MULTIPOLE ELECTROMAGNET

Abstract

A multipole electromagnet for injecting particles, including a hollow duct extending along a longitudinal axis, and a plurality of wire conductors that are placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis along the duct, electrically connected in series and arranged to conduct electric current. The directions of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors are symmetric about a first plane of symmetry. The wire conductors are distributed in multiple carrier planes that are parallel or substantially parallel to the first plane of symmetry, including two main carrier planes that are symmetric about the first plane of symmetry and located outside the hollow, each main carrier plane carrying wire conductors that conduct the electric current in the first direction and wire conductors that conduct the electric current in the second direction opposite the first direction.

Claims

1. A multipole electromagnet for particle injection, preferably of electrons or positrons, comprising: a hollow duct, arranged to transport particles inside its hollow, said hollow extending along a longitudinal axis Y; a plurality of wire conductors placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y along the duct, connected electrically in series and arranged to conduct electric current the direction of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors not being identical for all of the wire conductors; the electromagnet comprising as many wire conductors conducting electric current in a first direction as wire conductors conducting electric current in a second direction opposite to the first direction; the directions of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors being symmetric relative to a first plane of symmetry parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis and passing through the hollow; the wire conductors are distributed in several carrier planes parallel or substantially parallel to the first plane of symmetry, including two principal carrier planes symmetric relative to the first plane of symmetry and located outside the hollow; each principal carrier plane carrying wire conductors that conduct electric current in the first direction and wire conductors that conduct electric current in the second direction opposite to the first direction.

2. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that each principal carrier plane carries at least four wire conductors.

3. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that the two principal carrier planes are a distance apart greater than or equal to 7 mm.

4. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that each principal carrier plane comprises only wire conductors following one another according to an alternation between respectively one or two wire conductor(s) conducting electric current in the first direction then respectively one or two wire conductor(s) conducting electric current in the second direction opposite to the first direction.

5. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that the carrier planes further comprise two control carrier planes, symmetric relative to the first plane of symmetry and located outside the hollow so that the principal carrier planes are located between the control carrier planes.

6. The electromagnet according to claim 5, characterized in that it comprises means for displacing the control carrier planes in parallel and/or perpendicularly to the first plane of symmetry.

7. The electromagnet according to claim 5, characterized in that each control carrier plane carries at least or exactly 1, 2 or 4 wire conductors.

8. The electromagnet according to claim 5, characterized in that each control carrier plane comprises wire conductors following one another according to an alternation between respectively one or two wire conductor(s) conducting electric current in the first direction then respectively one or two wire conductor(s) conducting electric current in the second direction opposite to the first direction.

9. The electromagnet according to claim 5, characterized in that the direction of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors at the ends of the succession of wire conductors carried by the principal carrier planes is opposite to the direction of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors at the ends of the succession of wire conductors carried by the control carrier planes.

10. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that the directions of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors are symmetric relative to a second plane of symmetry parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y and passing through the hollow, and perpendicular to the first plane of symmetry.

11. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that the hollow has in a direction Z joining the two principal carrier planes, a dimension of at least 6 mm, in a direction X perpendicular to the direction Z and to the longitudinal axis Y, a dimension of at least 6 mm.

12. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that the wire conductors and their current are arranged to generate a magnetic field the component Bz(X) of which in a direction Z joining the two principal carrier planes and varying as a function of the coordinate in a direction X perpendicular to the direction Z and to the longitudinal axis Y: has a zero value for a zero field position located in the hollow of the duct, preferably located substantially at the centre of a cross-section of the hollow of the duct, and has a field less than 5 T, and has a value with at least one peak, preferably with at least two peaks on either side of the zero field position, of at least 10 mT, preferably of at least 15 mT, for a position at a distance A from the zero field position along direction X and for a peak of electric current of 1 kA in the wire conductors, said magnetic field peak being located in the hollow of the duct, and preferably with A greater than or equal to 3 mm and/or less than or equal to 7 mm.

13. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises means for generating electric current, preferably pulsed, flowing through the wire conductors and greater than 500 amperes and/or less than 10000 amperes.

14. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of wire conductors placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis along the duct and connected in series is greater than or equal to 12.

15. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of wire conductors placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis along the duct and connected in series is less than or equal to 32.

16. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of wire conductors placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis along the duct and connected in series is equal to 12, 16 or 32.

17. The electromagnet according to claim 1, characterized in that, at each of the two ends of the electromagnet along the longitudinal axis Y, adjacent wire conductors are connected in pairs by a series connection, this series connection comprising a loop extending in a plane perpendicular to the first plane of symmetry, this closed loop comprising: A first part of the loop starting from a first wire conductor of the pair, perpendicularly to the first plane of symmetry; A third part of the loop connecting a second wire conductor of the pair, perpendicularly to the first plane of symmetry; A second part of the loop connecting the first part of the loop to the third part of the loop, parallel or substantially parallel to the first plane of symmetry; the second parts of all these loops being, for an end under consideration of the wire conductors, traversed by the electric current in one and the same direction and further characterized in that, on each of the two sides of the first plane of symmetry, the electromagnet comprises an auxiliary conductor connecting a wire conductor electrically in series to another wire conductor or to an electrical supply terminal, from a first end of the electromagnet along the longitudinal direction Y to a second end of the electromagnet along the longitudinal direction, this auxiliary conductor comprising, at each of the two ends of the electromagnet along the direction Y, the following parts connected in series, in this order: A first part connected electrically to a wire conductor or to one of the two electrical supply terminals, A second part extending parallel or substantially parallel to the first plane of symmetry and arranged to be traversed by an electric current in an opposite direction to the second parts of loops located at the same end of the electromagnet along the longitudinal direction Y, so that these second parts of loops are located between the first plane of symmetry and the second part of the auxiliary conductor; a third part extending parallel or substantially parallel to the first plane of symmetry and arranged to be traversed by an electric current in one and the same direction as the second parts of loops located at the same end of the electromagnet along the longitudinal direction Y, so that the second part of the auxiliary conductor is located between the first plane of symmetry and the third part of the auxiliary conductor; A fourth part joining the two ends of the electromagnet along the longitudinal direction Y.

