Durable, High Performance Wire Grid Polarizer

Abstract

A method for making a wire grid polarizer (WGP) can provide WGPs with high temperature resistance, robust wires, oxidation resistance, and corrosion protection. In one embodiment, the method can comprise: (a) providing an array of wires on a bottom protection layer; (b) applying a top protection layer on the wires, spanning channels between wires; then (c) applying an upper barrier-layer on the top protection layer and into the channels through permeable junctions in the top protection layer. In a variation of this embodiment, the method can further comprise applying a lower barrier-layer before applying the top protection layer. In another variation, the bottom protection layer and the top protection layer can include aluminum oxide. In another embodiment, the method can comprise applying on the WGP an amino phosphonate then a hydrophobic chemical.

Claims

1. A method of manufacturing a wire grid polarizer (WGP), comprising: providing an array of wires on a bottom protection layer with channels between adjacent wires, the channels being air filled; applying an amino phosphonate as a conformal coating on the wires and on the bottom protection layer in the channels; and applying a hydrophobic chemical as a conformal coating on top of the amino phosphonate.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein: applying the amino phosphonate includes applying the amino phosphonate by liquid immersion deposition; applying the hydrophobic chemical includes applying the hydrophobic chemical by vapor deposition; and the hydrophobic chemical is an outermost solid material.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein an order of steps in the method is providing the array of wires, applying the amino phosphonate, then applying the hydrophobic chemical.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino phosphonate has chemical formula N[CH.sub.2PO(OH).sub.2].sub.3, and the amino phosphonate is sandwiched between the hydrophobic chemical and the wires.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino phosphonate has chemical formula N[CH.sub.2PO(OH).sub.2].sub.3, and a mass fraction of amino phosphonate/hydrophobic chemical is 0.5 and 5.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic chemical includes Si(R.sup.1).sub.i(R.sup.3).sub.j, where i is 1 or 2, j is 1, 2, or 3, i+j=4, each R.sup.1 independently is a hydrophobic group including CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.m, m1 and m10, and each R.sup.3 independently is any chemical element or group.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein each R.sup.3 independently is Cl, OR.sup.7, OCOR.sup.7, N(R.sup.7).sub.2, or OH; and each R.sup.7 independently is CH.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein m3.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein m=2.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic chemical includes Si(R.sup.1).sub.i(R.sup.3).sub.j, where i is 1 or 2, j is 1, 2, or 3, i+j=4, each R.sup.1 independently is a hydrophobic group including CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.m, m1 and m10, and each R.sup.3 independently is any chemical element or group.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein m3.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a top protection layer after providing the array of wires and before applying the amino phosphonate and the hydrophobic chemical, wherein: the array of wires is sandwiched between the top protection layer and the bottom protection layer, the top protection layer spanning the channels, keeping the channels air filled, the bottom protection layer and the top protection layer each have a melting temperature 600 C. and water solubility 0.005 g/L; thickness of the top protection layer is 10 nm and 1 m; and thickness of the bottom protection layer is 300 m and 5 mm; the top protection layer is applied to allow each channel to extend beyond a distal end of the wires, farthest from the bottom protection layer, into the top protection layer for a depth 10 nm.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the bottom protection layer and the top protection layer each have a coefficient of thermal conductivity 2 W/(m*K); and an oxygen diffusion coefficient 10.sup.21 m.sup.2/s.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the bottom protection layer and the top protection layer each have refractive index 1.3n1.8 and extinction coefficient 0.1 across the visible light spectrum.

15. A method of manufacturing a wire grid polarizer (WGP), comprising: providing an array of wires on a bottom protection layer with channels between adjacent wires, the channels being air filled; and applying a hydrophobic chemical as a conformal coating on top of the wires, the hydrophobic chemical including Si(R.sup.1).sub.i(R.sup.3).sub.j, where i is 1 or 2, j is 1, 2, or 3, i+j=4, each R.sup.1 independently is a hydrophobic group including CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.m, m1 and m10, and each R.sup.3 independently is any chemical element or group

16. The method of claim 16, wherein m3.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein each R.sup.3 independently is Cl, OR.sup.7, OCOR.sup.7, N(R.sup.7).sub.2, or OH; and each R.sup.7 independently is CH.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein m=2.

