Method and apparatus for producing sodium borohydride
10472246 ยท 2019-11-12
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
C01B3/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
B01J8/10
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
C01B6/21
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C01B3/001
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
B01J8/0015
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
Y02E60/32
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
International classification
C01B6/21
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
B01J8/10
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
C01B3/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
A method and an apparatus for producing sodium borohydride that have excellent energy efficiency and production efficiency are provided. Using a production apparatus 20 comprising: a cylindrical reaction container 21; a cylindrical reaction portion 22 which is rotatably held in this reaction container 21 and in which sodium metaborate that is a raw material 1 and granular aluminum are housed together with a grinding medium 2; and a hydrogen introduction portion 23 for introducing hydrogen gas into the reaction portion 22 directly or via the reaction container 21, the sodium metaborate and the granular aluminum are reacted under a hydrogen atmosphere, while being rolled and ground with the grinding medium, to obtain sodium borohydride.
Claims
1. A method for producing sodium borohydride from sodium metaborate, comprising a step of: reacting anhydrous sodium metaborate (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2) and granular aluminum consisting essentially of aluminum under a hydrogen atmosphere, while rolling and grinding the anhydrous sodium metaborate (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2) and the granular aluminum using a grinding medium, to obtain sodium borohydride, wherein the mixture comprising the anhydrous sodium metaborate (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2) and the granular aluminum.
2. The method for producing sodium borohydride according to claim 1, using an apparatus comprising: a cylindrical reaction container; a cylindrical reaction portion which is rotatably held in the reaction container and in which the anhydrous sodium metaborate (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2) that is a raw material and the granular aluminum are housed together with the grinding medium, and a hydrogen introduction portion for introducing hydrogen gas into the reaction portion directly or via the reaction container, wherein a hydrogenation reaction of the anhydrous sodium metaborate (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2) is performed under a hydrogen atmosphere while the reaction portion is rotated to roll and grind the granular aluminum with the grinding medium.
3. The method for producing sodium borohydride according to claim 2, wherein a hole or a slit through which the hydrogen gas can pass is formed in the reaction portion, and the hydrogen gas introduced into the reaction container from the hydrogen introduction portion passes through the hole or the slit and is introduced into the reaction portion.
4. The method for producing sodium borohydride according to claim 2, wherein the apparatus comprises: a raw material supply portion for supplying a raw material to the reaction portion; and a product recovery portion for recovering sodium borohydride and aluminum oxide produced in the reaction portion, wherein the sodium borohydride is continuously produced.
5. The method for producing sodium borohydride according to claim 4, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a dryer for drying a hydrate of sodium metaborate to obtain the anhydrous sodium metaborate (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2), wherein the anhydrous sodium metaborate (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2) obtained by drying with the dryer is continuously supplied from the raw material supply portion into the reaction portion.
6. The method for producing sodium borohydride according to claim 3, wherein the apparatus comprises: a raw material supply portion for supplying a raw material to the reaction portion; and a product recovery portion for recovering sodium borohydride and aluminum oxide produced in the reaction portion, wherein the sodium borohydride is continuously produced.
7. The method for producing sodium borohydride according to claim 6, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a dryer for drying a hydrate of sodium metaborate to obtain the anhydrous sodium metaborate (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2), wherein the anhydrous sodium metaborate (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2) obtained by drying with the dryer is continuously supplied from the raw material supply portion into the reaction portion.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
(5) Modes for carrying out the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below.
(6) (First Embodiment)
(7) First, a method for producing sodium borohydride (NaBH4) according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described.
(8) In order to realize a recyclable hydrogen carrier, the present inventor has experimented and studied diligently for methods for efficiently producing sodium borohydride from sodium metaborate that remains after hydrogen is removed, and obtained the finding shown below. The production efficiency of sodium borohydride depends largely on the selection of an element having reducing action. The greatest advantage of magnesium used in the conventional methods described above is that oxygen is easily bonded to magnesium, and magnesium has strong reducing action. On the other hand, a reaction using magnesium has various problems as described above.
(9) Therefore, the present inventor has paid attention to aluminum that has strong bonding force to oxygen like magnesium and has the same level of electronegativity. When aluminum is used, sodium borohydride can be produced by the reaction represented by the following chemical formula 7. Aluminum is more inexpensive than alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, and therefore not only the improvement of energy efficiency and production efficiency, but it is also possible to reduce cost when sodium borohydride is produced from sodium metaborate.
