POLYMERISABLE LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIAL AND POLYMERISED LIQUID CRYSTAL FILM

Abstract

The invention relates to a polymerisable LC material comprising at least one di- or multireactive mesogenic compound and at least one compound of formula I,

##STR00001##

in which
the parameter R.sup.1, A.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Sp, P, p1, p2, L1, L2, r1, r2 and R.sup.a have one of the meanings as given in claim 1 and to a compound of formula 1, as such. Furthermore, the present invention relates also to a method for the preparation of a polymerisable LC material, a polymer film obtainable from the corresponding polymerisable LC material, to a method of preparation of such polymer film, and to the use of such polymer film and said polymerisable LC material for optical, electro-optical, decorative or security devices.

Claims

1. Polymerisable LC material comprising at least one di- or multireactive mesogenic compound and at least one compound of the formula I, ##STR00045## in which R.sup.1 denotes H, an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH.sub.2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by CHCH, CC, CF.sub.2O, CHCH, ##STR00046## O, COO, OCO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by halogen, R.sup.a denotes ##STR00047## or O(CH.sub.2).sub.nOH R.sup.2 denotes H or an alkyl radical having 1 to 8 C atoms, n denotes 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, ##STR00048## L1 and L2 in each case, independently of one another, denotes F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 5 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F or Cl, P denotes a polymerisable group, Sp denotes a spacer group (also called spacer) or a single bond, Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 in each case, independently of one another, denotes a single bond, O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2OO, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.4, CF.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CF.sub.2, CF.sub.2CF.sub.2, CHCH, CFCF, CC, CHCHCOO or OCOCHCH, p1 denotes 1, 2 or 3, preferably 2 or 3, r1 denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3, whereas p1+r14, p2 denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3 r2 denotes 1, 2 or 3, whereas p2+r24.

2. Polymerisable LC material according to claim 1, wherein at least one di- or multireactive mesogenic compound is selected of formula DRM
P.sup.1-Sp.sup.1-MG-Sp.sup.2-P.sup.2DRM wherein P.sup.1 and P.sup.2 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, Sp.sup.1 and Sp.sup.2 independently of each other are a spacer group or a single bond, and MG is a rod-shaped mesogenic group, which is preferably selected of formula MG
-(A.sup.11-Z.sup.11).sub.n-A.sup.12-MG wherein A.sup.11 and A.sup.12 denote, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, an aromatic or alicyclic group, which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L.sup.11, L.sup.11 is P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)NR.sup.00R.sup.000, C(O)OR.sup.00, C(O)R.sup.00, NR.sup.00R.sup.000, OH, SF.sub.5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12 C atoms, straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, R.sup.00 and R.sup.000 independently of each other denote H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, Z.sup.11 denotes, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, O, S, CO, COO, OCO, SCO, COS, O COO, CONR.sup.00, NR.sup.00CO, NR.sup.00CONR.sup.000, NR.sup.00COO, OCONR.sup.00, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, SCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2S, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CF.sub.2S, SCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.n1, CF.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CF.sub.2, CF.sub.2CF.sub.2, CHN, NCH, NN, CHCR.sup.00, CY.sup.1CY.sup.2, CC, CHCHCOO, OCOCHCH or a single bond, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 independently of each other denote H, F, Cl or CN, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, and n1 is an integer from 1 to 10.

3. Polymerisable LC material according to claim 1, wherein at least one direactive mesogenic compound is selected of from the following formulae, ##STR00049## wherein P.sup.0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, an acryl, methacryl, oxetane, epoxy, vinyl, heptadiene, vinyloxy, propenyl ether or styrene group, L has on each occurrence identically or differently one of the meanings given for L.sup.11 in formula DRM, r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, x and y are independently of each other 0 or identical or different integers from 1 to 12, z is each and independently, 0 or 1, with z being 0 if the adjacent x or y is 0.

4. Polymerisable LC material according to claim 1, comprising at least one monoreactive mesogenic compound, which is selected from formula MRM,
P.sup.1Sp.sup.1-MG-RMRM wherein P.sup.1, Sp.sup.1 and MG have the meanings as given in formula DRM, R is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)NR.sup.xR.sup.y, C(O)X, C(O)OR.sup.x, C(O)R.sup.y, NR.sup.xR.sup.y, OH, SF.sub.5, optionally substituted silyl, straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, X is halogen, preferably F or Cl, and R.sup.x and R.sup.y are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms.

5. Polymerisable LC material according to claim 1, wherein at least one monoreactive mesogenic compound is selected from the following formulae, ##STR00050## ##STR00051## wherein P.sup.0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, an acryl, methacryl, oxetane, epoxy, vinyl, heptadiene, vinyloxy, propenyl ether or styrene group, L has on each occurrence identically or differently one of the meanings given for L.sup.11 in formula DRM, r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, x and y are independently of each other 0 or identical or different integers from 1 to 12, z is each and independently, 0 or 1, with z being 0 if the adjacent x or y is 0, R.sup.0 is alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 or more, preferably 1 to 15 C atoms or denotes Y.sup.0, Y.sup.0 is F, Cl, CN, NO.sub.2, OCH.sub.3, OCN, SCN, SF.sub.5, or mono- oligo- or polyfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 4 C atoms, Z.sup.0 is COO, OCO, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CHCH, OCOCHCH, CHCHCOO, or a single bond, A.sup.0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, 1,4-phenylene that is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L, or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, u and v are independently of each other 0, 1 or 2, w is 0 or 1, and wherein the benzene and naphthalene rings can additionally be substituted with one or more identical or different groups L.

6. Polymerisable LC material according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of di- or multireactive polymerisable mesogenic compounds is in the range from 5 to 99% by weight.

7. Polymerisable LC material according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of monoreactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds is in the range from 5 to 80% by weight.

8. Polymerisable LC material according to claim 1, comprising one or more photoinitiator.

9. Polymerisable LC material according to claim 1, comprising optionally one or more additives selected from the group consisting of, surfactants, further stabilisers, catalysts, sensitizers, inhibitors, chain-transfer agents, co-reacting monomers, reactive thinners, surface-active compounds, lubricating agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, hydrophobing agents, adhesive agents, flow improvers, degassing or defoaming agents, deaerators, diluents, reactive diluents, auxiliaries, colourants, dyes, pigments and nanoparticles.

10. Process for the preparation of the polymerisable LC material according to claim 1 comprising the step of mixing one or more compounds of formula I with at least one di- or multireactive mesogenic compound.

11. Process for the preparation of the of a polymer film by providing a layer of a polymerisable LC material according to claim 1, photopolymerising the polymerisable LC material, and optionally removing the polymerised LC material from the substrate and/or optionally providing it onto another substrate.

12. Polymer film obtainable from a polymerisable LC material according to claim 1 by a process comprising the steps providing a layer of the polymerisable LC material onto a substrate, photopolymerising the LC material, and optionally, removing the polymerised LC material from the substrate and/or optionally providing it onto another substrate.

13. Polymer film according to claim 12, characterized in that the LC material is homeotropically aligned.

14. In an optical, electro optical, information storage, decorative and security applications, a liquid crystal display, 3D displays, projection system, polarizer, compensator, alignment layer, circular polarizer, color filters, decorative image, liquid crystal pigment, reflective film with spatially varying reflection color, multicolor image, non-forgeable documents, identity or credit cards, or banknotes, comprising polymerizable LC material, the improvement wherein the polymerizable LC material is one of claim 1.

15. In an optical component or device, polarizer patterned retarder, compensator, alignment layer, circular polarizer, color filter, decorative image, liquid crystal lens, liquid crystal pigment, reflective film with spatially varying reflection color, multicolor decorative or information storage image, comprising at least one polymerisable LC material, the improvement wherein the polymerizable LC material is one of claim 1.

16. Compound of formula I, ##STR00052## in which R.sup.1 denotes H, an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH.sub.2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by CHCH, CC, CF.sub.2O, CHCH, ##STR00053## O, COO, OCO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by halogen, R.sup.a denotes ##STR00054## or O(CH.sub.2).sub.nOH R.sup.2 denotes H or an alkyl radical having 1 to 8 C atoms, n denotes 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, ##STR00055## L1 and L2 in each case, independently of one another, denotes F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 5 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F or Cl, P denotes a polymerisable group, Sp denotes a spacer group (also called spacer) or a single bond, Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 in each case, independently of one another, denotes a single bond, O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2OO, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.4, CF.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CF.sub.2, CF.sub.2CF.sub.2, CHCH, CFCF, CC, CHCHCOO or OCOCHCH, p1 denotes 1, 2 or 3, preferably 2 or 3, r1 denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3, whereas p1+r14, p2 denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3 r2 denotes 1, 2 or 3, whereas p2+r24.