18. A particle accelerator, preferably of electrons or positrons, comprising a synchrotron radiation source, a storage ring of charged particles circulating in this ring, and an electromagnet according to claim 1.

19. A method used in a multipole electromagnet for particle injection comprising: A step of transporting particles, preferably electrons or positrons, inside the hollow of a hollow duct, this hollow extending along a longitudinal axis Y; A step of conducting an electric current in a plurality of wire conductors placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y along the duct, and connected electrically in series; the direction of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors not being identical for all of the wire conductors; the electromagnet comprising as many wire conductors conducting electric current in a first direction as wire conductors conducting electric current in a second direction opposite to the first direction; the directions of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors being symmetric relative to a first plane of symmetry parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis and passing through the hollow, characterized in that the wire conductors are distributed in several carrier planes parallel or substantially parallel to the first plane of symmetry, including two principal carrier planes symmetric relative to the first plane of symmetry and located outside the hollow of each principal carrier plane carrying wire conductors that conduct electric current in the first direction and wire conductors that conduct electric current in the second direction opposite to the first direction.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES AND EMBODIMENTS

[0122] Other advantages and characteristics of the invention will become apparent on reading of the detailed description of implementations and embodiments which are in no way limitative, and the following attached diagrams:

[0123] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic top view of an injection section according to the state of the art,

[0124] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of phase space x & x according to the state of the art,

[0125] FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-section of an MIK magnet of the MAX IV type according to the state of the art,

[0126] FIG. 4 illustrates the magnetic field Bz created by the magnet in FIG. 3 according to the state of the art, for a peak current of 1 kA.

[0127] FIG. 5 is a top view of a portion of a particle accelerator comprising an electromagnet 1 according to the invention,

[0128] FIG. 6 is an example of phase space x & x of an electromagnet 1 according to the invention,

[0129] FIG. 7 is a sectional view, perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis Y, of a first embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention, which is the preferred embodiment of the invention,

[0130] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the first embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention,

[0131] FIG. 9 is the magnetic field map Bz(X) for Z=0 and Y=0 generated at 1 kA of the first embodiment in FIG. 7,

[0132] FIG. 10 illustrates, for the first embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention: on its part a), the superposition of the fields Bz(X) (ideal 17, before correction 18 and then after correction 19) zoomed at the centre of the chamber 3 (Z=0, Y=0); on its part b), the superposition of the fields Bx(X) (ideal 170, before correction 180 and then after correction 190) zoomed at the centre of the chamber 3 (Z=0, Y=0),

[0133] FIG. 11 is a sectional view, perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis Y, of a second embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention,

[0134] FIG. 12 is the magnetic field map Bz(X) for Z=0 and Y=0 generated at 1 kA of the second embodiment in FIG. 11,

[0135] FIG. 13 is, on its part a), a sectional view, perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis Y, of a third embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention; and is, on its part b), the magnetic field map Bz(X) for Z=0 and Y=0 generated at 1 kA of the third embodiment in FIG. 13a),

[0136] FIG. 14 is, on its part a), a sectional view, perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis Y, of a fourth embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention; and is, on its part b), the magnetic field map Bz(X) for Z=0 and Y=0 generated at 1 kA of the fourth embodiment in FIG. 14a),

[0137] FIG. 15 is a three-dimensional view of the connectors 7 and of their electrical connections in series for the first embodiment in FIG. 7,

[0138] FIG. 16 illustrates the vertical magnetic field Bz along the longitudinal axis S or Y for different positions X of interest, in the case of non-optimized connections in series between the connectors 7 of the first embodiment in FIG. 7 and therefore different from those illustrated in FIG. 15,

[0139] FIG. 17 illustrates the vertical magnetic field Bz along the longitudinal axis S or Y for different positions X of interest, in the case of the optimized connections in series between the connectors 7 of the first embodiment in FIG. 7 illustrated in FIG. 15.

[0140] Each of FIGS. 7, 11, 13a), and 14a) is a sectional view, perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis Y, of an embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention, at the middle of the magnet 1 along the axis Y (i.e. for Y=0).

[0141] As these embodiments are in no way limitative, variants of the invention could be considered in particular comprising only a selection of the characteristics described or illustrated hereinafter, in isolation from the other characteristics described (even if this selection is isolated within a phrase containing these other characteristics), if this selection of characteristics is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to differentiate the invention with respect to the state of the prior art. This selection comprises at least one, preferably functional, characteristic without structural details, and/or with only a part of the structural details if this part alone is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to differentiate the invention with respect to the state of the prior art.

[0142] Firstly, it is noted that a homothetic transformation of an MIK magnet of the Bessy II type according to the state of the art illustrated in FIG. 3, with the aim of bringing back the peaks in FIG. 4 located within plus or minus 10 mm to positions closer to the centre (a few millimetres from the zero field zone for the stored beam), would have the effect of displacing each peak towards the centre of the magnet. Unfortunately, to have this peak in a dynamic aperture between 3 and 5 mm, this means having the conductors 70 practically in contact with the stored beam, which makes no sense.

[0143] Modification of the magnet according to the state of the art in FIG. 3 is therefore far from easy or obvious for a person skilled in the art seeking to solve the technical problems forming the basis of the present invention.

[0144] A first embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention will now be presented, with reference to FIGS. 5 to 10 and 15 to 17.

[0145] As illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, this multipole electromagnet 1 for particle injection, preferably of electrons or positrons, comprises: [0146] a hollow duct 2, arranged to transport particles inside its hollow 3 (preferably at the centre or substantially at the centre of this hollow 3), this hollow 3 (also called chamber) extending along a longitudinal axis Y also called S and also referenced 5, [0147] a plurality of wire conductors 7 placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y along the duct, connected electrically in series and arranged to conduct electric current.

