PROCESS FOR REMOVING CHLORINE FROM A PLASTIC MIXTURE

Abstract

A process that removes chlorine or other halogens from plastic mixtures by passing a plastic mixture through an extruder, a mixer, and one or more devolatilization vessels.

Claims

1. A process for removing chlorine from a mixture of plastics comprising: a) feeding a mixture of plastics with chlorine content of at least 100 ppm by weight to an extruder; b) heating the mixture in the extruder releasing from the molten mixture a gas comprising HCl that exits through at least one degassing port; c) passing the extruded plastic mixture from b) into a first plug flow hot mixing vessel; passing the molten mixture from c) into a devolatilization vessel; and recovering molten plastic with a reduced chlorine content from the devolatilization vessel.

2-3. (canceled)

4. The process of claim 1 wherein the devolatilization vessel is a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR).

5-6. (canceled)

7. The process of claim 1 wherein a gas stream is passed through the molten mixture in the extruder and exits through the at least one degassing port.

8-9. (canceled)

10. The process of claim 1 wherein the mixing vessel is a column fitted with static mixing internals.

11. (canceled)

12. The process of claim 1 wherein the molten plastic from the extruder enters at the top of a column fitted with a device for dispersing the molten plastic.

13. The process of claim 12 wherein the device dispersing the molten plastic is a spray nozzle.

14. (canceled)

15. The process of claim 10 wherein the plastic mixture in the mixing vessel has a residence time of at least 30 minutes.

16-17. (canceled)

18. The process of claim 1 wherein the extruder has multiple degassing ports.

19. (canceled)

20. The process of claim 1 wherein the feed mixture comprises a mix of waste plastic chosen from among polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene (PVCD), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), or a combination thereof.

21-22. (canceled)

23. The process of claim 1 wherein the feed mixture is heated to a temperature of at least 200 C. but no more than 400 C. in the extruder to at least partially decompose the polymers in the extruder.

24. (canceled)

25. The process of claim 1 wherein the extruder is fitted with one or more gas exit ports through which evolved HCl is removed.

26. The process of claim 1 wherein a gas chosen from among air, nitrogen, CO.sub.2, steam, helium, argon, or some combination thereof is fed to the extruder.

27-29. (canceled)

30. The process of claim 1 wherein the temperature of the plastic mixture within the first mixing vessel is raised to at least 250, 275, 300, 325, or at least 350 C.

31. The process of claim 1 wherein gas chosen from among air, nitrogen, CO.sub.2, steam, helium, argon, or a combination thereof is fed at or near the bottom of the mixing, or devolatilization vessel, or both, and the vapors are exhausted.

32. (canceled)

33. The process of claim 1 wherein the molten plastic mixture passes downward through the mixing or devolatilization vessel or both.

34-37. (canceled)

38. The process of claim 10 wherein the static mixing internals comprise spheres with or without passages through them, berl saddles, packing rings, Raschig rings, sponges, or screens or a combination of thereof.

39. (canceled)

40. The process of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the non-vapor products of the devolatilization vessel, or a portion of the gases remaining after removal of desired products, or both, are combusted to provide energy for heating one or more of the extruder, mixer, or devolatilization vessels.

41. The process of claim 1 wherein a solid co-reactant material is fed to the devolatilization vessel; and wherein the solid co-reactant fed to the devolatilization vessel comprises one or more materials chosen from among agricultural lime, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, limestone, hydrotalcites, or a combination thereof.

42-44. (canceled)

45. The process of claim 1 wherein the hot vapor products produced in the extruder, the mixing vessel, or first or second devolatilization vessel or any combination of these are passed through a solid or solution to remove HCl.

46-48. (canceled)

49. The process of claim 1 wherein the devolatilization vessel comprises a continually stirred tank vessel which comprises paddles or blades, or rotor/stator mixer, a multi-shaft mixer, or a double planetary mixer, or helical mixer, or more than one active mixer.

50. The process of claim 1 wherein the residence time of the plastic mixture in the first mixing vessel is greater than the residence time in the devolatilization vessel.

51. The process of claim 1 wherein the temperature of the plastic mixture in the first mixing vessel is less than the temperature in the devolatilization vessel or vessels.

52-57. (canceled)

58. The process of claim 1 wherein the feed stream comprises polymers that contain bromine or glass fibers, or some combination thereof.

59. The process of claim 1 wherein the feed stream also comprises biomass, or wood waste, or food waste, or organic components of municipal solid waste, or agricultural waste, or some combination thereof.

60-62. (canceled)

63. The process of claim 1 wherein the plastic mixture entering the devolatilization vessel is dispersed as droplets into a gas phase within the devolatilization vessel.

64-66. (canceled)

67. The process of claim 1 wherein a stream of lower average molecular weight hydrocarbonaceous materials is added to the molten plastic mixture entering the mixing vessel.

