Chewing gum comprising nicotine

Abstract

A nicotine chewing gum is disclosed, the nicotine chewing gum having gum base polymers, nicotine, and microcrystalline cellulose as a carrier for the nicotine, the gum base polymers include polyvinyl acetate and vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer in an amount of more than 90% by weight of the gum base polymers, and the gum base polymers include 20-95% by weight of polyvinyl acetate and 5-80% by weight of vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer. Also, a method for producing a nicotine chewing gum is disclosed.

Claims

1. A nicotine chewing gum comprising gum base polymers, nicotine, and microcrystalline cellulose as a carrier for the nicotine, the gum base polymers comprising polyvinyl acetate and vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer in an amount of more than 90% by weight of the gum base polymers, and wherein the gum base polymers include 20-95% by weight of polyvinyl acetate and 5-80% by weight of vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer.

2. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein said nicotine is nicotine in its base form.

3. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein a total content of gum base ingredients selected from the group consisting of polyterpene resins, resins based on gum rosin, wood rosin and tall oil resin is less than 5 percent by weight of the nicotine chewing gum.

4. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein the nicotine chewing gum contains no polyterpene resins and no resins based on gum rosin, wood rosin or tall oil resin.

5. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein the nicotine chewing gum comprises gum base polymers in an amount of between 15 and 80 percent by weight of the nicotine chewing gum.

6. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein said microcrystalline cellulose is provided in the form of particles having an average particle size between 10 and 250 micrometers.

7. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein the nicotine chewing gum comprises buffer.

8. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 7, wherein the buffer is present in an amount of 0.5 to 5% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum.

9. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein the nicotine chewing gum is free of ion-exchange resins.

10. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein said chewing gum comprises one or more further active ingredients.

11. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein said chewing gum comprises one or more fillers, wherein the filler is present in an amount of 5-45% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum.

12. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein the gum base polymers consist of synthetic gum base polymers.

13. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein a weight ratio between the polyvinyl acetate and the vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer is from 8:1 to 2:3.

14. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein a weight ratio between vinyl acetate monomers of vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer and vinyl laurate monomers of vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer is less than 90:10.

15. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl acetate has a weight-average molecular weight Mw of from 5,000 to 120,000 g/mol.

16. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein the vinyl acetate-vinyl laurate copolymer has a weight-average molecular weight Mw of from 80,000 to 700,000 g/mol.

17. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein synthetic gum base polymers are forming part of the gum base, wherein the gum base comprises 15-45% by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 10-30% by weight of vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymers, 15-45% by weight of fillers, 5-30% by weight of waxes or fats, 1-10% by weight of plasticizers and 1-10% by weight of emulsifiers.

18. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein the nicotine chewing gum comprises bulk sweetener in an amount of 5 to about 95% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum.

19. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein said microcrystalline cellulose is provided in the form of particles having an average particle size between 15 and 200 micrometers.

20. The nicotine chewing gum according to claim 1, wherein said microcrystalline cellulose has a specific surface area of between 0.65 and 1.5 m.sup.2/g.

21. A method of producing a nicotine chewing gum, said method comprising the steps of adding nicotine to microcrystalline cellulose to obtain a nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose mixture, adding the nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose mixture to chewing gum mass, wherein the nicotine chewing gum comprises gum base polymers, nicotine, and microcrystalline cellulose as a carrier for the nicotine, the gum base polymers comprising polyvinyl acetate and vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer in an amount of more than 90% by weight, and wherein the gum base polymers include 20-95% by weight of polyvinyl acetate and 5-80% by weight of vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a process for preparing a diluted nicotine liquid according to an embodiment of the invention.

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates a process for preparing a nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose mixture according to an embodiment of the invention.

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates a process for preparing a chewing gum mass comprising nicotine-MCC mixture according to an embodiment of the invention.

DEFINITIONS

(4) The verb to comprise as is used in this description and in the claims and its conjugations are used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. In addition, reference to an element by the indefinite article a or an does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the elements are present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the elements. The indefinite article a or an thus usually means at least one. Additionally, the words a and an when used in the present document in concert with the word comprising or containing denote one or more.

(5) As used herein, by the phrase chewing gum is meant any chewing gum such as extruded chewing gum, center-filled chewing gum, toffee-imitating chewing gum, or compressed chewing gum, slabs or sticks.

