ZERO WEIGHT AIRBORNE ANTENNA WITH NEAR PERFECT RADIATION EFFICIENCY UTILIZING CONDUCTIVE AIRFRAME ELEMENTS AND METHOD

Abstract

An aircraft includes a fuselage assembly including a first elongated structural member formed of electrically conductive material, at least one wing assembly including a second structural member formed of electrically conductive material, at least one horizontal stabilizer assembly including a third structural member formed of electrically conductive material, and at least one vertical stabilizer assembly including a fourth structural member formed of electrically conductive material. The wing assembly, the horizontal stabilizer, and the vertical stabilizer are each interconnected with the fuselage assembly in a flight configuration normal to the fuselage. The first, second, third and fourth structural members are electrically insulated from one another. An electronic communication device within the aircraft is configurable for selective electrical interconnection of two or more of said structural members to form a dipole or monopole type transmitting/receiving antenna.

Claims

1. An aircraft comprising: a fuselage assembly including a first elongated structural member formed of electrically conductive material; at least one airfoil assembly consisting of an opposed pair of symmetrical sections including an opposed pair of second structural members formed of electrically conductive material; at least a one second airfoil assembly including a third elongated structural member formed of electrically conductive material; each said airfoil assembly interconnected directly or indirectly with said fuselage assembly in a flight configuration wherein said first and second structural members are electrically insulated from one another, said second airfoil assembly interconnected directly or indirectly with said fuselage assembly in a flight configuration wherein said first and third structural members are electrically insulated from one another; and an electronic communication device disposed within said aircraft and configurable for selective electrical interconnection of said opposed pair of second structural members to form a transmitting/receiving dipole antenna, and/or an electronic communication device disposed within said aircraft and configurable for selective electrical interconnection of either said first and second structural members or said first and third structural members to form a transmitting/receiving monopole antenna.

2. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein said aircraft comprises a UAV.

3. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein said airfoil comprises a concentric opposed pair of front wings including an aligned pair of said second structural members.

4. The file aircraft of claim 3, wherein said electronic communication device is operable for selective electrical interconnection of said pair of second structural members to form a wing dipole antenna.

5. The aircraft of claim 3, wherein said electronic communication device is operable for selective electrical interconnection of said first structural member with one of said pair of second structural members to form a fuselage-wing monopole antenna.

6. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein said airfoil comprises a concentric opposed pair of horizontal stabilizers including an aligned pair of said second structural members.

7. The aircraft of claim 6, wherein said electronic communication device is operable for selective electrical interconnection of said pair of second structural members to form a horizontal stabilizer dipole antenna.

8. The aircraft of claim 6, wherein said electronic communication device is operable for selective electrical interconnection of said first structural member with one of said pair of second structural members to form a fuselage-horizontal stabilizer monopole antenna.

9. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein said airfoil comprises at least one vertical stabilizer including a third elongated structural member.

10. The aircraft of claim 9, wherein said electronic communication device is operable for selective electrical interconnection of said first structural member with said third structural member to form a vertical stabilizer monopole antenna.

11. The aircraft of claim 9, wherein said airfoil comprises a plurality of vertical stabilizers including third elongated structural members, and wherein said electronic communication device is operable for selective electrical interconnection of said first structural member with each said third structural member to form a vertical stabilizer monopole antenna array.

12. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein said airfoil and said first structural member are synonymous, consisting of an elongated core or spar and an aerodynamically shaped outer skin.

13. The aircraft of claim 12, wherein said outer skin is formed of carbon-fiber material.

14. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein said, airfoil assembly comprises a swing wing affixed to said fuselage.

15. The aircraft of claim 3, wherein said airfoil assembly comprises a wingtip fence at the tip of the said wing

16. The aircraft of claim 3, wherein said airfoil assembly comprises winglet extending up from the tip of said wing.

17. An aircraft comprising: a fuselage assembly including an elongated structural member formed of electrically conductive material; at least one wing assembly including a second structural member formed of electrically conductive material; at least one horizontal stabilizer assembly including a third structural member formed of electrically conductive material; at least one vertical stabilizer assembly including a fourth structural member formed of electrically conductive material, wherein said wing assembly, said horizontal stabilizer, and said vertical stabilizer are each interconnected with said fuselage assembly in a flight configuration substantially normal to said fuselage wherein said first, second, third and fourth structural members are electrically insulated from one, another and from said fuselage; and an electronic communication device disposed within said aircraft and configurable for selective electrical interconnection of one of said structural members with at least one other of said structural members to form a transmitting/receiving antenna.

