Method For Improving Surface Integrity Of An Additive Manufactured Mesoscopic Gear

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for improving service life of mesoscopic gear manufactured by an additive manufacturing method. The outer diameter of the mesoscopic gear is characterized by range from 1 mm to 10 mm. The method according to the present invention provides introduction of compressive residual stress below the surface of the gear while the mesoscopic geometry remains the same. The second aspect of the present invention relates to the product manufactured by the method according to the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for improving surface integrity of a gear made of stainless steel by an additive manufacturing method, wherein the gear is having outer diameter from 1 mm to 10 mm, comprising the steps providing the gear made of stainless steel by additive manufacturing; immersing the gear into a water pool; wherein at least a part of the gear intended for post manufacturing processing is completely immersed in static water; and wherein the water is distanced 5-10 cm from the incoming laser beam; setting a laser beam for laser shock peening; wherein the step of setting comprising setting laser pulse having energy between 200 mJ and 1 J, setting pulse duration of the beam to value between 10 ns and 15 ns, setting repetition rate from 1 Hz-15 Hz, and setting density of the laser beam is between 1,7 GW/cm.sup.2 and 8,49 GW/cm.sup.2; applying the laser shock peening to a root along a fillet radius in a gap between two neighbouring teeth, wherein the laser shock peening is imparting compressive residual stresses directly to the surface of the gears without protective taping nor coating; and overlapping irradiated spot size for at least 90% of the area to be treated.

2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising aligning the laser beam path from a laser source to the gear.

3. The method according to claim 1 further comprising calibrating diagnostics of the laser photodiode, energy meter, CCD camera for laser profile.

4. The method according to claim 1 further comprising controlling the laser beam for laser shock peening by a robotic arm.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of providing the gear and applying the laser shock peening is providing a helical gear and applying the laser shock peening on the helical gear.

6. The method according to claim 1 further comprising in situ monitoring of compressive residual stress of the gear, when applying the laser shock peening.

7. The method according to claim 1 further comprising measuring of residual stress in the gear, wherein the first measuring is before the step applying the laser shock peening and a second measuring is after the step of applying the laser shock peening.

8. A method of use an additive manufactured gear, wherein the gear is made of stainless steel having size from 1 mm to 10 mm comprising plurality of teeth; comprising Introducing negative residual stress by laser shock peening; wherein arithmetic mean height on the surface of the gear is up to 40 m; and wherein number of grains having size less than 50 m is greater than the number of grains having size greater than 50 m in any selected area treated by laser shock peening.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein introducing the negative residual stress ranges from 430 MPa to 100 MPa.

10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the residual stress ranges from 430 MPa to 230 MPa.

11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the residual stress ranges from 300 MPa to 100 MPa.

12. The method according to claim 8, wherein peak material volume of the gear is from 1,55 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 1,62 m.sup.3/m.sup.2; and core material volume is from 24,6 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 25,1 m.sup.3/m.sup.2; core void volume is from 41 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 48 m.sup.3/m.sup.2; and valley void volume is from 1,63 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 2,21 m.sup.3/m.sup.2.

13. The method according to claim 8, wherein average surface roughness of the gear is at least 10.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] FIG. 1 represents a schematic view of a mesoscopic spur gear for LSP application.

[0028] FIG. 2 represents an another schematic view of a mesoscopic spur gear for LSP application.

[0029] FIG. 3 represents a schematic view of a mesoscopic helical gear for LSP application.

[0030] FIG. 4 represents an another schematic view of a mesoscopic helical gear for LSP application.

[0031] FIG. 5 represents a method steps according to the present invention.

[0032] FIG. 6 represents parts of a mesoscopic gear for laser shock peening (LSP) application.

[0033] FIG. 7 represents an image of flat base material before LSP provided by electron backscatter diffraction.

[0034] FIG. 8 represents an image obtained by electron backscatter diffraction, the image shows a mesoscopic gear treated by the method according to the present invention.

[0035] FIG. 9 represents an another image obtained by electron backscatter diffraction, the image shows a mesoscopic gear treated by the method according to the present invention.

[0036] FIG. 10 represents an another image obtained by electron backscatter diffraction, the image shows a mesoscopic gear treated by the method according to the present invention.

