Internal Combustion Engine with Spark Plug and Prechamber Spark Plug

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an internal combustion engine, comprising: at least one cylinder; two charge-exchange ports per cylinder, a first charge-exchange port being an inlet port, and a second charge-exchange port being an outlet port; and one spark plug and one prechamber spark plug per each cylinder.

Claims

1. An internal combustion engine comprising: at least one cylinder; two charge-exchange ports per the at least one cylinder, wherein a first charge-exchange port is an inlet port, and a second charge-exchange port is an outlet port; and one spark plug and one prechamber spark plug per the at least one cylinder.

2. The internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the spark plug and/or the prechamber spark plug is arranged on a combustion chamber roof of a combustion chamber of the at least one cylinder.

3. The internal combustion engine according to claim 2, wherein: the first and second charge-exchange ports are arranged in the combustion chamber roof; and the combustion chamber roof is divided by a first sectional plane into two roof areas such that the first sectional plane lies on center points of the first and second charge-exchange ports, and the spark plug and the prechamber spark plug are arranged within the same roof area of the two roof areas, or the spark plug and the prechamber spark plug are arranged within different roof areas of the two roof areas.

4. The internal combustion engine according to claim 3, wherein: the combustion chamber roof is divided by a second sectional plane perpendicular to the first sectional plane such that the inlet port and the outlet port lie on different sides of the second sectional plane; and the spark plug and/or the prechamber spark plug is arranged on the second sectional plane.

5. The internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the prechamber spark plug is arranged closer to the inlet port or closer to the outlet port than the spark plug.

6. The internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein: the prechamber spark plug is arranged closer to a sidewall of the at least one cylinder than the spark plug; or the spark plug is arranged closer to the sidewall of the at least one cylinder than the prechamber spark plug.

7. The internal combustion engine according to claim 2, wherein: the prechamber spark plug is arranged closer to a center point of the combustion chamber roof than the spark plug; or the spark plug is arranged closer to the center point of the combustion chamber roof than the prechamber spark plug.

8. The internal combustion engine according to claim 2, wherein the spark plug and/or the prechamber spark plug is arranged within a center point area of the combustion chamber roof with a predefined radius in no more than 60% of a cylinder radius of the at least one cylinder around a center point of the combustion chamber roof.

9. The internal combustion engine according to claim 2, further comprising a combustion chamber fuel injector configured to directly inject fuel into the combustion chamber.

10. The internal combustion engine according to claim 9, wherein the combustion chamber fuel injector is arranged on the combustion chamber roof.

11. The internal combustion engine according to claim 10, wherein: the charge-exchange ports are arranged in the combustion chamber roof, the combustion chamber roof is divided into two roof areas by a first sectional plane such that the sectional plane lies on center points of the first and second two charge-exchange ports; and the combustion chamber fuel injector and the spark plug and/or the combustion chamber fuel injector and the prechamber spark plug are arranged within the same roof area.

12. The internal combustion engine according to claim 11, wherein: the combustion chamber roof is divided by a second sectional plane perpendicular to the first sectional plane, such that the inlet port and the outlet port lie on different sides of the second sectional plane; and the combustion chamber fuel injector is arranged on the second sectional plane.

13. The internal combustion engine according to claim 10, wherein the combustion chamber fuel injector is arranged within a center point area with a predefined maximum radius of 50% of the cylinder radius, around a center point of the combustion chamber roof.

14. The internal combustion engine according to claim 9, wherein: the prechamber spark plug is arranged closer to the combustion chamber fuel injector than the spark plug; or the spark plug is arranged closer to the combustion chamber fuel injector than the prechamber spark plug.

15. The internal combustion engine according to claim 9, wherein an injection direction of the combustion chamber fuel injector is oriented in a direction of the spark plug or the prechamber spark plug.

16. The internal combustion engine according to claim 1, further comprising an intake manifold fuel injector configured to inject fuel into an intake manifold of the internal combustion engine.

17. A method for operating an internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder, wherein the internal combustion engine comprises two charge-exchange ports and a spark plug and a prechamber spark plug per at least one cylinder, comprising: operating the spark plug and/or the prechamber spark plug to ignite a fuel/air mixture within a combustion chamber of the at least one cylinder.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein: the internal combustion engine is operated at a torque of at least 80% of a nominal torque of the internal combustion engine; and during the operation of the internal combustion engine at the torque of at least 80%, of the nominal torque of the internal combustion engine, the prechamber spark plug is operated alone.

19. The method according to claim 17, wherein: the internal combustion engine is operated at a torque of less than 20% of a nominal torque of the internal combustion engine; and during the operation of the internal combustion engine under low load, in particular at the torque of less than 20%, of the nominal torque of the internal combustion engine, the spark plug is operated alone.

