Constant Strain PEX Expansion Tool Head

Abstract

Various improved designs for expansion tool heads are disclosed herein that are structured (1) to provide improved and more-evenly distributed strain in the pipe during the expansion strokes of the tool head which can include more gradually inducing the strain in the pipe and/or (2) to avoid the induction of plastic deformation of the pipe in regions of seal formation between the radial-inwardly facing surface of the pipe and the radially-outward facing surface of the fittings (i.e., the ribs of the fitting) especially in instances in which the tool head is not rotated between separate expansion steps. This may be achieved, for example, by the use of convexly curved outer profiles that limit initial insertion depth of the tool in the pipe prior to expansions and/or by the use of a hybrid toothed profile.

Claims

1. An expansion tool head for an expansion tool, the expansion tool head comprising: a plurality of jaws extending from a base end to a tip end in which the jaws are arranged circumferentially around a central axis and each have a set of angularly-extending teeth interdigitating with the teeth of circumferentially adjacent jaws, the jaws collectively providing a curved outer surface, and the jaws being movable between a retracted position in which the jaws are brought together with one another and an expanded position in which the jaws are separated from one another; and wherein a profile of the curved outer surface of the jaws varies over an axial length of the jaws such that, when the jaws are in the expanded position, the curved outer surface of adjacent jaws are tangent to one another at a first axial position proximate to the base end and such that, when the jaws are in the retracted position, the curved outer surface of adjacent jaws are tangent to one another at a second axial position proximate to the tip end.

2. The expansion tool head of claim 1, wherein the jaws further include circumferential ridges on the curved outer surface.

3. The expansion tool head of claim 2, wherein the circumferential ridges are on just a portion of the curved outer surface and a remainder of the curved outer surface is smooth.

4. The expansion tool head of claim 3, wherein the circumferential ridges on just the portion of the curved outer surface are located proximate the tip end and the curved surface proximate the base end is smooth.

5. The expansion tool head of claim 1, wherein the curved outer surface of the jaws tapers radially inward in the axial direction from the base end to the tip end in a continuous convex curve.

6. The expansion tool head of claim 1, wherein, when the jaws are in the retracted position, a first profile of the curved surface is larger than the diameter of the pipe at a first axial position proximate to the base end and a second profile of the curved surface is smaller than the diameter of the pipe at a second axial position proximate to the tip end.

7. An expansion tool head for an expansion tool, the expansion tool head comprising: a plurality of jaws extending from a base end to a tip end in which the jaws are arranged circumferentially around a central axis, the jaws collectively providing a curved outer surface and being movable between a retracted position in which the jaws are brought together with one another and an expanded position in which the jaws are separated from one another; and wherein a profile of the curved outer surface of the jaws varies over an axial length of the jaws such that, when the jaws are in the expanded position, the curved outer surface of adjacent jaws are tangent to one another at a first axial position proximate to the base end and such that, when the jaws are in the retracted position, the curved outer surface of adjacent jaws are tangent to one another at a second axial position proximate to the tip end.

8. The expansion tool head of claim 7, wherein the jaws further include circumferential ridges on the curved outer surface.

9. The expansion tool head of claim 8, wherein the circumferential ridges are on just a portion of the curved outer surface and a remainder of the curved outer surface is smooth.

10. The expansion tool head of claim 9, wherein the circumferential ridges on just the portion of the curved outer surface are located proximate the tip end and the curved surface proximate the base end is smooth.

11. The expansion tool head of claim 7, wherein the curved outer surface of the jaws tapers radially inward in the axial direction from the base end to the tip end in a continuous convex curve.

12. The expansion tool head of claim 7, wherein, when the jaws are in the retracted position, a first profile of the curved surface is larger than the diameter of the pipe at a first axial position proximate to the base end and a second profile of the curved surface is smaller than the diameter of the pipe at a second axial position proximate to the tip end.

13. An expansion tool head, the expansion tool head comprising: a plurality of jaws extending from a base end to a tip end in which the jaws are arranged circumferentially around a central axis, the jaws collectively providing a curved outer surface, and the jaws being movable between a retracted position in which the jaws are brought together with one another and an expanded position in which the jaws are separated from one another; and wherein the curved outer surface of the jaws tapers radially inward in the axial direction from the base end to the tip end in a continuous convex curve.

