Apparatus and methods for tar removal from syngas

Abstract

A process and apparatus are provided for reducing content of tar in a tar containing syngas. The process includes contacting the tar containing syngas with a molecular oxygen containing gas in a first reaction zone to produce a gas mixture. The gas mixture is passed through a heat treatment zone maintained at a temperature between about 900 C. to about 2000 C. for a contact time of about 0.5 to about 5 seconds. In this aspect, at least a portion of the tar undergoes at least partial oxidation and/or cracking to produce a hot syngas.

Claims

1. A syngas production apparatus comprising: (a) a gasification zone wherein a carbonaceous material is contacted with molecular oxygen and optionally contacted with one or more of steam and carbon dioxide to produce a tar containing syngas; (b) a first reaction zone wherein molecular oxygen is introduced and mixed with said tar containing syngas to produce a gas mixture, wherein the molecular oxygen is introduced into the first reaction zone through inlets that includes one or more gas inlets attached to the first reaction zone, each gas inlet being angled to a diagonal drawn through a point of intersection of a cross section and axis of the gas inlet; and (c) a heat treatment zone for thermal treatment of tar contained in said tar containing syngas oxygen mixture, wherein the heat treatment zone includes a first heat treatment zone for thermal treatment of tar contained in the gas mixture to produce a less tar containing gas mixture; and a second heat treatment zone for thermal treatment of tar contained in said less tar containing gas mixture to produce hot syngas; wherein the first reaction zone is positioned vertically between the gasification zone and the heat treatment zone; wherein the first reaction zone and heat treatment zone have a size and position that allows tar containing syngas oxygen mixture from first reaction zone to change direction of flow by impingement on a surface of the heat treatment zone; wherein said heat treatment zone has a size that provides a contact time of about 0.5 to about 5 seconds in the heat treatment zone; wherein the heat treatment zone has a size that is a ratio of a linear velocity (meters/second) to height (meters) of the heat treatment zone of about 0.3:12.5 to about 2.0:2.5; wherein the gas inlets in the first reaction zone are angled to provide the molecular oxygen opposite to a flow of gas through the first reaction zone.

2. The syngas production apparatus of claim 1 wherein the gas mixture from the first reaction zone impinges on a surface in less than about 2 seconds.

3. The tar removal apparatus of claim 1 wherein the gas mixture from the first reaction zone impinges on a surface in less than about 1 second.

4. The tar removal apparatus of claim 1 wherein the gas mixture from the first reaction zone impinges on a surface in less than about 0.5 second.

5. The tar removal apparatus of claim 1 wherein the gas mixture from the first reaction zone impinges on a surface in less than about 0.1 second.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

(1) The above and other aspects, features and advantages of several aspects of the process will be more apparent from the following drawings.

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a tar reduction apparatus for reducing tar content of a tar containing syngas. FIG. 1 illustrates one aspect of the apparatus that includes a First reaction zone and a Heat Treatment Zone.

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a tar reduction apparatus for reducing tar content of a tar containing syngas. FIG. 2 illustrates one aspect of the apparatus that includes a First reaction zone and a Heat Treatment Zone comprising Heat Treatment Zone I and Heat Treatment Zone IL

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a gasification apparatus for reducing tar content of a tar containing syngas. FIG. 3 illustrates one aspect of the apparatus that includes a Gasification Zone, a First reaction zone and a Heat Treatment Zone that includes a Heat Treatment Zone I and Heat Treatment Zone II.

(5) FIG. 4 presents side and top views of aspects of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is cylindrical in shape. FIGS. 4 (I) & 4 (II) present side views of aspects of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is vertical and gas inlet for molecular oxygen is inclined at an angle to horizontal line. FIGS. 4 (III) & 4 (IV) present top views or cross sections of aspects of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is vertical and gas inlet for molecular oxygen is inclined at an angle to a diagonal drawn through point of intersection of the cross section and axis of the gas inlet.

(6) FIG. 5 presents side and top views of an aspect of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is a vertical cylindrical vessel with eight gas inlet nozzles attached to it for introducing molecular oxygen.

(7) FIG. 6 presents side views of aspects of the first reaction zone. FIGS. 6 (I) & 6 (II) present side views of aspects of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is inclined at an angle to a vertical line.