18. The aircraft of claim 17, wherein said electronic communication device is configurable for selective electrical interconnection of at least two of said structural members to form a wing dipole antenna, a vertical stabilizer monopole antenna, a horizontal stabilizer dipole antenna, a vertical stabilizer monopole array antenna, a fuselage monopole antenna including a wing, or a fuselage monopole antenna including a horizontal stabilizer.

19. A method of forming an aircraft comprising the steps of: forming a fuselage assembly including a first elongated electrically conductive structural member; forming at least one airfoil assembly consisting of opposed pair of symmetric sections including an opposed pair of second electrically conductive structural members; forming at least one second airfoil assembly including a third electrically conductive structural member; affixing said fuselage with said airfoil assembly and said second airfoil assembly in a flight configuration wherein said first, second and third structural members are electrically insulated from one another; and installing an electronic communication device disposed within said aircraft configured for selective electrical interconnection of either said first and second structural members to form a monopole, or of said first and third structural members to form still another monopole, or opposed pair of symmetric sections of said second structural members to form a dipole transmitting/receiving antenna.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0021] FIG. 0.1, is perspective view of a typical airframe showing fuselage, wings, horizontal stabilizers, vertical stabilizer, canards, and winglets, each of which can be used to form dipole antennas, monopole antennas and arrays of them by selectively electrically isolating some and interconnecting the rest:

[0022] FIG. 1A, is a schematic front plan view of a typical aircraft airframe employed to form integral dipole and monopole antennas;

[0023] FIG. 1B, is a schematic top plan view of the typical aircraft airframe of FIG. 1A;

[0024] FIG. 2, is a table of the electrical topography of differing antenna embodiments of the present invention including a wing dipole antenna, a horizontal stabilizer dipole antenna, a vertical stabilizer monopole antenna, a vertical stabilizer monopole antenna array, a fuselage monopole antenna employing aircraft wings, and a fuselage monopole antenna employing aircraft horizontal stabilizers;

[0025] FIG. 3, is a top plan view of the aircraft airframe of FIGS. 1A and 1B configured as a wing dipole antenna;

[0026] FIG. 4, is a top plan view of the aircraft airframe of FIGS. 1A and 1B configured as a fuselage monopole antenna;

[0027] FIGS. 5A1 and 5A2, show the variation of the measured maximum gain and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of an example wing dipole antenna with the frequency realized using a medium size Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) made of carbon-fiber airframe;

[0028] FIGS. 5B1 and 5B2, show the same data as FIGS. 5A1 and 5A2 but for an example fuselage-wing monopole antenna realized using the same UAV;

[0029] FIGS. 6A1 and 6A2, show the measured Horizontal Polarization (H-Pol) and Vertical Polarization (V-Pol) gain patterns of the antenna of FIGS. 5A1 and 5A2 at 90 MHz;

[0030] FIGS. 6B1 and 6B2, show the measured H-Pol and V-Pol gain patterns of the antenna of FIGS. 5B1 and 5B2 at 90 MHz;

[0031] FIG. 7, is a top plan view of the aircraft airframe of FIGS. 1A and 1B configured as a dual orthogonal polarization antenna for polarization diversity applications supporting Multiple-In-Multiple-Out (MIMO) implementation;

[0032] FIG. 8, is a top plan view of the aircraft airframe of FIGS. 1A and 1B configured as a circular polarization antenna variant to that embodied in FIG. 7;

[0033] FIG. 9, is a perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention with all aircraft airfoils (wings, vertical stabilizers, and horizontal stabilizers) and propeller in a flight deployed orientation; and

[0034] FIG. 10, is a broken, cross-sectional view of the present invention of FIG. 9 illustrating the major internal components and subsystems of the aircraft;

[0035] Although the drawings represent embodiments of the present invention, the drawings are not necessarily to scale and certain features may be exaggerated in order to illustrate and explain the present invention. The exemplification set forth herein illustrates an embodiment of the invention, in one form, and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0036] The varied embodiments of the present invention disclosed herein add zero or de minimis additional weight to the host aircraft, is invisible, requires minimal wiring and forms extremely high efficiency antennas (often times, achieving the theoretical limit).