[0148] The conductors referenced 7 comprise only: [0149] main conductors 7, in the principal planes 91, 92 (several main conductors 7, preferably at least four, per plane 91 or 92), and [0150] optionally, control conductors 7, in the control planes 93, 94 (at least one control conductor 7 per plane 93 or 94).

[0151] A value Y= or y= or S= or s= defines a position along the axis Y or S.

[0152] By substantially parallel or substantially in parallel is meant parallel or in parallel with a potential error of angle of inclination comprised between plus 5 degrees and minus 5 degrees, preferably between plus 1 degree and minus 1 degree.

[0153] The conductors 7 are of small section, typically with a radius of 1 mm or less.

[0154] The conductors 7 are placed parallel or substantially parallel to the tangent or longitudinal axis Y (also called S) of a storage ring.

[0155] FIG. 7 is a sectional view perpendicular to the axis Y, substantially at the centre of the magnet 1 along its elongation along the axis Y.

[0156] The length of the duct 2 along the axis Y is typically from 100 to 300 mm, typically 250 mm.

[0157] The duct 2 is made of ceramic.

[0158] The duct 2 is covered, on its inside surface (i.e. in contact with the interior volume of the chamber 3), with a metallic deposit.

[0159] This deposit is electrically conducting.

[0160] This deposit is typically of titanium. This deposit allows conduction of the image current induced by the circulation of the electron beam at the centre of the chamber 3. It is important firstly to arrange metallized horizontal faces opposite the planes of conductors 91, 92.

[0161] The direction of the electric current 71, 72 flowing through the wire conductors 7 is not identical for all the wire conductors 7.

[0162] The electromagnet 1 comprises as many wire conductors 7 conducting the electric current in a first direction 71 (in the present description also called positive direction, with a current density in a conductor 7 oriented in the same direction as the electrons) as there are wire conductors 7 conducting the electric current in a second direction 72 (in the present description also called negative direction, with a current density oriented in the reverse direction of the electrons) opposite to the first direction.

[0163] The directions of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7 are symmetric relative to a first plane of symmetry 8 parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y and passing through the hollow 3.

[0164] The wire conductors 7 are distributed in several carrier planes 9 parallel or substantially parallel to the first plane of symmetry 8, including: [0165] two principal carrier planes 91, 92 with symmetrical positions relative to the first plane of symmetry 8 and located outside the hollow 3, each principal carrier plane 91, 92 carrying main wire conductors 7 that conduct the electric current in the first direction 71 and wire conductors 7 that conduct the electric current in the second direction 72 opposite to the first direction, [0166] two control carrier planes 93, 94, with symmetrical positions relative to the first plane of symmetry 8 and located outside the hollow 3 so that the principal carrier planes 91, 92 are located between the control carrier planes 93, 94, each control carrier plane 93, 94 carrying at least one control conductor 7.

[0167] The wire conductors 7 of each of the planes 91, 92 are distributed with a spatial periodicity along the direction X or the axis X.

[0168] The wire conductors 7 of each of the planes 93, 94 are distributed with a spatial periodicity along the direction X or the axis X.

[0169] In contrast to the state of the art (FIG. 3), the conductors 7 generating the magnetic field in the chamber 3 are not carried solely by two diagonals 881, 882 of a square (or of a rectangle).

[0170] The conductors 7 have a rectangular section of 500 m135 m (track of conventional printed circuit (PCB)). In a variant, the conductors 7 are cylindrical with a diameter of 400 m.

[0171] In the present document, a conductor 7 is said to be carried or distributed in a plane as soon as at least one straight segment (preferably parallel to the axis Y and/or preferably perpendicular to the constant section, preferably circular or rectangular, of this conductor 7) is located entirely inside the conductor 7 in question and is also located in this plane, optionally with a tolerance of position typically less than +/0.1 mm.

[0172] Each principal carrier plane 91, 92 carries at least four wire conductors 7, and in this embodiment carries 5 wire conductors 7.

[0173] The two principal carrier planes 91, 92 are a distance apart (along the direction Z perpendicular to Y) greater than or equal to 7 mm.

[0174] Each principal carrier plane 91, 92 comprises only wire conductors 7 following one another according to an alternation between respectively one or two wire conductor(s) 7 conducting electric current in the first direction 71 then respectively one or two wire conductor(s) 7 conducting electric current in the second direction 72 opposite to the first direction.

[0175] More precisely, each principal carrier plane 91, 92 comprises only wire conductors 7 following one another according to an alternation between respectively a wire conductor 7 conducting electric current in the first direction 71 then respectively a wire conductor 7 conducting electric current in the second direction 72 opposite to the first direction.

[0176] The electromagnet 1 comprises motor-driven means (not illustrated) for displacing the control carrier planes 93, 94 parallel and/or perpendicular to the first plane of symmetry 8.

[0177] Each control carrier plane 93, 94 carries at least one (and in the case of this embodiment exactly one) wire conductor 7.

[0178] The directions of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7, 73 at the ends of the succession of wire conductors 7 carried by the principal carrier planes 91, 92 is opposite to the direction of the electric current flowing through the wire conductor 7, 74 carried by each of the control carrier planes 93, 94.

[0179] The directions of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7 are symmetric relative to a second plane of symmetry 88 parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y and passing through the hollow 3 and perpendicular to the first plane of symmetry 8.

[0180] The hollow 3 has: [0181] in a direction or vertical axis Z (also referenced 6) joining the two principal carrier planes 91, 92 (i.e. perpendicular to the two principal planes 91, 92), a dimension of at least 6 mm, [0182] in a direction or horizontal axis X (also referenced 4) perpendicular to the direction Z and to the longitudinal axis Y, a dimension of at least 6 mm or even of at least 15 mm. [0183] A value Z= or z= defines a position along the direction or the axis Z. [0184] A value X= or x= defines a position along the direction or the axis X.