(6) By the terms gum base and gum base matrix is meant the mainly water-insoluble and hydrophobic gum base ingredients that are mixed together, typically before the bulk portion of the chewing gum is added. The gum base may contain gum base polymers and plasticizers, waxes, emulsifiers, fats and/or fillers. The gum base may thus designate the typical water-insoluble chewing gum components, which may be manufactured in a first step and subsequently mixed with the mainly water soluble portion in a second step. The term gum base may, evidently, also refer to the relevant gum base components fed into an extruder and forming part of the final chewing gum when mixed with the chewing gum components in the extruder.

(7) The term bulk portion intends to mean the mainly water-soluble and hydrophilic chewing gum ingredients that may be mixed into the gum base matrix, either in a separate process or in a one-step process by means of an extruder.

(8) The term gum base polymer intends to mean resins and elastomers of polymeric origin and does not include, for example, plasticizers, waxes, emulsifiers, fats or fillers although these may also be present in a gum base.

(9) The term weight of the nicotine chewing gum, weight of the chewing gum or similar wording meaning the same is defined in the present context as weight of the nicotine chewing gum, not including the weight of an outer coating, such as a hard coating, soft coating, and the like.

(10) By the phrase texture is meant a qualitative measure of the visco-elastic properties of the nicotine chewing gum and of the overall mouth-feel experienced by the user during the chewing process. Thus the term texture encompasses measurable quantities such as hardness and elasticity as well as more subjective parameters related to the chew-feel experienced by a user.

(11) The term natural resin, as used herein, means resinous compounds being either polyterpenes derived from terpenes of natural origin or resinous compounds derived from gum rosin, wood rosin or tall-oil rosin.

(12) The term synthetic polymer, as used herein, means polymers industrially synthesized by appropriate polymerization techniques.

(13) The term buffer, as used herein, refers to pH-control agents.

(14) The term free nicotine is understood to include nicotine in its free base form, pure nicotine, and liquid nicotine.

(15) The average particle size of cellulose is understood to mean the D.sub.50 value as measured by laser diffraction analysis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(16) In some embodiments of the invention, buffer may be added, to the nicotine chewing gum. In other embodiments, however, the nicotine chewing gum may be free of buffer.

(17) Suitable buffers may be selected from the group consisting of tris buffers, amino acid buffers, carbonate, including bicarbonate or sesquicarbonate, glycerinate, phosphate, glycerophosphate, acetate, glyconate or citrate of an alkali metal, such as potassium and sodium, e.g. trisodium and tripotassium citrate, or ammonium, and mixtures thereof.

(18) Buffer may be present in an amount of 0.5-10% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum.

(19) A preferred buffer is sodium carbonate or a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.

(20) Further suitable buffers may be selected from the group consisting of Acetic acid, Adipic acid, Citric acid, Fumaric acid, Glucono--lactone, Gluconic acid, Lactic acid, Malic acid, Maleic acid, Tartaric acid, Succinic acid, Propionic acid, Ascorbic acid, Phosphoric acid, Sodium orthophosphate, Potassium orthophosphate, Calcium orthophosphate, Sodium diphosphate, Potassium diphosphate, Calcium diphosphate, Pentasodium triphosphate, Pentapotassium triphosphate, Sodium polyphosphate, Potassium polyphosphate, Carbonic acid, Sodium carbonate, Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium carbonate, Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium oxide, or any combination thereof.

(21) The buffer may to some extent be microencapsulated or otherwise coated as granules with polymers and/or lipids being less soluble in saliva. Such microencapsulation controls the dissolution rate whereby the time frame of the buffering effect is extended.

(22) However, in presently preferred embodiments an alkaline buffer is preferred, such as sodium carbonate and/or sodium hydrogen carbonate.

(23) According to embodiments of the invention a preferred amount of gum base matrix in the final chewing gum is 30-75% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum before any optionally applied coating, such as 35-70% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum or 40-65% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum or 45-60% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum.

(24) The formulation of gum bases can vary depending on the particular product to be prepared and on the desired masticatory and other sensory characteristics of the final product.

(25) Besides the polyvinyl acetate and the vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer, the gum base may optionally contain further synthetic elastomers in an amount of less than 10% by weight of the gum base polymers such as less than 8% by weight of the gum base polymers or less than about 5% by weight of the gum base polymers.

(26) Such synthetic elastomers may be selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBR), polyisobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene copolymers (IIR also known as butyl rubber, BR), polyurethane and polyethylene.