68. The process of claim 67 wherein the lower molecular weight material added to the plastic mixture is a recycle stream from the process wherein the mass average molecular weight is no more than 1000, 800, 500, 200, or 150 g/mole.

69. (canceled)

70. The process of claim 1 wherein at least one devolatilization vessel is subjected to sonication to enhance vapor/liquid separation.

71-72. (canceled)

73. The process of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the condensed phases that exit the mixing vessel is separated into solid and liquid fractions and at least a portion of the solids, or a portion of the liquids, or both, is recycled to the extruder.

74. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0015] FIG. 1 shows a schematic of a process for removing chlorine from plastic mixtures.

[0016] FIG. 2 shows a schematic of a column for mixing and/or devolatilization of plastic mixtures.

[0017] FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a mechanically mixed devolatilization vessel useful in the process.

GLOSSARY

[0018] DechlorinationThe term dechlorination means to remove chlorine or chlorine-containing compounds, such as, but not limited to HCl, chlorine-substituted aromatics or paraffins or olefins or some combination, from a plastic, or waste, or mixture of plastics, or some combination of these to produce a material that has a lower concentration of chlorine in it than does the feed material. Where HCl is indicated, the vapor mixture can comprise HCl or other halogen gases such as HF or HBr or HI, or some combination, although HCl is the most commonly occurring material since it is derived from PVC or PVDC which are both common plastic materials. Chlorine herein means atoms or ions or compounds of chlorine, not the gaseous elemental form of chlorine, Cl.sub.2, unless specifically indicated. Where chlorine is indicated it is understood that the process can be similarly applied to any mixture containing the halogens chlorine, bromine, iodine, or fluorine, or any combination of these, and that these processes are envisioned within the scope of this disclosure. [0019] DevolatilizationThe term devolatilization means to remove volatile materials from a material, usually by heating or by exposure to a vacuum or both. Devolatilization is also a process where volatile materials are removed directly from an extruder during the melt extrusion of a polymer. A devolatilization vessel is apparatus in which, during operation, a separate vapor phase forms above the molten liquid phase to allow for vapor removal. [0020] FluidThe term fluid refers to a gas, a liquid, a mixture of a gas and a liquid, or a gas or a liquid containing dispersed solids, liquid droplets and/or gaseous bubbles. The terms gas and vapor have the same meaning and are sometimes used interchangeably. [0021] Plastics or PolymersThe terms plastics and polymers are used interchangeably herein. A polymer is a carbon-based (at least 50 mass % C) material chiefly made up of repeating units and having a number average molecular weight of at least 100, typically greater than 1000 or greater than 10,000. Polymers include thermoplastic polymers such as, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers, polyamide, polyurethane, polyethers, polycarbonates, poly(oxides), poly(sulfides), polyarylates, polyetherketones, polyetherimides, polysulfones, polyurethanes, polyvinyl alcohols, and polymers produced by polymerization of monomers, such as, for example, dienes, olefins, styrenes, acrylates, acrylonitrile, methacrylates, methacrylonitrile, diacids and diols, lactones, diacids and diamines, lactams, vinyl halides, vinyl esters, block copolymers thereof, and alloys thereof, thermoset polymers such as, for example, epoxy resins; phenolic resins; melamine resins; alkyd resins; vinyl ester resins; unsaturated polyester resins; crosslinked polyurethanes; polyisocyanurates; crosslinked elastomers, including but not limited to, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene, styrene-isoprene, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer polymer; and blends thereof. Mixtures of polymers separated from municipal solid waste or other waste streams are suitable feeds provided they contain only small fractions of contaminants such as S, N, O, or halogens. Polymers yielding halogenated material upon pyrolysis, for example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyldichloride (PVDC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and other halogenated polymers, are included, but are often minimized in the feed materials to plastics upgrading processes. [0022] PyrolysisThe terms pyrolysis and pyrolyzing are given their conventional meaning in the art and are used to refer to the transformation of a compound, e.g., a solid hydrocarbonaceous material, into one or more other substances, e.g., volatile organic compounds, gases and coke, by heat, preferably without the addition of, or in the absence of, O.sub.2. Preferably, the volume fraction of O.sub.2 present in a pyrolysis reaction chamber is 0.5% or less. Pyrolysis may take place with or without the use of a catalyst. [0023] The term recovering has the conventional meaning in process chemistry and can be replaced by the term obtaining. [0024] Residence TimeThe residence time means the actual time under reaction conditions that a material spends in the active portion of the reactor, either the heated (or cooled) portion or in the volume of the reactor containing catalyst. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to control the residence time of the fluidization fluid or liquid or molten materials in a vessel. The residence time of a material in a vessel is defined as the volume of the vessel divided by the volumetric flow rate of the material under process conditions of temperature and pressure. As is standard patent terminology, the term comprising means including and does not exclude additional components. Any of the inventive aspects described in conjunction with the term comprising also include narrower embodiments in which the term comprising is replaced by the narrower terms consisting essentially of or consisting of As used in this specification, the terms includes or including should not be read as limiting the invention but, rather, listing exemplary components.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0025] FIG. 1 presents a schematic of an embodiment of this invention that includes an extruder fitted with gas evolution port(s) to allow evolved HCl or other gases to be removed from the plastic mixture, a mixing vessel (vessel 1) that provides a long residence time for mixing and HCl evolution, and one or more devolatilization vessels (vessel 2) held at higher temperatures to remove further chlorine from the system, producing a low chlorine content molten liquid product mixture. The extruder, mixer, and the one or more devolatilization vessels are in fluid communication such that a molten or liquid phase can pass from the extruder into the one or more devolatilization vessels.

