Wind turbine control system having a thrust sensor

Abstract

A wind turbine control system includes a thrust sensor and a braking system, and allows an increase in wind rotor load to be detected instantaneously and corrective action to be initiated. The system includes additional features such as deceleration control. In one embodiment, a turbine controller regulates the rate of deceleration of the rotor shaft.

Claims

1. A wind turbine control system comprising: an axial thrust sensor integrated in a bearing assembly of a rotor shaft; a braking system coupled to the rotor shaft; and a turbine controller that regulates a rate of deceleration of the rotor shaft so not to exceed a maximum allowed deceleration rate, wherein the braking system is activated when an axial thrust load is detected that exceeds an over-thrust threshold.

2. The wind turbine control system of claim 1, wherein the thrust sensor comprises a rotor axial load sensor.

3. The wind turbine control system of claim 1, wherein the axial thrust sensor is a torque/axial thrust sensor.

4. The wind turbine control system of claim 1, wherein the braking system comprises a blade pitch control system.

5. The wind turbine control system of claim 1, wherein the braking system comprises electrical braking.

6. The wind turbine control system of claim 5, wherein the braking system comprises mechanical braking actuating a disk or drum brake coupled to the rotor shaft.

7. The wind turbine control system of claim 6, wherein a wind turbine has two-blades and a teetering hub.

8. The wind turbine control system of claim 7, wherein the braking system is coupled to a yaw control system, and a yaw angle between wind speed direction and rotor axis is increased when the axial thrust load is detected.

9. A method of controlling speed of a rotor shaft of a wind turbine, comprising: sensing an axial thrust load integrated in a bearing assembly of the rotor shaft; measuring the axial thrust load; comparing the measured axial thrust load to an over-thrust threshold; calculating a deceleration rate of the rotor shaft; comparing the calculated deceleration rate to a maximum deceleration allowed; activating a braking system when the over-thrust threshold is exceeded; and modulating the braking system to cause an actual deceleration rate to be no greater than the maximum deceleration rate allowed.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wind turbine rotor shaft comprising a thrust sensor.

(2) FIG. 2 is an embodiment of a wind turbine control system of the invention.

(3) FIG. 3 is an embodiment of a wind turbine control system according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(4) In many wind turbines, the braking system is activated by the shaft over-speed threshold through a speed pick-up. In such systems the response of the running speed lags any variation of the aerodynamic torque because of the inertia of the rotor, therefore, activation of the braking is delayed, leading to a higher overshoot of the operating parameters (and drive train loads). Such overshoot conditions can result in damaging stresses on the turbine and subsystems. In contrast, the invention provides wind turbine control systems capable of instantaneously detecting increased thrust loads on a wind turbine due to changes in wind speed.

(5) Increasing wind speeds result in an axial force down the rotor shaft prior to an increase in the rotor speed due to the increased wind energy. By measuring axial load changes in real time, it is possible to initiate corrective actions as soon as the wind changes, decreasing the chance of turbine overload. The corrective action may be reducing the growth rate of the rotor shaft speed or shutting down the turbine by activating a braking system.

(6) Thrust sensors suitable for use with the invention may be axial load sensors. Axial load sensors can be arranged in the support of the axial bearing of the rotor shaft and may be continuously monitored by a turbine monitoring and control system. Axial load sensors may be bearing assemblies with torque and thrust sensors integrated within. The axial load sensors output a signal indicative of the axial load on the rotor shaft. The signal is received by a turbine controller. In some embodiments, it is beneficial to incorporate redundant thrust sensors into the system to avoid maintenance in the event that one or more sensors fail.

(7) A time-dependent increase in axial load received by the turbine controller is indicative of an increased wind speed and will result in activation of a braking system. In the event the axial load exceeds an over-thrust signal, shutdown procedures will be initiated.

