Communication system 1500 further includes base station 1520 provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware 1525 enabling it to communicate with host computer 1510 and with UE 1530. Hardware 1525 may include communication interface 1526 for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system 1500, as well as radio interface 1527 for setting up and maintaining at least wireless connection 1570 with UE 1530 located in a coverage area (not shown in FIG. 15) served by base station 1520. Communication interface 1526 may be configured to facilitate connection 1560 to host computer 1510. Connection 1560 may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in FIG. 15) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, hardware 1525 of base station 1520 further includes processing circuitry 1528, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Base station 1520 further has software 1521 stored internally or accessible via an external connection.

[0361] Communication system 1500 further includes UE 1530 already referred to. Its hardware 1535 may include radio interface 1537 configured to set up and maintain wireless connection 1570 with a base station serving a coverage area in which UE 1530 is currently located. Hardware 1535 of UE 1530 further includes processing circuitry 1538, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UE 1530 further comprises software 1531, which is stored in or accessible by UE 1530 and executable by processing circuitry 1538. Software 1531 includes client application 1532. Client application 1532 may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE 1530, with the support of host computer 1510. In host computer 1510, an executing host application 1512 may communicate with the executing client application 1532 via OTT connection 1550 terminating at UE 1530 and host computer 1510. In providing the service to the user, client application 1532 may receive request data from host application 1512 and provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connection 1550 may transfer both the request data and the user data. Client application 1532 may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides.

[0362] It is noted that host computer 1510, base station 1520 and UE 1530 illustrated in FIG. 15 may be similar or identical to host computer 1430, one of base stations 1412a, 1412b, 1412c and one of UEs 1491, 1492 of FIG. 14, respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in FIG. 15 and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of FIG. 14.

[0363] In FIG. 15, OTT connection 1550 has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between host computer 1510 and UE 1530 via base station 1520, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from UE 1530 or from the service provider operating host computer 1510, or both. While OTT connection 1550 is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network).

[0364] Wireless connection 1570 between UE 1530 and base station 1520 is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to UE 1530 using OTT connection 1550, in which wireless connection 1570 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the signaling overhead.

[0365] A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection 1550 between host computer 1510 and UE 1530, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection 1550 may be implemented in software 1511 and hardware 1515 of host computer 1510 or in software 1531 and hardware 1535 of UE 1530, or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connection 1550 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software 1511, 1531 may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connection 1550 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect base station 1520, and it may be unknown or imperceptible to base station 1520. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer 1510's measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that software 1511 and 1531 causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connection 1550 while it monitors propagation times, errors etc.

[0366] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an example method implemented in a communication system, in accordance certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 16 illustrates an example method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to FIGS. 14 and 15. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 16 will be included in this section. In step 1610, the host computer provides user data. In substep 1611 (which may be optional) of step 1610, the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 1620, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step 1630 (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 1640 (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0367] FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a second example method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 17 illustrates an example method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to FIGS. 14 and 15. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 17 will be included in this section. In step 1710 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 1720, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 1730 (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

[0368] FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating a third method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 18 illustrates an example method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to FIGS. 14 and 15. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 18 will be included in this section. In step 1810 (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step 1820, the UE provides user data. In substep 1821 (which may be optional) of step 1820, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep 1811 (which may be optional) of step 1810, the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in substep 1830 (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step 1840 of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0369] FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating a fourth method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with certain embodiments. More particularly, FIG. 19 illustrates an example method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to FIGS. 14 and 15. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 19 will be included in this section. In step 1910 (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step 1920 (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step 1930 (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.