4Al+6H.sub.2+3NaBO.sub.2=3NaBH.sub.4+2Al.sub.2O.sub.3+329 kJ[Chem. 7]
(10) When sodium borohydride is produced by the reaction represented by the above chemical formula 7, for example, it is recommended that hydrogen (H.sub.2) gas is supplied to a reaction container, and a mixture of sodium metaborate (NaBO.sub.2) that is a raw material and aluminum (Al) is heated under a hydrogen atmosphere. However, in the above-described Non Patent Literature 1, it is described that the reaction represented by the above chemical formula 7 is thermodynamically possible, but actually, even if sodium metaborate, aluminum, and hydrogen are reacted, sodium borohydride cannot be produced.
(11) In this reaction, the fact that an oxide layer is formed in the reaction process so as to cover the aluminum surface is considered as a factor that inhibits the production of sodium borohydride.
(12) For example, when a reaction is performed using an aluminum powder having a particle diameter of 50 m, and the conversion rate from sodium metaborate to sodium borohydride is 60%, the unreacted aluminum 4 is 40% by volume, the aluminum oxide layer 3 is 60% by volume, and the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer 3 is about 7 m.
(13) Therefore, the present inventor has studied methods for suppressing a decrease in production efficiency due to an oxide layer, found a method of performing reaction while rolling and grinding granular aluminum using a grinding medium, and arrived at the present invention.
(14) In other words, in the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment, the step of reacting sodium metaborate and granular aluminum under a hydrogen atmosphere, while rolling and grinding the sodium metaborate and the granular aluminum using a grinding medium, to obtain sodium borohydride (reaction step S2) is performed. In addition, in the production method in this embodiment, the step of drying a hydrate of sodium metaborate to obtain anhydrous sodium metaborate (drying step S1) may be performed, as needed, before the reaction step S2.
(15) <Drying Step S1>
(16) Sodium metaborate, particularly sodium metaborate produced in the hydrolysis reaction of sodium borohydride, generally takes the form of a hydrate and is often present in the form of a tetrahydrate (NaBO.sub.2.Math.4H.sub.2O) among hydrates. Even when a hydrate of sodium metaborate is used for the raw material, the reaction of the above chemical formula 7 can be allowed to proceed by performing heating or the like. But, in this case, a dehydration reaction occurs before the hydrogenation reaction, and therefore the reaction time and the energy required for the reaction increase. Therefore, from the viewpoint of production efficiency, the sodium metaborate used for the reaction is preferably an anhydride (anhydrous NaBO.sub.2).
(17) Therefore, in the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment, when a hydrate of sodium metaborate is used for the raw material, the drying step S1 is performed before the reaction step S2, and the obtained anhydrous sodium metaborate is used for the reaction, as shown in
(18) The conditions of heating temperature, heating time, and the like in the drying step S1 are not particularly limited and can be appropriately set in ranges in which a hydrate of sodium metaborate dehydrates, and anhydrous sodium metaborate is obtained.
(19) <Reaction Step S2>
(20) The reaction represented by the above chemical formula 7 is composed of the reactions of the following chemical formulas 8A and 8B, and when the reaction is not inhibited by an aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) layer, the reaction proceeds at normal temperature. Specifically, first, a plus ion on an aluminum (Al) surface and hydrogen (H.sub.2) come into contact with each other to produce protide (H.sup.). In addition, the bond energy between aluminum (Al) and oxygen (O) is higher than the dissociation energy of the BO bond of sodium metaborate (NaBO.sub.2), and therefore the oxygen (O) of sodium metaborate (NaBO.sub.2) is extracted by aluminum (Al) as shown in the following chemical formula 8A, and protide (H.sup.) is bonded in place of it as shown in the following chemical formula 8B. Thus, aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) and sodium borohydride (NaBH.sub.4) can be produced in an environment of normal temperature and normal pressure.