[0185] The electromagnet 1 comprises means (not illustrated) for generating the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7, this current being: [0186] preferably pulsed (the pulsed character is possibly recommended by two factors: it is preferable for the electromagnet 1 to be switched off before passage by the injected beam 107 after a revolution in the storage ring. Then, as it is necessary to have high currents to obtain the desired magnetic fields Bz, it is preferable to use pulsed currents, otherwise there would be a risk of destruction of the magnet 1), and [0187] greater than 500 amperes (and preferably less than 10000 amperes: the limitations on peak current are due to heating of the magnet (melting effect of the conductors 7), the inductance of the magnet 1 and its stability at the high voltage induced by the pulsed character).

[0188] The number of wire conductors 7 placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y along the duct 2 and connected in series is greater than or equal to 12.

[0189] The number of wire conductors 7 placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y along the duct 2 and connected in series is less than or equal to 32.

[0190] The number of wire conductors 7 placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y along the duct 2 and connected in series is equal to 12.

[0191] This embodiment therefore comprises 12 conductors 7.

[0192] These conductors are arranged in 2 sets (one set per plane 91 or 92) of several (five) conductors 7 parallel or substantially parallel (and coplanar) and 2 sets (one set per plane 93, 94) of at least one (exactly one) external conductor 7, called control conductor. The length of the magnet 1 is typically 250 mm.

[0193] The detailed structural characteristics of this embodiment are as follows: [0194] length of the conductors 7 along the axis Y: 250 mm (but may vary depending on the desired length) [0195] aperture of the chamber 3 along the direction or the axis X: 20 mm (but may vary depending on the requirements) [0196] aperture of the chamber 3 along the direction or the axis Z: at least 6 mm, preferably 8 mm [0197] spatial periodicity of the conductors 7 in each of the planes 91, 92 along the direction or the axis X: 2.337 mm [0198] spatial periodicity of the conductors 7 in each of the planes 93, 94 along the direction or the axis X: Not applicable [0199] distance between the planes 91 and 92 along the direction or the axis Z: 8.308 mm [0200] distance between the planes 91 and 93 along the direction or the axis Z, for at least one position of the means for displacing the planes: 8.536 mm [0201] course of each of the planes 93 and 94 along the direction or the axis Z and/or the axis X: at least 1 mm, typically 2 mm

[0202] The point X=0 and Z=0 is regarded as the centre of the hollow 3, i.e. the centre of the disk forming its circular section (perpendicularly to Y) or the intersection of the diagonals of the rectangle forming its rectangular section (perpendicularly to Y).

[0203] The stored 106 and injected 107 beams are typically at Z=0.

[0204] The stored beam 106 is at X=0.

[0205] With reference to FIG. 9, the wire conductors 7 and their current 71, 72 are arranged to generate a magnetic field the component Bz(X) of which in the direction Z (joining the two principal carrier planes 91, 92 and perpendicular to the principal planes 91, 92) and varying as a function of the coordinate in the direction X perpendicular to the direction Z and to the longitudinal axis Y: [0206] has a zero value for a zero field position 10 located in the hollow 3 of the duct, preferably located at the centre (X=0, Z=0) or substantially at the centre (i.e. preferably Z=0 (or 1 mm<Z<1 mm) and 7 mm<X<7 mm) of a cross-section (perpendicularly to Y) of the hollow 3 of the duct, and has a field less than 5 T (preferably 2 T) on an interval in the direction X of at least 0.05 mm around the zero field position (making it possible to ensure transparency of the injection with respect to the stored beam) for this embodiment having a zero field shape of the octupole type, and [0207] has a value with at least one peak, preferably with at least two peaks on either side of the zero field position, of at least 10 mT, preferably of at least 15 mT, for a position 11, 12 at Z=0 and at a distance A from the zero field position along the direction or the axis X and for a peak of electric current of 1 kA in the wire conductors, this magnetic field peak being located in the hollow of the duct, and preferably with A greater than or equal to 3 mm and/or less than or equal to 7 mm (or even less than or equal to 5 mm). [0208] By Peak of Bz(x) is meant a position of the field Bz(x) for which: [0209] the derivative d(Bz(X))/dX=0 [0210] the second derivative d.sup.2 (Bz(X))/dX.sup.2<0 if Bz(X)>0 [0211] the second derivative d.sup.2 (Bz(X))/dX.sup.2>0 if Bz(X)<0 [0212] The component Bz(X) has, for the zero field position 10, preferably a course that is: [0213] quadrupole (at Bz(X) locally proportional to X to the first order at the zero field position 10), or [0214] sextupole (at Bz(X) locally proportional to X.sup.2 to the first order at the zero field position 10), or [0215] octupole (at Bz(X) locally proportional to X.sup.3 to the first order at the zero field position 10).

[0216] The component Bz(X) has, for the zero field position 10, preferably a sextupole course or a course of higher magnetic order.

[0217] In the present embodiment, Bz(X) has, for the zero field position 10, an octupole course.

[0218] As illustrated in FIG. 9, the zero of magnetic field 10 of octupole form is found at X=0 mm. The peaks 11, 12 for injection in the context of our specifications are located at X=+/3.5 mm.

[0219] The more distant peaks at X=+/8.8 mm are not usable for specifications with a small dynamic aperture but might be suitable for other storage rings. By homothetic transformation of this topology, the smallest peak-zero transition would also be 3 mm, with a reduction of the beam aperture to 6 mm vertically.

[0220] The two control conductors 7 of the planes 93 and 94 only serve to refine the shape of the zero of magnetic field, they do not significantly alter the position of the peak at 3.5 mm of the magnetic field map.

[0221] As described above, this embodiment of electromagnet 1 comprises two control conductors 7 (on the planes 93 and 94) that make it possible to control the shape of the magnetic field at the centre (dipole and quadrupole value), without significantly affecting the overall distribution of magnetic field Bz: the magnetic field peak is always positioned at 3.5 mm.

[0222] To illustrate this control, it is assumed in FIGS. 10a) and 10b) that the five coplanar conductors 7 of the upper half magnet of the plane 91 are no longer perfectly parallel to the five lower conductors 7 of the plane 92, which remain in their nominal positions. That is, the five upper conductors 7 have a rotation relative to the conductor 7 C1 (the one at the centre of the five) of 0.6 degrees, which represents a typical error of installation of the magnet.