[0026] The plastic feed materials suitable for use in the invention can comprise all types of polymeric materials including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyacetylene, polybutylene, polyolefins, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, copolyesters, polycarbonate, polyurethanes, polyamides, polystyrene (PS), polyacetal, epoxies, polycyanurates, polyacrylics, polyurea, vinyl esters, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polyurethane, polyethers, polycarbonates, poly(oxides), poly(sulfides), polyarylates, polyetherketones, polyetherimides, poly sulfones, polyurethanes, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyvinyl dichloride (PVDC), polyvinyl acetate, nylon, copolymers such as ethylene-propylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), nitrile rubber, natural and synthetic rubber, tires, styrene-butadiene, styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-isoprene, styrene-maleic anhydride, ethylene-vinyl acetate, nylon 12/6/66, filled polymers, polymer composites, plastic alloys, other polymeric materials, and polymers or plastics dissolved in a solvent, whether obtained from polymer or plastic manufacturing processes as waste or discarded materials, post-consumer recycled polymer materials, materials separated from waste streams such as municipal solid waste, and polymers produced by polymerization of monomers, such as, for example, dienes, olefins, styrenes, acrylates, acrylonitrile, methacrylates, methacrylonitrile, diacids and diols, lactones, diacids and diamines, lactams, vinyl esters, block copolymers thereof, and alloys thereof; thermoset polymers such as, for example, epoxy resins; phenolic resins; melamine resins; alkyd resins; vinyl ester resins; unsaturated polyester resins; crosslinked polyurethanes; polyisocyanurates; crosslinked elastomers, including but not limited to, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene, styrene-isoprene, or some combination of these. The invention includes subcombinations of these materials, as desired, or as available from a particular location; the invention can be described as comprising one or any combination of these materials.

[0027] The plastic feed in FIG. 1 comprises waste plastic that optionally has been pre-treated to make it suitable to be fed into an extruder. A mixture of plastics may be introduced into an optional feed system (not shown) that prepares the plastic mixture for introduction into the process by, for example, removing undesirable feed materials such as metal, minerals, halogenated materials, and the like, sizing the material to the desired size range, washing the material to remove contaminants, or some combination of these. The steps of removal of undesirable feed materials and sizing can be conducted in any order, i.e., either step can be conducted first and the other step conducted second. The removal of undesirable materials can include either manual picking of materials or automated separation of undesirable materials, or both. In some instances, the separation step may include mechanical separation, sink/float separation, air elutriation, or other known separation processes, preferably in an automated mode. In some instances, the particle size of the solid polymer feed composition may be reduced in a size reduction system prior to passing the feed to the extruder. In some embodiments, the average diameter of the reduced size feed composition exiting the size reduction system may comprise no more than about 50%, not more than about 25%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 5%, no more than about 2% of the mass average diameter of the feed composition fed to the size reduction system. The feed mixture may comprise plastics mixtures in which at least 85% by mass, at least 90% by mass, or at least 95% by mass of the particles pass through a 0.25 inch (0.6 cm), 0.5 inch (1.2 cm), 1.0 inch (2.5 cm), 1.5 inch (3.7 cm), 2 inch (5.0 cm), or 4 inch (10.0 cm) screen. Average diameter (size) can be measured by sieving through a mesh (screen) or series of meshes. Large-particle feed material may be more easily transportable and less difficult to process than small-particle feed material. On the other hand, in some cases it may be advantageous to feed small particles to the process. The use of a size reduction system allows for the transport of large-particle feed between the source and the process, while enabling the feed of small particles to the process.