17. In an optical, electro optical, information storage, decorative and security application, a liquid crystal display, 3D display, projection system, polarizer, compensator, alignment layer, circular polarizer, color filters, decorative image, liquid crystal pigment, reflective film with spatially varying reflection colors, multicolor image, non-forgeable documents, identity or credit cards, or banknotes, comprising a polymer film, the improvement wherein the polymer film is one of claim 12.

18. In an optical component or device, polarizer, patterned retarder, compensator, alignment layer, circular polarizer, color filter, decorative image, liquid crystal lens, liquid crystal pigment, reflective film with spatially varying reflection colors, multicolor decorative or information storage image, comprising at least one polymer film, the improvement wherein the polymer film is one of claim 12.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0128] In preferred compounds of the formula I R.sup.1 preferably denotes straight-chain or branched alkyl, in particular CH.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.5, n-C.sub.3H.sub.7, n-C.sub.4H.sub.9, n-C.sub.5H.sub.11, n-C.sub.6H.sub.13 or CH.sub.2C(C.sub.2H.sub.5)C.sub.4H.sub.9, furthermore alkenyloxy, in particular OCH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2CHCHCH.sub.3, OCH.sub.2CHCHC.sub.2H.sub.5, alkoxy, in particular OC.sub.2H.sub.5, OC.sub.3H.sub.7, OC.sub.4H.sub.9, OC.sub.5H.sub.11 and OC.sub.6H.sub.13. In particular R.sup.1 denotes a straight chain alkyl residue, preferably C.sub.5H.sub.11.

[0129] In the compounds of the formula I Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 preferably denote a single bond, C.sub.2H.sub.4, CF.sub.2O or CH.sub.2O. In a specifically preferred embodiment Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 each independently denote a single bond.

[0130] In the compounds of the formula I L1 and L2 each independently preferably denote F or alkyl, preferably CH.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.5 or C.sub.3H.sub.7. In a preferred embodiment r2 denotes 1 or r1 denotes 0.

[0131] Preferred compounds of the formula I are illustrated by the following sub-formulae I-A to I-D

##STR00014##

in which R.sup.1, L1, L2, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Sp, P, r1, r2 and R.sup.a have the meanings as defined for formula I in Claim 1. Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 preferably denote a single bond or CH.sub.2CH.sub.2 and very particularly a single bond.

[0132] Preferred compounds of the formula I are the compounds of the sub-formulae I-1 to I-60,

##STR00015## ##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021## ##STR00022##

in which R.sup.1, L1, L2, Sp, P and R.sup.a have the meanings as given above.

[0133] In the formula I and in the sub-formulae of the formula I R.sup.1 preferably denotes a straight-chain alkyl or branched alkyl radical having 1-8 C atoms, preferably a straight-chain alkyl radical.

[0134] The mixtures according to the invention very particularly contain at least one self-aligning additive selected from the following group of compounds of the sub-formulae I-1 a to I-1 h, I-8a to I8h, I-16a to I-16h, I-23a to I-23h,

##STR00023## ##STR00024## ##STR00025## ##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030##

in which
R.sup.a preferably denotes

##STR00031##

OCH.sub.2OH, O(CH.sub.2).sub.2OH, O(CH.sub.2).sub.3OH, O(CH.sub.2).sub.4OH, or O(CH.sub.2).sub.5OH.
and R.sup.1 has the meanings given in Claim 1, preferably denotes a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably C.sub.2H.sub.5, n-C.sub.3H.sub.7, n-C.sub.4H.sub.9, n-C.sub.5H.sub.11, n-C.sub.6H.sub.13 or n-C.sub.7H.sub.15, most preferably n-C.sub.5H.sub.11.

[0135] Preferred LC mixtures according to the present invention contain at least one compound of the formula 1-8 or 1-23, in particular a compound of the formula 1-8h or 123h.

[0136] Particular preferred mixtures contain at least one compound selected from the following group of compounds

##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034##

[0137] In the compounds of the formula I and the sub-formulae of the compounds of the formula I R.sup.a preferably denotes

##STR00035##

[0138] The compounds of the formula I can be prepared by methods known per se, which are described in standard works for organic chemistry as such, for example, Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie, Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart. Preferably, the compounds of the formula I can be prepared for example as given in unpublished EP 15184564.1.

[0139] The media according to the invention preferably contain one, two, three, four or more, preferably one, self-aligning additive, preferably selected from the compounds of the formulae I-1 to I-60.

[0140] The self-aligning additives of the formula I are preferably employed in the liquid-crystalline medium in amounts of 0.1-10% by weight, based on the mixture as a whole. Particular preference is given to liquid-crystalline media which contain 0.5-8%, preferably 1-5%, by weight of one or more self-aligning additives, based on the total mixture, especially additives which are selected from the group of compounds of the formula I-1 to I-60.

[0141] The use of preferably 1.0 to 8% by weight of one or more compounds of the formula I results in a complete homeotropic alignment of the LC layer for conventional LC thickness (3 to 4 m) and for the substrate materials used in the display industry. Special surface treatment may allow to significantly reduce the amount of the compound(s) of the formula I which means less than 1.0% by weight.

[0142] Preferably, at least one di- or multireactive mesogenic compound is selected of formula DRM

P.sup.1-Sp.sup.1-MG-Sp.sup.2-P.sup.2DRM

wherein [0143] P.sup.1 and P.sup.2 independently of each other denote a polymerisable group, [0144] Sp.sup.1 and Sp.sup.2 independently of each other are a spacer group or a single bond, and [0145] MG is a rod-shaped mesogenic group, which is preferably selected of formula MG

-(A.sup.11-Z.sup.11).sub.n-A.sup.12-MG

wherein [0146] A.sup.11 and A.sup.12 denote, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, an aromatic or alicyclic group, which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L.sup.11, [0147] L.sup.11 is P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)NR.sup.00R.sup.000, C(O)OR.sup.00, C(O)R.sup.00, NR.sup.00R.sup.000, OH, SF.sub.5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, [0148] R.sup.00 and R.sup.000 independently of each other denote H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, [0149] Z.sup.11 denotes, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, O, S, CO, COO, OCO, SCO, COS, OCOO, CONR.sup.00, NR.sup.00CO, NR.sup.00CONR.sup.000, NR.sup.00COO, OCONR.sup.00, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, SCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2S, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CF.sub.2S, SCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.n1, CF.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CF.sub.2, CF.sub.2CF.sub.2, CHN, NCH, NN, CHCR.sup.00, CY.sup.1CY.sup.2, CC, CHCHCOO, OCO CHCH or a single bond, [0150] Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 independently of each other denote H, F, Cl or CN, [0151] n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 or 2, most preferably 2, [0152] n1 is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0153] Preferred groups A.sup.11 and A.sup.12 include, without limitation, furan, pyrrol, thiophene, oxazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, imidazole, phenylene, cyclohexylene, bicyclooctylene, cyclohexenylene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, azulene, indane, fluorene, naphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and dithienothiophene, all of which are unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L as defined above.

[0154] Particular preferred groups A.sup.11 and A.sup.12 are selected from 1,4-phenylene, pyridine-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, thiophene-2,5-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2,5-diyl, bicyclooctylene or 1,4-cyclohexylene wherein one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups are optionally replaced by O and/or S, wherein these groups are unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L as defined above.

[0155] Particular preferred groups Z.sup.11 are in each occurrence independently from another preferably selected from COO, OCO, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CC, CHCH, OCOCHCH, CHCHCOO, or a single bond,

[0156] Very preferred direactive mesogenic compounds of formula DRM are selected from the following formulae:

##STR00036##

wherein [0157] P.sup.0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, a polymerisable group, preferably an acryl, methacryl, oxetane, epoxy, vinyl, heptadiene, vinyloxy, propenyl ether or styrene group, [0158] L has on each occurrence identically or differently one of the meanings given for L.sup.11 in formula DRM, and is preferably, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, selected from F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 5 C atoms, [0159] r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, [0160] x and y are independently of each other 0 or identical or different integers from 1 to 12, [0161] z is each and independently, 0 or 1, with z being 0 if the adjacent x or y is 0.

[0162] Especially preferred are compounds of formula DRMa1, DRMa2 and DRMa3, in particular those of formula DRMa1.

[0163] Preferably, the polymerisable LC material additionally comprises at least one monoreactive mesogenic compound, which is preferably selected from formula MRM,

P.sup.1Sp.sup.1-MG-RMRM

wherein P.sup.1, Sp.sup.1 and MG have the meanings given in formula DRM, [0164] R F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)NR.sup.xR.sup.y, C(O)X, C(O)OR.sup.x, C(O)R.sup.y, NR.sup.xR.sup.y, OH, SF.sub.5, optionally substituted silyl, straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, [0165] X is halogen, preferably F or Cl, and [0166] R.sup.x and R.sup.y are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms.