[0037] The present invention comprises an apparatus and method for isolating and combining select electrically conductive sections of an airframe to form dipole and monopole antenna structures capable of varied polarization directionality. Without loss of generality, in referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the inventive method is alternatively implemented by wiring the wings or the horizontal stabilizers as dipoles, the wing-fuselage, the horizontal stabilizer-fuselage or, the vertical stabilizer-fuselage combination as a monopole, and, in the ease of aircraft with two vertical stabilizers, the two vertical stabilizer-fuselage combinations as the two-element monopole array.

[0038] When operated at the natural resonance frequencies (when the length of the structure forming the antenna is about half or quarter wavelengths for dipoles or monopoles, respectively), the antennas will have near perfect radiation efficiencies depending on the conductivity of the airframe. Each arrangement is illustrated in terms of electrical topography in FIG. 2. In practice, aluminum, steel, carbon-fiber or any other electrically conducting airframes can produce antennas with near perfect efficiencies. Efficiencies will increase as the frequency decreases so, in practice, for example, near perfect efficiencies were recorded with carbon-fiber airframes in HF, VHF and UHF bands depending on the dimensions of the airframe parts. Alternatively, with the help of antenna tuning circuitry, such antenna rearrangements can be operated at frequencies different than their natural resonance frequencies at efficiencies much higher than any other conformal airborne antenna technology.

[0039] The present invention realizes conformal airborne antennas with near perfect radiation efficiencies, require minimal cost to implement, add zero weight to the aircraft, cause no extra drag, are conspicuous by revealing no information about the frequency band of the antenna and pose no maintenance hazard. Competing solutions such as paint-on or recessed conformal antennas, which, while having minimal drag and weight, possess poor radiation efficiencies, are maintenance nightmare for aircraft maintenance crews which must take extreme caution when working over or around the airframe surfaces containing the antenna and are very costly to implement. Existing blade antennas cause significant drag, visually broadcast the frequency of operation (evident from the height), require significant modification to the airframe to implement and often offer poor efficiencies over VHF and lower bands as their heights must be limited. By near perfect, the applicant means an airborne antenna with a radiation efficiency, which is within 2 db of that of an ideal dipole.

[0040] Referring to Drawing FIG. 0.1, a typical airframe 214 includes a fuselage 216, left and right main wings 218, left and right horizontal stabilizers 220, one or more vertical stabilizers 222, left and right canards 224, and left and right winglets 226, each of which can be used to form dipole antennas, monopole antennas and arrays of them by selectively electrically isolating some and interconnecting the rest. The aircraft's line of flight is depicted by arrow Y. The horizontally extending wings 218, stabilizers 220 and canards 224 are depicted by arrow X. The vertically extending stabilizer 222 is depicted by arrow Z.

[0041] Referring to the drawings, and particularly to FIGS. 1A and 1B, views of one embodiment of the invention are illustrated in schematic, front and top plan views. An aircraft 10 comprises a fuselage assembly 12 which is elongated along the Y or longitudinal axis and which supports a plurality of airfoil assemblies including an opposed pair of main wings 14, 16, an opposed pair of tail wings or horizontal stabilizers 18, 20, and a spaced apart pair of vertical stabilizers 22, 24. The main wings 14, 16 and horizontal stabilizers 18, 20 are elongated along the X or lateral axis. The vertical stabilizers 22, 24 are laterally spaced apart and are elongated along the Z axis.

[0042] Various movable control surfaces (e.g., ailerons, elevators, tail planes, rudders, leading/trailing edge flaps, wing lets, canards and airbrakes/spoilers) are typically integrated within aircraft airfoils to control aircraft attitude, pitch, yaw and roll in flight. The control surfaces themselves arc typically controlled directly or indirectly mechanically/hydraulically by a pilot or by servo actuators. For the sake of simplicity, such known devices are not described in detail in the present application.