14. The expansion tool head of claim 13, wherein at least a portion of the jaws are configured to move outward radially such that, in the retracted position, the tip end of the jaws are together and such that, in the expanded position, the tip end of the jaws are separated and a radially outermost point of the curved surface is on the continuous convex curve between tip end and base end.

15. The expansion tool head of claim 13, wherein the jaws further include circumferential ridges on the curved outer surface.

16. A method for expanding an axial end of a pipe to accommodate reception of a fitting, the fitting having an abutment flange for positioning the axial end of the pipe on the fitting and a rib for making a sealed connection in which the rib is separated from the abutment flange by a pre-established distance, the method comprising: inserting a tip end of an expansion tool head into the axial end of the pipe, the expansion tool head including a set of jaws collectively shaped with respect to an opening of the pipe in order to limit an insertion distance of the tip end of the expansion tool head into the axial end of the pipe to an amount less than the pre-established distance between the abutment flange and rib; actuating the jaws to move the jaws outward from a retracted position in which the jaws are positioned together with one another to an expanded position in which the jaws are separated from one another thereby expanding the axial end of the pipe.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising the steps of: actuating the jaws to move to the retracted position; further inserting the expansion tool head into an additional section of the pipe; and actuating the jaws to again move to the expanded position thereby expanding the additional section of the pipe at distance greater than the distance between the abutment flange and the rib of the fitting.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein, when the jaws are in the retracted position, a first profile of a curved surface collectively defined by the jaws is larger than the opening of the pipe at a first axial position proximate to a base end and a second profile of the curved surface is smaller than the opening of the PEX pipe at a second axial position proximate to the tip end.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein the jaws each have a set of angularly-extending teeth interdigitating with the teeth of circumferentially adjacent jaws.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein a profile of a curved outer surface collectively defined by the jaws varies over an axial length of the jaws such that, when the jaws are in the expanded position, the curved outer surface of adjacent jaws are tangent to one another at a first axial position proximate to the base end and such that, when the jaws are in the retracted position, the curved outer surface of adjacent jaws are tangent to one another at a second axial position proximate to the tip end.

21. The method of claim 16, wherein the curved outer surface of the jaws tapers radially inward in the axial direction from the base end to the tip end in a continuous convex curve.

22. The method of claim 16, wherein the pipe is PEX pipe.

23. The method of claim 16, wherein the pipe is copper.

24. The method of claim 16, wherein, when the jaws are actuated, the tip ends of each of the jaws remain in contact with one another while their base ends are radially displaced relative to the central axis.

25. The method of claim 16, wherein, when the jaws are actuated, each of the jaws are displaced radially outward relative to a central axis at their respective base ends while the tip ends remain in contact with one another.

26. The method of claim 16, wherein, when the jaws are actuated, each of the jaws are displaced radially outward relative to a central axis at their respective base ends and their respective tip ends, with a radial distance of separation between the respective base ends and the central axis exceeds a radial distance of separation between the tip ends and the central axis.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0018] FIG. 1 is perspective view of an expansion tool head having a hybrid profile with interdigitated teeth in a closed or retracted position.

[0019] FIGS. 2A and 2B are side views of a single jaw of the expansion tool head of FIG. 1.

[0020] FIGS. 3A and 3B are side views of a single jaw of an expansion tool head different than that of the expansion tool head of FIG. 1 having no teeth, but a continuous curved convex shape type profile over its axial length.

[0021] FIG. 4 is a top-down view along the central axis of the expansion tool head of FIG. 1 in a retracted or closed position.

[0022] FIG. 5 is a top-down view along the central axis of the expansion tool head of FIG. 1 in an expanded or opened position.

[0023] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional side view of an expansion tool head incorporating the jaws of FIGS. 3A and 3B in which the expansion tool head is in the retracted position in which it is initially positioned within a PEX pipe before expansion.

[0024] FIGS. 7A-7C are cross-sectional views of the expansion tool head within the PEX pipe as in FIG. 6, but in which the jaws have been moved to an expanded position within the PEX pipe to expand it. FIG. 7A shows an expansion in which the jaws are moved outward in a nearly purely radial translational fashion, while FIG. 7B shows a variation in which the tip ends remain substantially together while the base ends are separated, and FIG. 7C shows another variation in which both the base ends and the tip ends of the jaws are separated radially from one another but the extent of separation of the tip ends from one another are less than the base ends.

[0025] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a PEX pipe having been expanded from FIGS. 6 and 7 after return towards its initial size to form a water-tight seal with a fitting.