[0167] Preferably, the monoreactive mesogenic compounds of formula MRM are selected from the following formulae.

##STR00037## ##STR00038##

wherein P.sup.0, L, r, x, y and z are as defined in formula DRMa-1 to formula DRMe, [0168] R.sup.0 is alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 or more, preferably 1 to 15 C atoms or denotes Y.sup.0, [0169] Y.sup.0 is F, Cl, CN, NO.sub.2, OCH.sub.3, OCN, SCN, SF.sub.5, or mono- oligo- or polyfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 4 C atoms, [0170] Z.sup.0 is COO, OCO, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CHCH, OCO CHCH, CHCHCOO, or a single bond, [0171] A.sup.0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, 1,4-phenylene that is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L, or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, u and v are independently of each other 0, 1 or 2, [0172] w is 0 or 1,
and wherein the benzene and naphthalene rings can additionally be substituted with one or more identical or different groups L.

[0173] Further preferred are compounds of formula MRM1, MRM2, MRM3, MRM4, MRM5, MRM6, MRM7, MRM9 and MRM10, especially those of formula MRM1, MRM4, MRM6, and MRM7, and in particular those of formulae MRM1 and MRM7.

[0174] The compounds of the formulae DRM, MRM, and sub-formulae thereof can be pre-pared analogously to processes known to the person skilled in the art and described in standard works of organic chemistry, such as, for example, in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart.

[0175] The proportion of said mono-, di- or multireactive liquid-crystalline compounds in a polymerisable liquid-crystalline material according to the present invention as a whole, is preferably in the range from 30 to 99.9% by weight, more preferably in the range from 40 to 99.9% by weight and even more preferably in the range from 50 to 99.9% by weight.

[0176] In a preferred embodiment, the proportion of the di- or multireactive polymerisable mesogenic compounds in a polymerisable liquid-crystalline material according to the present invention as a whole, is preferably in the range from 5 to 99% by weight, more preferably in the range from 10 to 97% by weight and even more preferably in the range from 15 to 95% by weight.

[0177] In another preferred embodiment, the proportion of the monoreactive polymerisable mesogenic compounds in a polymerisable liquid-crystalline material according to the present invention as a whole, is, if present, preferably in the range from 5 to 80% by weight, more preferably in the range from 10 to 75% by weight and even more preferably in the range from 15 to 70% by weight.

[0178] In another preferred embodiment, the proportion of the multireactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds in a polymerisable liquid-crystalline material according to the present invention as a whole is, if present, preferably in the range from 1 to 30% by weight, more preferably in the range from 2 to 20% by weight and even more preferably in the range from 3 to 10% by weight.

[0179] In another preferred embodiment the polymerisable LC material does not contain polymerizable mesogenic compounds having more than two polymerisable groups.

[0180] In another preferred embodiment the polymerisable LC material does not contain polymerizable mesogenic compounds having less than two polymerisable groups.

[0181] In another preferred embodiment the polymerisable LC material is an achiral material, i.e. it does not contain any chiral polymerizable mesogenic compounds or other chiral compounds.

[0182] In a further preferred embodiment, the polymerisable LC material comprises at least one monoreactive mesogenic compound, preferably selected from formulae MRM-1, at least one direactive mesogenic compound, preferably selected from formula DRMa-1, and at least one compound of formula I.

[0183] In a further preferred embodiment, the polymerisable LC material comprises at least one monoreactive mesogenic compound, preferably selected from formula MRM-7, at least one direactive mesogenic compound, preferably selected from formula DRMa-1, and at least one compound of formula I.

[0184] In a further preferred embodiment, the polymerisable LC material comprises at least two monoreactive mesogenic compound, preferably selected from compounds of formulae MRM-1 and/or MRM-7, at least one direactive mesogenic compound, preferably selected from formula DRMa-1, and at least one compound of formula I.

[0185] In a further preferred embodiment, the polymerisable LC material comprises at least two monoreactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from compounds of formulae MRM-1 and/or MRM-7, at least two direactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from compounds of formula DRMa-1, and at least one compound of formula I.

[0186] In a further preferred embodiment, the polymerisable LC material comprises at least two direactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from compounds of formula DRMa-1, and at least one compound of formula I.

[0187] In a further preferred embodiment the polymerisable LC material optionally comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of further polymerisation initiators, antioxidants, surfactants, stabilisers, catalysts, sensitizers, inhibitors, chain-transfer agents, co-reacting monomers, reactive thinners, surface-active compounds, lubricating agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, hydrophobing agents, adhesive agents, flow improvers, degassing or defoaming agents, deaerators, diluents, reactive diluents, auxiliaries, colourants, dyes, pigments and nanoparticles.

[0188] In another preferred embodiment, the polymerisable LC material optionally comprises one or more additives selected from polymerisable non-mesogenic compounds (reactive thinners). The amount of these additives in the polymerisable LC material is preferably from 0 to 30%, very preferably from 0 to 25%.

[0189] The reactive thinners used are not only substances which are referred to in the actual sense as reactive thinners, but also auxiliary compounds already mentioned above which contain one or more complementary reactive units or polymerizable groups P, for example hydroxyl, thiol-, or amino groups, via which a reaction with the polymerisable units of the liquid-crystalline compounds can take place.

[0190] The substances, which are usually capable of photopolymerisation, include, for example, mono-, bi- and polyfunctional compounds containing at least one olefinic double bond. Examples thereof are vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, for example of lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid, and of dicarboxylic acids, for example of succinic acid, adipic acid, allyl and vinyl ethers and methacrylic and acrylic esters of monofunctional alcohols, for example of lauryl, myristyl, palmityl and stearyl alcohol, and diallyl and divinyl ethers of bifunctional alcohols, for example ethylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol.

[0191] Also suitable are, for example, methacrylic and acrylic esters of polyfunctional alcohols, in particular those which contain no further functional groups, or at most ether groups, besides the hydroxyl groups.

[0192] Examples of such alcohols are bifunctional alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and their more highly condensed representatives, for example diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol etc., butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, alkoxylated phenolic compounds, such as ethoxylated and propoxylated bisphenols, cyclohexanedimethanol, trifunctional and polyfunctional alcohols, such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane, butanetriol, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, and the corresponding alkoxylated, in particular ethoxylated and propoxylated alcohols.

[0193] Other suitable reactive thinners are polyester (meth)acrylates, which are the (meth)acrylic ester of polyesterols.

[0194] Examples of suitable polyesterols are those which can be prepared by esterification of polycarboxylic acids, preferably dicarboxylic acids, using polyols, preferably diols. The starting materials for such hydroxyl-containing polyesters are known to the person skilled in the art. Dicarboxylic acids which can be employed are succinic, glutaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, o-phthalic acid and isomers and hydrogenation products thereof, and esterifiable and transesterifiable derivatives of said acids, for example anhydrides and dialkyl esters. Suitable polyols are the abovementioned alcohols, preferably ethyleneglycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol and polyglycols of the ethylene glycol and propylene glycol type.

[0195] Suitable reactive thinners are furthermore 1,4-divinylbenzene, triallyl cyanurate, acrylic esters of tricyclodecenyl alcohol of the following formula

##STR00039##

also known under the name dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, and the allyl esters of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and cyanoacrylic acid.

[0196] Of the reactive thinners, which are mentioned by way of example, those containing photopolymerizable groups are used in particular and in view of the abovementioned preferred compositions.

[0197] This group includes, for example, dihydric and polyhydric alcohols, for example ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and more highly condensed representatives thereof, for example diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol etc., butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, butanetriol, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol and the corresponding alkoxylated, in particular ethoxylated and propoxylated alcohols.

[0198] The group furthermore also includes, for example, alkoxylated phenolic compounds, for example ethoxylated and propoxylated bisphenols.

[0199] These reactive thinners may furthermore be, for example, epoxide or urethane (meth)acrylates.

[0200] Epoxide (meth)acrylates are, for example, those as obtainable by the reaction, known to the person skilled in the art, of epoxidized olefins or poly- or diglycidyl ether, such as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, with (meth)acrylic acid.

[0201] Urethane (meth)acrylates are, in particular, the products of a reaction, likewise known to the person skilled in the art, of hydroxylalkyl (meth)acrylates with poly- or diisocyanates.

[0202] Such epoxide and urethane (meth)acrylates are included amongst the compounds listed above as mixed forms.