[0037] FIG. 11 represents an another image obtained by electron backscatter diffraction, the image shows a mesoscopic gear treated by the method according to the present invention.

[0038] FIG. 12 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the first example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0039] FIG. 13 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the first example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0040] FIG. 14 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the first example of the present invention.

[0041] FIG. 15 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the second example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0042] FIG. 16 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the second example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0043] FIG. 17 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the second example of the present invention.

[0044] FIG. 18 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the third example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0045] FIG. 19 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the third example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0046] FIG. 20 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the third example of the present invention.

[0047] FIG. 21 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the fourth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0048] FIGS. 22 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the fourth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0049] FIG. 23 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the fourth example of the present invention.

[0050] FIG. 24 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the fifth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0051] FIG. 25 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the fifth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0052] FIG. 26 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic spur gear according to the fifth example of the present invention.

[0053] FIG. 27 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the first example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0054] FIG. 28 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the first example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0055] FIG. 29 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the first example of the present invention.

[0056] FIG. 30 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the second example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0057] FIG. 31 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the second example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0058] FIG. 32 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the second example of the present invention.

[0059] FIG. 33 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the third example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0060] FIG. 34 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the third example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0061] FIG. 35 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the third example of the present invention.

[0062] FIG. 36 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the fourth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0063] FIG. 37 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the fourth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0064] FIG. 38 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the fourth example of the present invention.

[0065] FIG. 39 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the fifth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0066] FIG. 40 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the fifth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0067] FIG. 41 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the fifth example of the present invention.

[0068] FIG. 42 represents a comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the sixth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0069] FIG. 43 represents a detailed comparative image of the surface of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the sixth example of the present invention with respect to energy of the laser beam.

[0070] FIG. 44 represents a graph of grain size distribution of the mesoscopic helical gear according to the sixth example of the present invention.

[0071] FIG. 45 represents residual stress distribution in the spur and helical gear treated by the method according to the present invention.

[0072] FIG. 46 represents particular arithmetic mean height and average surface roughness for the spur and helical gear.

[0073] FIG. 47 represents parameters of material distribution in the referenced unpenned gear, spur and helical gears.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0074] FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 schematically show two preferred embodiments of a gears, a spur gear and a helical gear. FIGS. 1 and 2 shows a spur gear and FIGS. 3 and 4 shows a helical gear. The skilled person in the art, however, may recognize that the present invention can be implemented into any geometry of the gear within mesoscopic size. The size of the gear is the distance between two teeth on opposite sides of the gear, i.e. outer diameter of the gear. There is no limit to the width of the gear, which can be more than 10 mm. Preferably, the width of the gear can be substantially the same as the diameter of the gear. In an example, if the distance between two teeth on opposite sides of the gear is 5 mm, the width can be 52 mm. The size of the sub-parts, such as the size of a discinner diameter; the size of the teethfor example circular pitch, circular thickness, face width, addendum, dedendum, chordal pitch; the size of the shaft holeinner diameter; the chamfer or roundness at the root between the teeth; the chamfer angle of the helical gears are not limitation according to the present invention. In some embodiment, high of the teeth gear can be several millimetres, e.g. 2 mm, which can be mechanically damages when state of the art method of hardening is applied. Irrespective to the preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention as claimed provides superior fatigue life and strength.

[0075] FIG. 1 and FIG. 3 schematically show sizes of the gear. In particular, d1 refers to a distance between two teeth on opposite sides of the gear, i.e. diameter of the gear. The parameter d1 is within 1 mm to 10 mm to be classified as the mesoscopic gear. Parameter d2 refers to a distance between two neighbouring teeth 101 and 102. It may be alternatively referred as the out diameter of the gear regardless of its generality. Usually, d2 is substantially smaller compared to d1. For example, if d1 is 10 mm d2 can be about 2 mm. Parameter d3 refer to width of the gear as shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 4. The height does not need to be within the mesoscopic range. For example, the width d3 of the gear may be 20 mm. Preferably, the width d3 is substantially comparable with the outer diameter d1 of the gear. For example, if the outer diameter d1 is about 5 mm, the width d3 can be about 5 mm. The rest of the parameters, such as inner diameter; circular pitch, circular thickness, face width, addendum, dedendum, chordal pitch; the size of the shaft holeinner diameter; the chamfer or roundness at the root between the teeth; the chamfer angle of the helical gears are without limitation and the skilled person in additive manufacturing may freely design those parameters so that the gear is constructible.