[0028] The plastic mixture from which undesirable materials have been removed is passed to an optional washing process wherein the plastic mixture may be washed for example by treatment with a wash solution to remove unwanted materials such as dirt, labels, coatings, or the like, to produce a washed plastic mixture and used wash solution. Optionally the mixture of plastics may be heated sufficiently to melt the material producing a molten mixture of plastics that can optionally be passed through a screen or other filtering device to remove entrained solids. The plastic mixture is fed into the extruder either as a collection of small particles or as a molten mass or some combination of these depending on the pretreatment. The extruder is fitted with an entry port into which the plastic mixture is introduced and an exit port from which molten plastics are passed to later processes. The extruder is optionally fitted with one or more vapor exit ports such that vapors that are entrained in or produced in the extruder can escape the system and be processed separately from the molten plastic mixture. In the extruder the mixture is compressed and heated to a temperature sufficient to decompose the plastics into a product mixture comprising lighter components including HCl that are in a vapor phase and heavier components that are in a molten liquid phase, or a combination of solid and liquid phases. The extruder may optionally be fitted with a gas inlet port into which a gas is introduced that exits with the evolved vapors through the one or more gas exit ports. At least a portion of the vapor phase passes out of the vapor exit ports for further processing. The molten liquid phase is compressed and forced through the exit port of the extruder into a mixing vessel. The molten mixture may be passed into the mixing vessel via a melt pump.

[0029] In the mixing vessel the plastic mixture is heated to a temperature at least as high as the temperature at which it exited the extruder to further decompose the plastics and further evolve HCl. The molten plastic enters the mixing vessel at or near the top of the vessel with respect to gravity and exits the mixing vessel at or near the bottom of the mixing vessel. The plastic mixture is impelled through the mixing vessel by the action of the extruder, or it can be impelled by a melt pump. The flow of materials through the mixing vessel approximates plug flow, i.e. there is little back-mixing. The residence time of the material in the mixing vessel is at least 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70, or from 2 to 150, from 2 to 10, from 10 to 120, from 20 to 90, or from 40 to 80 minutes. Optionally, the mixing vessel may include a gas vent to allow any HCl or other light gases produced in the vessel to separate and exit from the vessel.

[0030] The residence time of the material in the devolatilization vessel(s) is at least 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70, or from 2 to 150, from 2 to 10, from 10 to 120, from 20 to 90, or from 40 to 80 minutes. The residence time of the molten plastic in the devolatilization vessel or vessels is sufficient to evolve enough HCl from the plastic mixture and the temperature is low enough so that few organic chlorides are formed such that the resulting Cl concentration in the remaining molten mixture is less than 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, or 0.001%, or between 0.0001% and 1% of the Cl concentration of the feed mixture introduced into the extruder. The molten dechlorinated plastic mixture exiting the devolatilization vessel or vessels may comprise less than 500, less than 200, less than 100, less than 50, less than 20, less than 10, or less than 5, less than 2, or less than 1, or from 0.01 to 100, from 0.02 to 50, from 0.05 to 20, from 0.1 to 10, or from 0.1 to 5 ppm of chlorine by weight. The devolatilization vessel or vessels include a gas vent or vents to allow any HCl or other light gases produced in the devolatilization to separate and exit from the vessel.

[0031] Optionally, the molten plastic mixture that exits a first devolatilization vessel is passed into a second devolatilization vessel in which further Cl-containing material may be evolved. The second devolatilization vessel may be of the same or different type as the first devolatilization vessel. Removal of the evolved vapors from the plastic melt may be accomplished by a vent at or near the top of the first or second devolatilization vessel or both through which evolved gases including HCl may escape. The dechlorinated molten plastic mixture recovered from the last devolatilization vessel may comprise less than 500, less than 200, less than 100, less than 50, less than 20, less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, or less than 1, or from 0.01 to 100, from 0.02 to 50, from 0.05 to 20, from 0.1 to 10, or from 0.1 to 5 ppm of chlorine by weight.

[0032] An example of a static mixing vessel is shown schematically in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2 the vessel is a cylindrical vessel fitted with internal fixed (non-moving) structures that mix the material as it flows down through the vessel. The fixed structures can be baffles, or spheres with or without passages within them, or shaped articles like berl saddles, packing rings, Raschig rings, sponges comprising numerous pores, screens, nets, or any other shaped structure or mixture of different structures that enhances mixing of the fluids. Preferably, the fixed structures within the mixing vessel are structures that offer minimal resistance to plug flow of the molten mixed plastic mixture while still providing good mixing such as open nets, screens, baffles, or the like. The fixed structures can be metallic or ceramic or some combination thereof. Plug flow is established within the mixing vessel so that back-mixing is minimized. The residence time within the mixing vessel is long so that HCl is evolved. The evolved gases may not condense to form a separate phase but be entrained in the molten plastic and passed to the devolatilization vessel or vessels.

[0033] The mixing vessel or any of the devolatilization vessels may optionally include an entry port for the introduction of gas at or near the bottom of the vessel and a gas exit port situated at or near the top of the vessel. Sweep gas may be introduced into the vessel to carry away the evolved vapors including HCl so that the HCl has less opportunity to react with organic species to form chlorine-containing hydrocarbonaceous species.