[0203] If reactive thinners are used, their amount and properties must be matched to the respective conditions in such a way that, on the one hand, a satisfactory desired effect, for example the desired colour of the composition according to the invention, is achieved, but, on the other hand, the phase behaviour of the liquid-crystalline composition is not excessively impaired. The low-crosslinking (high-crosslinking) liquid-crystalline compositions can be prepared, for example, using corresponding reactive thinners, which have a relatively low (high) number of reactive units per molecule.

[0204] The group of diluents include, for example:

C1-C4-alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol and, in particular, the C5-C12-alcohols n-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-nonanol, n-decanol, n-undecanol and n-dodecanol, and isomers thereof, glycols, for example 1,2-ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-, 2,3- and 1,4-butylene glycol, di- and triethylene glycol and di- and tripropylene glycol, ethers, for example methyl tert-butyl ether, 1,2-ethylene glycol mono- and dimethyl ether, 1,2-ethylene glycol mono- and -diethylether, 3-methoxypropanol, 3-isopropoxypropanol, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, ketones, for example acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone), C1-C5-alkyl esters, for example methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate and amyl acetate, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, for example pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, petroleum ether, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, tetralin, decalin, dimethylnaphthalene, white spirit, Shellsol and Solvesso mineral oils, for example gasoline, kerosine, diesel oil and heating oil, but also natural oils, for example olive oil, soya oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil and sunflower oil.

[0205] It is of course also possible to use mixtures of these diluents in the compositions according to the invention.

[0206] So long as there is at least partial miscibility, these diluents can also be mixed with water. Examples of suitable diluents here are C1-C4-alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol and sec-butanol, glycols, for example 1,2-ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-, 2,3- and 1,4-butylene glycol, di- and triethylene glycol, and di- and tripropylene glycol, ethers, for example tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, ketones, for example acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone), and C1-C4-alkyl esters, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl acetate.

[0207] The diluents are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 10.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerisable LC material.

[0208] The antifoams and deaerators (c1)), lubricants and flow auxiliaries (c2)), thermally curing or radiation-curing auxiliaries (c3)), substrate wetting auxiliaries (c4)), wetting and dispersion auxiliaries (c5)), hydrophobicizing agents (c6)), adhesion promoters (c7)) and auxiliaries for promoting scratch resistance (c8)) cannot strictly be delimited from one another in their action.

[0209] For example, lubricants and flow auxiliaries often also act as antifoams and/or deaerators and/or as auxiliaries for improving scratch resistance. Radiation-curing auxiliaries can also act as lubricants and flow auxiliaries and/or deaerators and/or as substrate wetting auxiliaries. In individual cases, some of these auxiliaries can also fulfil the function of an adhesion promoter (c8)).

[0210] Corresponding to the above-said, a certain additive can therefore be classified in a number of the groups c1) to c8) described below.

[0211] The antifoams in group c1) include silicon-free and silicon-containing polymers. The silicon-containing polymers are, for example, unmodified or modified polydialkylsiloxanes or branched copolymers, comb or block copolymers comprising polydialkylsiloxane and polyether units, the latter being obtainable from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide.

[0212] The deaerators in group c1) include, for example, organic polymers, for example polyethers and polyacrylates, dialkylpolysiloxanes, in particular dimethylpolysiloxanes, organically modified polysiloxanes, for example arylalkyl-modified polysiloxanes, and fluorosilicones.

[0213] The action of the antifoams is essentially based on preventing foam formation or destroying foam that has already formed. Antifoams essentially work by promoting coalescence of finely divided gas or air bubbles to give larger bubbles in the medium to be deaerated, for example the compositions according to the invention, and thus accelerate escape of the gas (of the air). Since antifoams can frequently also be employed as deaerators and vice versa, these additives have been included together under group c1).

[0214] Such auxiliaries are, for example, commercially available from Tego as TEGO Foamex 800, TEGO Foamex 805, TEGO Foamex 810, TEGO Foamex 815, TEGO Foamex 825, TEGO Foamex 835, TEGO Foamex 840, TEGO Foamex 842, TEGO Foamex 1435, TEGO Foamex 1488, TEGO Foamex 1495, TEGO Foamex 3062, TEGO Foamex 7447, TEGO Foamex 8020, Tego Foamex N, TEGO Foamex K 3, TEGO Antifoam 2-18,TEGO Antifoam 2-18, TEGO Antifoam 2-57, TEGO Antifoam 2-80, TEGO Antifoam 2-82, TEGO Antifoam 2-89, TEGO Antifoam 2-92, TEGO Antifoam 14, TEGO Antifoam 28, TEGO Antifoam 81, TEGO Antifoam D 90, TEGO Antifoam 93, TEGO Antifoam 200, TEGO Antifoam 201, TEGO Antifoam 202, TEGO Antifoam 793, TEGO Antifoam 1488, TEGO Antifoam 3062, TEGOPREN 5803, TEGOPREN 5852, TEGOPREN 5863, TEGOPREN 7008, TEGO Antifoam 1-60, TEGO Antifoam 1-62, TEGO Antifoam 1-85, TEGO Antifoam 2-67, TEGO Antifoam WM 20, TEGO Antifoam 50, TEGO Antifoam 105, TEGO Antifoam 730, TEGO Antifoam MR 1015, TEGO Antifoam MR 1016, TEGO Antifoam 1435, TEGO Antifoam N, TEGO Antifoam KS 6, TEGO Antifoam KS 10, TEGO Antifoam KS 53, TEGO Antifoam KS 95, TEGO Antifoam KS 100, TEGO Antifoam KE 600, TEGO Antifoam KS 911, TEGO Antifoam MR 1000, TEGO Antifoam KS 1100, Tego Airex 900, Tego Airex 910, Tego Airex 931, Tego Airex 935, Tego Airex 936, Tego Airex 960, Tego Airex 970, Tego Airex 980 and Tego Airex 985 and from BYK as BYK-011, BYK-019, BYK-020, BYK-021, BYK-022, BYK-023, BYK-024, BYK-025, BYK-027, BYK-031, BYK-032, BYK-033, BYK-034, BYK-035, BYK-036, BYK-037, BYK-045, BYK-051, BYK-052, BYK-053, BYK-055, BYK-057, BYK-065, BYK-066, BYK-070, BYK-080, BYK-088, BYK-141 and BYK-A 530.

[0215] The auxiliaries in group c1) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerisable LC material.

[0216] In group c2), the lubricants and flow auxiliaries typically include silicon-free, but also silicon-containing polymers, for example polyacrylates or modifiers, low-molecular-weight polydialkylsiloxanes. The modification consists in some of the alkyl groups having been replaced by a wide variety of organic radicals. These organic radicals are, for example, polyethers, polyesters or even long-chain (fluorinated)alkyl radicals, the former being used the most frequently.

[0217] The polyether radicals in the correspondingly modified polysiloxanes are usually built up from ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide units. Generally, the higher the proportion of these alkylene oxide units in the modified polysiloxane, the more hydrophilic is the resultant product.

[0218] Such auxiliaries are, for example, commercially available from Tego as TEGO Glide 100, TEGO Glide ZG 400, TEGO Glide 406, TEGO Glide 410, TEGO Glide 411, TEGO Glide 415, TEGO Glide 420, TEGO Glide 435, TEGO Glide 440, TEGO Glide 450, TEGO Glide A 115, TEGO Glide B 1484 (can also be used as antifoam and deaerator), TEGO Flow ATF, TEGO Flow 300, TEGO Flow 460, TEGO Flow 425 and TEGO Flow ZFS 460. Suitable radiation-curable lubricants and flow auxiliaries, which can also be used to improve the scratch resistance, are the products TEGO Rad 2100, TEGO Rad 2200, TEGO Rad 2500, TEGO Rad 2600 and TEGO Rad 2700, which are likewise obtainable from TEGO.

[0219] Such-auxiliaries are also available, for example, from BYK as BYK-300 BYK-306, BYK-307, BYK-310, BYK-320, BYK-333, BYK-341, Byk 354, Byk361, Byk361 N, BYK388.

[0220] Such-auxiliaries are also available, for example, from 3M as FC4430.

[0221] Such-auxiliaries are also available, for example, from Cytonix as FluorN561 or FluorN562.

[0222] Such-auxiliaries are also available, for example, from Merck KGaA as Tivida FL 2300 and Tivida FL 2500

[0223] The auxiliaries in group c2) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerisable LC material.