(8) Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding components throughout the several views of the drawings. Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of various aspects of the present process and apparatus. Also, common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in commercially feasible aspects are often not depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various aspects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

(9) Unless otherwise defined, the following terms as used throughout this specification for the present disclosure are defined as follows and can include either the singular or plural forms of definitions below defined:

(10) The term about modifying any amount refers to the variation in that amount encountered in real world conditions, e.g., in the lab, pilot plant, or production facility. For example, an amount of an ingredient or measurement employed in a mixture or quantity when modified by about includes the variation and degree of care typically employed in measuring in an experimental condition in production plant or lab. For example, the amount of a component of a product when modified by about includes the variation between batches in a multiple experiments in the plant or lab and the variation inherent in the analytical method. Whether or not modified by about, the amounts include equivalents to those amounts. Any quantity stated herein and modified by about can also be employed in the present disclosure as the amount not modified by about.

(11) Carbonaceous material as used herein refers to carbon rich material such as coal, and petrochemicals. However, in this specification, carbonaceous material includes any carbon material whether in solid, liquid, gas, or plasma state. Among the numerous items that can be considered carbonaceous material, the present disclosure contemplates: carbonaceous material, carbonaceous liquid product, carbonaceous industrial liquid recycle, carbonaceous municipal solid waste (MSW or msw), carbonaceous urban waste, carbonaceous agricultural material, carbonaceous forestry material, carbonaceous wood waste, carbonaceous construction material, carbonaceous vegetative material, carbonaceous industrial waste, carbonaceous fermentation waste, carbonaceous petrochemical co-products, carbonaceous alcohol production co-products, carbonaceous coal, tires, plastics, waste plastic, coke oven tar, fibersoft, lignin, black liquor, polymers, waste polymers, polyethylene terephthalate (PETA), polystyrene (PS), sewage sludge, animal waste, crop residues, energy crops, forest processing residues, wood processing residues, livestock wastes, poultry wastes, food processing residues, fermentative process wastes, ethanol coproducts, spent grain, spent microorganisms, or their combinations.

(12) The term fibersoft or Fibersoft or fibrosoft or fibrousoft means a type of carbonaceous material that is produced as a result of softening and concentration of various substances; in an example carbonaceous material is produced via steam autoclaving of various substances. In another example, the fibersoft can comprise steam autoclaving of municipal, industrial, commercial, medical waste resulting in a fibrous mushy material.

(13) The term municipal solid waste or MSW or msw means waste comprising household, commercial, industrial and/or residual waste.

(14) The term syngas or synthesis gas means synthesis gas which is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Examples of production methods include steam reforming of natural gas or hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen, the gasification of coal and in some types of waste-to-energy gasification facilities. The name comes from their use as intermediates in creating synthetic natural gas (SNG) and for producing ammonia or methanol. Syngas comprises use as an intermediate in producing synthetic petroleum for use as a fuel or lubricant via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and previously the Mobil methanol to gasoline process. Syngas consists primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and some carbon dioxide, and has less than half the energy density (i.e., BTU content) of natural gas. Syngas is combustible and often used as a fuel source or as an intermediate for the production of other chemicals.

(15) Ton or ton refers to U.S. short ton, i.e. about 907.2 kg (2000 lbs).

(16) As used herein, the term tar includes, without limitation, a gaseous tar, a liquid tar, a solid tar, a tar-forming substances, or mixtures thereof, which generally comprise hydrocarbons and derivatives thereof. A large number of well known tar measurement methods exist that may be utilized to measure tar. One large family of techniques includes analytical methods based on liquid or gas phase chromatography coupled with a detector. The most frequent detectors in the case of measurement of tars are the flame-ionization detector (FID) and the mass spectrometer. Another family of techniques includes spectrometric methods, which include detecting and analyzing a spectrum. This is for example infrared, ultraviolet (UV) or luminescence spectrometry, and LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) technique. Another technique for monitoring of combustion gases is FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) infrared spectrometry. Miscellaneous documents mention this technique, such as for example W02006015660, W003060480 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,998.