19. A wire grid polarizer (WGP), comprising: an array of wires on a bottom protection layer with channels between adjacent wires, the channels being air filled; a hydrophobic chemical as a conformal coating on top of the wires, the hydrophobic chemical including chemical formula (1), chemical formula (2), or combinations thereof: ##STR00002## where r is a positive integer, each R.sup.1 is CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.m, where m1 and m 10, X is a bond to the wires, and each R.sup.3 independently is any chemical element or group.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein each R.sup.3 independently is Cl, OR.sup.7, OCOR.sup.7, N(R.sup.7).sub.2, or OH; and each R.sup.7 independently is CH.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS (DRAWINGS MIGHT NOT BE DRAWN TO SCALE)

[0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view of a wire grid polarizer (WGP) 10, comprising an array of wires 12 (length extending into the page) sandwiched between a pair of protection layers 14, including a top protection layer 14.sub.U and a bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0012] FIG. 2 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view of a WGP 20, similar to WGP 10, further comprising each channel 13 extending beyond a proximal end 12.sub.p of the wires 12 into the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L and beyond a distal end 12.sub.d of the wires 12 into the top protection layer 14.sub.U, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0013] FIG. 3 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view of a WGP 30, similar to the WGPs of FIGS. 1-2, further comprising a lower barrier-layer 31 at a side-wall surface 12.sub.s of the wires 12 in the channels 13, a surface 1411 of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L in the channels 13, and between the distal end 12.sub.d each wire 12 and the top protection layer 14.sub.U, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 4 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view of a WGP 40, similar to the WGPs of FIGS. 1-2, further comprising an upper barrier-layer 41 located at an outermost surface 14.sub.UO of the top protection layer 14.sub.U, at an outermost surface 14.sub.LO of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, at surfaces of the channels 13, or combinations thereof, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0015] FIG. 5 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view of a WGP 50, with a lower barrier-layer 31 (see FIG. 3) and an upper barrier-layer 41 (see FIG. 4), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0016] FIG. 6 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view of a WGP 60, similar to the WGPs of FIGS. 1-5, further comprising each of the wires 12 including a reflective layer 62 sandwiched between absorptive layers 63, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0017] FIG. 7 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view of WGP 70, comprising an array of wires 12 on a protection layer 14, and an upper barrier-layer 41 on the wires 12 and on the protection layer 14, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0018] FIG. 8 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view of WGP 80, comprising an array of wires 12 sandwiched between a top protection layer 14.sub.U and a substrate 61, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] FIG. 9 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view of an optical system 90, comprising at least one WGP 94 according to a design described herein, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0020] FIG. 10 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view illustrating a step in a method of making a WGP, including applying film(s) 102 on top of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0021] FIG. 11 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view illustrating a step in a method of making a WGP, including etching the film(s) 102 to form an array of wires 12 and channels 13 between adjacent wires 12, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] FIG. 12 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view illustrating a step in a method of making a WGP, including etching beyond the proximal end 12.sub.p of the wires 12 into the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L for a depth D.sub.14L, thus increasing the size of the channels 13, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] FIG. 13 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view illustrating a step in a method of making a WGP, including applying a lower barrier-layer 31 to an exposed surface of the wires 12 and a surface 14.sub.LI of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L in the channels 13, or both, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0024] FIG. 14 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view illustrating a step in a method of making a WGP, including applying a top protection layer 14.sub.U at a distal end 12.sub.d of the wires and spanning the channels 13, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] FIG. 15 is a schematic, cross-sectional side-view illustrating a step in a method of making a WGP, including applying an upper barrier-layer 41 at an outermost surface 14.sub.UO of the top protection layer 14.sub.U, at an outermost surface 14.sub.LO of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, at some or all surfaces of the channels 13, or combinations thereof, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DEFINITIONS

[0026] As used herein, the term adjoin means direct and immediate contact. As used herein, the terms adjacent and located at include adjoin, but also include near or next to with other solid material(s) between.

[0027] As used herein, the term conformal coating means a thin film which conforms to the contours of feature topology. For example, conformal can mean that a minimum thickness of the coating is 0.1 nm or 1 nm and a maximum thickness of the coating is 10 nm, 25 nm, or 40 nm. As another example, conformal can mean that a maximum thickness divided by a minimum thickness of the coating is 20, 10, 5, or 3.

[0028] As used herein continuous means a layer which may include some discontinuity, such as pinholes, but no major discontinuity, such as a division into a grid or separate wires.

[0029] As used herein, the term equal with regard to thicknesses means exactly equal, equal within normal manufacturing tolerances, or nearly equal, such that any deviation from exactly equal would have negligible effect for ordinary use of the device.

[0030] As used herein, the term nm means nanometer(s), the term m means micrometer(s), and the term mm means millimeter(s).

[0031] As used herein, the term parallel means exactly parallel, parallel within normal manufacturing tolerances, or nearly parallel, such that any deviation from exactly parallel would have negligible effect for ordinary use of the device.

[0032] The terms upper, lower, top, and bottom are for convenience in referring to the drawings and for distinguishing different WGP components, but the WGP may be spatially arranged in any configuration.