[0224] In group c3), the radiation-curing auxiliaries include, in particular, polysiloxanes having terminal double bonds which are, for example, a constituent of an acrylate group. Such auxiliaries can be crosslinked by actinic or, for example, electron radiation. These auxiliaries generally combine a number of properties together. In the uncrosslinked state, they can act as antifoams, deaerators, lubricants and flow auxiliaries and/or substrate wetting auxiliaries, while, in the crosslinked state, they increase, in particular, the scratch resistance, for example of coatings or films which can be produced using the compositions according to the invention. The improvement in the gloss properties, for example of precisely those coatings or films, is regarded essentially as a consequence of the action of these auxiliaries as antifoams, deaerators and/or lubricants and flow auxiliaries (in the uncrosslinked state).

[0225] Examples of suitable radiation-curing auxiliaries are the products TEGO Rad 2100, TEGO Rad 2200, TEGO Rad 2500, TEGO Rad 2600 and TEGO Rad 2700 available from TEGO and the product BYK-371 available from BYK.

[0226] Thermally curing auxiliaries in group c3) contain, for example, primary OH groups, which are able to react with isocyanate groups, for example of the binder.

[0227] Examples of thermally curing auxiliaries, which can be used, are the products BYK-370, BYK-373 and BYK-375 available from BYK.

[0228] The auxiliaries in group c3) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerisable LC material.

[0229] The substrate wetting auxiliaries in group c4) serve, in particular, to increase the wettability of the substrate to be printed or coated, for example, by printing inks or coating compositions, for example compositions according to the invention. The generally attendant improvement in the lubricant and flow behaviour of such printing inks or coating compositions has an effect on the appearance of the finished (for example crosslinked) print or coating.

[0230] A wide variety of such auxiliaries are commercially available, for example from Tego as TEGO Wet KL 245, TEGO Wet 250, TEGO Wet 260 and TEGO Wet ZFS 453 and from BYK as BYK-306, BYK-307, BYK-310, BYK-333, BYK-344, BYK-345, BYK-346 and Byk-348.

[0231] The auxiliaries in group c4) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the liquid-crystalline composition.

[0232] The wetting and dispersion auxiliaries in group c5) serve, in particular, to prevent the flooding and floating and the sedimentation of pigments and are therefore, if necessary, suitable in particular in pigmented compositions.

[0233] These auxiliaries stabilize pigment dispersions essentially through electrostatic repulsion and/or steric hindrance of the pigment particles containing these additives, where, in the latter case, the interaction of the auxiliary with the ambient medium (for example binder) plays a major role.

[0234] Since the use of such wetting and dispersion auxiliaries is common practice, for example in the technical area of printing inks and paints, the selection of a suitable auxiliary of this type generally does not present the person skilled in the art with any difficulties, if they are used.

[0235] Such wetting and dispersion auxiliaries are commercially available, for example from Tego, as TEGO Dispers 610, TEGO Dispers 610 S, TEGO Dispers 630, TEGO Dispers 700, TEGO Dispers 705, TEGO Dispers 710, TEGO Dispers 720 W, TEGO Dispers 725 W, TEGO Dispers 730 W, TEGO Dispers 735 W and TEGO Dispers 740 W and from BYK as Disperbyk, Disperbyk-107, Disperbyk-108, Disperbyk-110, Disperbyk-111, Disperbyk-115, Disperbyk-130, Disperbyk-160, Disperbyk-161, Disperbyk-162, Disperbyk-163, Disperbyk-164, Disperbyk-165, Disperbyk-166, Disperbyk-167, Disperbyk-170, Disperbyk-174, Disperbyk-180, Disperbyk-181, Disperbyk-182, Disperbyk-183, Disperbyk-184, Disperbyk-185, Disperbyk-190, Anti-Terra-U, Anti-Terra-U 80, Anti-Terra-P, Anti-Terra-203, Anti-Terra-204, Anti-Terra-206, BYK-151, BYK-154, BYK-155, BYK-P 104 S, BYK-P 105, Lactimon, Lactimon-WS and Bykumen.

[0236] The amount of the auxiliaries in group c5) used on the mean molecular weight of the auxiliary. In any case, a preliminary experiment is therefore advisable, but this can be accomplished simply by the person skilled in the art.

[0237] The hydrophobicizing agents in group c6) can be used to give water-repellent properties to prints or coatings produced, for example, using compositions according to the invention. This prevents or at least greatly suppresses swelling due to water absorption and thus a change in, for example, the optical properties of such prints or coatings. In addition, when the composition is used, for example, as a printing ink in offset printing, water absorption can thereby be prevented or at least greatly reduced.

[0238] Such hydrophobicizing agents are commercially available, for example, from Tego as Tego Phobe WF, Tego Phobe 1000, Tego Phobe 1000 S, Tego Phobe 1010, Tego Phobe 1030, Tego Phobe 1010, Tego Phobe 1010, Tego Phobe 1030, Tego Phobe 1040, Tego Phobe 1050, Tego Phobe 1200, Tego Phobe 1300, Tego Phobe 1310 and Tego Phobe 1400.

[0239] The auxiliaries in group c6) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerisable LC material.

[0240] Further adhesion promoters from group c7) serve to improve the adhesion of two interfaces in contact. It is directly evident from this that essentially the only fraction of the adhesion promoter that is effective is that located at one or the other or at both interfaces. If, for example, it is desired to apply liquid or pasty printing inks, coating compositions or paints to a solid substrate, this generally means that the adhesion promoter must be added directly to the latter or the substrate must be pre-treated with the adhesion promoters (also known as priming), i.e. this substrate is given modified chemical and/or physical surface properties.

[0241] If the substrate has previously been primed with a primer, this means that the interfaces in contact are that of the primer on the one hand and of the printing ink or coating composition or paint on the other hand. In this case, not only the adhesion properties between the substrate and the primer, but also between the substrate and the printing ink or coating composition or paint play a part in adhesion of the overall multilayer structure on the substrate.

[0242] Adhesion promoters in the broader sense which may be mentioned are also the substrate wetting auxiliaries already listed under group c4), but these generally do not have the same adhesion promotion capacity.

[0243] In view of the widely varying physical and chemical natures of substrates and of printing inks, coating compositions and paints intended, for example, for their printing or coating, the multiplicity of adhesion promoter systems is not surprising.

[0244] Adhesion promoters based on silanes are, for example, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, N-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-aminoethyl-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N-methyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-ureidopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane and vinyltrimethoxysilane. These and other silanes are commercially available from Hls, for example under the tradename DYNASILAN.

[0245] Corresponding technical information from the manufacturers of such additives should generally be used or the person skilled in the art can obtain this information in a simple manner through corresponding preliminary experiments.

[0246] However, if these additives are to be added as auxiliaries from group c7) to the polymerisable LC materials according to the invention, their proportion optionally corresponds to from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerisable LC material. These concentration data serve merely as guidance, since the amount and identity of the additive are determined in each individual case by the nature of the substrate and of the printing/coating composition. Corresponding technical information is usually available from the manufacturers of such additives for this case or can be determined in a simple manner by the person skilled in the art through corresponding preliminary experiments.

[0247] The auxiliaries for improving the scratch resistance in group c8) include, for example, the abovementioned products TEGO Rad 2100, TEGO Rad 2200, TEGO Rad 2500, TEGO Rad 2600 and TEGO Rad 2700, which are available from Tego.

[0248] For these auxiliaries, the amount data given for group c3) are likewise suitable, i.e. these additives are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the liquid-crystalline composition.

[0249] Examples that may be mentioned of light, heat and/or oxidation stabilizers are the following:

[0250] alkylated monophenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol, 2-(-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, nonylphenols which have a linear or branched side chain, for example 2,6-dinonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1-methylundec-1-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1-methylheptadec-1-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1-methyltridec-1-yl)phenol and mixtures of these compounds, alkylthiomethylphenols, such as 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol and 2,6-didodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol,

[0251] Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydrocrainone, 2,6-diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl stearate and bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)adipate,

[0252] Tocopherols, such as -tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocopherol and mixtures of these compounds, and tocopherol derivatives, such as tocopheryl acetate, succinate, nicotinate and polyoxyethylenesuccinate (tocofersolate),

[0253] hydroxylated diphenyl thioethers, such as 2,2-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2-thiobis(4-octylphenol), 4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), 4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4-thiobis(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol) and 4,4-bis(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide,

[0254] Alkylidenebisphenols, such as 2,2-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 2,2-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-(-methylcyclohexyl)phenol], 2,2-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2-methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol), 2,2-methylenebis[6-(-methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2-methylenebis[6-(,-dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 4,4-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 4,4-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol, 1,1,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, 1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-3-n-dodecyl-mercaptobutane, ethylene glycol bis[3,3-bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate], bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)dicyclopentadiene, bis[2-(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl]terephthalate, 1,1-bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)butane, 2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-n-dodecyl-mercaptobutane and 1,1,5,5-tetrakis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)pentane,