(17) There exist other known electronic methods which allow continuous monitoring of tars. These techniques include detectors with electrochemical cells and sensors with semiconductors. Various gravimetric techniques may also be utilized for tar measurements. In one aspect, the amount of tar may be expressed as equivalent ppm of carbon. In this aspect, the hydrocarbon may be benzene or an alcohol, such as methanol. In this aspect, reducing content of tar may mean a tar concentration equivalent or tar equivalents corresponding to less than about 10 ppm benzene.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(18) The following description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of exemplary embodiments. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the claims.

(19) Apparatus and methods for treatment of tar containing syngas to reduce its tar content are provided. In another aspect, apparatus and methods for gasification of carbonaceous material to produce a tar containing syngas and subsequent heat treatment of said tar containing syngas are provided. Various aspects of the apparatus of this disclosure are illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3.

(20) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one aspect of a tar reduction apparatus (10) for reducing tar content of a tar containing syngas. FIG. 1 illustrates one aspect of the apparatus that includes a First Reaction Zone (200) and a Heat Treatment Zone (300). Referring now to FIG. 1, tar containing syngas (150) and molecular oxygen containing gas (250) are introduced into said first reaction zone. A gas mixture (mixture of tar containing syngas and molecular oxygen) is produced in the first reaction zone that enters the heat treatment zone (not shown on diagram). A stream of hot syngas (450) is removed from the heat treatment zone.

(21) FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one aspect of a tar reduction apparatus (11) for reducing tar content of a tar containing syngas. FIG. 2 illustrates one aspect of said apparatus comprising a First Reaction Zone (200) and a Heat Treatment Zone comprising Heat Treatment Zone I (300) and Heat Treatment Zone II (400). Referring now to FIG. 2, tar containing syngas (150) and molecular oxygen containing gas (250) are introduced into said first reaction zone. A gas mixture (mixture of tar containing syngas and molecular oxygen) is produced in the first reaction zone that enters the heat treatment zone I (not shown on diagram). A heat treated gas mixture leaves heat treatment zone I and enters heat treatment zone II. A stream of hot syngas (450) is removed from the heat treatment zone II.

(22) FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a gasification apparatus (12) for reducing tar content of a tar containing syngas. FIG. 3 illustrates one aspect of said apparatus comprising a Gasification Zone (100), a First Reaction Zone (200) and a Heat Treatment Zone comprising Heat Treatment Zone I (300) and Heat Treatment Zone II (400). Referring now to FIG. 3, carbonaceous material feed (110) and molecular oxygen containing gas (120) are introduced into the gasification zone that produces a tar containing syngas (not shown on diagram). Said tar containing syngas and molecular oxygen containing gas (250) are introduced into the first reaction zone. A gas mixture (mixture of tar containing syngas and molecular oxygen) is produced in the first reaction zone that enters the heat treatment zone I (not shown on diagram). A heat treated gas mixture leaves heat treatment zone I and enters heat treatment zone.

(23) Thus the tar treatment apparatus includes a first reaction zone and a heat treatment zone. Tar containing syngas feed is passed through the first reaction zone. The first reaction zone can be a small pipe section or a small vessel of any cross section including but not limited to circular or rectangular cross section one end of which is attached to the heat treatment zone. In one aspect, the cross section of the first reaction zone is circular. In one aspect, the first reaction zone is positioned vertically.

(24) A molecular oxygen containing gas is introduced into the first reaction zone. One or more gas inlets (nozzles) might be attached to the first reaction zone for introduction of molecular oxygen containing gas. One or more of said nozzles can be positioned perpendicular to the axis of the first reaction zone as shown in FIGS. 4 (I) & 4 (II). FIG. 4 (I) illustrates an aspect of the first reaction zone wherein gas inlet for molecular oxygen is inclined at an angle a to horizontal line with a downward flow direction. FIG. 4 (I) presents a side view of an aspect of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is vertical and gas inlet for molecular oxygen is inclined at an angle a to horizontal line with a downward flow direction. FIG. 4 (II) illustrates an aspect of the first reaction zone wherein gas inlet for molecular oxygen is inclined at an angle a to horizontal line with an upward flow direction. FIG. 4 (II) presents a side view of an aspect of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is vertical and gas inlet for molecular oxygen is inclined at an angle a to horizontal line with an upward flow direction.