[0033] Materials used in optical structures can absorb some light, reflect some light, and transmit some light. The following definitions distinguish between materials that are primarily absorptive, primarily reflective, or primarily transparent. Each material can be considered to be absorptive, reflective, or transparent in a specific wavelength range (e.g. ultraviolet, visible, or infrared spectrum) and can have a different property in a different wavelength range.

[0034] Thus, whether a material is absorptive, reflective, or transparent is dependent on the intended wavelength range of use. Materials are divided into absorptive, reflective, and transparent based on reflectance R, the real part of the refractive index n, and the imaginary part of the refractive index/extinction coefficient k. Equation 1 is used to determine the reflectance R of the interface between air and a uniform slab of the material at normal incidence:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}R=\frac{{\left(n-1\right)}^2+k^2}{{\left(n+1\right)}^2+k^2}& \mathrm{Equation}.Math..Math.1\end{array}$

Unless explicitly specified otherwise herein, materials with k0.1 in the specified wavelength range are transparent materials, materials with k0.1 and R0.6 in the specified wavelength range are absorptive materials, and materials with k0.1 and R0.6 in the specified wavelength range are reflective materials. If not explicitly specified in the claims, then the material is presumed to have the property of transparent, absorptive, or reflective across the visible wavelength range.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] As illustrated in FIGS. 1-8, each wire grid polarizer (WGP) can include an array of wires 12. The wires 12 can be made of or can include materials for polarization of light, including metals and/or dielectrics, as are typically used in wires of wire grid polarizers. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,961,393 and 8,755,113, which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0036] As illustrated in FIGS. 1-6, the array of wires 12 can be sandwiched between a pair of protection layers 14, including a top protection layer 14.sub.U and a bottom protection layer 14.sub.L. The protection layers 14 can have a flat, planar shape.

[0037] The protection layers 14 can provide the following benefits: increased resistance to high temperature, protection of the wires 12 from toppling, protection of the wires against oxidation, protection of the wires against corrosion, or combinations thereof. As described in the various embodiments herein, this protection may be achieved with little or no degradation of WGP performance.

[0038] The protection layers 14 can have a high coefficient of thermal conductivity to conduct heat away from the wires 12. For example, one or both of the protection layers 14 can have a coefficient of thermal conductivity of 2 W/(m*K), 2.5 W/(m*K), 4 W/(m*K), 5 W/(m*K), 10 W/(m*K), 15 W/(m*K), 20 W/(m*K), or 25 W/(m*K). All coefficient of thermal conductivity values specified herein are the value at 25 C.

[0039] The protection layers 14 can have a high melting temperature to improve heat resistance. For example, one or both of the protection layers 14 can have a melting temperature of 600 C., 1000 C., 1500 C., or 1900 C.

[0040] The protection layers 14 can have a high Young's modulus in order to provide structural support for the wires 12. For example, the material of one or both of the protection layers 14 can have a Young's modulus of 1 GPa, 10 GPa, 30 GPa, 100 GPa, or 200 GPa.

[0041] The protection layers 14 can extend at least partially along the side-wall surfaces 125 of the wires 12 in the channels 13; therefore, these protection layers 14 can provide protection to these side-wall surfaces 12.sub.s. Thus, it can be important for the protection layers 14 to have a low oxygen diffusion coefficient and thus provide added oxidation protection for the wires 12. It can thus be beneficial if the oxygen diffusion coefficient of the protection layers 14 is 10.sup.20 m.sup.2/s, 10.sup.21 m.sup.2/s, 10.sup.22 m.sup.2/s, 10.sup.23 m.sup.2/s, or 10.sup.24 m.sup.2/s, all measured at 325 C.

[0042] Corrosion from condensed water is a common failure mechanism for WGPs. It can therefore be helpful for the protection layers 14 to be insoluble in water. Thus, for example, water solubility of the protection layers 14 can be 1 g/L, 0.1 g/L, 0.01 g/L, or 0.005 g/L, 0.001 g/L, all measured at 25 C.

[0043] It can be important for the protection layers 14 to have minimal adverse effect, or even improve, performance of the WGP. Optimal refractive index n and extinction coefficient k can vary depending on overall WGP design. Following are exemplary values of the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k for the protection layers 14 across the infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet spectrum of light: n1.1 or n1.3; n1.8, n2.0, n2.2, or n2.5; and k0.1, k0.06, or k0.03.