(27) Preferred synthetic elastomers are styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBR), polyisobutylene and isobutylene-isoprene copolymers (BR).

(28) If non-tack chewing gum is desired, copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic acid and derivatives thereof, such as Gantrez and/or copolymers of polyisoprene-graft maleic anhydride (PIP-g-MA) with polyethylene-glycol (PEG) or methoxy-polyethylene-glycol (MPEG) side chains, such as REV-7 provided by Revolymer, may be among the gum base polymers.

(29) The gum base matrix may further comprise: 0 to 40% by weight waxes, 5 to 35% by weight softeners other than waxes, such as plasticizers, fats and emulsifiers, 0 to 50% by weight filler, and 0 to 5% by weight of miscellaneous ingredients such as antioxidants, colorants, etc.

(30) According to an embodiment, natural resins are not used, or only in minute amounts. According to an embodiment of the invention the nicotine chewing gum is free of natural rosin esters, often referred to as ester gums including as examples glycerol esters of partially hydrogenated rosins, glycerol esters of polymerized rosins, glycerol esters of partially dimerized rosins, glycerol esters of tally oil rosins, pentaerythritol esters of partially hydrogenated rosins, methyl esters of rosins, partially hydrogenated methyl esters of rosins, pentaerythritol esters of rosins, synthetic resins such as terpene resins derived from alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and/or d-limonene, and natural terpene resins.

(31) In an embodiment of the invention, the nicotine chewing gum comprises further chewing gum ingredients selected from the group consisting of flavors, dry-binders, tableting aids, anti-caking agents, emulsifiers, antioxidants, enhancers, absorption enhancers, high intensity sweeteners, softeners, colors, active ingredients, water-soluble indigestible polysaccharides, water-insoluble polysaccharides or any combination thereof.

(32) According to embodiments of the invention, said emulsifiers are selected from the group of cyclodextrins, polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, macrogol alkyl ethers, block copolymers of ethylene and propylene oxides, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene glycols, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearates, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleates, polyoxyethylene stearates, sorbitan esters, diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglycerides, lactylated monoglycerides, mono- and/or di-glycerides of fatty acids such as glycerol monostearate, Acetem, lecithines or any combination thereof.

(33) In an embodiment of the invention, said chewing gum comprises emulsifiers in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 25% by weight of said chewing gum.

(34) In an embodiment of the invention the nicotine chewing gum comprises flavor. Flavor may typically be present in amounts between 0.01 and 10% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum, such as between 0.01 and 5% by weight of the nicotine chewing gum.

(35) Non-exhaustive examples of flavors suitable in embodiments of the present invention are coconut, coffee, chocolate, vanilla, grape fruit, orange, lime, menthol, liquorice, caramel aroma, honey aroma, peanut, walnut, cashew, hazelnut, almonds, pineapple, strawberry, raspberry, tropical fruits, cherries, cinnamon, peppermint, wintergreen, spearmint, eucalyptus, and mint, fruit essence such as from apple, pear, peach, strawberry, apricot, raspberry, cherry, pineapple, and plum essence. The essential oils include peppermint, spearmint, menthol, eucalyptus, clove oil, bay oil, anise, thyme, cedar leaf oil, nutmeg, and oils of the fruits mentioned above.

(36) Petroleum waxes aid in the curing of the finished gum made from the gum base as well as improve shelf life and texture. Wax crystal size influences the release of flavor. Those waxes high in iso-alkanes have a smaller crystal size than those waxes high in normal-alkanes, especially those with normal-alkanes of carbon numbers less than 30. The smaller crystal size allows slower release of flavor since there is more hindrance of the flavors escape from this wax versus a wax having larger crystal sizes.

(37) Petroleum wax (refined paraffin and microcrystalline wax) and paraffin wax are composed of mainly straight-chained normal-alkanes and branched iso-alkanes. The ratio of normal-alkanes to iso-alkanes varies.

(38) The normal-alkanic waxes typically have carbon chain lengths >0-18 but the lengths are not predominantly longer than C-30. The branched and ring structures are located near the end of the chain for those waxes that are predominantly normal-alkanic. The viscosity of normal-alkanic waxes is <10 mm2/s (at 100 C.) and the combined number average molecular weight is <600 g/mole.