[0043] Referring to FIG. 2, the wiring topology of each antenna type is illustrated in stick figure form including an elongated structural member within each aircraft component assembly. Specifically, the conductive portion of the fuselage is illustrated as an elongated conductive structural member 26 extending along axis Y. The conductive portion of each main wing is illustrated as an elongated conductive structural member 28, 30 extending along axis X. The conductive portion of each horizontal stabilizer is illustrated as an elongated conductive structural member 32, 34 extending along axis X. The conductive portion of each vertical stabilizer is illustrated as an elongated conductive structural member 36, 38 extending along axis Z. Each of the conductive structural members 26-38 are structurally supported by the others in forming the associated aircraft, but are electrically isolated from one another. At least two of the structural members 26-38 form electrical connection points 40, 42 (40, 42) which are electrically interconnected to form a desired antenna configuration.

[0044] Referring to FIG. 3, an aircraft 44 configured with a wing dipole antenna uses the front wings 46, 48 as two elements of a dipole antenna. The main wings 46, 48 are electrically isolated from the rest of the aircraft 44, including the fuselage 50, from the horizontal stabilizers 18, 20, the vertical stabilizers 22, 24, and from one another. The antenna is fed using a 1:1 balun 52 with each lead 45, 47 of the balun 52 connected, to one of the main wings 46, 48 at attachment points 51, 53. The balun 52 is interconnected to a transceiver 49 (e.g.; transmitter, receiver or combination thereof) via an antenna feed coaxial cable 55. The combined lateral length of the main wings 46, 48 (/2, where is the wavelength) determines the primary resonance frequency of the antenna and corresponds to the combined length of the main wings 46, 48 equal to approximately wave length at the frequency of operation.

[0045] Referring to FIG. 4, in an airplane 56, the fuselage monopole antenna configuration uses the fuselage 58 and horizontal stabilizers 60, 62 as a top-loaded monopole antenna. The front wings 64, 66 are electrically isolated from the rest of the aircraft 56. The fuselage 58 is the radiating element of the antenna and the front wing 66 serves as the ground plane. The horizontal stabilizers 60, 62 of the airplane 56 serve to add a capacitive or conductive load to the top of the antenna element depending on whether they are electrically isolated from or connected to the fuselage, respectively (both cases work). The antenna is fed by attaching the center conductor 70 of a coaxial antenna feed cable 68 extending from a transceiver 71 to one of the front wings 66 at an attachment point 74 and attaching the outer (ground) conductor 72 of the coaxial feed cable 68 to the fuselage 58 at another attachment point 76. Inner and outer conductors of the coaxial cable can be connected in reverse and reversing them does not make a difference in the operation of the antenna. The polarization direction of the antenna extends primarily longitudinally along the fuselage 58 though the polarization purity is not as high, as the wing dipole described in FIG. 3. The resonance frequency of the antenna depends on the longitudinal length of the fuselage 58 and the rear wing structure 60, 62, which is close to quarter of a wavelength (/4).

[0046] Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, the two antenna options, when implemented on a particular UAV, have been observed, in practice, to operate over similar frequency bands with similar gain levels. FIGS. 5A and 5B show the measured variation of Gain and VSWR with frequency for wing dipole and fuselage-wing monopole antennas, respectively, which are implemented on a particular medium size UAV with carbon-fiber airframe. Both antennas are observed to operate in similar frequency bands, namely, 80-110 MHz. It must be noted that the maximum gains are also similar: 2 dBi for the wing dipole and 0.5 dBi for the fuselage-wing monopole. It is evident from this data that both dipole configuration exhibit near perfect radiation efficiency since gain of a perfect dipole is 2.2 dBi. Monopole gain suffers from polarization impurity but is still within 1.5 dB of the dipole. FIGS. 6A2 and 6B2 show the H-pol and V-pol gain patterns at 90 MHz of the wing dipole and the fuselage-wing monopole antennas, respectively. The gain patterns shown in FIGS. 6A2 and 6B2 are typical of dipole and monopole behavior, respectively, and validate the polarization directions depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4. Patterns also exhibit 10 dB or larger polarization isolation. The gain pattern of FIG. 6A2 is recorded by rotation of a test aircraft 228 about axis Y (referring to FIG. 1B) as indicated by arrow 230. Likewise, the gain pattern of FIG. 6B2 is recorded by rotation of a test aircraft 232 about axis Y (referring to FIG. 1B) as indicated by arrow 234.