[0255] O-, N- and S-benzyl compounds, such as 3,5,3,5-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4-dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tridecyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithioterephthalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide and isooctyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate,

[0256] aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, such as 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethyl-benzene, 1,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-benzene and 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol,

[0257] Triazine compounds, such as 2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,2,3-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)isocyanurate, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate and 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate,

[0258] Benzylphosphonates, such as dimethyl 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, diethyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate and dioctadecyl 5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylphosphonate,

[0259] Acylaminophenols, such as 4-hydroxylauroylanilide, 4-hydroxystearoylanilide and octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate,

[0260] Propionic and acetic esters, for example of monohydric or polyhydric alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxalamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane and 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]-octane,

[0261] Propionamides based on amine derivatives, such as N,N-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamine, N,N-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamine and N,N-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine,

[0262] Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and ascorbic acid derivatives, such as ascorbyl palmitate, laurate and stearate, and ascorbyl sulfate and phosphate,

[0263] Antioxidants based on amine compounds, such as N,N-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N-dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1-methylheptyl)-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-cyclohexyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4-(p-toluenesulfamoyl)diphenylamine, N,N-dimethyl-N,N-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, diphenylamine, N-allyldiphenylamine, 4-isopropoxydiphenylamine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, octyl-substituted diphenylamine, such as p,p-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, 4-n-butylaminophenol, 4-butyrylaminophenol, 4-nonanoylaminophenol, 4-dodecanoylaminophenol, 4-octadecanoylaminophenol, bis[4-methoxyphenyl)amine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dimethylaminomethylphenol, 2,4-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane, N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane, 1,2-bis[(2-methylphenyl)amino]ethane, 1,2-bis(phenylamino)propane, (o-tolyl)biguanide, bis[4-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]amine, tert-octyl-substituted N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octyldiphenylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated nonyldiphenylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated dodecyldiphenylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated isopropyl/isohexyldiphenylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyldiphenylamine, 2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazine, phenothiazine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octylphenothiazine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-octylphenothiazine, N-allylphenothiazine, N,N,N,N-tetraphenyl-1,4-diaminobut-2-ene, N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)hexamethylenediamine, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol,

[0264] Phosphines,Phosphites and phosphonites, such as triphenylphosnine triphenylphosphite, diphenyl alkyl phosphite, phenyl dialkyl phosphite, tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, diisodecyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, diisodecyloxy pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4,6-tris(tert-butylphenyl))pentaerythritol diphosphite, tristearyl sorbitol triphosphite, tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)4,4-biphenylenediphosphonite, 6-isooctyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12H-dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocine, 6-fluoro-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12-methyl-dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocine, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)methyl phosphite and bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)ethyl phosphite,

[0265] 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, such as 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3-sec-butyl-5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3,5-di-tert-amyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3,5-bis-(,-dimethylbenzyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, a mixture of 2-(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3-tert-butyl-5-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)carbonylethyl]-2-hydroxy phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3-tert-butyl-5-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)carbonylethyl]-2-hydroxy phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3-dodecyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole and 2-(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-(2-isooctyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl benzotriazole, 2,2-methylenebis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6-benzotriazol-2-ylphenol]; the product of complete esterification of 2-[3-tert-butyl-5-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole with polyethylene glycol 300;

[0266] sulfur-containing peroxide scavengers and sulfur-containing antioxidants, such as esters of 3,3-thiodipropionic acid, for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl and tridecyl esters, mercaptobenzimidazole and the zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, dibutylzinc dithiocarbamates, dioctadecyl disulfide and pentaerythritol tetrakis(p-dodecylmercapto)propionate,

[0267] 2-hydroxybenzophenones, such as the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octyloxy, 4-decycloxy, 4-dodecyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 4,2,4-trihydroxy and 2-hydroxy-4,4-dimethoxy derivatives,

[0268] Esters of unsubstituted and substituted benzoic acids, such as 4-tert-butylphenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoylresorcinol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)resorcinol, benzoylresorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate,

[0269] Acrylates, such as ethyl -cyano-,-diphenylacrylate, isooctyl -cyano-,-diphenylacrylate, methyl -methoxycarbonylcinnamate, methyl -cyano--methyl-p-methoxycinnamate, butyl--cyano--methyl-p-methoxycinnamate and methyl--methoxycarbonyl-p-methoxycinnamate, sterically hindered amines, such as bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)succinate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, the condensation product of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, the condensation product of N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)nitrilotriacetate, tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate, 1,1-(1,2-ethylene)bis(3,3,5,5-tetramethylpiperazinone), 4-benzoyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)2-n-butyl-2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)malonate, 3-n-octyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)succinate, the condensation product of N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-morpholino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, the condensation product of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(4-n-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane, the condensation product of 2-chloro-4,6-di(4-n-butylamino-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane, 8-acetyl-3-dodecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]-decane-2,4-dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, a mixture of 4-hexadecyloxy- and 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, the condensation product of N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-cyclohexylamino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, the condensation product of 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane and 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, 4-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-dodecylsuccinimide, N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-dodecylsuccinimide, 2-undecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxo-spiro[4.5]-decane, the condensation product of 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-2-cycloundecyl-1-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxospiro-[4.5]decane and epichlorohydrin, the condensation products of 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine with tetramethylolacetylenediureas and poly(methoxypropyl-3-oxy)-[4(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl)piperidinyl]-siloxane,

[0270] Oxalamides, such as 4,4-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2-dioctyloxy-5,5-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2,2-didodecyloxy-5,5-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2-ethoxy-2-ethyloxanilide, N,N-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxalamide, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2-ethoxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2-ethyl-5,4-di-tert-butoxanilide, and mixtures of ortho-, para-methoxy-disubstituted oxanilides and mixtures of ortho- and para-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides, and

[0271] 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines, such as 2,4,6-tris-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-propyloxyphenyl)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-tridecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-butyloxypropoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-octyloxypropoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-(dodecyloxy/tridecyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris[2-hydroxy-4-(3-butoxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine.

[0272] In another preferred embodiment the polymerisable LC material comprises one or more specific antioxidant additives, preferably selected from the Irganox series, e.g. the commercially available antioxidants Irganox1076 and Irganox1010, from Ciba, Switzerland.

[0273] In another preferred embodiment, the polymerisable LC material comprises one or more, more preferably of two or more photoinitiators.

[0274] Typically, radical photoinitiators which can be utilized, are, for example, selected from the commercially available Irgacure or Darocure (Ciba AG) series, in particular, Irgacure 127, Irgacure 184, Irgacure 369, Irgacure 651, Irgacure 817, Irgacure 907, Irgacure 1300, Irgacure, Irgacure 2022, Irgacure 2100, Irgacure 2959, Darcure TPO. Further suitable photoinitiators are preferably selected from commercially available oxime ester photoinitiators such as Oxe02 (Ciba), or N-1919 T (Adeka).

[0275] The concentration of the polymerisation initiator(s) as a whole in the polymerisable LC material is preferably from 0.1 to 10%, very preferably from 0.5 to 8%, more preferably 2 to 6%.

[0276] Preferably, the polymerisable LC material comprises besides one or more compounds of formula I, [0277] a) one or more di- or multireactive polymerisable mesogenic compounds, [0278] b) one or more photoinitiator, [0279] c) optionally one or more monoreactive polymerisable mesogenic compounds, [0280] d) optionally one or more antioxidative additives, [0281] e) optionally one or more adhesion promotors, [0282] f) optionally one or more surfactants, [0283] g) optionally one or more stabilizers, [0284] h) optionally one or more mono-, di- or multireactive polymerisable non-mesogenic compounds, [0285] i) optionally one or more dyes showing an absorption maximum at the wavelength used to initiate photo polymerisation, [0286] j) optionally one or more chain transfer agents, [0287] k) optionally one or more stabilizers, [0288] l) optionally one or more lubricants and flow auxiliaries, and [0289] m) optionally one or more diluents.