[0044] The protection layer 14 can have high electrical resistivity. For example, the protection layer 14 can have electrical resistivity of 10.sup.4 *cm, 10.sup.5 *cm, 10.sup.6 *cm, 10.sup.7 *cm, 10.sup.8 *cm, 10.sup.9 *cm, or 10.sup.10 *cm. Some materials can function well as the protection layer 14 without such a high electrical resistivity. For example, the protection layer 14 can have electrical resistivity of 0.0001 *cm or 0.0005 *cm and 1 *cm or 100 *cm. The electrical resistivity values specified herein are the electrical resistivity at 20 C.

[0045] Example materials for the protection layer(s) 14, which meet at least some of the above criteria, include zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, aluminum nitride, and aluminum oxide. For example, one protection layer 14 or both protection layers 14 can comprise 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, or 99% zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, aluminum nitride, or aluminum oxide. Due to imperfections in deposition of material, these materials can be deposited in nonstoichiometric ratios. Therefore, the term aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) used herein means approximately two aluminum atoms for every three oxygen atoms, such as for example Al.sub.xO.sub.y, where 1.9x2.1 and 2.95y3.1. The term aluminum nitride (AlN) used herein means approximately one aluminum atom for every one nitrogen atom, such as for example Al.sub.mN.sub.n, where 0.9m1.1 and 0.9n1.1. The term zinc oxide (ZnO) used herein means approximately one zinc atom for every one oxygen atom, such as for example Zn.sub.iO.sub.j, where 0.95i1.1 and 0.9j1.1.

[0046] Selection of a thickness Th.sub.14U of the top protection layer 14.sub.U and a thickness Th.sub.14L of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L can improve the ability of these protection layers 14 to provide the needed protection to the WGP with reduced detrimental effect to WGP performance, improved manufacturability, and reduced cost. These thicknesses Th.sub.14U and Th.sub.14L can vary depending on specific application.

[0047] In some applications, for WGP symmetry, the thickness Th.sub.14U of the top protection layer 14.sub.U can equal, or be very close to, the thickness of the Th.sub.14L bottom protection layer 14.sub.L. This design can be beneficial for interferometry and 3D projection displays as described more fully in U.S. Pat. No. 9,726,897. For example, |Th.sub.14LTh.sub.14U|1 nm, |Th.sub.14LTh.sub.14U|10 nm, or |Th.sub.14LTh.sub.14U|100 nm.

[0048] In other applications, particularly for applications requiring minimal or no projected image distortion, it can be beneficial for the thickness Th.sub.14U of the top protection layer 14.sub.U to be substantially different from the thickness of the Th.sub.14L bottom protection layer 14.sub.L. For example, Th.sub.14L/Th.sub.14U10, Th.sub.14L/Th.sub.14U100, Th.sub.14L/Th.sub.14U1000, or Th.sub.14L/Th.sub.14U2000; and Th.sub.14L/Th.sub.14U10,000 or Th.sub.14L/Th.sub.14U100,000.

[0049] Examples of the thickness Th.sub.14U of the top protection layer 14.sub.U include 10 nm, 100 nm, 1 m, 10 m, 100 m, 300 m, or 600 m; and 300 nm, 1 m, 1 mm, or 5 mm. Examples of the thickness Th.sub.14L of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L include 10 nm, 100 nm, 1 m, 10 m, 100 m, 300 m, or 600 m; and 300 nm, 1 m, 1 mm, or 5 mm.

[0050] Each wire 12 of the array can include a proximal end 12.sub.p closest to the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L and a distal end closest to the top protection layer 14.sub.U. The array of wires 12 can be parallel. The wires 12 can also be elongated. As used herein, the term elongated means that a length of the wires 12 is substantially greater than wire width W.sub.12 or wire thickness Th.sub.12 (see WGP 10 in FIG. 1). The wire length is the dimension extending into the page of the figures. For example, the wire length can be 10 times, 100 times, 1000 times, or 10,000 times larger than wire width W.sub.12, wire thickness Th.sub.12, or both.

Channels

[0051] The array of wires 12 can include alternating wires 12 and channels 13, with a channel 13 between each pair of adjacent wires 12. The protection layers 14 can span the channels 13 and either not extend into the channels 13 or extend only minimally into the channels 13. Thus, the channels 13 can be air-filled for improved WGP performance.

[0052] The size of the channels 13 can be increased for improved WGP performance. As illustrated on WGP 20 in FIG. 2, each channel 13 can extend beyond the proximal end 12.sub.p of the wires 12 into the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L for a depth D.sub.14L, beyond the distal end 12.sub.d of the wires 12 into the top protection layer 14.sub.U for a depth D.sub.14U, or both. Each of these extensions of the channels 13 into the protection layers 14, to increase the size of the channels, can improve WGP performance due to an increased volume of low-index air in the channels 13.