[0047] Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, by combining the two antenna options illustrated, an antenna with dual, orthogonal polarizations can be realized as shown in FIG. 7 in an aircraft 78. Switching between either the wing dipole or fuselage-wing monopole antenna configurations with the help of an RF switch 80 would allow for polarization diversity. Switching is accomplished by use of a coax switch/combiner 80 with an input from the coaxial antenna feed cable 68 from a transceiver 81. The coax switch/combiner 80 has two outputs, one feeding the input of a 1:1 balun 82 through a coaxial lead 57 and one feeding the main wing attachment point 74 of the main wing 66 attachment point 74 through the center conductor 70 of a coaxial lead 68. The outer conductor 72 of the coaxial lead 68 is connected to a ground connection point 76 of the fuselage 58. The 1:1 balun 82 has a first output interconnected to the main wing attachment point 51 of the port main wing 46 through a lead 45, and a second output interconnected to the main wing attachment point 74 of the starboard main wing 66 through a lead 47. Considering also the data presented in FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B, the dual polarization antenna of FIG. 7 can be used effectively to implement polarization diversity or MIMO to double wireless channel capacity since both antennas operate over the same frequency bands, have similar gain levels and possess 10 dB or more polarization isolation.

[0048] Referring to FIG. 8, an aircraft 192, by combining the two antenna options illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, provides a circularly-polarized antenna. The only differences from FIG. 7 are that the RF switch 80 is replaced by a power divider 196 and the monopole antenna feed now contains a 90 degree phase shifter (realized by a section of a coax or a lumped passive circuit) 200. The power divider 80 has two outputs, one feeding the input of a 1:1 balun 82 through a coaxial lead 198 and one feeding the input of a 90 phase shifter 200. One output of the 1:1 balun 82 is interconnected with an attachment port 51 of one main wing 46 by a lead 45. A second output of the 1:1 balun 82 is interconnected with an attachment port 74 of the other main wing 66 by a lead 199. The output of the 90 phase shifter 200 is interconnected with main wing attachment point 74 of the main wing 66 through the center conductor 204 of a coaxial lead 201. The outer conductor 202 of the coaxial lead 201 is connected to a ground connection point 76 of the fuselage 194. Both sections of the main wing 46 and 46 are otherwise electrically isolated from each other and from the fuselage. Circularly polarized antennas have been shown to be effective in improving wireless link quality in environments that experience polarization reversal or polarization rotation, urban areas, non-line-of-sight scenarios, environments with a lot of foliage and obstacles, and any communication that involves reflections from and propagation through the ionosphere. In addition, all satellite-based communications require circularly polarized antennas including GPS, Satellite Radio and TV, and many military communications due to polarization rotation caused by ionosphere.

[0049] Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, an embodiment of the present invention can be implemented in a pilotless drone-type aircraft (i.e. a UAV) 84 comprising an elongated fuselage 86, an opposed pair of front wings 88, 90, an opposed pair of horizontal stabilizers 92, 94, and an opposed pair of vertical, stabilizers 96, 98, collectively referred to as airfoil assemblies. The airfoil assemblies are attached to the fuselage 86 for in-flight positions illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10. The aircraft 84 further includes a pusher propeller system 100 within its empennage including a plurality of blades 102 and a rotating hub 104 driven by a motor/transmission system 106. The blades 102 are interconnected to the hub 104 by hinges 108. The aircraft 84 further includes a front payload system 110 suitable for navigation, surveillance and the like, disposed within a nose cone 112.

[0050] Each airfoil assembly (e.g., front wings 88, 90, horizontal stabilizers 92, 94, and vertical stabilizers 96, 98) is pivotally mechanically affixed to the fuselage 86. Furthermore, each airfoil assembly (e.g., front wings 88, 90, horizontal stabilizers 92, 94, and vertical stabilizers 96, 98) is electrically isolated from one another as well as the fuselage 86 to enable selective coupling in varying combinations to effect varied antenna configurations.

[0051] In the embodiment of FIGS. 9 and 10, the fuselage 86 is formed of rectangular aluminum (e.g., electrically conductive) structure including left (port), right (starboard), top and bottom integrated side members 114, 116, 118 and 120, respectively. Thus, the fuselage 86 can be employed in its entirety as an elongated structural member as an element of the antenna. Similarly, each airfoil assembly is formed of an elongated aluminum spar (i.e., electrically conductive) covered with an aerodynamically shaped (carbon-fiber composite) skin (i.e., electrically conductive). Thus, each airfoil assembly (wings 88, 90 and stabilizers 92, 94, 96 and 98) can be employed in its entirety as an elongated structural member as a second element of the antenna. Because the fuselage 86 and airfoil assemblies (wings 88, 90 and stabilizers 92, 94, 96 and 98) collectively form the entire airframe, no net weight is added to the aircraft 84 to integrate the antenna and hence, the zero-weight assertion.