[0026] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the expansion tool head of FIG. 1 in an open or expanded position.

[0027] FIGS. 10A and 10B are perspective views of jaw actuators for moving an expansion tool head between a retracted position and an expanded position. FIG. 10A shows a jaw actuator with a conical profile and a narrow rounded tip. FIG. 10B shows a jaw actuator with a conical profile and a wide rounded tip.

[0028] FIGS. 11A and 11B are cross-sectional front views of an expansion tool head without the jaw actuator in which the expansion tool head is in the retracted position. FIG. 11A is a cross section taken near the tip end of the jaws. FIG. 11B is a cross section taken near the base end of the jaws.

[0029] FIGS. 12A and 12B are cross-sectional views of the expansion tool head of FIGS. 11A and 11B, but in which the jaws have been moved to an expanded position.

[0030] FIG. 13 is perspective view of an expansion tool head having a hybrid profile with interdigitated teeth in a retracted position and a positioning band between the tip and the base of the jaws.

[0031] FIG. 14 is a side view of a single jaw of the expansion tool head of FIG. 13.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] Embodiments of the disclosure may be further understood with reference to the figures.

[0033] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an expansion tool head 100. The expansion tool head 100 includes a plurality of jaws 102 arranged circumferentially around a central opening 104 and a central axis A-A. The jaws 102 each extend from a base end 106 to a tip end 108, and are movable between at least two positionsa retracted position as shown in FIGS. 1 and 4 and an expanded position as shown in FIGS. 5 and 9. As illustrated, the expansion tool head 100 includes six identical jaws 102; however, in other expansion tool heads, there may be other multiples of jaws.

[0034] Illustrated in additional detail in FIGS. 2A and 2B, each of the jaws 102 include a plurality of angularly-extending teeth 110 disposed along an axial length of each jaw 102 between the base end 106 and the tip end 108. The teeth 110 are arranged in a repeating, alternating pattern in which the teeth 110 alternately extend from the jaw 102 in a first angular direction then extend from the jaws in a second, opposite angular direction, and so forth as one travels down the axial length of the jaw 102. The tooth 110 placement pattern is substantially identical on each of the jaws 102 such that the teeth 110 on each jaw 102 interdigitate with the teeth 110 of the circumferentially-adjacent jaws 102. In other non-limiting embodiments, the teeth 110 can be arranged in alternative patterns or directions or the jaws may be differently-shaped, but still complimentary with one another.

[0035] Referring back to FIG. 1, the jaws 102 collectively provide a curved outer surface 112 which faces outward and away from the central axis A-A. In some embodiments, a profile of the curved outer surface 112 varies over at least a portion of the axial length of the jaws 102, while in other embodiments a profile of the curved outer surface may remain constant over a portion of the axial length of the jaw. As illustrated in all of the illustrated jaws, the curved outer surface tapes radially inward in the axial direction (from base end 106 to tip end 108) so that the curved outer surface on any particular jaw forms a continuous curve which is generally convex in shape (save for any de minimus circumferential ridges 114). Because any ridges 114 are circumferential, in the depicted embodiments, they necessarily have sections on all of the jaws 102 (in this case, all six of the jaws) at the same axial position. In other embodiments, however, it is contemplated that circumferential ridges may be omitted from the curved outer surface.

[0036] To move the expander tool head 100 between a retracted and an expanded position, the tool upon which the expander tool head 100 is attached further includes a jaw actuator 116 (as shown in FIG. 10A. In the embodiment illustrated, the jaw actuator 116 is a conical spindle positioned concentrically with the central axis A-A and the central opening 104. The conical spindle or jaw actuator 116 is axially translated into the central opening 104 and into contact with a cooperating inner surface 118 of the jaws 102. The conical spindle or jaw actuator 116 pushes the jaws 102, at least in part, radially outward and away from the central axis A-A into an expanded position, as shown in FIG. 5. In the expanded position, each of the jaws 102 are angularly separated from circumferentially-adjacent jaws 102. In some embodiments, an alternative jaw actuator can be used. For example, FIG. 10B shows a jaw actuator 516 with a blunt tip that is wider and rounded with a larger radius than the tip of the jaw actuator 116 of FIG. 10A. Some embodiments can include other jaw actuators that are differently sized or differently shaped than the illustrated jaw actuators.

[0037] To help delimit the range of motion during expansion of the jaws 102 and with further reference being made to FIGS. 1-2B, the base end 106 of the each of the jaws 102 includes a groove 120 and can be surrounded by a retention bracket or restrictive collar 124 which is attached to the tool.