[0034] Static mixers provide many advantages compared to agitated mixing such as in CSTRs. An agitated mixer requires a significant amount of energy to move the agitating blades or other devices through the high viscosity plastic melt. The static mixer requires much less energy than a CSTR. A CSTR also introduces a significant amount of back-mixing; indeed, the ideal CSTR is perfectly mixed so that it has a constant concentration of materials within it. Thus, the fresh feed that contains a high concentration of Cl bonded to the polymer is dispersed throughout the mixture, maintaining a constant Cl content that is bonded to the polymer. By contrast, a static mixer that has plug flow establishes a bonded Cl concentration gradient from entrance to exit due to the decomposition of the materials that releases HCl so that there is less Cl bonded to the polymers in the mixture and more of the free HCl. Thus, the mixture at the exit contains much less Cl bonded to the plastic and the remainder of the Cl is present as HCl vapor entrained in the mix that can be readily released in the devolatilization vessel.

[0035] One embodiment of a devolatilization vessel useful in the process is shown schematically in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the devolatilization vessel includes paddles to promote the condensation of the entrained gases to form a separate vapor phase above the molten liquid phase and allow for HCl removal. The mixed molten plastic enters at or near the top of the devolatilization vessel and exits at or near the bottom of the vessel.

[0036] The devolatilization vessel can overcome the problem of high viscosity of the plastic mixture by being operated at higher temperatures than the mixing vessel so that the plastic mixture has a significantly reduced viscosity.

[0037] The extruder of the present invention includes an inlet port and an exit port wherein the temperatures can optionally be from 20 C. to 200 C., such as 20 C. to 100 C., or 20 C. to 50 C., at or near the inlet port, and the range of temperatures at the high temperature exit port can be from 200 C. to 400 C., such as from 225 C. to 350 C., or from 250 C. to 300 C. Within the extruder, the feed mixture is preferably heated to a temperature of at least 200 C. but no more than 400 C. The extruder can comprise a 1-screw extruder, two screw extruder, auger reactor, or similar device. Preferably, a gas chosen from among air, nitrogen, CO.sub.2, steam, helium, argon, or some combination thereof is fed to the extruder. Optionally, the extruder comprises multiple zones separated such that vapor phases are prohibited from passing from an earlier zone into a later zone and each zone is fitted with one or more gas exit ports. The residence time of the feed mixture within the extruder is preferably at least 1, 2, 4, 10, 20, or 30 minutes, or from 1 to 60, or from 2 to 30 minutes. Optionally, the pressure in the extruder is at least 0.1 Mpa (1 bar), at least 0.3 Mpa (3 bar), at least 0.4 Mpa (4 bar), from 0.1 to 2.0 Mpa (1 to 20 bar), from 0.1 to 1.0 Mpa (1 to 10 bar), or from 0.3 to 0.8 Mpa (3 to 8 bar), preferably from 0.4 to 0.6 Mpa (4 to 6 bar). Preferably, the pressure in the extruder is greater than the pressure in any mixing or devolatilization vessel or vessels.

[0038] Preferably, the extruder is in fluid communication with a mixing vessel and one or more devolatilization vessels and the molten plastic mixture that exits the extruder enters the mixing vessel at or near the top of the vessel. The temperature of the plastic mixture within the mixing vessel can optionally be raised to at least 200 C., 225 C., or 250 C., or from 150 C. to 350 C., or from 200 C. to 300 C. Preferably, a gas comprising a material chosen from among air, nitrogen, CO.sub.2, steam, helium, argon, or some combination thereof is fed at or near the bottom of the mixing vessel or devolatilization vessel and the vapors are exhausted at or near the top of the vessel.

[0039] The molten plastic mixture exits the mixing vessel and is preferably passed to one or more devolatilization vessels. The devolatilization vessel may comprise two or more devolatilization vessels in series. Optionally, the molten plastic mixture passes downward through the mixing vessel or any of the devolatilization vessels, or some combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mixing or devolatilization or both mixing and devolatilization vessels comprise a cylindrical vessel or vessels. Where the mixing vessel is a cylinder, the vessel preferably comprises packing material, such packing material comprising fixed structures such as baffles or mixing elements such as spheres with or without passages within them, or shaped articles like berl saddles, or packing rings, or Raschig rings, or sponges comprising numerous pores, nets, or screens, or any other shaped structure or mixture of different structures. Optionally, at least one devolatilization vessel is a continuously stirred tank reactor. The average residence time of condensed phases in the mixing vessel, or in any devolatilization vessel or the sum of these vessels, is at least 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 minutes, or from 2 to 150, from 10 to 120, from 20 to 90, or from 40 to 80 minutes. Optionally, at least a portion of the non-vapor products of the devolatilization vessel, or a portion of the gases remaining after the removal of desired products, or both, are combusted to provide energy for the pyrolysis process. Optionally, a solid co-reactant material is fed to at least one devolatilization vessel; the co-reactant may, for example, comprise one or more materials chosen from among agricultural lime, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, limestone, or hydrotalcites, or some combination thereof. Solid materials can be separated by filtration from the liquid phase of the devolatilization vessel. The hot vapor products produced in the mixing or any devolatilization vessel or vessels or both can be exhausted. Optionally, the hot vapor products produced in the mixing or any devolatilization vessel or vessels or both are passed through a solid or solution to remove or recover HCl. Optionally, the pressure in the mixing or any devolatilization vessel or both is at least 0.01 Mpa (0.1 bar), at least 0.03 Mpa (0.3 bar), or at least 0.05 Mpa (0.5 bar), or from 0.01 to 1.0 Mpa (0.1 to 10 bar), from 0.01 to 0.5 Mpa (0.1 to 5 bar), or from 0.05 Mpa to 0.2 Mpa (0.5 to 2 bar), preferably from 0.05 to 0.15 Mpa (0.5 to 1.5 bar). Preferably, the pressure in the mixing vessel is greater than the pressure in the devolatilization vessel or vessels.