[0053] A value for each of these depths D.sub.14L and D.sub.14U, and a relationship between these depths D.sub.14L and D.sub.14U, can vary depending on the application. Following are some examples such values and relationships which have proven effective in certain designs: D.sub.14L1 nm, D.sub.14L5 nm, D.sub.14L10 nm, D.sub.14L30 nm; D.sub.14L50 nm, D.sub.14L100 nm, D.sub.14L200 nm, D.sub.14L500 nm; D.sub.14U1 nm, D.sub.14U5 nm, D.sub.14U10 nm, D.sub.14U30 nm; D.sub.14U50 nm, D.sub.14U100 nm, D.sub.14U200 nm, D.sub.14U500 nm; |D.sub.14LD.sub.14U|1 nm; and |D.sub.14LD.sub.14U|5 nm, |D.sub.14LD.sub.14U|10 nm, |D.sub.14LD.sub.14U|20 nm, |D.sub.14LD.sub.14U|30 nm, |D.sub.14LD.sub.14U|50 nm, or |D.sub.14LD.sub.14U|200 nm. These depths D.sub.14L and D.sub.14U are measured in a direction parallel to the thickness T.sub.12 of the wires 12. A method for increasing the size of the channels 13 is described below in the method of making section.

Lower Barrier-Layer

[0054] As illustrated on WGP 30 in FIG. 3, a lower barrier-layer 31 can be located between the distal end 12.sub.d of each wire 12 and the top protection layer 14.sub.U, a side-wall surface 12.sub.s of the wires 12 in the channels 13, a surface 14.sub.LI of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L in the channels 13, or combinations thereof. The lower barrier-layer 31 can be a conformal coating. The lower barrier-layer 31 can cover a large percent of the covered regions, such as for example 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, or 99%. The amount of coverage can depend on tool used for application and thickness T.sub.31 of the lower barrier-layer 31.

[0055] The lower barrier-layer 31 can be absent or not located between each wire 12 and the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, which can improve adhesion of the wires 12 to the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L and reduce chemical cost. Thus, the proximal end 12.sub.p of each wire 12 can adjoin the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L. Furthermore, the lower barrier-layer 31 can be absent or not located at an outermost surface 14.sub.UO of the top protection layer 14.sub.UI an outermost surface 14.sub.LO of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, or both. The lower barrier-layer 31 can be absent or not located at an innermost surface 14.sub.UI of the top protection layer 14.sub.U adjacent and facing the channels 13, which can improve adhesion of the upper barrier-layer 41 (described below) to the top protection layer 14.sub.U.

[0056] The lower barrier-layer 31 can include various chemicals to protect against oxidation, corrosion, or both. For example, the lower barrier-layer 31 can include aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, a rare earth oxide, or combinations thereof. The lower barrier-layer 31 can include other metal oxides or layers of different metal oxides.

[0057] In one embodiment, for both oxidation protection and corrosion protection, the lower barrier-layer 31 can comprise two layers of different materials, including an oxidation-barrier and a moisture-barrier. The oxidation-barrier can be located between the moisture-barrier and the wires. The oxidation-barrier can be distinct from the wires and can include aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbide, a rare earth oxide, or combinations thereof. The moisture-barrier can include hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, a rare earth oxide different from the rare earth oxide of the oxidation-barrier, or combinations thereof. Examples of rare earth oxides in the lower barrier-layer 31 include oxides of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium.

[0058] The lower barrier-layer 31 can be distinct from the wires 12, meaning (a) there can be a boundary line or layer between the wires 12 and the lower barrier-layer 31; or (b) there can be some difference of material of the lower barrier-layer 31 relative to a material of the wires 12. For example, a native aluminum oxide can form at a surface of aluminum wires 12. A layer of aluminum oxide (oxidation-barrier) can then be applied to the wires. This added layer of aluminum oxide can be important, because a thickness and/or density of the native aluminum oxide can be insufficient for protecting a core of the wires 12 (e.g. substantially pure aluminum) from oxidizing. In this example, although the oxidation-barrier (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) has the same material composition as a surface (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) of the wires 12, the oxidation-barrier can still be distinct due to a boundary layer between the oxidation-barrier and the wires 12, a difference in material properties, such as an increased density of the oxidation-barrier relative to the native aluminum oxide, or both.