[0038] The groove 120 which is arranged perpendicular to the central axis A-A and centered thereabout and is configured to receive a positioning ring or band (see, e.g., the band 528 in another embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13) to ensure that the jaws 102 are connected or bundled to one another at the base end 106 to prevent or inhibit separation at that location. The positioning ring can be elastic and biases the jaws 102 into a retracted position shown in FIGS. 1 and 4. In the retracted position, each of the jaws 102 are drawn toward the central axis A-A and one another, such that in the illustrated form of FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 4, 5, and 9, the teeth 110 of the jaws 102 are positioned together so that there are substantially no gaps in-between the jaws 102. In this position, the circumferential ridges 118 proximate the tip end 108 form a continuous ridge around the curved outer surface 114.

[0039] To hold this bundled group of jaws 102 on the greater tool, a retention bracket or restrictive collar 124 can be positioned proximate the base end 106. This collar 124 can both secure the jaws 102 on the tool and can be further configured to restrict axial or tilting movement of the jaws 102 during their expansion.

[0040] As the jaws 102 move from the retracted position to the expanded position by engagement with the jaw actuator or conical spindle 116 with the cooperating inner surfaces 118, each of the jaws 102 are moved outward relative to the central axis A-A such that the jaws 102 and the tip end 108 of each of the jaws 110 most dramatically are moved radially outward and away from each other. This will be used to expand the inner surface PEX tubing. Then, when the jaw actuator or conical spindle 116 is retracted, the positioning ring in the groove 120 biases the jaws 102 inward to the retracted position drawing the jaws 102 together again.

[0041] During the expansion of PEX tubing, this expansion and retraction can happen in various times in progression. Between each expansion stroke, the tool can be designed such that the jaws 102 can rotate between each expansion stroke. In this way, the strain induced by each expansion step can be distributed over different parts of the volume of the PEX material.

[0042] Having described the general shape of the jaws 102 from FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 4, 5, and 9, some of the advantages of the particular jaw geometry can now be described and appreciated. Most notably, the continuously curved convex surface from one axial end to the other can help to inhibit permanent deformation in the PEX material and a varying profile of the teeth 110 can help to distribute strain in non-linear fashion along axial lengths also without inducing undesirable plastic deformation.

[0043] First, given the convex, continuously curved surface from a region proximate the base end 106 to a region proximate the tip end 108 and over the axial length of the PEX-contacting area of the jaws 102, when the jaws 102 are opened or expanded, they contact the inside of the PEX tube in a manner such that a sharp edge is not dug into the wall of the tube. In some forms, this may mean that a rounded ring between the base end 106 and the tip end 108 first contacts the inside of the pipe in a non-destructive fashion. This may mean, for example, that in the expanded position, a radially outermost ring of the curved outer surface 112 is between the base end 106 and the tip end 108 and is not at a sharp edge or discontinuity that could destructively dig into the PEX material as would be the case in the standard frusto-conical jaw design. However, in other forms, a ring of contact between the tip end 108 of the jaws 102 and the inside of the PEX tube may occurs first, but that the convex profile will subsequently even out the localized deformation of the PEX material at the tip end 108.

[0044] With respect to the profile of jaws 102 over their axial length, the curved outer surface 112 of the jaws 102 and their respective teeth 110 differs or varies over the axial length. At a first axial position proximate the base end 106, the curved outer surface 112 of adjacent jaws 102 are tangent with one another when the jaws 102 are in the expanded position. However, as can be seen in FIG. 4 in the retracted position, the ends of those teeth 110 protrude radially outward. At a second axial position proximate the tip end 108, the curved outer surface 112 of adjacent jaws 102 are tangent only when the jaws 102 are in the retracted position. This structure can advantageously provide that, in the expanded position, especially near the base end 106, the inside of the PEX pile can have a large amount of surface area contact with the jaws 102, including up to the angular edges of the teeth 110. However, as can be seen from FIG. 4, to achieve such a circular profile when expanded, in a less than fully expanded state, these teeth 110 can protrude and potentially could provide elements which cause undesirable deformation in the PEX material. To avoid this on the tip end 108 (which will engage the PEX while it is still in an initially un-deformed state), the profile at the tip end can be circular in the retracted position, thereby preventing the possibility that the edges of the teeth piece or deform the PEX material.