[0290] More preferably, the polymerisable LC material comprises, [0291] a) one or more compounds of formula I, preferably selected from the compounds of the formulae I-1 to 1-60, preferably in amounts of 0.1-10% by weight, [0292] b) one or more, preferably two or more, monoreactive polymerisable mesogenic compounds, preferably in an amount of 10 to 95% by weight, very preferably 25 to 85%, preferably selected from compounds of formulae MRM-1 and/or MRM-7, [0293] c) one or more photoinitiators, preferably in an amount from 0.1 to 10% by weight, [0294] d) optionally one or more, preferably two or more, direactive polymerisable mesogenic compounds, preferably in an amount, if present at all, of 10 to 90% by weight, very preferably 15 to 75% by weight, preferably selected from the compounds of formula DRMa-1, [0295] e) optionally one or more antioxidative additives, preferably selected from esters of unsubstituted and substituted benzoic acids, in particular Irganox1076, and if present, preferably in an amount of 0.01 to 2% by weight, very preferably 0.05 to 1% by weight, [0296] f) optionally one or more lubricants and flow auxiliaries, preferably selected from BYK388, FC 4430 and/or Fluor N 562, and if present, preferably in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight, very preferably 0.2 to 3% by weight, and [0297] g) optionally one or more diluents, preferably selected from n-dodecanol, in if present, preferably in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight, very preferably 0.2 to 3% by weight.

[0298] The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of the polymerisable LC material as described above and below comprising the step of mixing one or more compounds of formula I with at least one di- or multireactive mesogenic compound.

[0299] The invention further relates to a method of preparing a polymer film by [0300] providing a layer of a polymerisable LC material as described above and below onto a substrate, [0301] polymerising the polymerisable LC material by photopolymerisation, and [0302] optionally removing the polymerised LC material from the substrate and/or optionally providing it onto another substrate.

[0303] It is also possible to dissolve the polymerisable LC material in a suitable solvent.

[0304] In another preferred embodiment, the polymerisable LC material comprises one or more solvents, which are preferably selected from organic solvents. The solvents are preferably selected from ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone; acetates such as methyl, ethyl or butyl acetate or methyl acetoacetate; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol; aromatic solvents such as toluene or xylene; alicyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane or cyclohexane; halogenated hydrocarbons such as di- or trichloromethane; glycols or their esters such as PGMEA (propyl glycol monomethyl ether acetate), -butyrolactone. It is also possible to use binary, ternary or higher mixtures of the above solvents.

[0305] In case the polymerisable LC material contains one or more solvents, the total concentration of all solids, including the RMs, in the solvent(s) is preferably from 10 to 60%.

[0306] This solution is then coated or printed onto the substrate, for example by spin-coating, printing, or other known techniques, and the solvent is evaporated off before polymerisation. In most cases, it is suitable to heat the mixture in order to facilitate the evaporation of the solvent.

[0307] The polymerisable LC material can be applied onto a substrate by conventional coating techniques like spin coating, bar coating or blade coating. It can also be applied to the substrate by conventional printing techniques which are known to the expert, like for example screen printing, offset printing, reel-to-reel printing, letter press printing, gravure printing, rotogravure printing, flexographic printing, intaglio printing, pad printing, heat-seal printing, ink-jet printing or printing by means of a stamp or printing plate.

[0308] Suitable substrate materials and substrates are known to the expert and described in the literature, as for example conventional substrates used in the optical films industry, such as glass or plastic. Especially suitable and preferred substrates for polymerisation are polyester such as polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) or polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN), polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polycarbonate (PC) triacetylcellulose (TAC), or cyclo olefin polymers (COP), or commonly known color filter materials, in particular triacetylcellulose (TAC), cyclo olefin polymers (COP), or commonly known colour filter materials.

[0309] The polymerisable LC material preferably exhibits a uniform alignment throughout the whole layer. Preferably the polymerisable LC material exhibits a uniform homeotropic alignment.

[0310] Another method used to support homeotropic alignment is to apply corona discharge treatment to plastic substrates, generating alcohol or ketone functional groups on the substrate surface. These polar groups can interact with the polar groups present in RMs or surfactants to promote homeotropic alignment.

[0311] For the production of the polymer films according to the invention, the polymerisable compounds in the polymerisable LC material are polymerised or crosslinked (if one compound contains two or more poly-merisable groups) by in-situ photopolymerisation.

[0312] The photopolymerisation can be carried out in one step. It is also possible to photopolymerise or crosslink the compounds in a second step, which have not reacted in the first step (end curing).

[0313] In a preferred method of preparation the polymerisable LC material is coated onto a substrate and subsequently photopolymerised for example by exposure to actinic radiation as described for example in WO 01/20394, GB 2,315,072 or WO 98/04651.

[0314] Photopolymerisation of the LC material is preferably achieved by exposing it to actinic radiation. Actinic radiation means irradiation with light, like UV light, IR light or visible light, irradiation with X-rays or gamma rays, or irradiation with high-energy particles, such as ions or electrons. Preferably, polymerisation is carried out by photo irradiation, in particular with UV light. As a source for actinic radiation, for example a single UV lamp or a set of UV lamps can be used. When using a high lamp power the curing time can be reduced. Another possible source for photo radiation is a laser, like e.g. a UV laser, an IR laser, or a visible laser.

[0315] The curing time is dependent, inter alia, on the reactivity of the polymerisable LC material, the thickness of the coated layer, the type of polymerisation initiator and the power of the UV lamp. The curing time is preferably 5 minutes, very preferably 3 minutes, most preferably 1 minute. For mass production, short curing times of 30 seconds are preferred.

[0316] A suitable UV radiation power is preferably in the range from 5 to 200 mWcm-2, more preferably in the range from 50 to 175 mWcm.sup.2 and most preferably in the range from 100 to 150 mWcm.sup.2.

[0317] In connection with the applied UV radiation and as a function of time, a suitable UV dose is preferably in the range from 25 to 7200 mJcm.sup.2 more preferably in the range from 500 to 7200 mJcm.sup.2 and most preferably in the range from 3000 to 7200 mJcm.sup.2.

[0318] Photopolymerisation is preferably performed under an inert gas atmosphere, preferably in a heated nitrogen atmosphere, but also polymerisation in air is possible.

[0319] Photopolymerisation is preferably performed at a temperature from 1 to 70 C., more preferably 5 to 50 C., even more preferably 15 to 30 C.

[0320] The polymerised LC film according to the present invention has good adhesion to plastic substrates, in particular to TAC, COP, and colour filters. Accordingly, it can be used as adhesive or base coating for subsequent LC layers which otherwise would not well adhere to the substrates.

[0321] The preferred thickness of a polymerised LC film according to the present invention is determined by the optical properties desired from the film or the final product. For example, if the polymerised LC film does not mainly act as an optical layer, but e.g. as adhesive, aligning or protection layer, its thickness is preferably not greater than 1 m, in particular not greater than 0.5 m, very preferably not greater than 0.2 m.

[0322] For example, uniformly homeotropic or planar aligned polymer films of the present invention can be used as retardation or compensation films for example in LCDs to improve the contrast and brightness at large viewing angles and reduce the chromaticity. They can be used outside the switchable liquid-crystalline cell in an LCD, or between the substrates, usually glass substrates, forming the switchable liquid-crystalline cell and containing the switchable liquid-crystalline medium (in cell application).

[0323] For optical applications of the polymer film, it preferably has a thickness of from 0.5 to 10 m, very preferably from 0.5 to 5 m, in particular from 0.5 to 3 m.

[0324] The optical retardation (()) of a polymer film as a function of the wavelength of the incident beam () is given by the following equation (7):

()=(2n.Math.d)/(7)

wherein (n) is the birefringence of the film, (d) is the thickness of the film and is the wavelength of the incident beam.

[0325] According to Snellius law, the birefringence as a function of the direction of the incident beam is defined as

n=sin /sin (8)

wherein sin is the incidence angle or the tilt angle of the optical axis in the film and sin is the corresponding reflection angle.

[0326] Based on these laws, the birefringence and accordingly optical retardation depends on the thickness of a film and the tilt angle of optical axis in the film (cf. Berek's compensator). Therefore, the skilled expert is aware that different optical retardations or different birefringence can be induced by adjusting the orientation of the liquid-crystalline molecules in the polymer film.

[0327] The birefringence (n) of the polymer film according to the present invention is preferably in the range from 0.01 to 0.30, more preferable in the range from 0.01 to 0.25 and even more preferable in the range from 0.01 to 0.16.

[0328] The optical retardation as a function of the thickness of the polymer film according to the present invention is less than 200 nm, preferable less than 180 nm and even more preferable less than 150 nm.

[0329] Especially with regard to the in cell application, the polymer films according to the present invention exhibit a high temperature stability.

[0330] Thus, the polymer films exhibit temperature stability up to 300 C., preferably up to 250 C., more preferably up to 230 C.

[0331] The polymer film of the present invention can also be used as alignment film for other liquid-crystalline or RM materials. For example, they can be used in an LCD to induce or improve alignment of the switchable liquid-crystalline medium, or to align a subsequent layer of polymerisable LC material coated thereon. In this way, stacks of polymerised LC films can be prepared.