[0040] Optionally, a melt flow pump can be used to facilitate the flow out of the extruder or out of the mixing or one or more devolatilization vessels. The melt flow pump can be configured with an extrusion die and cutter system to produce a nominal 2, 3, or 4, or from 1 to 5 or from 2 to 4 mm diameter pellet and the length/diameter ratio of pellets is no more than 2, no more than 1.7, no more than 1.5, or no more than 1.2, or from 1 to 2, or from 1.2 to 1.7. The control system may be configured to allow for the initial residence time of plastic in the devolatilization vessel to be achieved before starting the melt flow pump and pelletizing system.

[0041] Optionally, the molten plastic mix exiting the mixing vessel is introduced into the devolatilization vessel as a spray of droplets above the level of the plastic in the devolatilization vessel. Optionally, the droplet size is no more than 20 mm, or 15 mm, or 10 mm, or 5 mm, or 2 mm, or no more than 1 mm in average diameter. Preferably, the droplets are formed by passing the molten plastic mixture through a nozzle with numerous exit ports at a high flow rate under pressure. A stream of lower average molecular weight materials can be added to the molten plastic mixture entering the mixing vessel to facilitate mixing within the mixing vessel and droplet formation at the entrance to the devolatilization vessel; optionally, the lower molecular weight material is a recycle stream from the process wherein the average molecular weight is no more than 1000, 800, 500, 200, or 150 g/mole. Optionally, at least 50, or 70, or 80, or 90 wt % of the lower molecular weight material added to the mixture of plastics entering the mixing vessel has a boiling range from 350 to 500 C., 375 to 475 C., or 400 to 450 C.

[0042] Vapors exiting the extruder, mixing vessel, or devolatilization vessel(s) or some combination of these, can be passed through a solid or solution that reacts with HCl to trap the chlorine in the solid or solution. Optionally, the vapors from which HCl has been substantially removed can be added to the molten plastic mixture for further upgrading during the plastics upgrading process.

[0043] The inventive method may be further characterized by one or any combination of the following features:

Feed

[0044] feeding a feed mixture comprising plastics containing at least 100 ppm chlorine by weight to an extruder; [0045] wherein the feed mixture comprises plastics chosen from among polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyvinyldichloride (PVDC), poly (1,1,2,2 tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), fluorinated polymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers, polyamide, polyurethane, polyethers, polycarbonates, poly(oxides), poly(sulfides), polyarylates, polyetherketones, polyetherimides, polysulfones, polyurethanes, polyvinyl alcohols, and polymers produced by polymerization of monomers, such as, for example, dienes, olefins, styrenes, acrylates, acrylonitrile, methacrylates, methacrylonitrile, diacids and diols, lactones, diacids and diamines, lactams, vinyl esters, block copolymers thereof, and alloys thereof; thermoset polymers such as, for example, epoxy resins; phenolic resins; melamine resins; alkyd resins; vinyl ester resins; unsaturated polyester resins; crosslinked polyurethanes; polyisocyanurates; crosslinked elastomers, including but not limited to, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene, styrene-isoprene, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer polymer; and mixtures thereof; [0046] wherein the feed mixture may comprise a mix of waste plastic chosen from among polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene (PVCD), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), or mixed resins, or a combination thereof; [0047] wherein the feed stream of plastics is first heated to achieve a molten state and filtered to remove solids; [0048] wherein the feed stream comprises polymers that contain bromine or glass fibers, or a combination thereof; [0049] wherein the feed stream comprises biomass, or wood waste, or food waste, or organic components of municipal solid waste, or agricultural waste, or a combination thereof;