20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the spark plug is operated during a catalyst heating phase, after a cold start of the internal combustion engine, and/or at low engine temperatures.

21. The method according to claim 17, wherein the spark plug and the prechamber spark plug are operated at different, mutually independent, ignition times.

22. The method according to claim 17, wherein the internal combustion engine is operated at a lambda number of at least 1, at least within a partial operating range, during operation of the spark plug and/or prechamber spark plug.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034] Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings show:

[0035] FIG. 1 a sectional view of an internal combustion engine according to a first exemplary embodiment of the invention,

[0036] FIG. 2 a simplified schematic detail views of various preferred configurations of the internal combustion engine in FIG. 1,

[0037] FIG. 3 a simplified schematic detail views of further preferred configurations of the internal combustion engine in FIG. 1,

[0038] FIG. 4 a sectional view of an internal combustion engine according to a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, and

[0039] FIG. 5 a simplified schematic detail views of various preferred configurations of the internal combustion engine in FIG. 4.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0040] FIG. 1 shows a simplified sectional view of an internal combustion engine 1 according to a first exemplary embodiment of the invention. The internal combustion engine 1 comprises several cylinders 10, with only one of the cylinders 10 being shown in FIG. 1. The cylinder 10 comprises a combustion chamber 5 which is delimited at its upper end by a combustion chamber roof 50. The combustion chamber roof 50 is formed by a cylinder head 15 of the internal combustion engine 1. The combustion chamber roof 50 is preferably conical or tapered towards the top, a roof apex forming in particular in the center point 54 (see FIG. 2) of the combustion chamber roof 50. The center point 54 lies centrally, in particular on a central axis 13, of the preferably circular cylinder 10.

[0041] For each cylinder 10, the internal combustion engine 1 comprises two charge-exchange ports 4. A first charge-exchange port 4 is an inlet port 41, through which fresh air from an intake manifold 70 (see FIG. 4) can flow into the combustion chamber 5, and a second charge-exchange port 4 is an outlet port 42, through which exhaust gases can flow out of the combustion chamber 5 into an exhaust pipe 18 (see FIG. 4) after combustion.

[0042] The internal combustion engine 1 further comprises a combustion chamber fuel injector 6 per cylinder 10, which is arranged to inject liquid or gaseous fuel directly into the combustion chamber 5. The combustion chamber fuel injector projects slightly into the combustion chamber 5. Alternatively, the combustion chamber fuel injector 6 can be retracted within an injector bore 60 in which it is arranged.

[0043] In addition, the internal combustion engine comprises one spark plug 2 and one prechamber spark plug 3 per cylinder 10.

[0044] The spark plug 2 is an ordinary spark plug which is configured to ignite a fuel-air mixture located in the combustion chamber 5 by means of an electric spark. For this purpose, the spark plug 2 can feature a center electrode 21, and a lateral, hook-shaped front electrode 22, which in particular forms the earth electrode. The ignition spark can be generated between the two electrodes 21, 22. The spark plug 2 can be arranged in a bore 20 within the cylinder head 15 as shown in FIG. 1, the bore 20 opening into the combustion chamber 5. Alternatively, the spark plug 2 can also protrude into the combustion chamber 5.

[0045] The prechamber spark plug 3 comprises a plug cap 32 arranged at an axial end of a housing 32b of the prechamber spark plug 3. The plug cap 32 thereby forms a prechamber 32a within the prechamber spark plug 3, the prechamber 32a communicating with the combustion chamber 5 via (not shown) passage ports which penetrate the plug cap 32. By means of electrodes 31, a fuel-air mixture can be ignited inside the prechamber 32a so that several, preferably four, flare jets (see FIG. 2, FIG. 3, or FIG. 5; shown schematically as lobe-shaped jets emanating from the prechamber spark plug 3), in particular in the form of flames, spread through the passage ports into the combustion chamber 5 in order to ignite the fuel-air mixture there. The prechamber spark plug 3 is screwed into a bore 33 in the cylinder head 15. The prechamber spark plug 3 is screwed in so that the plug cap 32 projects into the combustion chamber 5.

[0046] The prechamber spark plug 3 is optimized for operation of the internal combustion engine 1 under high load and while the internal combustion engine 1 is operated using a stoichiometric or lean fuel-air mixture. Due to the special ignition method of the prechamber spark plug 3, the fuel-air mixture can be ignited reliably and with a low knocking tendency of the internal combustion engine 1. This can enable particularly fuel-efficient operation of the internal combustion engine 1 without the risk of damage due to knocking.

[0047] The spark plug 2 is operated in particular after a cold start, during a catalytic converter heating operation and at low loads in order to enable reliable ignition of the fuel-air mixture combustion chamber 5 even in these operating ranges.