(39) The iso-alkanic waxes typically have carbon lengths that are predominantly greater than C-30. The branched chains and ring structures are located randomly along the carbon chain in those waxes that are predominantly iso-alkanic. The viscosity of iso-alkanic waxes is greater than 10 mm2/s (at 100 C.) and the combined number average molecular weight is >600 g/mole.

(40) Synthetic waxes are produced by means that are atypical for petroleum wax production and are thus not considered petroleum wax. The synthetic waxes may include waxes containing branched alkanes and copolymerized with monomers such as, but not limited to propylene, polyethylene, and Fischer Tropsch type waxes. Polyethylene wax is a synthetic wax containing alkane units of varying lengths having attached thereto ethylene monomers.

(41) Waxes and fats are conventionally used for the adjustment of the texture and for softening of the chewing gum base when preparing chewing gum bases. In connection with the present invention, any conventionally used and suitable type of natural and synthetic wax and fat may be used, such as for instance rice bran wax, polyethylene wax, petroleum wax (refined paraffin and microcrystalline wax), sorbitan monostearate, tallow, propylene glycol, paraffin, beeswax, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, cocoa butter, degreased cocoa powder and any suitable oil or fat, as e.g. completely or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils or completely or partially hydrogenated animal fats.

(42) Suitable vegetable oils include but are not limited to oils that are based on coconut, palm, palm kernel, cotton seed, rape seed or sunflower and combinations thereof

(43) Antioxidants prolong shelf life and storage of gum base, finished gum or their respective components including fats and flavor oils.

(44) Antioxidants suitable for use in gum base include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), betacarotenes, tocopherols, acidulants such as Vitamin C, propyl gallate, other synthetic and natural types or mixtures thereof.

(45) In some embodiments, one or more colors can be included in the nicotine chewing gum.

(46) According to an embodiment, the nicotine is in free base form.

(47) In an embodiment of the invention, said nicotine salts are selected from the group comprising nicotine hydrochloride, nicotine dihydrochloride, nicotine monotartrate, nicotine bitartrate, nicotine sulfate, nicotine zinc chloride, nicotine salicylate, or any combination thereof.

(48) High intensity artificial sweetening agents can also be used according to preferred embodiments of the invention. Preferred high intensity sweeteners include, but are not limited to sucralose, aspartame, salts of acesulfame, alitame, saccharin and its salts, cyclamic acid and its salts, glycyrrhizin, dihydrochalcones, thaumatin, monellin, stevioside and the like, alone or in combination.

(49) In order to provide longer lasting sweetness and flavor perception, it may be desirable to encapsulate or otherwise control the release of at least a portion of the artificial sweeteners.

(50) Techniques such as wet granulation, wax granulation, spray drying, spray chilling, fluid bed coating, conservation, encapsulation in yeast cells and fiber extrusion may be used to achieve desired release characteristics. Encapsulation of sweetening agents can also be provided using another chewing gum component such as a resinous compound.

(51) Usage level of the artificial sweetener will vary considerably and will depend on factors such as potency of the sweetener, rate of release, desired sweetness of the product, level and type of flavor used and cost considerations. Thus, the active level of artificial sweetener may vary from about 0.001 to about 8% by weight (preferably from about 0.02 to about 8% by weight). When carriers used for encapsulation are included, the usage level of the encapsulated sweetener will be proportionately higher. Combinations of sugar and/or non-sugar sweeteners may be used in the nicotine chewing gum.

(52) A nicotine chewing gum and/or gum base may, if desired, include one or more fillers/texturizers including as examples, magnesium- and calcium carbonate, sodium sulphate, ground limestone, silicate compounds such as magnesium- and aluminum silicate, kaolin and clay, aluminum oxide, silicium oxide, talc, titanium oxide,

(53) mono-, di- and tri-calcium phosphates, cellulose polymers, such as wood, and combinations thereof.

(54) According to an embodiment of the invention, one preferred filler/texturizer is calcium carbonate.

(55) A number of chewing gum components well known within the art may be applied within the scope of the present invention. Such components comprise but are not limited to waxes, fats, softeners, fillers, bulk sweeteners, flavors, antioxidants, emulsifiers, coloring agents, binding agents and acidulants.

(56) In an embodiment of the invention, the nicotine chewing gum is provided with an outer coating selected from the group consisting of hard coating, soft coating and edible film-coating or any combination thereof.