[0076] The mesoscopic gear is made of made of stainless steel by a method of additive manufacturing. The stainless steel can be austenitic 316L stainless steel, which provides corrosion resistance, ductility, and biocompatibility. The austenitic steel 316L has low strength and wear resistance, limiting its high-performance applicability. However, due to the application of laser shock peening, the steel is plastically compressed and surface properties are improved. In another embodiment, the steel can be ferritic stainless steel or martensitic stainless steel.

[0077] FIG. 5 shows an algorithm of the method step according to the present invention. In a first step, a gear is provided by means of additive manufacturing. The additive manufacturing is a process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies There are numerous ways in which units of material can be joined together to form a part. Different types of materials are being held together by different types of atomic bonds: metallic materials are typically held together by metallic bonds. For additive manufacturing processes, the feedstock, the bulk raw material that is fed into the process, can typically come in the form of powder (dry, paste or slurry), also in the shape of un-cured liquid material. Dependent on the shape, the feedstock may then be distributed layer by layer in a powder bed, deposited by a nozzle, applied as layers in a sheet stack, deposited through a print head, or applied as a liquid, paste or slurry in a vat. In respect to the great possibilities for variation in different types of materials, different types of feedstock and means of distribution of the feedstock, there is large number of possible principles that could be used for additive manufacturing processes. In some embodiment, the additive manufacturing can use of various advanced techniques, including electron beam melting and laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF), commercially known as selective laser melting (SLM) or direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). In some embodiment, suitable material compatible with the method of additive manufacturing can be the austenitic nickel-chromium-based class, such as Inconel, and martensitic steel alloys. The preferred embodiment of the present invention aims to harness the potential of 3D printing to optimize the characteristics of these alloys for various demanding applications, including aerospace, defense, energy extraction, and more, with the post-processing manufacturing treatment by the laser shock peening. The alloy manipulation can involve precise control over crystallographic texture, solidification structure, and microstructure, thereby enhancing the final properties of the produced metal parts. However, for post-processing method according to the present invention, the characteristics of the additively manufactured mesoscopic gears are not the essential features and the invention can be used for any-type of the mesoscopic gears manufactured by any suitable method. In a more preferred embodiment, the step of additive manufacturing can comprise alloy selection, which can comprises the steps identifying and choosing suitable alloys, such as Inconel and martensitic steel alloys, based on their intended application and required properties. In another embodiment, suitable method can be Electron Beam Melting (EBM) Process, which employ an ARCAM electron beam melting system or a similar apparatus to carry out the 3D printing process. EBM process can selectively melt the alloy powder, allowing the controlled design of the crystallographic texture and solidification structure of the metal part. In another preferred embodiment, a Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) Process can be used. Implementing LPBF, specifically selective laser melting (SLM) or direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), can be used to achieve additive manufacturing. A digital computer model can guide the precise location where a high-energy laser beam selectively melts and fuses the alloy powder.

[0078] The gear can be pre-characterized on residual stresses, surface roughness, scanning electron microscopy, micro-geometry. The gear manufactured by additive method is usually fragile and does not achieve the material properties of macroscopic gears. Hence, such a gear needs to be further treated so that it acquires the properties that are characteristic of macroscopic gears. In the next step, the gear is at least partially immersed in the water pool, so that the part to be treated by the laser shock peening is immersed in a depth of 5-10 cm below the water surface. Depending on the size of the gear, only the part of the gear that needs to be treated with LSP can be immersed in the water pool with no flowing water around it, thereby static water can be used. In flowing water the cavitation is prevalent phenomenon which may lead to detrimental effect on the interacting surface. The application of immersed water is used because of the static condition of the water, liquid replenishment occurs immediately before the second pulse interacts with the surface, which protects the interacting surface from any detrimental thermal effects. This gives scope for pulse overlap LSP without the need to use any protective layer nor coating. It is not necessary to submerge the entire gear under the water surface. Preferably, a robotic arm can be used to submerge the gear below the water surface to place the gear at a precisely positioned distance below the water surface. It is also advantageous to use the robotic arm in terms of automation and speed of treatment of the laser shock peening. The gear is placed from 5 cm to 10 cm below the water surface. This distance is empirically determined for the laser shock peening treatment given the laser parameter.