[0052] Attachment of each airfoil to the fuselage 86 is accomplished by an electrically insulating pivot assembly 122 employing a pivot shaft, a top cap and a number of washers and shims, all of which are made of non-conductive materials.

[0053] Each front wing 88, 90 consists of elongated electrically conductive (metal) spar 136 interference fit within a through passage formed by an aerodynamically shaped conductive (carbon-fiber composite) skin. The spars transition into a pair of concentric annular bushings containing antenna wire connection points 166 and 168.

[0054] Thus assembled, the pivot assembly 122 serves to mechanically support the wings 88, 90 to the fuselage, while simultaneously continuously electrically insulating the wings 88, 90 from one another and the fuselage 86. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the pivot assembly 122 is suitably affixed to the fuselage 86, such as with threaded fasteners 176 while preserving the above-stated electrical isolation. Finally, electrically insulating latches (not illustrated) are provided to maintain the airfoil assemblies in their respective flight positions of FIG. 9.

[0055] Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, the outward most end tips of each airfoil 88, 90, 92, 94, 96 and 98 are closed by an end cap formed of electrically conductive carbon-fiber composite material. The main wings 88 and 90 include end caps 144 and 146, respectively. The horizontal stabilizers 92 and 94 include end caps 208 and 210, respectively. The vertical stabilizers 96 and 98 include end caps 212 (only one illustrated). The end tips serve to provide a tip end shape for each airfoil, as well as providing water-tight hermetic sealing of each respective airfoil.

[0056] Referring to FIG. 10, a propulsion system is disposed within the fuselage 86, including electric motor/transmission assembly 106 powered by a power storage device 178 (e.g., battery) to drive the propeller system 100 via electrical cables 180. Furthermore, a reconnaissance/communication/control system is disposed within the fuselage 86, including an electronic controller/computer 182 including a microprocessor and memory. The controller 182 is interconnected with the aircraft payload system 110 by cables 184 and with the power storage device 178 by cables 186. The transceiver (transmitter/receiver) portion of the controller 182 is interconnected with each airfoil assembly and/or fuselage 86 forming a portion of the aircraft antenna system by flexible wires 188, 190 through wire connector ports 166, 168. It must be noted that the particular connections between the transceiver 182 and the front wings through the wires 188, 190 described above depict specifically the realization of the wing-dipole arrangement of FIG. 3 and is provided here as an example of how the wiring is accomplished. Similar wiring is carried out to realize the other antenna arrangements described in this invention.

[0057] The results and advantages of the present invention consists of:

[0058] Conformal and zero-weight antennas. Antenna integration does not change aerodynamics or significantly affect the structural integrity of the aircraft.

[0059] Antenna with near-perfect radiation efficiency, very close to that of a half-wave dipole antenna at the same frequency of operation.

[0060] Allows for antennas to be integrated into the aircraft operating at significantly lower frequencies and significantly higher efficiencies than competing conformal solutions.

[0061] Can provide antennas with orthogonal polarizations for polarization diversity and MIMO or for transmission and reception of circular polarization without loss of radiation efficiency for increasing wireless channel capacity.

[0062] The following documents are deemed to provide a fuller background disclosure of the inventions described herein and the manner of making and using same. Accordingly, each of the below-listed documents are hereby incorporated into the specification hereof by reference.

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[0082] It is to be understood that the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments and variations to provide the features and advantages previously described and that the embodiments are susceptible of modification as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0083] Furthermore, it is contemplated that many alternative, common inexpensive materials can be employed to construct the basic constituent components. Accordingly, the forgoing is not to be construed in a limiting sense.

[0084] The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the terminology, which has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation.

[0085] Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, wherein reference numerals are merely for illustrative purposes and convenience and are not in any way limiting, the invention, which is defined by the following claims as interpreted according to the principles of patent law, including the Doctrine of Equivalents, may be practiced otherwise than is specifically described.