(57) Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) may be prepared e.g. by hydrolyzing wood pulp by means of mineral acid. Thereby, microcrystalline cellulose may be obtained as purified, practically depolymerized cellulose. In more detail the manufacturing may typically comprise starting from selected rolls of wood pulp that are diced, or cut, into small particles. The chopped particles may then be hydrolyzed under heat and pressure by mineral acid. Thereafter, the obtained mixture may be washed and filtered.

(58) Also, spray drying may be employed, which can be used to control the particle size distribution and the moisture content.

(59) In some embodiments, microcrystalline cellulose may be obtained from other sources, such as other plant sources. Microcrystalline cellulose with different moisture content may be used. Typical moisture content may for example be about 5%, although other moisture contents, such as e.g. 3% or 1.5%, are also known to work.

(60) Microcrystalline cellulose is commercially available, and may for example be obtained from FMC Biopolymer, e.g. the products known as Avicel PH 101, PH 102, PH 103, PH 105, PH 112, PH 113, PH 200, PH 301, and PH 302.

(61) The nicotine chewing gum of the invention may be manufactured as an extruded chewing gum, or as a compressed chewing gum.

(62) The chewing gum may be produced by a conventional batch or extrusion process. The process is well-known in the art. It should be noted that the temperature under which the nicotine is added may advantageously be relatively low, e.g. be lower than 50 degrees Celsius.

(63) When manufacturing a compressed chewing gum tablet a method is applied, which is basically very different than the extruded chewing gum, but may broadly be described as an initial conventional mixing of the gum base, followed by a granulation of the obtained gum base mix. The obtained gum base granules may then be mixed with further chewing gum ingredients, such as sweeteners and flavor. This final granule mix may then be compressed under high pressure into a chewing gum tablet. For each compression a layer is made and in this way it is possible to make multi-layered chewing gums, such as two, three or four layers, wherein each layer may include an individual composition, e.g. nicotine or different colors may be used for visual purposes, etc.

(64) The nicotine may advantageously be applied in a gum base-containing module or a tablet-module substantially free of gum base. In cases where a high initial release of nicotine is desired, the nicotine may advantageously be comprised in a tablet module substantially free of gum base whereas e.g. flavors and/or sweeteners advantageously may be added to the gum base-containing module and very often to both types of modules. The flavors and/or sweeteners may both be added as separate particles which are mixed and compressed with gum base-containing particles in one module and it may be incorporated into gum base-containing granules.

(65) Referring to FIG. 1, a process for preparing a diluted nicotine liquid NIC according to an embodiment of the invention is illustrated.

(66) Pure nicotine PN is added to a mixer MIX together with a diluent DL. The diluent may for example be or comprise water, ethanol or propylene glycol.

(67) The ratio between the diluent and the nicotine may in some cases be around a 20% solution, i.e. comprising 20 percent by weight of nicotine, the remaining 80 percent being diluent. However, generally, the nicotine content may be within the range of between 2 and 75% by weight.

(68) After mixing for an effective period of time, a nicotine liquid NIC is obtained, which is a mixture of the pure nicotine PN and the diluent DL.

(69) Referring to FIG. 2, a process for preparing a nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose mixture according to an embodiment of the invention is illustrated.

(70) First a nicotine liquid NIC is added to a mixer MIX1 together with microcrystalline cellulose MCC. The mixing ratio between the nicotine liquid NIC and the microcrystalline cellulose may in some cases be around 1:1, but may generally vary from about 1:1000 to about 1:1.

(71) The nicotine liquid NIC may in some embodiments be pure nicotine, and may in other embodiments be diluted nicotine. Diluted nicotine may often be simpler to handle. Examples of diluents used to dilute nicotine may include water, ethanol, propylene glycol, and other diluents. The nicotine liquid NIC as diluted nicotine may be obtained by means of the process illustrated in connection with FIG. 1.

(72) The mixer MIX1 may be any type of mixer capable of mixing the nicotine liquid NIC and the microcrystalline cellulose MCC.

(73) The mixer MIX1 is operated until an effective mixing of the nicotine liquid NIC and the microcrystalline cellulose MCC is obtained.

(74) Thereafter the resulting mixture of the nicotine liquid NIC and the microcrystalline cellulose MCC may in some cases be subjected to a further processing PROC. This processing PROC may involve letting the mixture of the nicotine liquid NIC and the microcrystalline cellulose MCC rest or soak for a period of time, e.g. in a sealed container, i.e. equilibrating the nicotine liquid NIC and the microcrystalline cellulose MCC.