Extruder

[0050] wherein the extruder comprises an inlet port and an exit port; [0051] wherein the temperatures can be from 20 C. to 250 C., such as 20 to 100 C., or 20 to 50 C., at or near the inlet port, and the range of temperatures at the high temperature exit port can be from 200 C. to 400 C., such as from 225 to 350 C., or from 250 to 300 C.; [0052] wherein the feed mixture is heated to a temperature of at least 200 but no more than 400 C. to at least partially decompose the polymers in an extruder; [0053] wherein the residence time of the feed mixture within the extruder is at least 1, 2, 4, 10, 20, or 30 minutes, or from 1 to 60, or from 2 to 30 minutes; [0054] wherein the extruder is fitted with one or more gas exit ports through which evolved HCl can be removed; [0055] wherein HCl can be removed from the extruder through one or more gas exit ports; [0056] wherein a gas can be fed to the extruder; [0057] wherein an added gas chosen from among air, nitrogen, CO.sub.2, steam, helium, or argon, or some combination thereof can be fed to the extruder; [0058] wherein HCl and any added gas can exit the extruder through one or more gas exit ports; [0059] wherein the extruder comprises a 1-screw extruder, two screw extruder, auger reactor, rotating kiln reactor, or a stepped grate reactor, or some combination thereof; [0060] wherein the extruder comprises multiple zones separated such that vapor phases are prohibited from passing from an earlier zone into a later zone and at least one zone is fitted with one or more gas exit ports; [0061] wherein the extruder comprises a compounding port; [0062] wherein the extruder comprises multiple extruders run in parallel; [0063] wherein the one or more extruder exit ports are operated under vacuum;