[0079] It is advantageous to use a robotic arm for immersing the gear. The water can be de-ionised water and does not require any special condition. In the next step, the laser is set to the empirically observed parameter, which provides sufficient compression stress below the surface of the gear, while the gear preserve its structural integrity without any observable damage. The laser is set to: laser pulse having energy between 200 mJ and 1 J, setting pulse duration of the beam to value between 10 ns and 15 ns, setting repetition rate from 1 Hz-15 Hz, and setting density of the laser beam is between 1,7 GW/cm.sup.2 and 8,49 GW/cm.sup.2. In a preferred embodiment, the laser beam can be calibrated with diagnostic system, such as photodiode, energy meter, CCD camera for laser profile. Preferably, the robotic arm can be turned on and connect with the laser source so that laser can be controlled from the robotic arm. The laser beam is than focused to specific part of the mesoscopic gear, in particular to a root along a fillet radius and space between two teeth of the gear. The above-mentioned setting introduces to the stainless steel compressive pressure via laser shock peening. The gear is provided without protective taping nor coating so that the laser beam is applied directly on the surface of the gear. The laser beam is provided with the spot size, which is substantially about the size of the gap 103, resp. 203, between two neighbouring teeth 101 and 102. The irradiated spots are overlapping for at least 90% of the area during the laser shock peening application.

[0080] FIG. 6 discloses a detail of the laser shock peening applied on the root along a fillet radius and space between. Laser beam 104 is focused on the space 103 between teeth 101 and 102. Dotted line represents the line of the laser beam application, i.e. the introduction of the residual stress introduced by the laser shock peening.

[0081] In a preferred embodiment, the method can further comprise aligning the laser beam path from a laser source to the gear.

[0082] In another preferred embodiment, the method can further comprise calibrating diagnostics of the laser source, preferably calibrating photodiode, energy meter, CCD camera for laser profile.

[0083] In another preferred embodiment, the method can further comprise controlling the laser beam for laser shock peening by the robotic arm.

[0084] In another preferred embodiment, the method can comprises the step of providing the gear and applying the laser shock peening on a helical gear and applying the laser shock peening on the helical gear. Helical gear can be a species of the general gear, wherein the teeth are cut at an angle to the hole (axis) rather than straight and parallel to the hole like the teeth of a spur gear. Applying the laser beam to the area between the teeth can be problematic with the helical gears. In particular, the problematic part of the application lies in the need to change the position of the beam with respect to the changing angle at the tooth root depending on the position. At the same time, at least 90% overlap must be maintained. It is especially advantageous to combine the embodiment with an adaptive laser beam alignment.

[0085] In another aspect of the present invention, an additive manufactured gear made of stainless steel is provided. The additive manufactured gear made of stainless steel having size from 1 mm to 10 mm comprising plurality of teeth. Pressure angle in relation to the gear teeth can be within the range known to the skilled person in the art. Residual stress introduced in the gear by laser shock peening is negative. Arithmetic mean height on the gear surface can be up to 40 m. Number of grains having size less than 50 m can be greater than the number of grains having size greater than 50 m in any selected area treated by laser shock peening.

[0086] Pressure angle in relation to gear teeth, also known as the angle of obliquity, is the angle between the tooth face and the gear wheel tangent. It is more precisely the angle at a pitch point between the line of pressure (which is normal to the tooth surface) and the plane tangent to the pitch surface.