[0223] FIG. 10a) shows the superposition of the reference field Bz 17 (i.e. with an ideal magnet without mechanical faults), the field Bz 18 with the mechanical faults (Bz(X) Fault) and the field Bz 19 corrected by displacement of the control conductors 7 of the planes 93 and 94 (Bz(X) Correction).

[0224] It can be seen that the superposed curves are almost identical. The peaks at 3.5 mm are not affected overall by these mechanical faults.

[0225] In FIG. 10a), we focus on the field Bz at the centre of the magnet, at the location of the stored beam (X=0 mm). The defective field Bz before correction reveals a large dipole defect (approximately 200 T). The correction makes it possible to regain a level of magnetic field practically identical to the reference field Bz.

[0226] It is noted that for this exercise, the top conductors 7 of the plane 93 and bottom of the plane 94 were only displaced respectively in a single direction: the top conductor 7 of the plane 93 could only be displaced in the direction or the vertical axis Z and the bottom conductor 7 of the plane 94 could only be displaced in the direction or the horizontal axis X.

[0227] Achievement of this correction required a displacement of the top conductor 7 of the plane 93 of 0.5 mm (vertically according to Z) and of the bottom conductor 7 of the bottom plane 94 of 0.1 mm (horizontally according to X).

[0228] Thus, fixing the degrees of freedom allows quick correction of the field Bz. As a result, with reference to FIG. 10b), the other component Bx in the direction or the axis X of the field is degraded by this correction. FIG. 10b) shows the superposition of the reference field Bx 170 (i.e. with an ideal magnet without mechanical faults), the field Bx 180 with the mechanical faults and the field Bx 190 corrected by displacement of the control conductors 7 of the planes 93 and 94 (Bz(X) Correction).

[0229] However, Bz and Bx can also be corrected jointly with displacement of the control conductors 7 in all the vertical Z and horizontal X directions for each of these control conductors 7.

[0230] At each end 21, 22 of the magnet 1 along Y, the conductors 7 are connected in pairs to form a single electric circuit. The (pulsed) electric current is therefore identical in all the conductors 7.

[0231] This magnet 1 is supplied with a pulse of electric current of 1 kA.

[0232] As illustrated in FIG. 15, at each of the two ends 21, 22 of the electromagnet 1 along the longitudinal axis Y, adjacent wire conductors 7 are connected in pairs by a series connection, this series connection comprising a loop 30 extending in a plane perpendicular to the first plane of symmetry 8, this closed loop 30 comprising: [0233] A first part 31 of the loop starting from a first wire conductor 7 of the pair, perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis Y and to the plane 8 [0234] A third part 33 of the loop joining a second wire conductor 7 of the pair, perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis Y and to the plane 8 [0235] A second part 32 of the loop joining the first part 31 of the loop to the third part 33 of the loop, parallel or substantially parallel to the direction or the axis X and to the plane 8
the second parts 32 of all these loops 30 being, for a given end 21 or 22 of the wire conductors 7, traversed by the electric current in one and the same direction. It is also noted that the second parts 32 of all these loops 30 are, for the set of the two ends 21 and 22, traversed by the electric current in one and the same direction.

[0236] On each of the two sides of the first plane of symmetry 8, the electromagnet 1 comprises an auxiliary conductor 40 connecting a wire conductor 7 electrically in series to another wire conductor 7 or to one of two electrical supply terminals 45, from a first end 21 or 22 respectively of the electromagnet 1 along the longitudinal direction Y to a second end 22 or 21 respectively of the electromagnet 1 along the longitudinal direction Y, this auxiliary conductor 40 comprising, at each of the two ends 21, 22 of the electromagnet 1 along the direction Y, the following parts connected in series in this order: [0237] a first part 41 connected electrically to a wire conductor 7 or to one of the two terminals 45 and extending preferably perpendicularly to the first plane of symmetry 8 [0238] a second part 42 extending parallel or substantially parallel to the direction or the axis X and to the plane 8 and arranged to be traversed by an electric current in a direction opposite to the second parts 32 of loops located at the same end 21 or 22 of the electromagnet 1 along the longitudinal direction Y, so that these second parts 32 of loops are located between the first plane of symmetry 8 and the second part 42 of the auxiliary conductor 40, [0239] optionally, a third part 43 extending parallel or substantially parallel to the direction or the axis X and to the plane 8 and arranged to be traversed by an electric current in one and the same direction as the second parts 32 of loops located at the same end 21 or 22 of the electromagnet 1 along the longitudinal direction Y, so that the second part 42 of the auxiliary conductor 40 is located between the first plane of symmetry 8 and the third part 43 of the auxiliary conductor 40, [0240] a fourth or last part 44 joining the two ends 21, 22 of the electromagnet along the longitudinal direction Y, more precisely joining a second 42 or third 43 part of auxiliary conductor 40 at the end 21 to a second 42 or third 43 part of auxiliary conductor 40 at the other end 22.

[0241] The parts 41, 42, 43 and 44 may be connected together in series by intermediate parts, but only by intermediate parts parallel or substantially parallel to the direction or the axis Z.

[0242] This arrangement makes it possible to minimize the generation of the parasitic magnetic fields (Bx along X, Bz along Z and Bs=By along S or Y) by the series connections between the conductors 7; these parasitic magnetic fields may perturb the stored beam and therefore reduce the transparency of injection.

[0243] FIG. 16 illustrates, in a case for which the non-optimized connections of loops 30 between the conductors 7 would be contained flat in each of the planes 91, 92, 93 and 94, the vertical magnetic field Bz in the direction or the axis Z as a function of the longitudinal coordinate S or Y for different positions X of interest, namely positions of the injected beams 107 at X=+3.5 mm and X=3.5 mm and position of the stored beam at X=0 mm (Z=0 in all cases). The magnet 1 extends from Y=125 mm to Y=+125 mm. Owing to this simple manner of connection between conductors 7, unwanted parasitic peaks of magnetic field Bz are generated on the stored beam (X=0 mm), which would affect the transparency of the top-up injection mode (i.e. the stored beam 106 must not suffer any perturbation connected with the reinjection of beams). Peaks are also found at the positions of the injected beams (X=+/3.5 mm), which is not very desirable.