Mixing Vessels

[0064] wherein the extruder is in fluid communication with one or more mixing or devolatilization vessels; [0065] wherein the molten plastic mixture exits the extruder and enters a mixing vessel at or near the top of the vessel; [0066] wherein the mixing vessel is a plug flow vessel; [0067] wherein the temperature of the plastic mixture within the mixing vessel is raised to at least 250, 275, 300, 325, or 350 C.; [0068] wherein an added gas chosen from among air, nitrogen, CO.sub.2, steam, helium, argon, or some combination thereof is fed at or near the bottom of the mixing vessel or devolatilization vessel, and the vapors are exhausted; [0069] wherein the molten plastic mixture that exits the mixing vessel can be passed to one or more devolatilization vessels; [0070] wherein the devolatilization vessel comprises two or more devolatilization vessels in series; [0071] wherein the molten plastic mixture may pass downward through the mixing vessel or first or second devolatilization vessels or any combination thereof; [0072] wherein the mixing or devolatilization or both vessels comprise a cylindrical vessel; [0073] wherein the mixing or devolatilization vessel(s) or both comprise packing material; [0074] wherein the mixing or devolatilization vessel(s) or both comprise baffles or mixing elements; [0075] wherein the mixing elements in the mixing vessel comprise fixed structures such as spheres with or without passages within them, or shaped articles like berl saddles, packing rings, Raschig rings, sponges comprising numerous pores, nets, screens, or any other shaped structure, or some combination of different structures; [0076] wherein the average residence time of condensed phases in the mixing vessel is at least 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60, or from 2 to 150, from 2 to 10, from 10 to 120, from 20 to 90, or from 40 to 80 minutes; [0077] wherein the average residence time of condensed phases in the mixing vessel, or in any devolatilization vessel(s), or in the mixing vessel and any devolatilization vessels, is at least 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60, or from 2 to 150, from 2 to 10, from 10 to 120, from 20 to 90, or from 40 to 80 minutes; [0078] wherein the temperature of the plastic mixture is raised to at least 200 C., 225 C., or 250 C., or from 150 C. to 350 C., from 200 C. to 300 C., or from 250 C. to 300 C. in the mixing vessel and the condensed phases are passed to a devolatilization vessel; [0079] wherein at least a portion of the non-vapor products of the devolatilization vessel, or a portion of the gases remaining after removal of desired products, or both, are combusted to provide energy for heating one or more of the extruder, the mixer, and devolatilization vessels; [0080] wherein at least a portion of the condensed phases that exit the mixing vessel is separated into solid and liquid fractions and at least a portion of the solids, or a portion of the liquids, or both, is recycled to the extruder; [0081] wherein a solid co-reactant material is fed to the mixing or any devolatilization vessels; [0082] wherein the solid co-reactant fed to the mixing vessel or any devolatilization vessels comprises one or more materials chosen from among agricultural lime, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, limestone, or hydrotalcites, or some combination thereof; [0083] wherein solid material is separated by filtration from the liquid phase of the mixing or any devolatilization vessels; [0084] wherein the hot vapor products produced in the mixing or any devolatilization vessel or both are exhausted; [0085] wherein the hot vapor products produced in the mixing vessel or devolatilization vessel(s) or both are passed through a solid or solution to remove HCl; [0086] wherein plug flow of the plastic mixture is established in the mixing or any devolatilization vessel; [0087] wherein the molten plastic mixture is passed from the extruder to the mixing vessel via a melt pump; [0088] wherein the molten plastic mixture is passed from the mixing vessel to the devolatilization vessel via a melt pump; [0089] wherein the pressure in the extruder is at least 0.1 MPa (1 bar), at least 0.3 Mpa (3 bar), or at least 0.4 Mpa (4 bar), or from 0.1 to 2.0 Mpa (1 to 20 bar), from 0.1 to 1.0 Mpa (1 to 10 bar), or from 0.3 to 0.8 Mpa (3 to 8 bar), preferably from 0.4 to 0.6 Mpa (4 to 6 bar); [0090] wherein the pressure in the mixing vessel or any devolatilization vessel or both is at least 0.01 Mpa (0.1 bar), at least 0.03 Mpa (0.3 bar), or at least 0.05 Mpa (0.5 bar), or from 0.01 to 1.0 Mpa (0.1 to 10 bar), from 0.01 to 0.5 Mpa (0.1 to 5 bar), or from 0.05 Mpa to 0.2 Mpa (0.5 to 2 bar), preferably from 0.05 to 0.15 Mpa (0.5 to 1.5 bar); [0091] wherein the pressure in the extruder is greater than the pressure in the devolatilization vessel or vessels; [0092] wherein the pressure in the mixing vessel is greater than the pressure in the devolatilization vessel or vessels; [0093] wherein one or more of the devolatilization vessel or vessels is a continuously stirred tank reactor vessel (CSTR); [0094] wherein one or more of the continually stirred tank vessel(s) include paddles or blades, or rotor/stator mixer, a multi-shaft mixer, or a double planetary mixer, or helical mixer, or more than one active mixer; [0095] wherein the residence time of the plastic mixture in the mixing vessel is greater than the residence time in the devolatilization vessel or vessels; [0096] wherein the temperature of the plastic mixture in the mixing vessel is no more than the temperature in the devolatilization vessel(s); [0097] wherein at least a portion of the condensed phases that exit the devolatilization vessel is separated into solid and liquid fractions and at least a portion of the solids, or a portion of the liquids, or both, is recycled to the extruder or to the mixing vessel; [0098] wherein the plastic mixture entering the devolatilization vessel is dispersed as droplets into a gas phase within the devolatilization vessel; [0099] wherein the plastic mixture entering the devolatilization vessel is dispersed by passage through a spray nozzle; [0100] wherein the molten plastic mix exiting the mixing vessel is introduced into the devolatilization vessel as a spray of droplets above the level of the plastic in the devolatilization vessel; [0101] wherein the droplet size of the plastic dispersed into the devolatilization vessel is no more than 20 mm, 15 mm, 10 mm, 5 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, or 0.2 mm in average diameter; [0102] wherein the droplets are formed by passing the molten plastic mixture through a nozzle with numerous exit ports at a high flow rate under pressure; [0103] wherein a stream of lower average molecular weight hydrocarbonaceous materials is added to the molten plastic mixture entering the mixing vessel to facilitate mixing within the mixing vessel and droplet formation at the entrance to the devolatilization vessel; [0104] wherein the lower molecular weight material added to the plastic mixture is a recycle stream from the process wherein the average molecular weight is no more than 1000, 800, 500, 200, or 150 g/mole; [0105] wherein at least 50, 70, 80, or 90 wt % of the lower molecular weight material added to the mixture of plastics entering the mixing vessel has a boiling range from 350 to 500 C., 375 to 475 C., or 400 to 450 C.; [0106] wherein at least one devolatilization vessel is subjected to sonication to enhance vapor/liquid separation; [0107] wherein the dechlorinated plastic mixture that exits the devolatilization vessel or vessels is sent to a plastics upgrading process; [0108] wherein the plastics upgrading process is thermal cracking, or catalytic cracking, or hydrocracking, or some combination of these; wherein the dechlorinated plastic recovered from the first or second devolatilization vessel comprises less than 500, less than 200, less than 100, less than 50, less than 20,less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, or less than 1, or from 0.01 to 100, from 0.02 to 50, from 0.05 to 20, from 0.1 to 10, or from 0.1 to 5 ppm of chlorine by weight; [0109] wherein the plastic mixture recovered from the last devolatilization vessel is passed via a melt flow pump through an extrusion die and cutter to produce pellets with a nominal diameter of 2, 3, or 4, or from 1 to 5, or from 2 to 4 mm, and the length/diameter ratio of the pellets is no more than 2, no more than 1.7, no more than 1.5, or no more than 1.2, or from 1 to 2, or from 1.2 to 1.7; [0110] wherein the plastic mixture recovered from the last devolatilization vessel is passed to a thermal cracker, hydrocracker, catalytic cracker, or other thermal treatment unit or units in which the plastic is cracked to lower average molecular weight materials; [0111] wherein the plastic mixture recovered from the last devolatilization vessel is mixed with a petroleum stream and passed to a thermal cracker, hydrocracker, catalytic cracker, or other thermal treatment unit or units in which the plastic is cracked to lower average molecular weight materials; [0112] wherein materials recovered from the cracker, hydrocracker, catalytic cracker, or other thermal treatment vessel comprises olefins or aromatics or some combination thereof; [0113] wherein materials recovered from the cracker, hydrocracker, catalytic cracker, or other thermal treatment vessel comprises naphtha or C1-C8 hydrocarbons or some combination thereof.