[0048] In FIGS. 2 and 3, several preferred variants for arrangements of the combustion chamber fuel injector 6, the spark plug 2, and the prechamber spark plug 3 on the combustion chamber roof 50 are shown schematically in simplified form, which are described hereinafter. A top view of the combustion chamber roof 50 is shown along a piston direction, along which a piston (not shown) of the internal combustion engine 1 can move. The piston direction is parallel to the central axis 12 of the cylinder 10.

[0049] As can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, the inlet port 41 features a larger cross-section than the outlet port 42. Alternatively, the inlet port 41 and the outlet port 42 could feature an identical cross-section, or further alternatively, the outlet port 42 could feature a larger cross-section than the inlet port 41. The inlet port 41 and the outlet port 42 are each circular in shape, and are inscribed in the combustion chamber roof 50 such that a maximum total cross-section is provided for the charge exchange. Alternatively, the charge-exchange ports 4 could also be smaller.

[0050] In order to simplify the description of the position of the elements on the combustion chamber roof 50, two sectional planes 51, 52 are drawn perpendicular to each other and parallel to the piston direction. A first sectional plane 51 is arranged to divide the combustion chamber roof 50 into two roof sections 55, 56, the first sectional plane 51 lying on respective center points 45 of the charge-exchange ports 4. In particular, the first sectional plane 51 can also be considered as the symmetry plane of the combustion chamber roof 50. A second sectional plane 52 is arranged such that one of the two charge-exchange ports 4 is located on one side of the second sectional plane 52 in each case. In particular, the second sectional plane 52 is arranged tangentially to the two charge-exchange ports 4 and between them.

[0051] FIG. 2 shows variants of arrangements of the components in the combustion chamber roof 50 with a central position of the combustion chamber fuel injector 6. The central location is considered to be within a center point area 53, which is circularly formed around the center point 54 of the combustion chamber roof 50 with a radius 53a of 50% of a cylinder radius 12. Due to the central position of the combustion chamber fuel injector 6, a particularly even distribution of the injected fuel spray in the combustion chamber 50 can be achieved.

[0052] In all of the variants shown in FIG. 2, the combustion chamber fuel injector 6 is located in a first roof area 55.

[0053] FIG. 2(a) shows an arrangement with the spark plug 2 in the first roof area 55 and with the prechamber spark plug 3 in the second roof area 56. As a result, a distance 26 between spark plug 2 and combustion chamber fuel injector 6 is kept to a minimum. A distance 66 between the combustion chamber fuel injector 6 and the center point 54 of the combustion chamber roof 50 is greater than a distance 25 between the spark plug 2 and the center point 54. As a result, the fuel-air mixture can be ignited as centrally as possible by means of the spark plug 2, whereby a particularly uniform ignition can be achieved in the combustion chamber 5. The prechamber spark plug 3 is located at a distance 35 from the center point 54, which is greater than the distance 25 of the spark plug 2 from the center point 54. Moreover, the prechamber spark plug 3 is arranged close to a sidewall 11 of the cylinder 10, in which case a minimum distance 37 between the sidewall 11 and the prechamber spark plug 3 is smaller than the distance 35 to the center point 54. The prechamber spark plug 3 is designed and arranged such that flare jets 30 generated during its operation are directed essentially in the direction of the first roof area 55. Due to the proximity of the combustion chamber fuel injector 6 and the spark plug 2, the arrangement in FIG. 2(a) offers a particularly efficient mode of operation of the internal combustion engine 1 when operating the spark plug 2, since the spray produced can be ignited in a particularly targeted and reliable manner by the spark plug 2.

[0054] FIG. 2(b) shows an arrangement in which, in addition to the prechamber spark plug 3, the spark plug 2 is also arranged in the second roof area 56. In this case, a distance 34 between the spark plug 2 and the inlet port 41 is greater than a distance 24 between the prechamber spark plug 3 and the inlet port 41. In this configuration, there is a particularly large amount of space provided in the first roof area 55 for an optimal arrangement of the combustion chamber fuel injector 6.

[0055] FIG. 2(c) shows an arrangement similar to FIG. 2(a) in which the spark plug 2 and the prechamber spark plug 3 are arranged in an interchanged manner. In other words, the prechamber spark plug 3 is arranged at a minimum distance 36 from the combustion chamber fuel injector 6. Doing so results in the advantage that better scavenging and mixture supply to the prechamber spark plug 3 can be made possible by the immediate proximity to the combustion chamber fuel injector 6. In this case, it is particularly advantageous if the injection direction of the combustion chamber fuel injector is directly aligned with the prechamber spark plug 3. In addition, the prechamber spark plug 3 is arranged as centrally as possible with a minimum distance 35 from the center point 54 of the combustion chamber roof 50, which enables the combustion chamber 5 to be penetrated as uniformly as possible by the flare jets 30 and thus a particularly uniform ignition.