[0244] With reference to FIG. 17, we again plot the three curves Bz(s) with the same positions X as for the non-optimized case in FIG. 16, but this time in the case of the optimized connections between conductors 7 as illustrated in FIG. 15. It can be seen that on the stored beam (X=0 mm), the residual field is minimized considerably relative to the initial case. At the level of the injected beams 107, we find a longitudinal magnetic field profile of better quality, with peaks of much lower amplitude.

[0245] As illustrated in FIG. 9, the electromagnet 1 according to this first embodiment therefore makes it possible to generate a magnetic field peak Bz close to the axis (typically from 3 to 4 mm relative to the current requirements), with a zero field at the sextupole or octupole profile centre and with a free vertical aperture of vacuum chamber acceptable for the new machines (minimum 6 mm).

[0246] The electromagnet 1 is therefore an MIK: [0247] the peak 11 and/or 12 of magnetic field Bz of which is in the dynamic aperture (between 3 and 5 mm), [0248] leaving a sizeable aperture for the stored beam 106 (typically 6 mm (vertical Z)6 to 15 mm (horizontal X)) [0249] generating a sufficient deflection of the injected beam (typically 1 to 3 mrad, preferably 1 mrad+1/0.5 mrad for a nominal beam energy of 2.75 GeV+/6%) [0250] maintaining a zero or almost zero magnetic field Bz at the centre of the magnet 1 so as not to perturb the stored beam.

[0251] With reference to FIG. 9, it can be seen that the magnetic field variations relative to the transverse position X are large, which is the intended aim for magnets of this type. We may therefore place the stored beam 106 at X=0 mm, and place the injected beam 107 at X=+/3.5 mm, where there is a small local magnetic field peak.

[0252] For the stored beam 106 it is obviously advantageous to have a zero magnetic field Bz (in this case with an octupole form). For the injected beam 107 it is advantageous to have a peak 11, 12 of magnetic field Bz, at a fixed distance from the stored beam 106. The peak value (approximately 18 mT) for the injected beam 107 is advantageous, in view of the need to have a rapid progression of the non-field zone (stored beam) at the strong and flat field zone for the injected beam.

[0253] The fact that the number of conductors 7 is reduced is interesting, because for an equivalent magnetic induction, we have a lower inductance of the magnet, still appreciable in the field of pulsed systems.

[0254] As illustrated in FIG. 5, which is a top view of an injection section using the magnet 1 in a 4th generation storage ring, it can be seen that this solution gives a saving of space relative to a cross-section provided with four kicker magnets.

[0255] As illustrated in FIG. 6, relative to injection with four kickers, the magnet 1 manages to deflect the injected beam 107 directly in the dynamic aperture without having to deflect the stored beam 106 with the aid of a closed orbit deflection.

[0256] FIG. 6 shows the phase space x and x, to which the dynamic aperture is added. At the outlet of septum 109, the injected beam 107b is again temporarily outside of the dynamic aperture. Of course, if nothing is done, it will not be captured by the dynamic aperture and therefore will quickly be lost. The MIK magnet 1 will therefore deflect the injected beam, so that the latter is captured in this dynamic aperture in position 107c. Starting from there, the latter will undergo a betatron oscillation and will decay in the beam already stored.

[0257] Since the MIK referenced 1 does not perturb the stored beam 106 (as it does not generate a magnetic field at the centre of the magnet 1), this type of injection ensures excellent transparency of the top-up injection process.

[0258] The magnet 1 generates a magnetic field, one of the components of which, Bzi.e. the vertical magnetic fieldmakes it possible to deflect onto a stable trajectory injected electron beams 107 coming from a booster without perturbing the packets of electrons 106 already circulating on their normal trajectory in the storage ring. A transparent top-up injection is thus obtained, i.e. the flow of stored electrons is kept constant by regular injection of fresh packets of electrons without notable perturbation on the stored electron beam and therefore on the beams of photons produced for the beamlines.

[0259] A second embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention will now be presented, with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12.

[0260] Only its differences relative to the first embodiment in FIGS. 5 to 10 and 15 to 17 will be described.

[0261] As illustrated in FIG. 11, each principal carrier plane 91, 92 carries 14 wire conductors 7.

[0262] Each principal carrier plane 91, 92 comprises only wire conductors 7 following one another according to an alternation between respectively two wire conductors 7 conducting electric current in the first direction 71 then respectively one or two wire conductors 7 conducting electric current in the second direction 72 opposite to the first direction.

[0263] Each control carrier plane 93, 94 carries exactly 2 wire conductors 7.

[0264] Each control carrier plane 93, 94 comprises wire conductors 7 conducting electric current only in the first direction 71.

[0265] The number of wire conductors 7 placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y along the duct and connected in series is equal to 32.

[0266] This embodiment therefore comprises 32 conductors 7 arranged in 2 sets of 14 conductors 7 parallel or substantially parallel (and coplanar) and 4 external conductors 7, called control conductors. The length of the magnet is typically 250 mm.

[0267] The direction 72 of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7, 73 at the ends of the succession of wire conductors 7 carried by the principal carrier planes 91, 92 is opposite to the direction 71 of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7, 74 at the ends of the succession of wire conductors 7 carried by the control carrier planes 93, 94.

[0268] As illustrated in FIG. 12, the stored beam 106 does not pass through the geometric centre of the magnet 1. The magnet 1 is displaced in the direction or the axis X so that its zero of magnetic field 10 coincides with the position of stored beam 106.

[0269] The zeroes 10, 15 of magnetic field of sextupole form are found at X=+/5.82 mm (references 10 and 15). The peaks (references 11 and 13) for injection in the context of our specifications are located at X=+/2.32 mm, i.e. an effective peak-zero transition of 3.5 mm is obtained, as specified. The magnet 1 is offset relative to the stored beam 106 but this is not troublesome a priori; the reference 10 may be shifted at X=0 if, relative to FIG. 12, the conductors 7 are shifted relative to chamber 3 parallel or substantially parallel to X.