[0332] In summary, the polymerised LC films and polymerisable LC materials according to the present invention are useful in optical elements like polarisers, compensators, alignment layer, circular polarisers or colour filters in liquid crystal displays or projection systems, decorative images, for the preparation of liquid crystal or effect pigments, and especially in reflective films with spatially varying reflection colours, e.g. as multicolour image for decorative, information storage or security uses, such as non-forgeable documents like identity or credit cards, banknotes etc.

[0333] The polymerised LC films according to the present invention can be used in displays of the transmissive or reflective type. They can be used in conventional OLED displays or LCDs, in particular LCDs of the DAP (deformation of aligned phases) or VA (vertically aligned) mode, like e.g.

[0334] ECB (electrically controlled birefringence), CSH (colour super homeotropic), VAN or VAC (vertically aligned nematic or cholesteric) displays, MVA (multi-domain vertically aligned) or PVA (patterned vertically aligned) displays, in displays of the bend mode or hybrid type displays, like e.g. OCB (optically compensated bend cell or optically compensated birefringence), R-OCB (reflective OCB), HAN (hybrid aligned nematic) or pi-cell (-cell) displays, furthermore in displays of the TN (twisted nematic), HTN (highly twisted nematic) or STN (super twisted nematic) mode, in AMD-TN (active matrix driven TN) displays, or in displays of the IPS (in plane switching) mode which are also known as super TFT displays. Especially preferred are VA, MVA, PVA, OCB, and pi-cell displays.

[0335] The polymerisable LC material and polymer films according to the present invention are especially useful for a 3D display as described in EP 0 829 744, EP 0 887 666 A2, EP 0 887 692, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,046,849, 6,437,915 and in Proceedings o the SID 20.sup.th International Display Research Conference, 2000, page 280. A 3D display of this type comprising a polymer film according to the invention is another object of the present invention.

[0336] The present invention is described above and below with particular reference to the preferred embodiments. It should be understood that various changes and modifications might be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0337] Many of the compounds or mixtures thereof mentioned above and below are commercially available. All of these compounds are either known or can be prepared by methods which are known per se, as described in the literature (for example in the standard works such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart), to be precise under reaction conditions which are known and suitable for said reactions. Use may also be made here of variants which are known per se, but are not mentioned here.

[0338] It will be appreciated that variations to the foregoing embodiments of the invention can be made while still falling within the scope of the invention. Alternative features serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose may replace each feature disclosed in this specification, unless stated otherwise. Thus, unless stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

[0339] All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. In particular, the preferred features of the invention are applicable to all aspects of the invention and may be used in any combination. Likewise, features described in non-essential combinations may be used separately (not in combination).

[0340] It will be appreciated that many of the features described above, particularly of the preferred embodiments, are inventive in their own right and not just as part of an embodiment of the present invention.

[0341] Independent protection may be sought for these features in addition to or alternative to any invention presently claimed.

[0342] The invention will now be described in more detail by reference to the following working examples, which are illustrative only and do not limit the scope of the invention.

[0343] The examples below serve to illustrate the invention without limiting it.

EXAMPLES

Utilized RMs

[0344] For the following mixtures, the following RMs are utilized:

TABLE-US-00001 RM No. [00040] 1 [00041] 2 [00042] 3 [00043] 4

[0345] Utilized Surface Active additive:

##STR00044##

Utilized Mixtures

[0346] The following mixture M-1 is prepared.

TABLE-US-00002 Compound Conc. %-w/w 1 18.66 2 32.66 3 20.99 4 20.99 Irganox1076 0.08 n-Dodecanol 1.02 Irgacure 907 5.60

[0347] The following mixture M-2 is prepared.

TABLE-US-00003 Compound Conc. %-w/w 1 18.85 2 33.00 3 21.21 4 21.21 Irganox1076 0.08 Irgacure 907 5.65

[0348] Irganox1076 is a stabilizer, Irgacure 907 both being commercially available (Ciba AG, Basel, Switzerland).

[0349] In each case, the mixtures are dissolved in to 30% Solids in MIBK for Mixture M-1 and 20% solids in toluene for M-2.

Experiment 1

[0350] A polymer film obtained from mixture M-1 is compared with polymer films obtained from mixtures M-1 containing 1% of substrate active additive SA-1 (mixture E-1.1) and 5% of substrate active additive SA-1 (mixture E-1.2), respectively.

[0351] Corresponding films are produced using the following method: [0352] Mixture bar coated on corona discharge treated COP plastic substrate using Mayer bar 5 [0353] Film annealed at room temperature for 60 s [0354] Film cured using Dr Honle mercury vapour lamp (50 mW for 60 s in air atmosphere).

[0355] Each film is visually inspected for uniform homeotropic alignment between crossed polarizers.

TABLE-US-00004 Polymer film M-1 E-1.1 E-1.2 Alignment quality poor acceptable good

Experiment 2

[0356] Polymer films obtained from mixture M-1 are compared with polymer films obtained from a mixture M-1 containing additionally 1% (E-1.1), 2% (E-1.3), 3% (E-1.4), 4% (E-1.5), and 5% (E-1.2) of the substrate active additive SA-1, respectively.

[0357] Corresponding films are produced using the following method: [0358] Mixture spin coated on raw glass (2000 rpm for 30 s) [0359] Film annealed at 50 C. for 60 s [0360] Film cured using static fusion H bulb lamp. (150 mW for 1.8 s)

[0361] A dark state transmittance measurement is made using a Topcon BM-5AS instrument. Each film is held in the dark state between crossed polarizers and the luminance was measured from 50 cm distance. The lower this dark state transmittance is, the better the contrast ratio of the full LCD stack will be. Three films are made for each mixture and the dark state transmittance measurement data is shown below.

TABLE-US-00005 Dark State Mixture Transmittance STDEV Code % SA-1 [cd m.sup.2] [cd m.sup.2] M-1 0% 0.121 0.024 E1.1 1% 0.060 0.007 E1.3 2% 0.063 0.006 E1.4 3% 0.058 0.005 E1.5 4% 0.076 0.018 E1.2 5% 0.062 0.007

Experiment 3

[0362] Polymer films obtained from mixture M-1 are compared with polymer films obtained from mixture M-1 containing additionally 3% of substrate active additive SA-1 resulting in mixture E-1.4.

[0363] Corresponding films from mixture M-1 are produced using the following method: [0364] Mixture M-1 bar coated on corona discharge treated COP plastic substrate with homeotropic alignment layer using Mayer bar 5 [0365] Film annealed at room temperature for 60 s [0366] Film cured using static fusion mercury vapour lamp (150 mW for 1.8 s in air atmosphere).

[0367] Corresponding films from mixture E-1.4 are produced using the following method: [0368] Mixture E-1.4 bar coated on corona discharge treated COP plastic substrate without homeotropic alignment layer using Mayer bar 5 [0369] Film annealed at room temperature for 60 s [0370] Film cured using static fusion mercury vapour lamp (150 mW for 1.8 s in air atmosphere).

[0371] A dark state transmittance measurement is made using a Topcon BM-5AS instrument as described above. Three films are made for each mixture and the dark state transmittance measurement data is shown below.

TABLE-US-00006 Dark State Alignment Mixture Transmittance STDEV Layer Code [cd m.sup.2] [cd m.sup.2] Yes M-1 0.21 0.032 No E-1.4 0.10 0.022

Experiment 4

[0372] A polymer film obtained from mixture M-2 is compared with polymer films obtained from mixtures M-2 containing 1% of substrate active additive SA-1 (mixture E-4.1) and 5% of substrate active additive SA-1 (mixture E-4.2), respectively.

[0373] Corresponding films were produced using the following method: [0374] Mixture spin coated on raw glass (3000 rpm for 30 s) [0375] Film annealed at 50 C. for 60 s [0376] Film cured using conveyor belt fusion lamp (74% power, 3.6 m min.sup.1)

[0377] Each film is visually inspected for uniform homeotropic alignment between crossed polarizers.

TABLE-US-00007 Polymer film M-1 E-4.1 E-4.2 Alignment quality poor good good

[0378] To measure the retardation (R.sub.40) of each cured film (M-1, E-4.1 and E-4.2), a Carys-eclipse ellipsometer is used. R.sub.40 is analysed using a light source with a wavelength of 550 nm at an angle ranging from 60 to +40. The results are summarized in the following table:

TABLE-US-00008 Measurement Angle 60 40 20 0 20 40 M-1 29.64 21.86 15.71 11.26 8.73 5.35 E-4.1 26.95 13.69 3.34 0.32 3.22 13.49 E-4.2 27.00 13.64 3.64 0.05 3.48 13.42