(75) In some cases further mixing, either by means of mixer MIX1 or another mixer, may be employed.

(76) In some cases the processing PROC may be carried out in the mixer MIX1, whereas in other cases the processing is carried out in separate process equipment. It may in some cases be especially advantageous to perform the processing PROC in the mixer MIX1 when further mixing is performed.

(77) The final nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose mixture may be obtained from the processing PROC, if used, or from the mixer MIX1 if the processing PROC is not used.

(78) Referring to FIG. 3, a process for preparing chewing gum with nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose GBNC according to an embodiment of the invention is illustrated.

(79) Nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose mixture NC obtained in accordance with the embodiment illustrated on FIG. 2 may be used.

(80) First, chewing gum ingredients CGI, including e.g. filler, is added to a mixer MIX2 together with a gum base GB and mixed therein to obtain a chewing gum mass CGM as a mixture of gum base and chewing gum ingredients GCI. The gum base must comprise an effective amount of gum base polymers. It is very important that the gum base is chosen such that the gum base polymers comprise polyvinyl acetate and vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer in an amount of more than 90% by weight of the gum base polymers. Similarly, the gum base should also be chosen such that the gum base polymers include 20-95% by weight of polyvinyl acetate and 5-80% by weight of vinyl laurate-vinyl acetate copolymer.

(81) Then, the nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose mixture NC is added to a mixer MIX3 together with the chewing gum mass CGM. Thereby, a chewing gum mass with nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose CGNC is obtained.

(82) In some embodiments, the mixers MIX2 and MIX3 are different mixers, whereas in other embodiments they are the same mixer, but where timing divides the use of the mixer into two separate actions, first the mixing of the gum base GB with the chewing gum ingredients CGI, then mixing with the nicotine-MCC mixture NC.

(83) The obtained chewing gum mass with nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose CGNC may be used to produce chewing gums. In some embodiments further ingredients are added, e.g. sweeteners, flavors, further fillers etc. In other embodiments, such further ingredients, if needed, are added in a different order, according to the specific situation.

(84) The nicotine chewing gum produced from the chewing gum mass with nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose CGNC may be compressed chewing gum or extruded chewing gum.

(85) When using nicotine liquid NIC comprising a diluent DL, e.g. as described in relation to FIG. 1, the composition of the nicotine chewing gum should be adjusted thereto, if needed. For example, when using propylene glycol as a diluent, the propylene glycol may act as a plasticizer in the chewing gum composition, and, as a result thereof, the amount of other plasticizers may often have to be reduced.

(86) In some cases the diluent may be dried off or partially dried off from the nicotine-MCC mixture NC. Thereby, the need for adjusting the chewing gum composition to the amount of diluent may be reduced or eliminated.

(87) As illustrated in connection with FIGS. 1-3, MCC and liquid nicotine are mixed and equilibrated. The cellulosic fiber and liquid nicotine can be mixed in a suitable mixing device for any suitable length of time. In some cases, the cellulosic fiber and liquid nicotine can be mixed with a mixing implement rotating at a speed of less than 500 rpm, less than 250 rpm, less than 150 rpm, less than 100 rpm, less than 60 rpm, less than 30 rpm, or less than 10 rpm. For example, the mixer can be a Kitchenaid, Hobart Mixer, ribbon blender, or other mixing apparatus depending on the desired batch size. In some cases, the MCC and liquid nicotine can be mixed using a rotating and/or vibrating drum. In some cases, the cellulosic fibers and liquid nicotine can be mixed for at least 1 minute, at least 3 minutes, at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, or at 4 least 30 minutes prior to incorporating a resulting MCC-nicotine mixture into a chewing gum formulation or gum base formulation.

(88) After mixing cellulosic fiber and liquid nicotine, the cellulosic fiber-nicotine mixture can be equilibrated in a sealed container. In some cases, the sealed container can be a bag (e.g. a poly bag). In some cases, the MCC-nicotine mixture can be equilibrated for at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 8 hours, or at least 10 hours prior to use or incorporation into an oral product. In some cases, a MCC-nicotine mixture can be further mixed or agitated during the equilibrating process. For example, a cellulosic fiber-nicotine mixture equilibrating in a poly bag can be agitated during the equilibrating process at a select time (e.g., 2 hours into the equilibrating process).