[0270] The two peaks 11 and 12 are exploitable for the zero of the reference 10.

[0271] The other peaks 13, 16 are also exploitable, as a function of the zero field position 10, 14 or 15 used.

[0272] As the control conductors 7 only serve for refining the form of the magnetic field zero, they do not alter the rollercoaster structure of the magnetic field map. Fine adjustment of the magnetic field zero by fine displacement of these control conductors 7 makes it possible finally to improve the transparency of the top-up injection to compensate the mechanical faults in manufacture of the magnet.

[0273] In the present embodiment, Bz(X) has a sextupole course for the zero field position 10.

[0274] In the present embodiment, Bz(X) has a sextupole course for the zero field position 15.

[0275] In the present embodiment, Bz(X) has a quadrupole course for the zero field position 14.

[0276] By homothetic transformation of this topology, the smallest peak-zero transition would be 3 mm.

[0277] With reference to FIG. 12, it can be seen that the magnetic field variations relative to the transverse position X are large, which is the required aim for magnets of this type. We may therefore place the stored beam at X=+/5.82 mm (where the magnetic field Bz is zero), and place the injected beam at +/2.32 mm where there is a small local peak of magnetic field Bz.

[0278] For the stored beam 106 it is obviously advantageous to have a zero magnetic field Bz (in this case with a sextupole form). For the injected beam 107 it is advantageous to have a magnetic field peak Bz, at a fixed distance from the stored beam 106. The peak value (a little over 20 mT) for the injected beam 107 is of interest, taking into account the need to have a rapid progression of the non-field zone (stored beam 106) at the strong and flat field zone for the injected beam 107.

[0279] The separation between stored 106 and injected 107 beam is 3.5 mm and this is therefore one of the motivations for designing these new magnets 1.

[0280] The other peak 12 (at 48 mT) is not easily exploitable as it is, since the distance separating the peak of the magnetic field zero is 4.1 mm. However, magnet 1 can be modified by homothetic transformation and/or rotation of conductors 7 for the best possible exploitation of this peak, to the detriment of the physical aperture for passage of the beams.

[0281] Relative to the embodiment in FIG. 7, the embodiment in FIG. 11, owing to its increased number of conductors 7, will generate considerable inductance, detrimental to the pulsed operation of the magnet: it will therefore preferably require increased high voltages (typically of at least 6 kV or 10 kV), which will make its mechanical design more complex.

[0282] The detailed structural characteristics of this embodiment are as follows: [0283] length of the conductors 7 along the axis Y: 250 mm (but may vary depending on the desired length) [0284] aperture of the chamber 3 along the direction or the axis X: 20 mm (but may vary depending on the requirements) [0285] aperture of the chamber 3 along the direction or the axis Z: at least 6 mm, preferably 8 mm [0286] spatial periodicity of the conductors 7 in each of the planes 91, 92 along the direction or the axis X: 2.046 mm [0287] spatial periodicity of the conductors 7 in each of the planes 93, 94 along the direction or the axis X: 30.88 mm [0288] distance between the planes 91 and 92 along the direction or the axis Z: 10.234 mm [0289] distance between the planes 91 and 93 along the direction or the axis Z, for at least one position of the means for displacing the planes: 10.323 mm [0290] course of each of the planes 93 and 94 along the direction or the axis Z and/or the axis X: at least 1 mm, typically 2 mm

[0291] A third embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention will now be presented, with reference to FIG. 13.

[0292] Only its differences relative to the first embodiment in FIGS. 5 to 10 and 15 to 17 will be described.

[0293] As illustrated in FIG. 13a), each principal carrier plane 91, 92 carries 4 wire conductors 7.

[0294] Each principal carrier plane 91, 92 comprises only wire conductors 7 following one another according to an alternation between a wire conductor 7 conducting electric current in the first direction 71 then respectively a wire conductor 7 conducting electric current in the second direction 72 opposite to the first direction.

[0295] Each control carrier plane 93, 94 carries exactly 4 wire conductors 7.

[0296] Each control carrier plane 93, 94 comprises wire conductors 7 following one another according to an alternation between a wire conductor 7 conducting electric current in the first direction 71 and then a wire conductor 7 conducting electric current in the second direction 72 opposite to the first direction.

[0297] The direction 71 of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7, 73 at the ends of the succession of wire conductors 7 carried by the principal carrier planes 91, 92 is opposite to the direction 72 of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7, 74 at the ends of the succession of wire conductors 7 carried by the control carrier planes 93, 94.

[0298] The number of wire conductors 7 placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y along the duct and connected in series is equal to 16.

[0299] The directions of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7 are antisymmetric relative to the plane 88 parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y and passing through the hollow 3 and perpendicular to the first plane of symmetry 8.

[0300] As illustrated in FIG. 13b), in the present embodiment, Bz(X) has a sextupole course for the zero field position 10.

[0301] The detailed structural characteristics of this embodiment are as follows: [0302] length of the conductors 7 along the axis Y: 250 mm (but may vary depending on the desired length) [0303] aperture of the chamber 3 along the direction or the axis X: 20 mm (but may vary depending on the requirements) [0304] aperture of the chamber 3 along the direction or the axis Z: at least 6 mm, preferably 8 mm [0305] spatial periodicity of the conductors 7 in each of the planes 91, 92 along the direction or the axis X: 2.286 mm [0306] spatial periodicity of the conductors 7 in each of the planes 93, 94 along the direction or the axis X: 2.286 mm [0307] distance between the planes 91 and 92 along the direction or the axis Z: 9.542 mm [0308] distance between the planes 91 and 93 along the direction or the axis Z, for at least one position of the means for displacing the planes: 2.286 mm [0309] course of each of the planes 93 and 94 along the direction or the axis Z and/or the axis X: at least 1 mm, typically 2 mm

[0310] A fourth embodiment of electromagnet 1 according to the invention will now be presented, with reference to FIG. 14.