Upper Barrier-Layer

[0059] As illustrated on WGP 40 in FIG. 4, an upper barrier-layer 41 can be located at an outermost surface 14.sub.UO of the top protection layer 14.sub.U, at an outermost surface 14.sub.LO of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, at some or all surfaces of the channels 13, or combinations thereof. Such surfaces of the channels 13 can include an innermost surface 14.sub.UI of the top protection layer 14.sub.U adjacent and facing the channels 13, a surface 14.sub.LI of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L in the channels 13, and a side-wall surface 12.sub.s of the wires in the channels 13. Having the upper barrier-layer 41 in these locations can allow it to protect many or all exposed surfaces of the protection layer(s) 14. For improved adhesion of the wires 12 to the protection layer(s) 14, the upper barrier-layer 41 can be absent or not located between the proximal end 12.sub.p of each wire 12 and the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, between the distal end 12.sub.d of each wire 12 and the top protection layer 14.sub.U, or both.

[0060] The upper barrier-layer 41 can be a conformal coating. The upper barrier-layer 41 can cover a large percent of the covered regions, such as for example 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of covered regions (14.sub.UO, 14.sub.LO, surfaces of the channels 13, or combinations thereof). The amount of coverage can depend on conditions of WGP use and on whether complete coverage is required.

[0061] The upper barrier-layer 41 can include various chemicals to protect against oxidation, corrosion, or both. Many desirable chemicals for the upper barrier-layer 41 can be destroyed by heat during deposition of the top protection layer 14.sub.U; therefore, it may be desirable to first apply the top protection layer 14.sub.U, then apply the upper barrier-layer 41. It can be important for providing structural support to the wires 12 for the top protection layer 14.sub.U to be a continuous layer. The top protection layer 14.sub.U can be applied in a continuous layer, with the top protection layer 14.sub.U on each wire 12 touching the top protection layer 14.sub.U on adjacent wires, but with a permeable junction 42 between the top protection layer 14.sub.U on adjacent wires 12. This permeable junction 42 can have small spaces to allow chemistry of the upper barrier-layer 41 to enter and coat the surfaces of the channels 13; but these permeable junctions 42 can be small enough to not adversely affect structural support for the wires 12. The top protection layer 14.sub.U can be applied with these characteristics by the procedures described below in the method of making section.

[0062] The upper barrier-layer 41 can include an amino phosphonate, a hydrophobic chemical, a metal oxide such as those described above for the lower barrier-layer 31, or combinations thereof. The amino phosphonate can be nitrilotri(methylphosphonic acid) with chemical formula N[CH.sub.2PO(OH).sub.2].sub.3, also known as ATMP. Combining both ATMP and the hydrophobic chemical can improve protection of the WGP initially and long-term. The hydrophobic chemical can provide superior resistance to water initially, but can also break down more quickly under high temperatures during use of the WGP. The ATMP can be more resistant to heat and thus provide protection for a longer time than the hydrophobic chemical. The ATMP can be a lower layer, sandwiched between the hydrophobic chemical and the wires 12.

[0063] The mass fraction of ATMP/hydrophobic chemical can vary depending on the cost of each and whether initial WGP protection or long-term WGP protection is more critical. For example, this mass fraction can be 10, 5, or 2 and 1, 0.5, or 0.1.

[0064] Examples of the hydrophobic chemical include a silane chemical, a phosphonate chemical, or both. For example, the silane chemical can have chemical formula (1), chemical formula (2), or combinations thereof, and the phosphonate chemical can have chemical formula (3):

##STR00001##

where r can be a positive integer, each R.sup.1 independently can be a hydrophobic group, each X and Z can be a bond to the wires 12, and each R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 can be independently any chemical element or group.

[0065] Examples of R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 include a reactive-group, R.sup.1, R.sup.6, or a bond to the wires X or Z. Examples of the reactive-group include Cl, OR.sup.7, OCOR.sup.7, N(R.sup.7).sub.2, or OH. Each R.sup.7 can independently be CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, any other alkyl group, an aryl group, or combinations thereof.

[0066] Examples of R.sup.1 include a carbon chain, a carbon chain with at least one halogen, a carbon chain with a perfluorinated group, or combinations thereof. Examples of a length of the carbon chain or of the perfluorinated group of the carbon chain include 3 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms, 7 carbon atoms, or 9 carbon atoms and 11 carbon atoms, 15 carbon atoms, 20 carbon atoms, 30 carbon atoms, or 40 carbon atoms. A carbon atom of the carbon chain can bond directly to the Si atom or to the P atom. R.sup.1 can comprise or consist of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.n(CH.sub.2).sub.m, where n1, n2, n3, n5, or n7 and n8, n9, n10, n15, or n20; and m1, m2, or m3 and m3, m4, m5, or m10.

[0067] The lower barrier-layer 31 can be an outermost layer of solid material as shown in FIG. 3, and can be exposed to air. Alternatively, the upper barrier-layer 41 can be an outermost layer of solid material and can be exposed to air as shown in FIGS. 4-7. As illustrated in FIGS. 5-6, the lower barrier-layer 31 can be combined with the upper barrier-layer 41. This combination can provide superior protection against oxidation and corrosion, but also adds cost to the WGP.