[0045] FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate an alternative jaw 202 which might be used in place of jaw 102 in an alternative expansion tool head. The alternative jaw 202 is similar to jaws 102 in that it has a continuous curved surface from the base end 206 to the tip end 208 which is convex relative to the central axis. However, it does not include any teeth. As with the first embodiment, this second embodiment can help to avoid digging into the PEX material and its shape can prevent or limit insertion of the tool head into a pipe as will be described below. It is noted that all features on FIGS. 3A and 3B are labeled using the 200 series numbers and like numerals from the 100 series are used to denote like features described herein.

[0046] Additionally, FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate an alternative expansion tool head 500 with a set of alternative jaws 502 that may be used in place of expansion tool head 100. The alternative expansion tool head 500 is similar to expansion tool head 100 in that it has a continuous curved surface from the base end 506 to the tip end 508 which is convex relative to a central axis. However, each jaw 502 includes a first groove 520a positioned proximate the base end 506 and a second grove 520b positioned between the base end 506 and the tip end 508. Each of the grooves 520a, 520b is configured to receive a positioning ring 528 for biasing the jaws 502 into the retracted position. The use of additional positioning rings can help to bias differently sized or shaped jaws into a retracted position, and can help limit the movement of the jaws as the move into an expanded position. It is noted that all features on FIGS. 13 and 14 are labeled using the 500 series numbers and like numerals from the 100 series are used to denote like features described herein.

[0047] With reference to FIGS. 4, 5, and 11A-12B it can be seen that the profile of the curved outer surface 112 of the jaws 102 can be shaped such that the profile is true round in sections in the closed positionas can be seen by the true circle at the tip end in FIGS. 4 and 11Aand/or true round (save for any gaps between the teeth) in the opened positionas can be seen by the true circle at the base end in FIGS. 5 and 12B.

[0048] As illustrated this true round condition includes the entirety of the outer surface of the jaws including the radially-outward facing surface of any teeth. Because the tool head of FIGS. 4, 5, and 11A-12B is a hybrid design in which the cross-sectional profile varies over the axial length, it includes both true round configurations in different axial sections in both the opened and closed position of the jaws. It is noted that, when true round is achieved in the extended position and there are interdigitating teeth, these teeth may protrude or stick out from the outer surface in the retracted position as illustrated with the base end teeth in FIGS. 4 and 11B. Although seemingly harsh-looking, because these protrusions disappear as the tool head opens, they are harmless to the inside of the pipe.

[0049] Numerous variations are contemplated as to when alternative forms of jaws can be true round. For example, all or some of the outer surface could be true round either in the retracted or the extended position. Of course, when a section is true round in one of those positions, it will not be in the other. Still further, as the actuation modality of the jaws can varied (as is illustrated between FIG. 6 and the alternative extended positions in FIGS. 7A-7C), the outer surface profile may be varied such that true round is only achieved in the final opened expanded position on some or all portions of the surface of the jaws based on the desired orientation and configuration of the jaws. Still further, the true round condition could be present on jaw designs have convex curved surfaces over their axial lengths or on jaws having merely straight profiles in either the opened or closed position of the jaws.

[0050] FIGS. 6 and 7A-7C schematically illustrate various potential operating positions of the expansion tool head in use to expand a PEX pipe 300 using an expansion tool head employing jaws like jaws 200 above illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B.

[0051] In FIG. 6, the jaws 202 of the expansion tool head have been inserted into an opening 302 of an axial end 304 of the PEX pipe 300 and the jaws 202 are in the retracted position. As illustrated, axially-facing surface of the axial end 304 is in contact with the curved outer surface 212 at a contact ring on the continuous curve. The particular set of jaws 202 and expansion tool head should be selected such that the initial insertion distance D.sub.I (i.e., the distance from the axial end 304 to the tip end 204 of the jaws 202) is less than the pre-established distance D.sub.MAX from the abutment flange 402 of the fitting 400 to the rib 404 of the fitting. This limit on insertion depth precludes any part of the jaws 202 from plastically deforming the inside of the PEX pipe 300 in a region that will be compressed around the rib 404.