(25) One or more of said nozzles can be positioned obliquely to a diagonal drawn through point of intersection of the surface of the first reaction zone and axis of the gas inlet and positioned in a way that facilitates formation of swirl inside the mixing zone. FIGS. 4 (III) & 4 (IV) respectively present top views or cross sections of an aspect of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is vertical and gas inlet for molecular oxygen is inclined at an angle to a diagonal drawn through point of intersection of the cross section and axis of the gas inlet.

(26) FIGS. 5 (I) & 5 (II) respectively present side and top views respectively of an aspect of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is a vertical cylindrical vessel with eight gas inlet nozzles attached to it for introducing molecular oxygen. Each nozzle is mounted at an angle a with horizontal direction with an upward direction of gas flow. Each nozzle is mounted at an angle to a diagonal of cross section drawn through point of intersection of nozzle and first reaction zone.

(27) In various aspects, the first reaction zone can be positioned at an angle to the vertical direction. FIGS. 6 (I) & 6 (II) respectively present side views of aspects of the first reaction zone wherein the first reaction zone is inclined at an angle 8 to a vertical line.

(28) The heat treatment zone is a vessel of any cross section including but not limited to circular, square, rectangular, etc. In one aspect, the heat treatment zone is positioned substantially vertically. In one aspect, the heat treatment zone is positioned substantially horizontally. In one aspect, the heat treatment zone is positioned at an angle to the horizontal direction. In one aspect, the heat treatment zone comprises multiple sections or sub-zones. In one aspect, the heat treatment zone comprises two sections or sub-zones: Heat Treatment Zone I and Heat Treatment Zone II. In one aspect heat treatment zone I is horizontal. In one aspect heat treatment zone I is vertical. In one aspect heat treatment zone II is horizontal. In one aspect heat treatment zone II is vertical. In one aspect, heat transfer zone I is positioned at an angle to the horizontal direction. In one aspect, heat transfer zone II is positioned at an angle to the horizontal direction. In one aspect, heat transfer zone I is positioned at an angle to the vertical direction. In one aspect, heat transfer zone II is positioned at an angle to the vertical direction.

(29) In one aspect, a tar containing syngas is subjected to heat treatment in a heat treatment zone in order to accomplish destruction of tar by one or more of cracking and partial oxidation wherein said tar containing syngas is mixed with molecular oxygen containing gas prior to introduction in the heat treatment zone. Mixing is accomplished in a first reaction zone through which tar containing syngas is introduced into said heat treatment zone. Effectiveness of heat treatment in heat treatment zone can depend on effectiveness of mixing. Effectiveness of heat treatment can be improved by attaining a specified minimum linear velocity of gas mixture (tar containing syngas oxygen mixture) entering the heat treatment zone. Effectiveness of heat treatment can be improved by changing the direction of flow of the gas mixture as it enters the heat treatment zone. Effectiveness of heat treatment can be improved by impingement on a surface as it enters the heat treatment zone. Effectiveness of heat treatment can be improved by changing direction of flow of gas mixture entering the heat treatment zone by impingement on a surface. In one aspect, effectiveness of heat treatment can be improved by impingement of the gas mixture from the first reaction zone on a surface of the heat treatment zone.

(30) In one aspect, a linear velocity of gas mixture at the exit of the first reaction zone is at least 5 meters/second. In one aspect, a linear velocity of gas mixture is at least 10 meters/second. In one aspect, a linear velocity of gas mixture is at least 15 meters/second. In one aspect, a linear velocity of gas mixture is at least 20 meters/second. In one aspect, a linear velocity of gas mixture is at least 25 meters/second.