[0068] The lower barrier-layer 31, the upper barrier-layer 41, or both can be a conformal-coating. Use of a conformal-coating can result in a smaller chemical thickness T.sub.31 or T.sub.41, thus saving cost and reducing any detrimental effect of the chemical on WGP performance.

Barrier-Layer Thickness

[0069] It can be important to have sufficiently large thickness T.sub.31 of the lower barrier-layer 31, sufficient thickness T.sub.41 of the upper barrier-layer 41, or both, in order to provide sufficient protection to the wires 12. Examples of minimum thicknesses T.sub.31 or T.sub.41 include 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 5 nm, or 10 nm. It can be important to have a small thickness T.sub.31 of the lower barrier-layer 31, a small thickness T.sub.41 of the upper barrier-layer 41, or both, in order to avoid or minimize degradation of WGP performance caused by this chemistry. Examples of maximum thicknesses T.sub.31 or T.sub.41 include 12 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, or 50 nm. These thickness values can be a minimum thickness or a maximum thickness at any location of the conformal-coating or can be an average thickness, as specified in the claims.

Absorptive

[0070] As illustrated on WGP 60 in FIG. 6, each of the wires 12 can include a reflective layer 62 sandwiched between absorptive layers 63. Because the absorptive layers 63 readily increase in temperature as they absorb light, it can be particularly useful to sandwich the wires 12 of dual absorptive WGPs between a pair of protection layers 14. For improved heat transfer, each absorptive layer 63 can adjoin a protection layer 14.

[0071] The protection layers 14 can be heat sinks for heat absorbed by the absorptive layers 63. Increased volume of the protection layers 14 can be beneficial to allow sufficient volume for absorption of this heat. Thus, for example, a volume of each of the protection layers 14 can be 2 times, 3 times, 5 times, 8 times, 12 times, or 18 times a volume of each absorptive layer 63.

Substrate, Single Barrier-Layer, No Barrier-Layer

[0072] As further illustrated on WGP 60 in FIG. 6, a substrate 61 can be adjacent to or can adjoin the outermost surface 14.sub.LO of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L.

[0073] The substrate 61 can be made of an optically transparent material for the wavelength range of use, such as for example ultraviolet, visible, infrared, or combinations thereof. The substrate 61 can have a thickness Th.sub.61 and material for providing structural support for the wires 12 and the protection layers 14. For example, the thickness th.sub.61 can be 0.1 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, or 0.65 mm. The added substrate 61 might not be needed if the protection layers 14 provide sufficient structural support for the wires 12. Performance can be improved and cost reduced by such a design.

[0074] As shown on in FIG. 7, WGP 70 can include an array of wires 12 on a single protection layer 14. An upper barrier-layer 41, including a hydrophobic chemical, ATMP, or both, as described above, can be a conformal coating on the wires 12 and an exposed surface of the substrate 61. WGP 70 can also include the lower barrier-layer 31 between the upper barrier-layer 41 and the wires.

[0075] As shown on in FIG. 8, WGP 80 can include an array of wires 12 sandwiched between a substrate 61 and a single protection layer 14. WGP 80 can be a lower cost WGP.

Optical System

[0076] Optical system 90, illustrated in FIG. 9, comprises at least one WGP 94 according to a design described herein and a spatial light modulator 92. If two WGPs 94 are used, the spatial light modulator 92 can be located between them.

[0077] If the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L is thicker than the top protection layer 14.sub.U, the top protection layer 14.sub.U can face the spatial light modulator 92 and can be located closer to the spatial light modulator 92 than the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L. Having the thicker protection layer 14 facing away from the spatial light modulator 92 can minimize distortion of the light.

[0078] Light from a light source 93 can be polarized at the WGP. The spatial light modulator 92 can be located to receive a transmitted or reflected light beam from the WGP 94. The spatial light modulator 92 can have a plurality of pixels, each pixel capable of receiving a signal. The signal can be an electronic signal. Depending on whether or not each pixel receives the signal, or the strength of the signal, the pixel can rotate a polarization of, or transmit or reflect without causing a change in polarization of, a part of the beam of light. The spatial light modulator 92 can include liquid crystal and can be transmissive, reflective, or transflective.

[0079] Light from the spatial light modulator 92 can be polarized at a second WGP 94, if two WGPs are used. The light can then enter device 91, which can be a projection system or color-combining optics, such as for example an X-Cube.

Method

[0080] A method of manufacturing a WGP can comprise some or all of the following steps, which can be performed in the following order or other order if so specified. Some of the steps can be performed simultaneously unless explicitly noted otherwise in the claims. There may be additional steps not described below. These additional steps may be before, between, or after those described. Components of the WGP, and the WGP itself, can have properties as described above.