NaBO.sub.2+4/3Al.fwdarw.NaB.sup.4++2/3Al.sub.2O.sub.3(A)[Chem. 8]
NaB.sup.4++4H.sup..fwdarw.NaBH.sub.4(B)
(21) The reactions represented by the above chemical formula 7 and chemical formula 8 is each an exothermic reaction of 329 kJ/mol, and therefore the reactions proceed even if heat is not externally applied. In addition, the thermodynamic Gibbs free energy value in this reaction is 258 kJ/mol and is a minus value, and therefore it can be expected that the reaction is allowed to proceed under normal temperature and normal pressure.
(22) However, aluminum is usually covered with a thin natural oxide film of about 5 nm, and the reduction reaction of chemical formula 8A does not proceed at normal temperature. Therefore, conventionally, the reaction is allowed to proceed under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure. In this case, in the reaction process, an oxide layer forms on the surface of aluminum, and the film becomes thicker, and therefore this hinders the progress of the reaction. As a result, the unreacted aluminum 4 remains inside the aluminum powder 5 as shown in
(23) Therefore, in the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment, the reaction is performed while aluminum grains are crushed and rolled and ground with a grinding medium. The rolling and grinding with a grinding medium is continuously performed during the reaction. Thus, the internal aluminum ground metal covered with an oxide layer is sequentially pushed out and exposed in a hydrogen atmosphere, and the conversion reaction represented by the above chemical formula 8 proceeds in the aluminum ground metal portion. This reaction proceeds even at normal temperature, and continues until all sodium metaborate (NaBO.sub.2) is converted.
(24) In the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment, the reaction is performed in a hydrogen atmosphere, and therefore the aluminum oxide layer does not grow by a factor other than the reaction with sodium metaborate. Therefore, when this method is used, the thickness of the oxide layer formed on the aluminum surface is relatively thin, and the aluminum bare metal can be exposed with low energy.
(25) [Sodium Metaborate (NaBO.sub.2)]
(26) For the sodium metaborate that is a raw material, for example, sodium metaborate produced in the hydrolysis reaction of sodium borohydride can be used. From the viewpoint of production efficiency, the sodium metaborate used in the reaction step S2 is preferably an anhydride. Therefore, when the sodium metaborate that is a raw material is a hydrate, the above-described drying step S1 is preferably performed to provide anhydrous sodium metaborate.
(27) [Aluminum (Al)]
(28) In the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment, granular aluminum is used. The aluminum here also includes, in addition to pure aluminum, aluminum alloys comprising various additive elements in a range that does not inhibit the above-described reaction. The amount of aluminum deposits and the amount of aluminum produced are larger than the amount of magnesium deposits and the amount of magnesium produced, and aluminum is easily available and also has a low price. Further, in the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment, an aluminum waste material can also be used alone or mixed with new aluminum and used, which leads not only to a reduction in production cost but also to the effective utilization of resources.
(29) The shape of the aluminum should be granular, and its size is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of handling properties and production cost, one having a particle diameter of 2 to 5 mm is preferably used.
(30) [Grinding Medium]
(31) For the grinding medium used in the reaction step S2, for example, steel spheres can be used, but the material of the grinding medium is not limited to steel materials and should be one that can roll and crush aluminum and aluminum oxide and does not inhibit the hydrogenation reaction of sodium metaborate. In addition, the shape of the grinding medium is also not limited to a spherical shape, and a grinding medium can be appropriately selected from those used in various grinders (mills) such as balls, rods, and rolls, and used. Further, the size of the grinding medium is also not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of production efficiency improvement, one having a diameter larger than the particle diameter of aluminum is preferably used.
(32) As described in detail above, in the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment, the raw material is reacted while being rolled and ground using the grinding medium, and therefore the bare metal portion can be exposed from the aluminum oxide layer formed on the aluminum surface. Thus, it is possible to suppress reaction inhibition due to oxide layer formation and promote the hydrogenation reaction of sodium metaborate. In addition, the reaction system in the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment is an exothermic reaction and proceeds at normal temperature, and therefore the reaction can be allowed to proceed even without heating at high temperature.
(33) As a result, in the production method in this embodiment, sodium borohydride can be produced from sodium metaborate with a high yield under the condition of a temperature lower than a conventional one. In other words, the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment has better energy efficiency and production efficiency than a conventional production method. By utilizing the method for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment, a recycle system in which sodium metaborate produced in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride is recovered and returned to the original sodium borohydride can be realized.