[0311] Only its differences relative to the embodiment in FIG. 13 will be described.

[0312] In the present embodiment, Bz(X) has a quadrupole course for the zero field position 10.

[0313] Furthermore, this embodiment only comprises a single peak 11 of at least 10 mT.

[0314] In contrast to the preceding embodiments, the wire conductors 7 of each of the planes 91, 92 are not distributed with a spatial periodicity along the direction X or the axis X.

[0315] In contrast to the preceding embodiments, the wire conductors 7 of each of the planes 93, 94 are not distributed with a spatial periodicity along the direction X or the axis X.

[0316] The detailed structural characteristics of this embodiment illustrated in FIG. 14a) are as follows: [0317] length of the conductors 7 along the axis Y: 250 mm (but may vary depending on the desired length) [0318] aperture of the chamber 3 along the direction or the axis X: 20 mm (but may vary depending on the requirements) [0319] aperture of the chamber 3 along the direction or the axis Z; at least 6 mm, preferably 8 mm [0320] spatial position of the conductors 7 in each of the planes 91, 92 along the direction or the axis X: each of the two conductors 7 closest to the plane 88 is located at 0.7448 mm from the plane 88; each of the two conductors 7 farthest from the plane 88 is located at 2.234 mm from the plane 88, the magnet 1 being symmetric relative to the plane 88 for the positions of its conductors 7 and antisymmetric relative to the plane 88 for the orientation of the currents in these conductors 7. [0321] spatial position of the conductors 7 in each of the planes 93, 94 along the direction or the axis X: each of the two conductors 7 closest to the plane 88 is located at 0.7448 mm from the plane 88; each of the two conductors 7 farthest from the plane 88 is located at 2.234 mm from the plane 88, the magnet 1 being symmetric relative to the plane 88 for the positions of its conductors 7 and antisymmetric relative to the plane 88 for the orientation of the currents in these conductors 7. [0322] distance between the planes 91 and 92 along the direction or the axis Z: 7.612 mm [0323] distance between the planes 91 and 93 along the direction or the axis Z, for at least one position of the means for displacing the planes: 1.489 mm [0324] course of each of the planes 93 and 94 along the direction or the axis Z and/or the axis X: at least 1 mm, typically 2 mm

[0325] As illustrated in FIG. 14b), it has the advantage of managing to generate a true plateau of magnetic field Bz (with a zero or substantially zero spatial derivative on about 1 mm), with a distance A between the centre of the plateau 11 and the zero magnetic field point 10 of 3.5 mm.

[0326] We will now describe, with reference to FIG. 6, a particle accelerator according to the invention, preferably of electrons or positrons, comprising a synchrotron radiation source, a storage ring of charged particles 106 circulating in this ring, and an electromagnet 1 according to any one of the embodiments described above and arranged for injection of new particles 107 in the ring.

[0327] We will now describe an embodiment of the method according to the invention implemented in any one of the embodiments of electromagnet 1 or particle accelerator described above.

[0328] This method comprises generation of the electric current, preferably pulsed, flowing through the wire conductors 7 and typically greater than 500 amperes and/or less than 10000 amperes.

[0329] This method comprises: [0330] a step of transporting particles, preferably electrons or positrons, inside the hollow 3 of the hollow duct 2, this hollow extending along the longitudinal axis Y 5, [0331] a step conducting the electric current in the plurality of wire conductors 7 placed parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y along the duct, and connected electrically in series.

[0332] The direction of the electric current 71, 72 flowing through the wire conductors 7 is not identical for all the wire conductors 7.

[0333] The electromagnet 1 comprises as many wire conductors 7 conducting electric current in the first direction 71 as wire conductors 7 conducting electric current in the second direction 72 opposite to the first direction.

[0334] The directions of the electric current flowing through the wire conductors 7 are symmetric relative to the first plane of symmetry 8 parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Y and passing through the hollow 3.

[0335] The wire conductors 7 are distributed in several carrier planes 9 parallel or substantially parallel to the first plane of symmetry 8, the two principal carrier planes 91, 92 of which are symmetric relative to the first plane of symmetry 8 and located outside the hollow 3, each principal carrier plane 91, 92 carrying wire conductors 7 that conduct the electric current in the first direction 71 and wire conductors 7 that conduct the electric current in the second direction 72 opposite to the first direction.

[0336] The method comprises a displacement, by the displacing means, of the control carrier planes 93, 94 in parallel and/or perpendicularly to the first plane of symmetry 8 along X and/or Z.

[0337] The wire conductors 7 and their current generate a magnetic field the component Bz(X) of which in a direction Z joining the two principal carrier planes 91, 92 and varying as a function of the coordinate in a direction X perpendicular to the direction Z and to the longitudinal axis Y and as described above according to the embodiment under consideration, and in particular: [0338] has a zero value for a zero field position 10 located in the hollow of the duct, preferably located substantially at the centre of a cross-section (perpendicularly to Y) of the hollow 3 of the duct 2, and has a field less than 5 T (preferably 2 T) on an interval in the direction X of at least 0.05 mm around the zero field position, for an arrangement of the conductors 7 leading to a zero field shape of sextupole or octupole form (making it possible to ensure transparency of the injection with respect to the stored beam), and [0339] has a value with at least one peak, preferably with at least two peaks on either side of the zero field position 10, of at least 10 mT, preferably of at least 15 mT, for at least one position 11, 12 at a distance A from the zero field position 10 along the direction or the axis X and for a peak of electric current of 1 kA in the wire conductors, this peak position 11, 12 of magnetic field being located in the hollow 3 of the duct 2, and preferably with A greater than or equal to 3 mm and/or less than or equal to 7 mm (or even less than or equal to 5 mm)

[0340] Of course, the invention is not limited to the examples which have just been described and numerous adjustments can be made to these examples without exceeding the scope of the invention.

[0341] Of course, the various characteristics, forms, variants and embodiments of the invention can be combined with one another in various combinations, to the extent that they are not incompatible or mutually exclusive.