(31) In one aspect, a linear velocity of gas mixture is at least 50 meters/second. The height of the heat treatment zone may be in a range of from about 1 meter to about 15 meters. In another aspect, a ratio of linear velocity to height of the heat treatment zone is about 0.3:12.5 to about 2.0:2.5. In various aspects, the ratio of linear velocity to height of the heat treatment zone may be selected from 0.3:12.5, 0.4:10.0, 0.5:7.5, 0.6:6.25, 0.8:5.0, 1.0:4.0, 1.25:3.75, 1.5:3.3, 1.7:3.0, and 2.0:2.5. Linear velocity is measured at the exit of the first reaction zone. If the heat treatment zone is square or rectangular, then the height is the inside height. If the heat treatment zone is circular, than the height is the inside diameter. In another aspect, the gas mixture from the first reaction zone impinges on a surface in less that about 2 seconds, in another aspect less than about 1 second, in another aspect less than about 0.5 seconds, and in another aspect less than about 0.1 seconds.

(32) Factors that can affect mixing and performance of heat treatment include but are not limited to mixing length provided by the first reaction zone (e.g. height of first reaction zone), shape and cross sectional area of first reaction zone, ratio of molecular oxygen containing gas to tar containing syngas, ratio of length to diameter of first reaction zone downstream of the oxygen inlet. Number and orientation of gas inlets (nozzles) for introducing molecular oxygen containing gas can influence mixing. Mixing can also be improved by inserting mixing devices inside first reaction zone such as baffles or motionless mixers. Mixing and performance of heat treatment can be improved by increasing flow rate of gas through the first reaction zone or heat treatment zone. For example in one aspect, performance of heat treatment can be improved by recycling a poliion of syngas exiting the heat treatment zone (hot syngas). In another aspect, performance of heat treatment can be improved by feeding tar containing raw syngas from more than one source through one first reaction zone and one heat treatment zone. In one aspect, performance of heat treatment can be improved by feeding tar containing raw syngas from more than one gasifier through one first reaction zone and one heat treatment zone.

(33) In order to accomplish one or more of partial oxidation and cracking of tar, the heat treatment zone is maintained at a temperature between about 900 C. to about 2000. In one aspect, the temperature is between about 1000 C. and about 1700 C. In one aspect, the temperature is between about 1100 C. and about 1500 C. In one aspect, the temperature is between about 1200 C. and about 1250 C.

(34) In order to accomplish one or more of partial oxidation and cracking of tar effectively, the contact time in the heat treatment zone is between about 0.5 to about 5 seconds. In these aspects, the process is effective for reducing the tar content of the syngas by at least about 10%.

(35) The molecular oxygen containing gas may comprise air. The molecular oxygen containing gas may comprise oxygen enriched air. The molecular oxygen containing gas may complise pure oxygen. Total amount of molecular oxygen added in the tar reduction zone can be in a range of about 0 to about 100 lb-moles per dry ton of carbonaceous material on a dry basis.

(36) The gasification zone of the present disclosure may be any gasification equipment disclosed in prior art such as and not limited to moving bed, fixed bed, fluidized bed, entrained flow, counter-current (up draft), co-current down draft), counter-cmTent fixed bed, co-current fixed bed, counter-current moving bed, co-current moving bed cross draft, hybrid, cross flow, cross flow moving bed, or a part thereof, or combinations thereof. In one aspect, the gasification zone is a cross flow moving bed unit. In one aspect, the gasification zone comprises two or more units or sections or hearths for contacting said carbonaceous material with molecular oxygen-containing gas and optionally with one or more of steam and CO.sub.2 to gasify said carbonaceous material and to produce a tar containing syngas. In various aspects, the gasification zone comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 units or sections or hearths.

(37) Gas inlets for introduction of molecular oxygen containing gas can be attached to the gasification zone or one or more sections or units or hearths contained therein. Steam or CO2 may also be introduced, optionally through one or more of these molecular oxygen inlets. In one aspect, one or more of molecular oxygen containing gas, steam and CO2 may be introduced through the gas inlets attached to the gasification zone or to one or more hearths or sections or units contained therein. In one aspect, one or more of molecular oxygen containing gas, steam and CO2 are pre-mixed prior to supplying to the gas inlets attached to the gasification zone or to one or more hearths or sections or units contained therein.

(38) A carbonaceous material feed is introduced in the gasification zone. A molecular oxygen containing gas is supplied to the gasification zone. Thus the carbonaceous material feed is treated with molecular oxygen in order to initiate and facilitate chemical transformation of carbonaceous material. Carbonaceous material feed is gasified in the gasification zone to produce a tar containing syngas. Supply of oxygen into the gasification apparatus is controlled in order to preferentially promote formation of carbon monoxide from carbonaceous material. A sub-stoichiometric amount of oxygen is supplied in order to promote production of carbon monoxide. A stream of tar containing syngas is removed from the gasification zone.