[0087] Compressive residual stress introduced in the gear by laser shock peening is negative. The compressive residual stress refers to a negative residual stress. The compression is introduced into the material, nearby it's surface, via the laser shock peening. The compression re-distributes the pressure over the surface of the root of gear. Since the residual stresses can be also distributed over the gear surface, the surface layer properties produced by the laser shock peening directly affects part performance, including fatigue strength, wear behaviour, and chemical resistance. In a preferred embodiment, a method for measuring residual stress induced by laser shock peening and during the application of laser shock peening on the mesoscopic gear and/or before and after the application of laser peening on the mesoscopic gear is disclosed. The preferred method for residual stress monitoring and/or measurement leverages X-ray diffraction as an indirect means of quantifying strain within the material. The interaction between X-ray beams and the crystal lattice is harnessed in accordance with Bragg's Law, allowing for the precise determination of the diffraction peak's location, denoted as . The changes in the are small (in the range of tenths of a degree). If the 2 angles are plotted against the (sin.sup.2), where is an angle made between sample surface normal and lattice plane normal, the relationship is linear. From the fitted line, its slope is evaluated. If there is a rising tendency the measured stress is in compressive region. For the case of line being horizontal, the stress is zero and if the line is going down the stress is positive, i.e tensile. Preferably, during the measurement process, variations in the angle are observed. This distinct correlation serves as an indicator of strain magnitude, specifically highlighting regions characterized by compressive stress. Notably, when this observed correlation is established, the resultant measurement values are conventionally considered negative, aligning with established practices in stress analysis. Since the residual stresses on the sample can be tested before laser shock treatment with X-ray diffractometry on the same location and measured in the same way after laser shock treatment, a skilled person can deduce by comparing that the negative stresses were introduced by the laser shock treatment.

[0088] In a preferred embodiment, the compressive residual stress can range from 430 MPa to 100 MPa.

[0089] In another preferred embodiment, peak material volume can be from 1,55 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 1,62 m.sup.3/m.sup.2; and core material volume is from 24,6 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 25,1 m.sup.3/m.sup.2; core void volume is from 41 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 48 m.sup.3/m.sup.2; and valley void volume is from 1,63 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 2,21 m.sup.3/m.sup.2.

[0090] In a preferred embodiment, the gear can be a helical gear or a spur gear.

[0091] The helical gear can be provided with the residual stress ranging from 430 MPa to 230 MPa. In another preferred embodiment of the helical gear embodiment, average surface roughness can be at least 10.

[0092] The spur gear can have residual stress introduced by LSP from 300 MPa to 100 MPa.

EXAMPLES

[0093] In an example, a mesoscopic spur gear having the size shown in table 1 has been

[0094] manufactured by means of additive manufacturing. The selective laser melting has been used as an additive manufacturing technique; the details of parameters used to print the gears are presented in table 2. The gear was designed with module 0.8 and number of teeth as 10 for both spur and helical geometry. While the pressure angle for both the geometries was chosen a 20 and helix angle for helical gear was 20.

[0095] Laser Shock Peening (LSP) was applied done using a solid state diode pumped laser system with a laser source was a Nd:YAGa pulsed laser having pulse duration of upto 15 ns, operating at 1064 nm. The beam spatial energy distribution is top-hat and the pulse shape is nearGaussian. Round laser spots of 1 mm diameter were used with a laser energy per pulse in the range of 200 mJ to 1 J, whereas the laser device has capacity of maximum energy as 3 J. The ratio of spot size and energy per pulse was chosen such as to keep a power density for the present work in the range of 1.7 to 8.49 GW/cm.sup.2. The advantage in using lower energies per pulse (for a given power density) is observed as to secure that the profile of the gears will not differ from the original and at the same time to impart compressive residual stresses.

[0096] The laser shock peening was applied to mesoscopic spur and helical gear in the filler area and the root, the spot size of the laser beam i.e. 1 mm is selected in such a way that it covers the root and fillet gap and does not affect the flank surface of the gears as schematically shown on FIG. 6.

[0097] The pressure created at the surface of the part was estimated to maximum of 5 GPa using the energy in the range of 200 mJ to 1 J, with pulse frequency of 15 Hz and the overlap of 90% was used for spot size of 1 mm without a protective ablative layer.

[0098] Residual stresses measurements were done with XRD measurements, the cathode source used for the measurement was chromium (Cr) radiation (K=2.29103 ) at 40 kV and 40 mA. To analyse the manufactured gears with SLM Face centred structured (220) diffraction peak was used.

[0099] In a second example, a mesoscopic helical gear having the size shown in table 1 has been manufactured by means of additive manufacturing.

[0100] Laser Shock Peening (LSP) was applied done using the laser device. The laser source was a Nd:YAG. The beam spatial energy distribution is top-hat and the pulse shape is nearGaussian. Round laser spots were used with a laser energy per pulse of either. The ratio of spot size and energy per pulse was chosen such as to keep a constant power density.

[0101] The pressure created at the surface of the part was estimated to maximum of 5 GPa using the energy in the range of 200 mJ to 1 J, with Pulse frequency of 15 Hz and the overlap of 90% was used for spot size of 1 mm without a protective ablative layer.

[0102] Residual stresses measurements were done with XRD measurements, the cathode source used for the measurement was chromium (Cr) radiation (K=2.29103 ) at 40 kV and 40 mA. To analyse the manufactured gears with SLM Face centred structured (220) diffraction peak was used.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Parameters Spur gear Helical gear number of teeth 10 10 normal module 0.8 0.8 transverse module 0.8 0.85 pressure angle (degree) 20 20 transverse pressure angle (degree) 20 21.17 helix angle (degree) 0 20 addendum diameter (mm) 9.6 10 pitch circle diameter (mm) 8 8.5 base circle diameter (mm) 7.5 7.9 root diameter (mm) 6 6.3 tooth thickness (mm) 1.25 1.21 bore diameter (mm) 4 4 height of hub (mm) 5 5 hub outer diameter (mm) 6 6

SLM Parameters

[0103]

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Slice thickness: 0,02 mm Laser focus diameter: 0,055 mm Laser speed: 675 mm/sec Laser Power: 150 W Hatch distance: 0,1 mm

[0104] FIG. 7 depicts the SEM image of the flat plate printed of the stainless steel materials manufactured using the SLM, where we can see that there are several unfused particles visible and thus leads to have poor surface morphology. Whereas FIG. 8 and FIG. 10 present the photograph of the manufactured spur (FIG. 8) and helical gears (FIG. 10) before applying the method according to the present invention, FIG. 9 and FIG. 11 represents the spur, resp. helical, gear after the application of the method according to the present invention. It is observable that the FIG. 8 and FIG. 10, which correspond to the unpenned gears, contain highly porous surface. After the treating in accordance with present invention, the surface is flat and the porous character of the gear was diminished as shown in FIG. 9 and FIG. 11.

[0105] FIGS. 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 present the SEM images for the unpeened spur gear. FIGS. 13, 16, 19, 22 and 25 present the SEM images for the treated spur gear at different energies. FIGS. 14, 17, 20 and 26 depicts the grain size distribution obtained through microscopy for the LSP samples at different energies. FIGS. 27, 30, 33, 36, 39 and 42 present the SEM images for the unpeened helical gear. FIGS. 28, 31, 34, 37, 40 and 43 present the SEM images for the treated helical gear at different energies. FIGS. 29, 32, 35, 38, 41 and 44 depicts the grain size distribution obtained through microscopy for the unpeened samples and LSPeened samples at different energies. It can be observed while comparing the surface morphology that LSP has successfully altered the microstructure in terms of grain size and redefined the grain boundaries for both the gear geometries. The changes in the microstructures after LSP were one of the prime movers in improving the mechanical properties such as compressive residual stresses. The grain size analysis has been performed based on the grain size distribution on all three samples for 1 mm depth from the top on the ridge of the sample. The grains under 50 m is considered fine grains, whereas the size of grains in the range of 50-100 m and above 100 m is deemed to be medium and large size grains, respectively. It has been observed that the majority of the grains in the unpeened sample was in the range of medium to large grains, whereas the effect of peening was visible in both the types of geometries i.e. spur and helical gear samples where the grain sizes were in the refined to fine to medium grains. Most of the substantial grains, i.e., 70 m and above, visible in the unpeened sample, were eliminated after LSP.

[0106] FIG. 45 further discloses the distribution of residual stresses introduced to the gear in accordance with above-mentioned examples. The unpenned gear shows positive residual stress in both, spur and helical gear. On the other hand, after the application of the method according to the present invention, negative residual stress (compression) was introduced to the gear. The negative stress ranges from 430 MPa to 100 MPa. Particular improvement of the surface morphology is shown on the FIGS. 6 and 7. In the example relating to spur gear, the compression ranges from 300 MPa to 100 MPa. In the example of helical gear, the compression ranges from 430 MPa to 230 MPa.

[0107] FIG. 46 shows particular arithmetic mean height and average surface roughness for the spur and helical gear according to the example above.

[0108] FIG. 47 shows particular parameters of material distribution. The comparative study is shown among referenced unpenned gear, the spur gear and helical gear after peening. Vmp stands for peak material volume, Vmc stands for core material volume, Vvc stands for core void volume, Vvv stands for valley void volume. All of the above-mentioned parameters corresponds to the well-known Abbott-Firestone curve.

[0109] An another aspect of the present invention can be an additive manufactured gear made of stainless steel having size from 1 mm to 10 mm comprising plurality of teeth, wherein [0110] residual stress introduced by laser shock peening is negative; and wherein [0111] arithmetic mean height on the surface is up to 40 m; and wherein [0112] number of grains having size less than 50 m is greater than the number of grains having size greater than 50 m in any selected area treated by laser shock peening.

[0113] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention pertains to test methods for the determination of grain size. The preferred method can include the comparison procedure, planimetric (or Jeffries) procedure, and intercept procedures. For the purposes of the preferred test methods, the term grain refers to an individual crystal possessing consistent atomic configuration throughout a polycrystalline material. Notably, a grain may encompass twinned regions or sub-grains. The three steps for grain size estimation can comprises the comparison procedure, that eliminates the need for direct counting of grains, intercepts, or intersections. This step entails contrasting the grain structure with a sequence of graded images. Such images can be presented through mediums like wall charts, clear plastic overlays, or an eyepiece reticle. The planimetric step can necessitate a direct count of the number of grains within a known area. The intercept step can involve directly counting the number of grains intercepted by a test line or the number of intersections between grain boundaries and a test line. This count is measured per unit length of the test line and is utilized in calculating the mean lineal intercept length. Preferably, the method of grain size determination can be utilized by computer software, such as EDAX APEX 2.5 software and EBSD map were evaluated with EDAX OIM 8.6 software, wherein grain size diameter were evaluated using weighing by grain area.

[0114] In a preferred embodiment, the measurement of surface roughness can be achieved using contact profilometry, a well-established technique involving the use of a stylus or diamond-tipped probe. The stylus can be systematically dragged across the metallic surface, and its vertical displacement along the scan path can be recorded. The resulting height variations can calculate the roughness parameters R.sub.a (average surface roughness). In another embodiment, a contact profilometry method can be used for its exceptional accuracy and versatility in surface roughness measurement. In another embodiment, the invention employs non-contact optical profilometry techniques to measure surface topography without physical contact with the metallic surface. Techniques like white light interferometry and confocal microscopy can be used to generate high-resolution 3D images, offering precise measurement of roughness parameters. In another preferred embodiment, an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), a powerful nanoscale imaging technique, can be used for surface roughness evaluation. The AFM can utilize a sharp cantilever with a nanoscale tip to scan the metallic surface, detecting forces between the tip and the surface. This allows for ultra-high-resolution 3D imaging, enabling the measurement of roughness parameters at the nanometer scale. The AFM technique is particularly advantageous when assessing nanostructured metallic surfaces.

[0115] Preferably, the additive manufactured gear according the embodiment above is provided, wherein the residual stress ranges from 430 MPa to 100 MPa.

[0116] Preferably, the additive manufactured gear according the embodiment above is provided, wherein peak material volume is from 1,55 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 1,62 m.sup.3/m.sup.2; and core material volume is from 24,6 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 25,1 m.sup.3/m.sup.2; core void volume is from 41 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 48 m.sup.3/m.sup.2; and valley void volume is from 1,63 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 to 2,21 m.sup.3/m.sup.2.

[0117] Preferably, the additive manufactured gear according the embodiment above is provided, wherein the gear is a helical gear.

[0118] Preferably, the additive manufactured gear according the embodiment above is provided, wherein the residual stress ranges from 430 MPa to 230 MPa.

[0119] Preferably, the additive manufactured gear according the embodiment above is provided, wherein average surface roughness is at least 10.

[0120] Preferably, the additive manufactured gear according the embodiment above is provided, wherein the gear is a spur gear.

[0121] Preferably, the additive manufactured gear according the embodiment above is provided, wherein the residual stress ranges from 300 MPa to 100 MPa.

[0122] The above mentioned embodiment can be embodied in a method of use the gear.