[0052] Looking at FIGS. 7A-7C, the jaws 202 are shown in an expanded state in which the jaws 202 have been used to enlarge the opening 302 proximate the axial end 304 of the PEX pipe 300. As noted above, this expansion may happen in various iterative steps. Once the PEX tube 300 is expanded sufficiently, then the PEX tube 300 can be slid over the fitting 400 such that axial end 304 of the PEX tube 300 abuts an opposing axial face of the abutment flange 402 of the fitting 400. The expanded PEX material of the PEX tube 300 is then allowed to naturally return towards its original shape and dimensions over a duration of time (often on the order of magnitude of 10 seconds to a few minutes) to form a water-tight seal around the fitting 400.

[0053] Notably, the jaws 202 might be actuated from the inserted, retracted position of FIG. 6 to any of the expanded positions of FIG. 7A, 7B, or 7C. For the sake of clarity, the positions shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C are not sequential, but rather are alternative final expanded positions for the jaws.

[0054] It can be seen that the primary difference between the positions illustrated in FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C are the manner in which the jaws 202 are expanded from one another. In the actuated position shown in FIG. 7A, the jaws 202 are simply translated radially outward such that the base end and the tip end of each of the jaws are equally translated away from the central axis. In this type of movement, the jaws in FIG. 7A are not rotated with respect to the central axis. In the actuated position shown in FIG. 7B, the jaws 202 are rotated such that the base ends are separated from the central axis while the tips of the jaws 202 remain together at the central axis. In the actuated position shown in FIG. 7C, the jaws 202 are rotated so that both the base end and the tip end are separated from the central axis, with the base end being separated to a greater extent than the tip end.

[0055] All of these actuation modalities of the jaws 202 can help to expand the tube 300 and compression collar in a more beneficial way for inserting the fitting 400 as will be depicted in FIG. 8. Notably, the curved profile and actuation modalities can help focus the deformation so that it that primarily occurs at the axial end (where the fitting will be inserted) rather than in a region past the compression collar which is less well-supported. Further, especially in the expansion positions illustrated in FIGS. 7B and 7C, the tip in configurations help to reduce the rate of expansion that the jaws 202 perform on the end of the pipe.

[0056] Referring now to FIG. 8, this connection between the fitting 400 and the recoiled PEX tube 300 is illustrated. Notably, the rib 404 protrudes outward from the fitting 400 to cause the primary seal and given the earlier stated limitation on tool insertion distance during the insertion and expansion stage, it can be ensured that no irreversible plastic deformation has occurred in this region.

[0057] While the expansion of PEX tubing using expansion tool heads having various geometric profiles have been described, it is contemplated that tubular materials other than PEX tubing could also be expanded using these expansion tool heads. For example, copper or other metal tubes may also be able to have axial ends thereof expanded using tool head geometries of this type.

[0058] While various representative embodiments of improved expansion tool head geometries have been illustrated, that many general principles are contemplated as being independently employable as well as in all workable permutations and combinations. For one, the improvement of a continuous curved convex shape is considered novel, especially as a means for limiting insertion depth into a pipe and enabling alternative actuation modes for the jaws. Such curved geometry could be widely employable in jaw sets having straight sides, sides with interdigitated teeth, or even other patterns (for example, spiral or helical jaws). Still further, the designs with interdigitating teeth could have a curved profile in the axial direction or a straight profile over their axial length.

[0059] For both designs incorporating interdigitating teeth and designs not incorporating interdigitating teeth, the working end of the jaws could have a profile in a cross-section taken perpendicular to the central axis that is circular when the jaws are closed or circular when the jaws are opened. A particular jaw could have such profiles (circular when opened or circular when closed) over all or just a part of the axial length and it is further contemplated that an expansion tool head can have a hybrid form in which it shifts from one type to the other type over the axial length of the tool head as depicted in FIGS. 1 and 13, for example.

[0060] Still further serrations or ridges may be present entirely over the working end of the jaws or over just a portion thereof (i.e., just proximate the tip). Again, such serration could be present on any of the various permutations from the variations apparent from the paragraphs above.

[0061] Still yet, it is contemplated that any of the three actuation modalities illustrated above in FIGS. 7A-7C could be used with these different types of jaw designs and permutations. It will undoubtedly be appreciated that certain of these actuation modalities can present advantages over others based on the usage context in which the expansion tool head is used and that, given a particular pipe diameter and actuation modality, the jaw might be engineered to include various ones of the these design aspects in a particularly advantageous manner. Thus, while this disclosure provides many representative jaw structures, the structures contemplated within this disclosure are not so limited.

[0062] It should be appreciated that various other modifications and variations to the preferred embodiments can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention should not be limited to the described embodiments. To ascertain the full scope of the invention, the following claims should be referenced.