(34) The production of sodium borohydride corresponds to a hydrogen storage step from the viewpoint of the supply of hydrogen, and the obtained sodium borohydride can efficiently store hydrogen and is an excellent hydrogen carrier. In the production method in this embodiment, this sodium borohydride can be produced in a one-stage reaction step, and therefore the energy introduced in the step can be reduced, and the introduced energy can be efficiently used. In addition, aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2O.sub.3) that is a by-product can be utilized as a raw material for various aluminum materials, in addition to aluminum refining.
(35) (Second Embodiment)
(36) Next, an apparatus for producing sodium borohydride according to the second embodiment of the present invention will be described.
(37) [Reaction Container 21]
(38) The reaction container 21 is a cylindrical heat-resistant and pressure-resistant container, and its inside is sealable. The material of the reaction container 21 is not particularly limited, and, for example, the reaction container 21 can be formed of a steel material.
(39) [Reaction Portion 22]
(40) The reaction portion 22 is a bottomed cylindrical body having a smaller diameter than the reaction container and is formed of a metal material that does not influence the hydrogenation reaction of sodium metaborate, like a steel material or the like, and rotatably held in the reaction container. A hole or a slit through which hydrogen gas can pass is preferably provided in the reaction portion 22. As this reaction portion 22, for example, a metal rotary drum can be used. In addition, sodium metaborate that is a raw material and granular aluminum are housed in the reaction portion 22 together with a grinding medium.
(41) [Hydrogen Introduction Portion 23]
(42) The hydrogen introduction portion 23 introduces hydrogen (H.sub.2) gas into the reaction container 21 or the reaction portion 22 and is connected to a hydrogen gas storage tank or the like via piping or the like.
(43) [Other Configurations]
(44) In addition to the above-described components, a raw material supply portion and a product recovery portion 26 may be provided in the apparatus for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment. The raw material supply portion can be composed of, for example, a hopper 24 and a pipe conveyor 25. By continuously supplying sodium metaborate that is a raw material and granular aluminum or a mixture of these from the hopper 24 to the reaction portion 22 via the pipe conveyor 25 and continuously recovering from the product recovery portion 26 sodium borohydride and aluminum oxide produced in the reaction portion 22, sodium borohydride can be continuously produced.
(45) Further, the apparatus for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment may comprise a dryer (not shown) for drying a hydrate of sodium metaborate to obtain anhydrous sodium metaborate. In addition, by using as the dryer a continuous one and coupling this to the above-described raw material supply portion, anhydrous sodium metaborate obtained by drying with the dryer can be continuously supplied into the reaction portion 22.
(46) [Operation]
(47) Next, a method for producing sodium borohydride using the apparatus 20 for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment will be described. In the production apparatus 20 in this embodiment, sodium metaborate that is a raw material and granular aluminum are housed in the reaction portion 22 together with a grinding medium. Then, from the hydrogen introduction portion 23, hydrogen gas is introduced into the reaction portion 22 directly or via the reaction container 21. At this time, for example, when a hole or a slit through which hydrogen gas can pass is provided in the reaction portion 22, hydrogen gas is introduced into the reaction container 21 from the hydrogen introduction portion 23, and the hydrogen gas is introduced into the reaction portion 22 from the hole or the slit. In addition, under the reaction condition of low pressure, hydrogen gas may be directly introduced into the reaction portion 22.
(48) After a hydrogen atmosphere is provided in the reaction portion 22, the hydrogenation reaction of sodium metaborate is performed while the reaction portion 22 is rotated to roll and grind granular aluminum in a raw material 1 with a grinding medium 2. Then, sodium borohydride and aluminum oxide produced in the reaction portion 22 are recovered with the rotation stopped after the reaction for a predetermined time, or appropriately recovered while the reaction portion 22 is rotated.
(49) The apparatus for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment has a dual structure in which the reaction portion is rotatably supported in the reaction container, and the reaction is performed while the reaction portion is rotated. Therefore, the aluminum in the raw material is rolled and ground with the grinding medium, and the bare metal portion on which an oxide layer is not formed can be exposed. In addition, the production apparatus in this embodiment also has the effect of continuously making the raw material finer to increase the surface area. As a result, by using the production apparatus in this embodiment, it is possible to suppress reaction inhibition due to oxide layer formation and promote the hydrogenation reaction of sodium metaborate.