(89) The following non-limiting examples illustrate different variations of the present invention. The examples are meant for indicating the inventive concept; hence the mentioned examples should not be understood as exhaustive for the present invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(90) Preparation of Nicotine MCC Premix

(91) A nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) premix is made by first adding free nicotine to propylene glycol (PG) to obtain a 20% solution of nicotine in propylene glycol. Then, 50 grams of the nicotine-propylene glycol solution is added to 50 gram of microcrystalline cellulose provided as Avicel PH 102 from FMC Biopolymer. This is then mixed in a Kitchenaid mixer operated at about 30 RPM for about 30 minutes at room temperature. Finally, the obtained mixture of the nicotine-propylene glycol solution and the microcrystalline cellulose is equilibrated for about 60 minutes in a sealed container.

Example 2

(92) Preparation of Nicotine MCC Premix

(93) A nicotine-MCC premix is made by adding first adding free nicotine to propylene glycol (PG) to obtain a 10% solution of nicotine in propylene glycol. Then, 50 grams of the nicotine-propylene glycol solution is added to 50 gram of microcrystalline cellulose provided as Avicel PH 102 from FMC Biopolymer. The nicotine-propylene glycol solution and the microcrystalline cellulose are then mixed in a Kitchenaid mixer operated at about 30 RPM for about 30 minutes at room temperature. Finally, the obtained mixture of the nicotine-propylene glycol solution and the microcrystalline cellulose is equilibrated for about 60 minutes in a sealed container.

Example 3

(94) Preparation of Nicotine MCC Premix

(95) A nicotine-MCC premix is made by adding first adding free nicotine to propylene glycol (PG) to obtain a 20% solution of nicotine in propylene glycol. Then, 50 grams of the nicotine-propylene glycol solution is added to 50 gram of microcrystalline cellulose provided as Avicel PH 101 from FMC Biopolymer. The nicotine-propylene glycol solution and the microcrystalline cellulose are then mixed in a Kitchenaid mixer operated at about 30 RPM for about 30 minutes at room temperature. Finally, the obtained mixture of the nicotine-propylene glycol solution and the microcrystalline cellulose is equilibrated for about 60 minutes in a sealed container.

Example 4

(96) Preparation of Gum Bases

(97) Ten different gum bases (GB), given GB numbers 101-110, were prepared by the following process: The polymers polyvinyl acetate (PVA), vinyl acetate-vinyl laurate copolymer (VA-VL), and optionally polyisobutylene (PIB) are mixed at 120 C. together with filler, here calcium carbonate or talc, in a mixer having horizontally placed Z-shaped arms for mixing.

(98) When the polymers are softened, triacetin is added, followed by addition of emulsifier, wax and vegetable fat.

(99) After a total mixing time of about 45-60 minutes, the mixture is discharged into a pan and allowed to cool to room temperature.

(100) In case of example VIII, GB 108, comparative (comp.) example IX, GB 109, and standard (Std.) gum base example X, GB 110, which include butyl rubber (BR), BR is added in the initial mixing step, and the mixing time is extended to a total of about 90-105 minutes.

(101) In case of comparative (comp.) example IX, GB 109, the natural resin is added before the addition of triacetin, and in case of standard (Std.) example X, GB 110, the natural resin is added after about 30 minutes before the addition of softeners.

(102) The gum base compositions were as displayed in table 1A and 1B, the amounts given corresponding to percentages by weight of the gum base:

(103) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1A Gum base compositions, VA-VL I = vinyl acetate-vinyl laurate copolymer (Vinnapas B 500/40VL, supplied by Wacker); VA-VL II = vinyl acetate-vinyl laurate copolymer (Vinnapas B 500/20VL, supplied by Wacker); PVA I = polyvinyl acetate (Vinnapas B 1.5 sp, supplied by Wacker); PVA II = polyvinyl acetate (Vinnapas B 30 sp, supplied by Wacker); PIB = polyisobutylene (Oppanol B12, supplied by BASF); BR = butyl rubber (isobutylene-isoprene copolymer); Nat. resin = glycerol ester of hydrogenated gum rosin; Veg. fat = vegetable fat. Raw material Ex. I Ex. II Ex. III Ex. IV Ex. V GB no. 101 102 103 104 105 VA-VL I 20 14 22 VA-VL II 20 22 PVA I 32 33 18 35 33 PVA II 5.0 PIB BR Nat. Resin Calcium 19 22 17 Carbonate Talc 20 41 Triacetin 8 8 6 7 2 Emulsifier 5 7 3 8 9 Wax, 13 13 10 12 micro- crystalline Veg. fat 2 3 6 5 Total 100 100 100 100 100