[0081] A step, illustrated in FIG. 10, includes applying film(s) 102 on top of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L. For example, the film(s) 102 can be sputtered onto the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L. The film(s) 102 can include reflective layer(s), transparent layer(s), absorptive layer(s), or combinations thereof.

[0082] A step, illustrated in FIG. 11, includes etching the film(s) 102 to form an array of wires 12 and channels 13 between adjacent wires 12. A step, illustrated in FIG. 12, includes etching beyond the proximal end 12.sub.p of the wires 12 into the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L for a depth D.sub.14L, thus increasing the size of the channels 13.

[0083] A step, illustrated in FIG. 13, includes applying a lower barrier-layer 31.

[0084] The lower barrier-layer 31 can be applied to an exposed surface of the wires 12 and a surface 14.sub.LI of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L in the channels 13. The lower barrier-layer 31 can thus be applied to a distal end 12.sub.d of the wires 12 farthest from the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, a side-wall surface 12.sub.s of the wires 12 in the channels 13, and a surface 14.sub.LI of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L in the channels 13. The lower barrier-layer 31 can be applied by in a conformal layer, such as by atomic layer deposition. The lower barrier-layer 31 can thus be a conformal coating, providing a thin layer of protection while retaining the channels 13 air-filled.

[0085] A step, illustrated in FIG. 14, includes applying a top protection layer 14.sub.U. The top protection layer 14.sub.U can be applied, such as for example as described below, to span the channels and to keep the channels 13 air filled. The term air filled herein means that an air-filled channel remains, but such channel may be reduced in size by the top protection layer 14.sub.U extending into the channels 13, such as for example partially along sides 12.sub.s of the wires 12.

[0086] Further, by the method described below, the top protection layer 14.sub.U on adjacent wires 12 can touch but retain a permeable junction 42 between the top protection layer 14.sub.U on adjacent wires 12. Also, by the method described below, each channel 13 can extend beyond the distal end 12.sub.d of the wires 12 into the top protection layer 14.sub.U for a depth D.sub.14U, thus increasing the size of the channels 13 and improving performance.

[0087] The top protection layer 14.sub.U can be applied by sputter deposition. Following are example deposition conditions in order to achieve the properties described above. A pressure of the chamber can be 1-5 mTorr. Deposition temperature can be about 50 C. A mixture of O.sub.2 gas and Ar gas, with a ratio of about 1:1, can blow through the chamber. Deposition can be performed with a bias voltage of about 1000 volts and power of 4000 watts. The wires can have a pitch P of about 100-140 nm, wire width W.sub.12 of about 30-40 nm, wire thickness T.sub.12 of about 250-300 nm. Deposition conditions can be adjusted to shape the top protection layer 14.sub.U. For example, bias voltage, gas flow rate, gas ratio, and chamber pressure can be adjusted to change the rate of deposition of the top protection layer 14.sub.U, and thus change its shape. The aforementioned conditions can vary depending on the sputter tool used, the type of target material, the type of sputter deposition, and desired shape of the top protection layer 14.sub.U.

[0088] A step, illustrated in FIG. 15, includes applying an upper barrier-layer 41. The upper barrier-layer 41 can be applied by various methods, including chemical vapor deposition. The upper barrier-layer 41 can be located at an outermost surface 14.sub.UO of the top protection layer 14.sub.U, at an outermost surface 14.sub.LO of the bottom protection layer 14.sub.L, at some or all surfaces of the channels 13, or combinations thereof. Locations where coverage is not desired can be blocked during deposition.

[0089] The upper barrier-layer 41 can enter and coat the channels 13 by entering through the permeable junctions 42 in the top protection layer 14.sub.U between adjacent wires 12. Deposition conditions can be adjusted to allow or improve entrance of the upper barrier-layer 41 through the permeable junctions 42 into the channels 13. For example, the chemistry of the upper barrier-layer 41, in liquid phase, can be poured into a flask. This liquid can be pumped or drawn into a container attached to an oven containing the WGP. The oven can have a pressure and temperature for the chemistry to flash to vapor. For example, the oven can have a temperature of 100 C. and 200 C. and a pressure of 1 Torr and 3 Torr.

[0090] Chemistry used to apply the top protection layer 41 can include Si(R.sup.1).sub.i(R.sup.3).sub.j. i can be 1 or 2. j can be 1, 2, or 3. i+j can equal 4. R.sup.3 and R.sup.1 are described above. The Si(R.sup.1).sub.i(R.sup.2).sub.j can be in a gaseous phase in the oven, then vapor deposited onto the WGP.