[0056] FIG. 3 shows variants in which the combustion chamber fuel injector 6 is located in the second roof area 56. The combustion chamber fuel injector 6 is in this case arranged laterally, at a small distance 61 from the sidewall 11. Due to the lateral arrangement of the combustion chamber fuel injector 6, more space is provided for the spark plug 2 and the prechamber spark plug 3 in the central area of the combustion chamber roof 50 near the center point 54, so these can both be arranged as centrally as possible for improved uniform ignition.

[0057] FIG. 3(a) shows a variant in which the prechamber spark plug 3 is arranged at a particularly small distance 36 from the combustion chamber fuel injector 6. The spark plug 2 is arranged in the opposite first roof area 55 and at a distance 27 from the combustion chamber fuel injector 6, which is significantly greater than the distance 36.

[0058] FIG. 3(b) shows a variant in which the spark plug 2 is also arranged in the second roof area. Doing so enables the spark plug 2 and also the prechamber spark plug 3 to be arranged particularly close to the injector, which enables reliable, robust ignition during operation of both the spark plug 2 and the prechamber spark plug 3. This drawing shows an arrangement with a distance 26 from the spark plug 2, which is smaller than the distance 36 from the prechamber spark plug 3, in each case to the combustion chamber fuel injector 6. Alternatively, the spark plug 2 and the prechamber spark plug 3 can preferably also be arranged interchangeably.

[0059] FIG. 3(c) shows a variant similar to FIG. 3(a), with the spark plug 2 and the prechamber spark plug 3 being arranged interchangeably. This means that spark plug 2 is close to the injector and prechamber spark plug 3 is far from the injector. A distance 35 of the prechamber spark plug 3 to the center point 54 of the combustion chamber roof 50 is smaller than a distance 25 of the spark plug 2 to the center point 54.

[0060] FIG. 3(d) shows a variant in which the spark plug 2 and the prechamber spark plug 3 are arranged in the first roof area 55 and thus remote from the injector. The prechamber spark plug 3 is arranged at a distance 35 from the center point 54 of the combustion chamber roof 50, which is smaller than the distance between the spark plug 2 and the center point 54.

[0061] FIG. 4 shows a sectional view of an internal combustion engine 1 according to a second exemplary embodiment of the invention. The second exemplary embodiment corresponds essentially to the first exemplary embodiment in FIGS. 1 to 3, with the difference that instead of a combustion chamber fuel injector 6 arranged in the combustion chamber roof 50 and injecting directly, an intake manifold fuel injector 7 is provided. The intake manifold fuel injector 7 is located in the cylinder head 15 and on an intake manifold 70 and is arranged to inject liquid or gaseous fuel into the intake manifold 70. The intake manifold 7 opens into the combustion chamber 5 at the inlet port 41 and thus directs the fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber 5.

[0062] FIG. 5 shows variants of the arrangements of spark plug 2 and prechamber spark plug 3 on the combustion chamber roof 50 of the internal combustion engine 1 of the second exemplary embodiment in FIG. 4. Since in the second exemplary embodiment no fuel injector is arranged on the combustion chamber roof 50, there is advantageously more space provided for the spark plug 2 and the prechamber spark plug 3, so that these can both be arranged comparatively centrally (as in particular in the variants in FIGS. 5(a) and (b)) and particularly flexibly for optimum uniform ignition.

[0063] FIG. 5(a) shows a variant in which the spark plug 2 is arranged in the first roof area 55 and the prechamber spark plug 3 in the second roof area 56. The distance 25 of the spark plug 2 is smaller than the distance 35 of the prechamber spark plug 3, in each case to the center point 54 of the combustion chamber roof 50. Both spark plug 2 and prechamber spark plug 3 can be arranged particularly close to the inlet port 41, whereby optimum ignition of the fuel-air mixture flowing into combustion chamber 5 can be achieved in each case.

[0064] The variant in FIG. 5(b) shows a reversed arrangement of spark plug 2 and prechamber spark plug 3, i.e. such that the prechamber spark plug 3 is arranged closer to the center point 54 of the combustion chamber roof 50.

[0065] FIG. 5(c) shows a variant in which spark plug 2 and prechamber spark plug 3 are arranged in the second roof area 56. The distance 35 between the prechamber spark plug 3 and the center point 54 is smaller than the distance 25 between the spark plug 2 and the center point 54.

[0066] FIG. 5(d) shows a variant with spark plug 2 and prechamber spark plug 3 in the first roof area, in which case the distances 25, 35 from the center point 54 respectively are proportionally formed as in FIG. 5(c).

[0067] It should be noted that all distances referred to are minimum distances. In other words, a distance between the spark plug and the center point of the combustion chamber roof is, e.g., considered to be the minimum distance between an outer circumference of the spark plug, in particular substantially in a plane of the combustion chamber roof, and the center point of the combustion chamber roof.