(104) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1B Gum base compositions, VA-VL I = vinyl acetate-vinyl laurate copolymer (Vinnapas B 500/40VL, supplied by Wacker); VA-VL II = vinyl acetate-vinyl laurate copolymer (Vinnapas B 500/20VL, supplied by Wacker); PVA I = polyvinyl acetate (Vinnapas B 1.5 sp, supplied by Wacker); PVA II = polyvinyl acetate (Vinnapas B 30 sp, supplied by Wacker); PIB = polyisobutylene (Oppanol B12, supplied by BASF); BR = butyl rubber (isobutylene-isoprene copolymer); Nat. resin = glycerol ester of hydrogenated gum rosin; Veg. fat = vegetable fat. Raw material Ex. IX Ex. X Ex. VI Ex. VII Ex. VIII comp. Std. GB no. 106 107 108 109 110 VA-VL I 21 20 20 10 VA-VL II PVA I 31 30 30 20 25 PVA II PIB 3.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 5 BR 2.0 2.0 5 Nat. resin 20 25 Calcium 17 17 17 17 17 Carbonate Talc Triacetin 2 2 2 2 Emulsifier 9 9 9 9 5 Wax, 12 12 12 12 13 micro- crystalline Veg. fat 5 5 5 5 5 Total 100 100 100 100 100

Example 5

(105) Preparation of Nicotine Chewing Gum

(106) Nicotine chewing gum (NCG), given NCG numbers 1001-1010, using gum bases nos. 101-110 from Table 1, respectively, were prepared as follows:

(107) Gum base and filler are mixed in a mixer having horizontally placed Z-shaped arms for mixing. The mixer was preheated to a temperature of up to approximately 50 C.

(108) When the content of the mixer is homogeneous, the other ingredients are added according to a specified time schedule. Nicotine is added as a nicotine-MCC premix (as disclosed in Example 1).

(109) The chewing gum compositions were as displayed in table 2A and 2B, the amounts given corresponding to percentages by weight of the nicotine chewing gum:

(110) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2A Nicotine chewing gum compositions; MCC = microcrystalline cellulose. Liquid sweetener may for example be lycasin. Intense sweetener may for example be sucralose. Flavor may for example be pepper-mint flavor. Raw material Ex. XI Ex. XII Ex. XIII Ex. XIV Ex. XV NCG no. 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 GB 101 52 GB 102 52 GB 103 52 GB 104 52 GB 105 52 GB 106 GB 107 GB 108 GB 109 GB 110 Filler 19 19 19 19 19 Nicotine-MCC premix 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Sodium hydrogen 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 carbonate Sodium carbonate 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Sorbitol powder 18 18 18 18 18 Liquid sweetener 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Intense sweetener 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Flavor 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100

(111) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2B Nicotine chewing gum compositions; MCC = microcrystalline cellulose. Liquid sweetener may for example be lycasin. Intense sweetener may for example be sucralose. Flavor may for example be pepper-mint flavor. Raw material Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. XIX Ex. XX XVI XVII XVIII Comp. Std. NCG no. 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 GB 101 GB 102 GB 103 GB 104 GB 105 GB 106 52 GB 107 52 GB 108 52 GB 109 52 GB 110 52 Filler 19 19 19 19 19 Nicotine-MCC premix 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Sodium hydrogen 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 carbonate Sodium carbonate 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Sorbitol powder 18 18 18 18 18 Liquid sweetener 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Intense sweetener 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Flavor 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100

Example 6

(112) Evaluation of Nicotine Chewing Gum

(113) Different examples of the nicotine chewing gum were evaluated with respect to

(114) texture, release of flavor and nicotine, taste profile and other important features.

(115) The nicotine chewing gum is highly suitable as delivery vehicle for nicotine.

LIST OF FIGURE REFERENCES

(116) NIC. Nicotine liquid MCC. Microcrystalline cellulose MIX. Mixer MIX1. Mixer MIX2. Mixer MIX3. Mixer PROC. Processing GB. Gum base NC. Nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose mixture CGNC. Chewing gum mass with nicotine-microcrystalline cellulose mixture PN. Pure nicotine DL. Diluent CGM. Chewing gum mass CGI. Chewing gum ingredients