(8) Thrust sensors suitable for use with the invention may also comprise pressure sensors, for example piezoelectric sensors. The sensors may be in contact with, or incorporated into, the rotor shaft or its supports, or the sensors may be in contact with, or incorporated into, the rotor blades or the hub. In a teetering hub turbine with elastomeric teeter bearings, the sensors may be coupled to the teeter bearings, thereby providing a measurement of the axial load.

(9) An exemplary rotor shaft assembly 100 comprising a thrust sensor 120 is shown in FIG. 1. The thrust sensor 120 is located at an interface between the radial and thrust bearing 130 and the bedplate 140. According to this arrangement, the thrust sensor 120 is able to measure an axial load on the main shaft 150 due to increased thrust 160 on the main shaft 150. By activating a braking system (not shown) it is possible to avoid a speed overshoot condition that can result in overloading the turbine components. The invention applies to turbines with or without gearboxes.

(10) An embodiment of a wind turbine control system of the invention is shown in FIG. 2. Thrust sensors 2 are in communication with the axial bearing support of the turbine main shaft 1, i.e., as shown in FIG. 1. The thrust load sensors 2 detect the axial load transferred by the shaft to the bedplate.

(11) A signal from the thrust load sensors 2 is sent to the turbine controller 3. The turbine controller 3 also receives a shaft running speed signal output by the shaft running speed sensors 4. The turbine controller 3 compares the detected thrust load with a defined over-thrust threshold 5. Using the shaft running speed signal, the turbine controller 3 calculates the acceleration/deceleration of the running rotor. For example, the controller may receive a first shaft running speed at a first time and a second shaft running speed at a second time, and calculate a deceleration based upon the difference of the first and second shaft running speeds over the difference of the first and second times. The turbine controller 3 then compares the calculated deceleration with the maximum deceleration allowed 6. The maximum deceleration may be input by a user on the basis of a design value and may be adjusted in operation on the basis of the turbine testing results.

(12) When the thrust load reaches the over-thrust threshold 5, the turbine controller 3 promptly initiates 7 the braking system 9. The braking system 9 may comprise a yaw control system alone or operably coupled to a mechanical braking system, for example a drum or disc brake, or an electrical braking system, for example inverter torque control or resistive braking, or a combination of both.

(13) In some embodiments, the braking system 9 may comprise a pitch control system alone or operably coupled to a mechanical braking system, for example a drum or disc brake, or an electrical braking system, for example inverter torque control or resistive braking, or a combination of both.

(14) A yaw control system suitable for use with a wind turbine control system of the invention in a two-bladed teetering hinge turbine is described in PCT/US2012/36637, Systems for Minimizing Yaw Torque Needed to Control Power Output in Two-Bladed, Teetering Hinge Wind Turbines that Control Power Output by Yawing filed May 4, 2012, and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

(15) If the turbine controller 3 determines that the calculated deceleration is greater than the maximum deceleration allowed 6 (above), the turbine controller 3 can command the braking system 9 to modulate the braking torque softly 8 with a deceleration not higher than the max deceleration allowed 6. In some embodiments, a hydraulic braking system will be used to provide for softer braking of the rotor shaft.

(16) In an alternative embodiment, an additional function of turbine controller 3 would be to manage an over-speed condition, e.g. by monitoring an over-speed threshold. Such a system would be able to brake the shaft rotor in the event that the over-speed threshold was reached before the over-thrust threshold. Such a condition would be rare, but likely indicative of a mechanical failure within the drive train.

(17) Thus the invention provides a wind turbine control system for decelerating the rotor shaft in the event of an increased thrust load, typically caused by an extreme gust, storm, hurricane, or typhoon. The systems provided have faster response time than rotor speed sensor based systems, and therefore, can prevent damage to the wind turbine during extreme wind events.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

(18) References and citations to other documents, such as patents, patent applications, patent publications, journals, books, papers, web contents, have been made throughout this disclosure. All such documents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

EQUIVALENTS

(19) The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein. Scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.