(50) The configurations and effects of the apparatus for producing sodium borohydride in this embodiment other than the above are similar to those of the above-described first embodiment. In addition, the production apparatus in this embodiment can be used not only for the production of sodium borohydride using aluminum but also for the production of sodium borohydride using magnesium, and also in this case, similarly, the reaction-inhibiting factor due to the oxide layer formed on the surface can be avoided.
EXAMPLES
(51) The effects of the present invention will be specifically described below by giving an Example and Comparative Examples.
Comparative Examples 1 to 6
(52) First, as the Comparative Examples of the present invention, a reaction was performed without rolling and grinding to produce sodium borohydride from sodium metaborate.
(53) Next, as shown in
(54) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Reaction Amount charged (g) time Conversion NaBO.sub.2 AL (hours) rate (%) Comparative 1.34 0.77 10 70.7 Example 1 Comparative 1.33 0.76 10 68.6 Example 2 Comparative 0.75 0.43 10 65.4 Example 3 Comparative 1.68 0.96 10 54.3 Example 4 Comparative 1.46 0.84 10 49.6 Example 5 Comparative 1.34 0.40 10 36.5 Example 6
<Calculation of Conversion Rate>
(55) The conversion rate from sodium metaborate to sodium borohydride in each of the production methods in Comparative Examples 1 to 6 shown in the above Table 1 was calculated by the method shown below. First, the sodium borohydride included in the reaction products was hydrolyzed, and the thus produced hydrogen was determined. The amount of hydrogen was calculated from the amount of water (H.sub.2O) produced by reacting the hydrogen generated by the hydrolysis with copper oxide (CuO) as shown in the following chemical formula 9. Then, based on the amount of hydrogen in the case of 100% conversion (hydrogen yield 100%), the amount of hydrogen (hydrogen yield) in each of the reaction products obtained in the Example and the Comparative Examples was obtained, and the value was taken as the conversion rate.
CuO+H.sub.2.fwdarw.Cu+H.sub.2O[Chem. 9]
(56) As shown in the above Table 1, in Comparative Examples 1 to 5, the conversion rate (H.sub.2 yield) was 49.6 to 70.7% and was about 60% on average. In addition, in Comparative Example 6, the amount of the aluminum powder charged was about 1/2, and except for this, sodium borohydride was produced under similar conditions. In this case, the yield of hydrogen (conversion rate to sodium borohydride) also decreased to 1/2. From this result, it was confirmed that the conversion rate was proportional to the amount of aluminum contributing to the reaction. From the above, it is considered that in Comparative Examples 1 to 6, an aluminum oxide layer was formed on the surface of the aluminum powder, and unreacted aluminum remained in the central portion, and therefore the conversion rate decreased.
Example 1
(57) Next, as Example 1 of the present invention, sodium borohydride was produced using the production apparatus 20 shown in
(58) Then, hydrogen gas was introduced into the reaction container 21 from the hydrogen introduction portion 23, and the hydrogen pressure was set at 0.5 to 1 MPa, and the temperature was set at 300 C. While the reaction portion 22 was rotated to roll and grind the aluminum grains with the steel spheres, a reaction was allowed to proceed. Then, after about 1 hour from the start, the reaction was completed, and the reaction products (including the unreacted raw material) were removed. Then, using the obtained reaction products, the conversion rate was calculated by a method similar to that in the Comparative Examples described above. As a result, in the production method in Example 1, substantially the total amount of aluminum contributed to the reaction, and a conversion rate of about 95% or more was obtained in a reaction time shorter than that in the Comparative Examples.
(59) From the above results, it was confirmed that by utilizing the method and the apparatus for producing sodium borohydride according to the present invention, sodium borohydride was efficiently produced under the conditions of a temperature and a pressure lower than conventional ones from sodium metaborate produced by the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
(60) 1 raw material
(61) 2 grinding medium
(62) 3 aluminum oxide layer
(63) 4 unreacted aluminum
(64) 5 aluminum powder
(65) 20 production apparatus
(66) 21 reaction container
(67) 22 reaction portion
(68) 23 hydrogen introduction portion
(69) 24 hopper
(70) 25 pipe conveyor
(71) 26 product recovery portion
(72) S1 drying step
(73) S2, S12 reaction step
(74) S11 mixing step