(39) A high enough temperature is attained in the gasification zone to facilitate gasification of carbonaceous material. However, the temperature is maintained low enough so that non-carbonaceous mineral matter contained in carbonaceous material feed does not melt inside the gasification zone. In other words, the temperature in any part of the gasification zone may not exceed the melting point temperature of ash comprising said non-carbonaceous mineral matter. Typically, a temperature not exceeding 800 C. is maintained in the gasification zone as well as in the burn-up zone. In one aspect, temperature in the gasification zone is maintained in 250 C.-800 C. range. Thus solid ash comprising said non-carbonaceous mineral matter accumulates in the gasification zone and a stream of solid ash is removed from the gasification zone. In various aspects, temperature in the gasification zone can be in 250 C.-800 C. range, in 450 C.-800 C. range, in 650 C.-800 C. range.

(40) In order to supply molecular oxygen said molecular oxygen containing gas may comprise air. In order to supply molecular oxygen said molecular oxygen containing gas may comprise enriched air. In order to supply molecular oxygen said molecular oxygen containing gas may comprise pure oxygen.

(41) Total amount of molecular oxygen introduced in the gasification zone through said molecular oxygen containing gas can be in a range of about 0 to about 50 lb-moles per ton of carbonaceous material on a dry basis. Total amount of steam introduced in the gasification zone can be in a range of about 0 to about 100 lb-moles per ton of carbonaceous material feed on a dry basis, and in another aspect, about 0 to about 50 lb-moles per ton of carbonaceous material feed on a dry basis. Total amount of carbon dioxide gas introduced in the gasification zone can be in the range of about 0 to about 50 lb-moles per ton of carbonaceous material feed on a dry basis. In one aspect, both steam and carbon dioxide gas are introduced in the gasification zone. In one aspect, one or more of steam and carbon dioxide gas are injected in one or more lines supplying oxygen to blend in with oxygen lines just before distribution nozzle.

(42) The carbonaceous material fed to the gasification zone may comprise selection from: carbonaceous material, carbonaceous liquid product, carbonaceous industrial liquid recycle, carbonaceous municipal solid waste (MSW or msw), carbonaceous urban waste, carbonaceous agricultural material, carbonaceous forestry material, carbonaceous wood waste, carbonaceous construction material, carbonaceous vegetative material, carbonaceous industrial waste, carbonaceous fermentation waste, carbonaceous petrochemical co-products, carbonaceous alcohol production co-products, carbonaceous coal, tires, plastics, waste plastic, coke oven tar, fibersoft, lignin, black liquor, polymers, waste polymers, polyethylene terephthalate (PETA), polystyrene (PS), sewage sludge, animal waste, crop residues, energy crops, forest processing residues, wood processing residues, livestock wastes, poultry wastes, food processing residues, fermentative process wastes, ethanol co-products, spent grain, spent microorganisms, or their combinations.

(43) In one aspect of the present disclosure the carbonaceous material fed to the gasification zone comprises a plurality of carbonaceous materials selected from carbonaceous material, carbonaceous liquid product, carbonaceous industrial liquid recycle, carbonaceous municipal solid waste (MSW or msw), carbonaceous urban waste, carbonaceous agricultural material, carbonaceous forestry material, carbonaceous wood waste, carbonaceous construction material, carbonaceous vegetative material, carbonaceous industrial waste, carbonaceous fermentation waste, carbonaceous petrochemical co-products, carbonaceous alcohol production co-products, carbonaceous coal, tires, plastics, waste plastic, coke oven tar, fibersoft, lignin, black liquor, polymers, waste polymers, polyethylene terephthalate (PETA), polystyrene (PS), sewage sludge, animal waste, crop residues, energy crops, forest processing residues, wood processing residues, livestock wastes, poultry wastes, food processing residues, fermentative process wastes, ethanol co-products, spent grain, spent microorganisms, or their combinations.

(44) While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments, examples and applications thereof, numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims.