Cyclic Glycoaminoacid Derivatives

Abstract

The present invention relates to compounds of the following formula (I): as well as their preparation process; their use in cosmetic or dermatological applications, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of skin aging, skin protection or skin regeneration; for skin plumping and/or skin volumizing and/or skin densifying, and/or wrinkle filling and/or skin or hair moisturising and/or skin or hair relipiding and/or stimulation of hair growth; for the treatment of dry skin and/or atopic dermatitis and/or eczema and/or psoriasis; for the treatment and/or prevention of a fibrosis disease (e.g. an excessive scar such as a keloid or hypertrophic scar) or for healing; or for the treatment of inflammation (e.g. chronic, low-grade inflammation); and their use as adjuvant for preservation and/or protection and/or regeneration of a biological material or a microorganism.

##STR00001##

Claims

1. A compound of formula (I): ##STR00040## or a salt thereof, a solvate, a tautomer, a stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers in any proportion, wherein: n represents 1 or 2, R represents CH.sub.2OR.sub.8, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent, independently from one another, OR.sub.15, R.sub.3 represents OR.sub.22, R.sub.4 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom or an OSiR.sup.a4R.sup.b4R.sup.c4, OR.sub.41, OC(O)R.sub.42, OCO.sub.2R.sub.43, OCONR.sub.44R.sub.45, OP(O)(OR.sub.46).sub.2, or OSO.sub.3R.sub.47 group, or R and R.sub.1, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclic acetal having the formula: ##STR00041## and/or (R.sub.1 and R.sub.2), (R.sub.2 and R.sub.3), and/or (R.sub.3 and R.sub.4), together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclic acetal having the formula: ##STR00042## R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or a N-protecting group, R.sub.8, R.sub.15, R.sub.22 and R.sub.41 represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom, a O-protecting group or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, (C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, (C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.7)cycloalkyl, 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, heteroaryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-heteroaryl, saccharidic or polysaccharidic group which is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkoxy, OH, COOH and CHO, R.sub.42 and R.sub.43 represent, independently from one another, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, (C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, (C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.7)cycloalkyl, 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, heteroaryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl or (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-heteroaryl group which is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkoxy, OH, COOH and CHO, R.sub.44 and R.sub.45 represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, (C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, (C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, heteroaryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl or (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-heteroaryl group which is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkoxy, OH, COOH and CHO, R.sub.46 and R.sub.47 represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group, R.sup.a4, R.sup.b4 and R.sup.c4 represent, independently from one another, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group, and R.sup.d and R.sup.e represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group.

2. The compound according to claim 1, which is a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id): ##STR00043## or a salt thereof, a solvate, a tautomer, a stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers in any proportion.

3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R.sub.4 is a hydrogen atom or OR.sub.41.

4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R is CH.sub.2OH or CH.sub.2OBn; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are, independently from one another, OH or OBn; R.sub.3 is OH or OBn; and R.sub.4 is H, OH or OBn.

5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are identical.

6. The compound according to a claim 1, wherein R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, identical or different, are a hydrogen atom or a CO.sub.2R.sub.GP1 group with R.sub.GP1 representing a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl optionally substituted with one or several halogen atoms; a (C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl; an aryl optionally substituted with one or several groups selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group and a nitro group; an aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, the aryl moiety which is optionally substituted with one or several methoxy groups; or a 9-fluorenylmethyl group.

7. The compound according to claim 1, which is chosen among the compounds: ##STR00044## ##STR00045## and the salts and solvates thereof.

8. A process for preparing the compound according to claim 1 comprising: (a) cyclizing a compound of the formula (II): ##STR00046## wherein: n is as defined in formula I, R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 correspond respectively to R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 as defined in formula I, optionally in a protected form, and R.sub.7 represents a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl or an aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, to obtain a compound of formula (I) optionally in a protected form, (b) when R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and/or R.sub.6 represent a protected form of R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and/or R.sub.6 respectively, deprotecting the protected form of R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and/or R.sub.6 to obtain a compound of formula (I), and (c) optionally salifying or solvating the compound obtained in previous step (a) or (b) to obtain a salt or solvate of a compound of formula (I).

9. A cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a physiologically acceptable excipient.

10-15. (canceled)

16. A dressing comprising a pad, compress or sponge impregnated with a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9.

17. (canceled)

18. A culture, storage and/or preservation medium comprising a compound according to claim 1.

19. The compound according to claim 1, wherein: R.sub.8, R.sub.15, R.sub.22 and R.sub.41 represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, aryl, aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, saccharidic or polysaccharidic group which is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkoxy, OH, COOH and CHO, R.sub.42 and R.sub.43 represent, independently from one another, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group which is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkoxy, OH, COOH and CHO, and R.sub.44 and R.sub.45 represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, (C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkenyl, (C.sub.2-C.sub.6)alkynyl, aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, heteroaryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group which is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkoxy, OH, COOH and CHO.

20. The compound according to claim 19, wherein: R.sub.8, R.sub.15, R.sub.22 and R.sub.41 represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group which is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkoxy, OH, COOH and CHO, and R.sub.44 and R.sub.45 represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group which is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkoxy, OH, COOH and CHO.

21. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, identical or different, are H, benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) or tbutyloxycarbonyl (Boc).

22. The compound according to claim 7, wherein the acid addition salts are acid addition salts with hydrochloric acid or acetic acid.

23. A method for skin plumping and/or skin volumizing and/or skin densifying and/or wrinkle filling and/or skin or hair moisturizing and/or skin or hair relipiding and/or stimulating hair growth comprising administrating to a person in need thereof an effective amount of the compound according to claim 1 or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 1 and a physiologically acceptable excipient.

24. A method for treating or preventing skin aging, for protecting skin or for regenerating skin comprising applying to a skin the compound according to claim 1 or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 1 and a physiologically acceptable excipient.

25. A method for treating dry skin and/or atopic dermatitis and/or atopic eczema and/or psoriasis, for treating inflammation, for treating or preventing a fibrosis disease, or for healing comprising administrating to a person in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a physiologically acceptable excipient.

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the inflammation is a chronic, low-grade inflammation; and the fibrosis disease is an excessive scar.

27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the excessive scar is a keloid or a hypertrophic scar.

28. The method according to claim 25, wherein the method is for treating or preventing a fibrosis disease, or for healing, and wherein the compound according to formula I or the cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition is administered topically in combination with a laser or surgical treatment.

29. A method for preserving and/or protecting a biological material or a microorganism comprising placing the biological material or the microorganism in a medium containing the compound according to claim 1.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the biological material is cells, a tissue, a body fluid or an organ.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0131] Cyclic Glycoaminoacid Derivatives

[0132] The cyclic glycoaminoacid derivatives according to the invention are compounds of formula (I) as defined above.

[0133] The compound of formula (I) according to the invention can be for example a compound of the following formula (Ia) or (Ib):

##STR00017##

[0134] The compound of formula (I) according to the invention can be for example a compound of the following formula (Ic) or (Id):

##STR00018##

[0135] R can represent a CH.sub.2OSiR.sup.a1R.sup.b1R.sup.c1, CH.sub.2OR.sub.8, CH.sub.2OC(O)R.sub.9, CH.sub.2OCO.sub.2R.sub.10, CH.sub.2OC(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12, CH.sub.2OP(O)(OR.sub.13).sub.2 or CH.sub.2OSO.sub.3R.sub.14 group, advantageously a CH.sub.2OSiR.sup.a1R.sup.b1R.sup.c1, CH.sub.2OR.sub.8 or CH.sub.2OC(O)R.sub.9 group, more advantageously a CH.sub.2OR.sub.8 or CH.sub.2OC(O)R.sub.9 group, and even more advantageously a CH.sub.2OR.sub.8 group.

[0136] R can represent in particular a CH.sub.2OR.sub.8 group with R.sub.8 representing a hydrogen atom, a O-protecting group or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl group; or a CH.sub.2OC(O)R.sub.9 group with R.sub.9 representing a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl group.

[0137] R can represent more particularly a CH.sub.2OR.sub.8 group with R.sub.8 representing a hydrogen atom or a O-protecting group. For instance, R can represent a CH.sub.2OH or CH.sub.2OBn group.

[0138] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 can represent, independently from one another, an OSiR.sup.a2R.sup.b2R.sup.c2, OR.sub.15, OC(O)R.sub.16, OCO.sub.2R.sub.17 or OC(O)NR.sub.18R.sub.19 group, advantageously an OSiR.sup.a2R.sup.b2R.sup.c2, OR.sub.15 or OC(O)R.sub.16 group, more advantageously an OR.sub.15 or OC(O)R.sub.16 group, and even more advantageously an OR.sub.15 group.

[0139] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 can represent in particular, independently from one another, an OR.sub.15 group with R.sub.15 representing a hydrogen atom, a O-protecting group or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl group; or an OC(O)R.sub.16 group R.sub.16 representing a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl group.

[0140] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 can represent more particularly, independently from one another, an OR.sub.15 group with R.sub.15 representing a hydrogen atom or a O-protecting group. For instance, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 can represent an OH or OBn group.

[0141] Preferably, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are identical, and represent notably an OH or OBn group.

[0142] In particular, R represents a CH.sub.2OR.sub.8 group and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent, independently from one another, an OR.sub.15 group, R.sub.8 and R.sub.15 representing advantageously a hydrogen atom or an O-protecting group (for example Bn). R.sub.8 and the two R.sub.15 groups can be identical, such as H or an O-protecting group (for example Bn).

[0143] According to another particular embodiment, R?CH.sub.2OH and R.sub.1?R.sub.2?OH or R?CH.sub.2OBn and R.sub.1?R.sub.2=OBn.

[0144] According to a first embodiment, R.sub.3 represent an OSiR.sup.a3R.sup.b3R.sup.c3, OR.sub.22, OC(O)R.sub.23, OCO.sub.2R.sub.24, OCONR.sub.25R.sub.26, NR.sub.29R.sub.30, NR.sub.31C(O)R.sub.32, NR.sub.33C(O)OR.sub.34, N(C(O)R.sub.35)C(O)R.sub.36, N(C(O)R.sub.37)C(O)OR.sub.38 or N(C(O)OR.sub.39)C(O)OR.sub.40 group, advantageously an OSiR.sup.a3R.sup.b3R.sup.c3. OR.sub.22, OC(O)R.sub.23, NR.sub.29R.sub.30, NR.sub.31C(O)R.sub.32 or NR.sub.33C(O)OR.sub.34 group, more advantageously an OR.sub.22, OC(O)R.sub.23 or NR.sub.31C(O)R.sub.32 group, and even more advantageously an OR.sub.22 or NR.sub.31C(O)R.sub.32 group.

[0145] R.sub.3 can represent in particular an OR.sub.22 group with R.sub.22 representing a hydrogen atom, a O-protecting group or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl group; an OC(O)R.sub.23 group with R.sub.23 representing a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl group; or a NR.sub.31C(O)R.sub.32 group with R.sub.31 representing a hydrogen atom or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl group and R.sub.32 representing a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group.

[0146] R.sub.3 can represent more particularly an OR.sub.22 group with R.sub.22 representing a hydrogen atom or a O-protecting group (for example Bn); or a NR.sub.31C(O)R.sub.32 group with R.sub.31 representing a hydrogen atom and R.sub.32 representing a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl. For instance, R.sub.3 can represent an OH, OBn, OMOM or NHAc group, in particular OH or OBn.

[0147] According to a second embodiment R.sub.3 can represent an OSiR.sup.a3R.sup.b3R.sup.c3, OR.sub.22, OC(O)R.sub.23, OCO.sub.2R.sub.24 or OCONR.sub.25R.sub.26 group, advantageously an OSiR.sup.a3R.sup.b3R.sup.c3, OR.sub.22 or OC(O)R.sub.23 group, more advantageously an OR.sub.22 or OC(O)R.sub.23 group, and even more advantageously an OR.sub.22 group.

[0148] R.sub.3 can represent in particular an OR.sub.22 group with R.sub.22 representing a hydrogen atom, a O-protecting group or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl group; or an OC(O)R.sub.23 group R.sub.23 with representing a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, aryl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl group.

[0149] R.sub.3 can represent more particularly an OR.sub.22 group with R.sub.22 representing a hydrogen atom or a O-protecting group (for example Bn). For instance, R.sub.3 can represent an OH or OBn group.

[0150] According to a particular embodiment, R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are identical.

[0151] According to another particular embodiment, R represents a CH.sub.2OR.sub.8 group; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent, independently from one another, an OR.sub.15 group; and R.sub.3 represents an OR.sub.22 group, R.sub.8, R.sub.15 and R.sub.22 representing advantageously a hydrogen atom or an 0-protecting group (for example Bn). R.sub.8 and the two R.sub.15 groups can be identical, such as H or an O-protecting group (for example Bn). R.sub.8, the two R.sub.15 and R.sub.22 groups can also be identical, such as H or an O-protecting group (for example Bn).

[0152] According to another particular embodiment, R?CH.sub.2OH, R.sub.1?R.sub.2?OH or R.sub.1?R.sub.2=R.sub.3?OH.

[0153] R.sub.4 can advantageously represent a hydrogen or halogen atom or an OR.sub.41 group; in particular a hydrogen atom or an OR.sub.41 group; and more particularly an OR.sub.41 group.

[0154] Yet even more advantageously, R.sub.4 may represent a hydrogen or halogen atom or an OH, O-protecting, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, O-aryl and O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl group; in particular, a hydrogen atom or an OH, O-protecting, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, O-aryl and O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl group; and more particularly an OH, O-protecting, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, O-aryl and O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl group.

[0155] R.sub.4 can also represent a hydrogen or halogen atom or an OH, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, O-aryl and O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl group; in particular, a hydrogen atom or an OH, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, O-aryl and O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl group; and more particularly an OH, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl, O-aryl and O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl group.

[0156] In particular, R.sub.4 can represent a hydrogen or halogen (such as Br, Cl, F) atom or an OH or O-protecting group (for ex. OMe or OBn); advantageously a hydrogen atom or an OH or O-protecting group (for ex. OMe or OBn); such as H or OH.

[0157] R.sub.4 can be in particular an OH or O-protecting group such as OH, OMe or OBn; and preferably an OH group.

[0158] R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, identical or different, can advantageously represent a hydrogen atom or a N-protecting group being a CO.sub.2R.sub.GP1 group with R.sub.GP1 as defined above, such as Cbz, Boc or Fmoc, notably Cbz or Boc. Preferably, at least one of R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is a hydrogen atom. Most preferably, both R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 represent a hydrogen atom.

[0159] According to a particular embodiment, R?CH.sub.2OH or CH.sub.2OBn and R.sub.1?R.sub.2?R.sub.3 ?OH or OBn.

[0160] According to another particular embodiment, R?CH.sub.2OH and R.sub.1?R.sub.2=R.sub.3?OH.

[0161] According to yet another particular embodiment, R?CH.sub.2OH, R.sub.1?R.sub.2=R.sub.3?OH and R.sub.4?H or OH, in particular OH.

[0162] According to a particular embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (I):

or a salt thereof, a solvate, a tautomer, a stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers in any proportion, in particular a mixture of enantiomers, and particularly a racemate mixture, in which: [0163] n represents 1 or 2, and preferably 2, [0164] R represents CH.sub.2OR.sub.8, [0165] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent, independently from one another, OR.sub.15, [0166] R.sub.3 represents OR.sub.22, [0167] R.sub.4 represents H or OR.sub.41, in particular OR.sub.41, [0168] or R and R.sub.1, together with the carbon atoms carrying them, form a cyclic acetal having the following formula:

##STR00019## [0169] and/or (R.sub.1 and R.sub.2), (R.sub.2 and R.sub.3), and/or (R.sub.3 and R.sub.4), together with the carbon atoms carrying them, form a cyclic acetal having the following formula:

##STR00020## [0170] R.sub.8, R.sub.15 and R.sub.22 represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom or a O-protecting group (for example a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group), [0171] R.sub.41 represents a hydrogen atom, a O-protecting group (for example a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group) or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, aryl, aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, or (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl-aryl group, this group being possibly unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups chosen among a halogen atom and (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkoxy, and [0172] R.sup.d and R.sup.e represent, independently from one another, a hydrogen atom or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl group.

[0173] In this embodiment, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, identical or different, can advantageously represent a hydrogen atom or a N-protecting group being a CO.sub.2R.sub.GP1 group with R.sub.GP1 as defined above, such as Cbz, Boc or Fmoc, notably Cbz or Boc. Preferably, at least one of R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is a hydrogen atom. Most preferably, both R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 represent a hydrogen atom.

[0174] The compound of formula (I) can be chosen among the following compounds:

##STR00021##

and the salts and solvates thereof (notably acid addition salts in particular with hydrochloric acid or acetic acid, more particularly with hydrochloric acid).

[0175] The compound of formula (I) can also be chosen among the following compounds:

##STR00022##

and the salts and solvates thereof (notably acid addition salts in particular with hydrochloric acid or acetic acid, more particularly with hydrochloric acid).

[0176] In particular, the compound of formula (I) can be compound 4, compound 5, compound 6, compound 15, compound 19, compound 22, compound 23, compound 24, compound 27, compound 28, compound 29, compound 32, compound 33 or compound 34 as described in the examples below.

[0177] Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is compound 6 or a salt and/or solvate thereof, such as an acid addition salt in particular with hydrochloric acid or acetic acid, such as with hydrochloric acid. Most preferably, it is compound 6.

[0178] Process of Preparation

[0179] The present invention relates also to a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) as defined above comprising steps (a) to (c).

[0180] Step (a):

[0181] The cyclisation step can be performed in an acidic medium, notably in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid on a compound of formula (II).

[0182] The reaction can be performed in a solvent such as toluene, notably at reflux.

[0183] In the case of this reaction, advantageously R.sub.5?H and/or R.sub.6?H, R?CH.sub.2OH, R.sub.1?OH, R.sub.2?OH, R.sub.3?OH, and R.sub.4?OH. Thus, to prepare compounds which such substituents, the OH or NH.sub.2 functions should be preferably protected by a protecting group as defined above before cyclising the compound of formula (II) into a compound of formula (I).

[0184] The compound of formula (II) can be prepared by reducing the imine function of a compound of the following formula (III):

##STR00023## [0185] in which n, R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are as defined above.

[0186] The reduction reaction can be carried out in the presence of a borohydride such as NaBH.sub.3CN or NaBH(OAc).sub.3.

[0187] The reaction can be carried out in a solvent such as dichloroethane.

[0188] The compound of formula (III) can be prepared by reacting a compound of the following formula (IV):

##STR00024## [0189] in which R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined above and A.sub.1 represents CHO or C(OA.sub.2)(OA.sub.3) with A.sub.2 and A.sub.3 representing, independently of one another, H, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl; notably with A.sub.2=H and A.sub.3 representing (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl or aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alky, notably (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, with a compound of the following formula (V):

##STR00025## [0190] or a salt thereof, such as a hydrochloride, in which n, R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are as defined above.

[0191] This reaction can be carried out in toluene at the reflux temperature in the presence of a Dean-Stark apparatus.

[0192] This reaction can also be carried out in the presence of a base, such as triethylamine, or NaHCO.sub.3 and optionally a dessicant agent, such as MgSO.sub.4. In this case dichloromethane or dichloroethane can be used as solvent. The base can be also PsNEt.sub.2 (diethylaminomethyl-polystyrene) to facilitate the purification. In this case, the solvent can be dichloroethane.

[0193] The reaction between compounds of formulas (IV) and (V) and the reduction of compounds (III) can be one-pot.

[0194] In the case of these reactions, advantageously R.sub.5?H and/or R.sub.6?H, R?CH.sub.2OH, R.sub.1?OH, R.sub.2?OH, R.sub.3?OH, and R.sub.4?OH. Thus, to prepare compounds which such substituents, the OH or NH.sub.2 functions should be preferably protected by a protecting group as defined above before performing the reaction between the compounds of formulas (IV) and (V). Of course, the NH.sub.2 group of the CH.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.nNH.sub.2 moiety remains unprotected (it can be in the form of a salt) in order to be able to react with A.sub.1.

[0195] The compound of formula (IV) can be prepared as disclosed in WO2015/140178.

[0196] The compound of formula (V) can be prepared according to methods disclosed in the examples below.

[0197] The compound of formula (II) can be prepared also by reacting a compound of the following formula (VI):

##STR00026## [0198] in which R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined above and LG represents a leaving group, notably a sulfonate such as a triflate, [0199] with a compound of formula (V) as defined above or a salt thereof.

[0200] The substitution reaction is advantageously carried out in the presence of a base such as K.sub.2CO.sub.3. The reaction can be carried out in a solvent such as DMF.

[0201] In the case of this reaction, advantageously R.sub.5?H and/or R.sub.6?H, R?CH.sub.2OH, R.sub.1?OH, R.sub.2?OH, R.sub.3?OH, and R.sub.4?OH. Thus, to prepare compounds which such substituents, the OH or NH.sub.2 functions should be preferably protected by a protecting group as defined above before performing the reaction between the compounds of formulas (VI) and (V).

[0202] The compound of formula (VI) can be prepared as disclosed in WO2015/140178.

[0203] The compound of formula (II) can be prepared also by reacting a compound of the following formula (VII):

##STR00027## [0204] in which R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined above, with a compound of the following formula (VIII):

##STR00028## [0205] in which n, R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are as defined above.

[0206] The reduction reaction can be carried out in the presence of a borohydride such as NaBH.sub.3CN or NaBH(OAc).sub.3.

[0207] The reaction can be carried out in a solvent such as dichloroethane.

[0208] In the case of this reaction, advantageously R.sub.5?H and/or R.sub.6?H, R?CH.sub.2OH, R.sub.1?OH, R.sub.2?OH, R.sub.3?OH, and R.sub.4?OH. Thus, to prepare compounds which such substituents, the OH or NH.sub.2 functions should be preferably protected by a protecting group as defined above before performing the reaction between the compounds of formulas (VII) and (VIII).

[0209] The compound of formula (VII) can be prepared according to methods disclosed in the examples below. The compound of formula (VIII) is commercially available or easily prepared by the skilled person (as described in Journal of Organic Chemistry 1998, 63, 3741-3744).

[0210] Step (b):

[0211] The protected forms will comprise protected group(s), in particular OH group(s) protected with any O-protecting group such as defined previously, in particular a benzyl group, and/or NH.sub.2 group(s) protected with one or two N-protecting group(s) such as defined previously, in particular a Cbz or Boc group.

[0212] The conditions of deprotection are well-known to the one skilled in the art (e.g. Greene's Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis, 4.sup.th edition, 2007, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey). For example, the deprotection of an OH group protected with a benzyl group or of a NH.sub.2 group protected with a Cbz group can be performed in the presence of H.sub.2 and a catalyst such as Pd/C.

[0213] The deprotection step can be carried out after and/or during step (a).

[0214] The deprotection step can be carried out after, before and/or during step (c).

[0215] Step (c):

[0216] The salification or solvation step can be carried out by methods well known to the one skilled in the art, in particular by reaction of the compound of formula (I) obtained in step (a) or (b) with an organic or inorganic acid, an organic or inorganic base or a solvent, as defined previously.

[0217] The solvent can be notably the solvent used in the last step of the preparation of the compound according to the invention, in particular the solvent used in step (a) or (b).

[0218] Thus, steps (a) and/or (b) and (c) can be carried out in a single step, without isolating intermediate compounds.

[0219] The compound obtained by the process according to the invention can be separated from the reaction medium by methods well known to the person skilled in the art, such as by extraction, evaporation of the solvent or by precipitation or crystallisation (followed by filtration).

[0220] The compound can be also purified if necessary by methods well known to the person skilled in the art, such as by recrystallization, by distillation, by ion exchange purification (DOWEX? 50Wx8), by chromatography on a column of silica gel or by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

[0221] Cosmetic or Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0222] The present invention relates also to a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) as defined above and at least one physiologically acceptable excipient.

[0223] Such a composition is more particularly intended for a topical (e.g. transdermal) administration or a parenteral (e.g. subcutaneous or intradermal) administration, preferably a topical administration, in particular on the skin, including the scalp skin, or an injection, in particular a subcutaneous or intradermal injection.

[0224] Such a composition can thus be a solution, a dispersion, an emulsion, an oil, an ointment, a shampoo, a paste, a cream, a lotion, a milk, a foam, a gel, a suspension, a spray, a serum, a patch, a stick or a mask.

[0225] The composition of the invention may comprise one or several additive(s) as excipient(s), such as suspending agents, wetting agents, antioxidants, emollients, other moisturizing agents, thickening agents, chelating agents, buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, fragrances, preservatives, pigments or colorants, opacifiers or mattifying agents. Such additives are conventional to those of skill in the art and exemplified below.

[0226] Suspending agents can be for example an alginate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyl ethyl cellulose, hydroxylpropyl methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, a gum such as acacia, tragacanth or xanthan gum, gelatin, a carrageenan, polyvinyl pyrrolidone.

[0227] Wetting agents can be glycerin, propylene glycol or also nonionic surfactants such as a lecithin, a polysorbate or a poloxamer.

[0228] Antioxidants can be used to protect ingredients of the composition from oxidizing agents that are included within or come in contact with the composition. Examples of antioxidants include ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, acetylcysteine, sulfurous acid salts (bisulfite, metabisulfite), sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, monothioglycerol, thiourea, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, potassium propyl gallate, octyl gallate, dodecyl gallate, phenyl-?-naphthyl-amine, and tocopherols such as ?-tocopherol.

[0229] Emollients are agents that soften and smooth the skin. Examples of emollients include oils and waxes such as siloxanes such as dimethicone and derivatives thereof, microcrystalline wax, polyethylene, triglyceride esters such as those of castor oil, cocoa butter, safflower oil, corn oil, olive oil, cod liver oil, almond oil, palm oil, squalene, and soybean oil, acetylated monoglycerides, ethoxylated glycerides, fatty acids, alkyl esters of fatty acids, alkenyl esters of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty alcohol ethers, ether-esters, lanolin and derivatives of lanolin, polyhydric alcohol esters, wax esters such as beeswax, vegetable waxes, phospholipids, sterols, isopropyl palmitate or glyceryl stearate.

[0230] A moisturising agent increases the moisture content of the skin and keeps it soft and smooth. It can be for example urea, an amino acid, lactic acid and its salts (such as sodium lactate), glycerol (also called glycerin), propylene glycol, butylene glycol, PEG (polyethylene glycolsuch as PEG-4 to PEG-32), sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, polydextrose, collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid and its salts (such as sodium or potassium salts), pectin, gelatin, chitosan, aloe vera, honey, etc.

[0231] Thickening agents are used to increase the viscosity and thickness of the composition. Examples of thickening agents include lipid thickening agents such as Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, Myristyl Alcohol, Carnauba Wax, or Stearic acid; naturally derived thickening agents such as Cellulose derivatives like Hydroxyethylcellulose, Guar gum, Locust Bean Gum, Xanthan Gum, or Gelatin; mineral thickening agents such as Silica, Bentonite, or Magnesium Aluminum Silicate; synthetic thickening agents such as Carbomer; ionic thickening agents such as NaCl.

[0232] Chelating agents can be an ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) salt.

[0233] Buffering agents can be acetate, citrate, tartrate, phosphate, triethanolamine (TRIS).

[0234] Examples of fragrances or perfume include peppermint, rose oil, rose water, aloe vera, clove oil, menthol, camphor, eucalyptus oil, and other plant extracts. To eliminate certain odors from compositions, masking agents may be used.

[0235] Preservatives can be used to protect the composition from degradation. Examples of preservatives include phenol, cresol, chlorobutanol, phenoxyethanol, butylparaben, propylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, propyl paraben, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof such as liquipar oil. However, the composition of the present invention can be preservative free.

[0236] Pigments or colorants are used to modify the color of the composition, such as to obtain a white composition.

[0237] Opacifiers, such as titanium oxide, are used in clear or transparent composition in order to render it opaque. The present invention can thus be clear or opaque according to the use or not of an opacifier.

[0238] Mattifying agents are ingredients that make the skin matt, which prevent it from shining. It can be for example talc, silica, rice powder, or a mixture thereof, notably in a micronized form.

[0239] The one skilled in the art will be able to adapt the amount of the compound of formula (I) according to the invention in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition in order to obtain the desired effect.

[0240] For parenteral, in particular subcutaneous or intradermal, administration, the cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can be more particularly in the form of an aqueous suspension or solution which is advantageously sterile. Such parenteral (e.g. subcutaneous) compositions will contain advantageously a physiologically acceptable medium, generally based on an isotonic saline solution, i.e. 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution (normal saline). Non-aqueous water miscible co-solvent, such as ethanol, glycerin, propylene glycol or n-lactamide, can also be used. The parenteral composition of the invention can also comprise one or more additive(s), such as suspending agents, wetting agents, preservatives, antioxidants, chelating agents, buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, etc. Such additives are conventional to those of skill in the art and examples are mentioned above.

[0241] For topical administration, the cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can be in the usual forms for a topical administration including creams, lotions, serums, gels, foams, dispersions, suspensions, emulsions, sprays, shampoos, masks, milks, etc. The active ingredient can be administered in unit forms for administration, mixed with conventional pharmaceutical carriers, to animals, preferably mammals including humans. Such topical compositions generally contain a physiologically acceptable medium, notably based on water or a solvent such as alcohols (for ex. ethanol), ethers or glycols. The topical composition of the invention can also comprise one or more additive(s), such as antioxidants, emollients, other moisturizing agents, thickening agents, fragrances, preservatives, pigments or colorants, or opacifiers.

[0242] Such additives are conventional to those of skill in the art and examples are mentioned above.

[0243] The cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition is intended in particular: [0244] for the treatment and/or prevention of skin aging, skin protection, or skin regeneration; [0245] for skin plumping and/or skin volumizing and/or skin densifying and/or wrinkle filling and/or skin or hair moisturizing and/or skin or hair relipiding and/or stimulation of hair growth; [0246] for the treatment of dry skin and/or atopic dermatitis and/or atopic eczema and/or psoriasis; or [0247] for the treatment and/or prevention of a fibrosis disease (e.g. an excessive scar such as a keloid or hypertrophic scar) or for healing; [0248] for the treatment of inflammation (e.g. chronic, low-grade inflammation, notably that develops in various aging tissues and referred as inflammaging).

[0249] Cosmetic or pharmaceutical applications According to a first aspect, the present invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for use in the treatment and/or prevention of skin aging, skin protection, or skin regeneration.

[0250] The present invention relates also to a use, such as a cosmetic use, of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for the treatment and/or prevention of skin aging, skin protection, or skin regeneration.

[0251] The present invention relates also to a method, such as a cosmetic method, for the treatment and/or prevention of skin aging, skin protection, or skin regeneration, by applying a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention to the skin.

[0252] The present invention relates also to a method for the treatment and/or prevention of skin aging, skin protection, or skin regeneration, by applying to the skin of a person in need thereof of an affective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention.

[0253] Indeed, it has been demonstrated that the compounds of formula (I) according to the invention have properties of increasing the growth (proliferation) of skin cell in particular under stress conditions, protecting them from different stresses and especially oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, through the inhibition of cytokine release such as IL6, promoting extracellular matrix remodelling, inducing hyaluronic acid synthesis and promoting lipogenesis.

[0254] In such use or method, the compound of formula (I) or cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention can be applied topically on the skin.

[0255] According to a second aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for skin plumping and/or skin volumizing and/or skin densifying and/or wrinkle filling and/or skin or hair moisturizing and/or skin or hair relipiding and/or stimulation of hair growth.

[0256] The invention relates also to a method for skin plumping and/or skin volumizing and/or skin densifying and/or wrinkle filling and/or skin or hair moisturizing and/or skin or hair relipiding and/or stimulation of hair growth comprising the administration, notably topically onto the skin (including the scalp skin for the stimulation of hair growth) or subcutaneously or intradermally, of an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention.

[0257] The invention relates also to a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for use for skin plumping and/or skin volumizing and/or skin densifying and/or wrinkle filling and/or skin or hair moisturizing and/or skin or hair relipiding and/or stimulation of hair growth.

[0258] The invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention, for the manufacture of a cosmetic or dermatological composition intended for skin plumping and/or skin volumizing and/or skin densifying and/or wrinkle filling and/or skin or hair moisturizing and/or skin or hair relipiding and/or stimulation of hair growth.

[0259] Indeed, it has been demonstrated that the compounds of formula (I) according to the invention have an activity of increasing the volume of adipose tissue notably through the proliferation of preadipocytes, through the synthesis of lipids such as cholesterol, through the reduction of inflammation, with the inhibition of cytokine release such as IL6, through the synthesis of hyaluronic acid, and an activity of hair growth in particular through the synthesis of lipids and through the proliferation of fibroblast.

[0260] In such use or method, the compound of formula (I) or cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention can be applied on the skin, including the scalp, topically, subcutaneously or intradermally, preferably subcutaneously or intradermally.

[0261] According to a third aspect, the present invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for use in the treatment of dry skin and/or atopic dermatitis and/or atopic eczema and/or psoriasis.

[0262] The invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for the treatment of dry skin and/or atopic dermatitis and/or atopic eczema and/or psoriasis.

[0263] The invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition intended for the treatment of dry skin and/or atopic dermatitis and/or atopic eczema and/or psoriasis.

[0264] The invention relates also to a method for the treatment of dry skin and/or atopic dermatitis and/or atopic eczema and/or psoriasis comprising the administration to a person in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention.

[0265] Indeed, as reported in the literature (J. Invest. Dermatol. 1991, 96, 523-526; Contact Dermatitis 2008, 58, 255-262; Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2015, 28, 42-55), such pathologies are associated with a decrease of lipid synthesis leading to a skin barrier impairment. It has been demonstrated that the compounds of formula (I) according to the invention are useful in lipid synthesis so that such compounds can be used in the treatment of these pathologies by stimulating the lipid synthesis notably by keratinocytes.

[0266] The administration of the compound of formula (I) or cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention is advantageously topical or parenteral (e.g. subcutaneous or intradermal), preferably topical, in the case of the treatment of dry skin and/or atopic dermatitis and/or atopic eczema and/or psoriasis.

[0267] According to a fourth aspect, the present invention relates also to a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a fibrosis disease, in particular an excessive scar such as a keloid or hypertrophic scar, or for use in healing.

[0268] The present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition intended for the treatment and/or prevention and of a fibrosis disease, in particular an excessive scar such as a keloid or hypertrophic scar, or for healing.

[0269] The present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention in the treatment and/or prevention of a fibrosis disease, in particular an excessive scar such as a keloid or hypertrophic scar, or for healing.

[0270] The present invention relates also to a method of treating and/or preventing a fibrosis disease, in particular an excessive scar such as a keloid or hypertrophic scar, or for healing, comprising the administration to a person in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention.

[0271] Indeed, it has been demonstrated that the compounds of formula (I) according to the invention have a role in the regulation of several genes involved in the mechanism of healing and treating/preventing fibrosis diseases such as keloids (e.g. genes involved in extracellular matrix organization or fibrogenesis inhibition).

[0272] The compound of formula (I) or cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention can be used in combination with, and more particular after, a laser or surgical treatment. Indeed, a patient suffering from a fibrosis disease, in particular an excessive scar such as a keloid or hypertrophic scar, can be first treated with laser or by surgery to eliminate the excess fibrous connective tissue and then a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention can be applied topically on the wound during its healing in order to prevent the reappearance of the excess fibrous connective tissue.

[0273] The administration of the compound of formula (I) or cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention is advantageously topical or parenteral (e.g. subcutaneously or intradermally), preferably topical, in the case of the treatment and/or prevention of a fibrosis disease or of healing.

[0274] According to a fifth aspect, the present invention relates also to a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for use in the treatment of inflammation and especially chronic, low-grade inflammation, notably that develops in various aging tissues and referred as inflammaging.

[0275] The present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition intended for the treatment of inflammation and especially chronic, low-grade inflammation, notably that develops in various aging tissues and referred as inflammaging.

[0276] The present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention in the treatment of inflammation and especially chronic, low-grade inflammation, notably that develops in various aging tissues and referred as inflammaging.

[0277] The present invention relates also to a method of treating inflammation and especially chronic, low-grade inflammation, notably that develops in various aging tissues and referred as inflammaging, comprising the administration to a person in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention.

[0278] Indeed, it has been demonstrated that the compounds of formula (I) according to the invention have a role in the regulation of several genes involved in the mechanism of inflammation (e.g. genes involved in inflammatory response and chronic inflammatory disorder inhibition) and in the reduction of inflammation through the inhibition of IL6 release in tissues (e.g. adipocytes).

[0279] The compound according to the invention can thus be useful also to treat obesity or, in a patient suffering from obesity, to increase weight loss, or more particularly fat loss, and to prevent the onset of a metabolic syndrome such as type 2 diabetes.

[0280] The present invention relates thus also to a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for use in the treatment of obesity or for use, in a patient suffering from obesity, in a method of increasing weight loss, or more particularly fat loss, or in the prevention of the onset of a metabolic syndrome such as type 2 diabetes.

[0281] The present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition intended for the treatment of obesity or, in a patient suffering from obesity, for increasing weight loss, or more particularly fat loss, or for preventing the onset of a metabolic syndrome such as type 2 diabetes.

[0282] The present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention in the treatment of obesity or, in a patient suffering from obesity, for increasing weight loss, or more particularly fat loss, or for preventing the onset of a metabolic syndrome such as type 2 diabetes.

[0283] The present invention relates also to a method of treating obesity or, in a patient suffering from obesity, of increasing weight loss, or more particularly fat loss, or of preventing the onset of a metabolic syndrome such as type 2 diabetes, comprising the administration to a person in need thereof of an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the invention.

[0284] Dressing

[0285] The present invention concerns also a dressing comprising a pad, compress or sponge impregnated with a cosmetic or pharmaceutical (e.g. dermatological) composition according to the present invention as defined above.

[0286] Such a dressing can be applied to an injury/a wound during the healing step in order to prevent or reduce the appearance of keloids or hypertrophic scars. Thus, it can be for use in the treatment and/or prevention, notably in the prevention, of a fibrosis disease, in particular an excessive scar such as a keloid or hypertrophic scar, or for use in healing.

[0287] It is thus preferably sterile.

[0288] Such a dressing can be more particularly a pressure dressing.

[0289] The pad, compress or sponge can be made of various materials, preferably absorbent materials, such as cotton, gauze, a porous polymer material, or a combination thereof, notably cotton and/or gauze.

[0290] It can also comprise a bandage or adhesive means in order to maintain the pad or compress in close contact with the injury or wound.

[0291] This dressing can be used in combination with, and more particular after, a laser or surgical treatment. Indeed, a patient suffering from a fibrosis disease, in particular an excessive scar such as a keloid or hypertrophic scar, can be first treated with laser or by surgery to eliminate the excess fibrous connective tissue and then a dressing according to the invention can be applied on the wound during its healing in order to prevent the reappearance of the excess fibrous connective tissue.

[0292] Preservation, Protection, Regeneration of a Biological Material or a Microorganism

[0293] The present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) as defined above for the preservation and/or protection and/or regeneration of a biological material or a microorganism.

[0294] The present invention relates also to a method of preservation and/or protection of a biological material or a microorganism by placing said biological material or microorganism in a medium containing a compound of formula (I) as defined above.

[0295] Indeed, it has been demonstrate that the compounds of formula (I) according to the invention have properties to promote cells growth and to protect cells from stress and especially oxidative stress.

[0296] In particular, a biological material or a microorganism can be protected/preserved when placed at a temperature below 37? C., such as below 0? C., notably in conditions of cryopreservation in particular for biological materials such as human organs, tissues (e.g. for transplant), body fluids or cells.

[0297] The cryopreservation of a biological material or a microorganism implies to cool to sub-zero temperatures the biological material or microorganism, and notably at a temperature of about ?196? C. by using liquid nitrogen.

[0298] The biological material can be in particular cells, a tissue, a body fluid or an organ. For example, the biological material can be an organ or a tissue (e.g. skin or, in the case of hair graft, a follicular unit, i.e. a scalp part comprising 1 to 4 hair follicles) intended to be grafted.

[0299] The microorganism can be in particular a prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganism, being notably unicellular or pluricellular.

[0300] The microorganism can be notably chosen among bacteria, fungi, including yeasts, algae, viruses, including phages, microparasites (also called parasitic microorganisms) and protozoa.

[0301] Culture, Storage and/or Preservation Medium

[0302] The present invention relates also to a culture, storage and/or preservation medium comprising at least one compound of formula (I) as defined above.

[0303] The culture, storage and/or preservation medium can be liquid or in the form of a gel. It contains thus water. However, the medium can be in a dehydrated form which can be rehydrated by water addition.

[0304] It can contain one or several components of the group consisting of co-solvents (e.g. dimethylsulfoxyde (DMSO)), salts (for ex. NaCl, MgCl.sub.2, ZnCl.sub.2, MnCl.sub.2, CuCl.sub.2, K.sub.2PO.sub.4, KH.sub.2PO.sub.4, K.sub.2HPO.sub.4, Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3, K.sub.2SO.sub.4, MgSO.sub.4, KNO.sub.3, Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, NaHCO.sub.3, etc.), carbon sources such as carbohydrates (for ex. glucose, lactose or sucrose) or polyols (for ex mannitol or glycerol), vitamins (for ex. vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, B3, B5, B9, B7, C, A, D, E and K), nitrogen and amino acid sources (for ex. peptones, beef or yeast extract, serum, etc.), growth factors (for ex. insulin, transferrin, fibonectin, albumin), differentiating factors, antibiotics and antimycotics (also called antibacterial and antifungal agentse.g. actinomycin D, amphotericin B, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefotaxime, fosmidomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, penicillin, polymixin B), hormones, cytokines and trace elements.

[0305] Other additives can be present such as indicators (of pH for example), inhibitors, etc.

[0306] When it is in the form of a gel, the culture medium can further comprise a gelling agent such as agar, gelatine, silica gel, etc.

[0307] The present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula (I) as defined above as an adjuvant in a culture, storage and/or preservation medium.

[0308] The culture, storage and/or preservation medium is intended for the culture, storage and/or preservation of a biological material or of a microorganism. The biological material will be more particularly cells or tissues in the case of a culture medium.

[0309] The present invention is illustrated by the following non-limitative examples.

EXAMPLES

[0310] The following abbreviations have been used: [0311] Ac: Acetyl (COCH.sub.3) [0312] BHA: Butylated hydroxyanisole [0313] Bn: Benzyl (CH.sub.2Ph) [0314] Boc: tert-Butyloxycarbonyl [0315] Cbz: Benzyloxycarbonyl (CO.sub.2CH.sub.2Ph) [0316] cpm: Counts per minute [0317] DAPI: 4,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride [0318] DCE: Dichloroethane [0319] DCM: Dichloromethane [0320] DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium [0321] DMF: Dimethylformamide [0322] DIPEA: N,N-Diisopropylethylamine [0323] EBSS: Earle's Balanced Salt Solution [0324] EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [0325] ESI: Electrospray ionisation [0326] FBS: Fetal Bovine Serum [0327] FCS: Fetal Calf Serum [0328] HATU: 1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate [0329] H-PTFE: Hydrophilized polytetrafluoroethylene [0330] LDH: Lactate Deshydrogenase [0331] Me: Methyl [0332] NHDF: Normal human dermal fibroblasts [0333] NHEK: Normal human epidermal keratinocytes [0334] NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [0335] OD: Optical density [0336] PBS: Phosphate buffered saline [0337] PsNEt.sub.2: Diethylaminomethyl-polystyrene [0338] RMA: Robust Multiarray Analysis [0339] RNA: Ribonucleic acid [0340] ROS: Reactive oxygen species [0341] RPMI medium: Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium [0342] Tf: Trifluoromethanesulfonyl (SO.sub.2CF.sub.3) [0343] THE: Tetrahydrofuran

1. Synthesis of the Compounds According to the Invention

[0344] It should be noted that the compounds according to the invention where R.sub.4?R.sub.1?OH can be obtained in the form of a mixture of tautomer forms as explained in the description above. For practical reasons, these compounds are represented by their pyranose form.

1.1. Synthesis of Compound 6 According to a First Synthesis Route

[0345] Compound 6 can be prepared according to the following synthesis route:

##STR00029##

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 1:

[0346] The preparation of compound 1 is disclosed in WO2015/140178 (cf. compound 2).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 2:

[0347] Compound 2 is prepared according to the following two steps:

##STR00030##

[0348] Compound 8 is prepared from commercially available compound 7 according to the method disclosed in Organic Letters 2006, 8, 17, 3865-3868.

[0349] Compound 2 is then obtained from compound 8 according to a protocol disclosed in J. Org. Chem. 1994, Vol. 59, No. 11, 3216-3218 as follows.

[0350] Compound 8 (1 eq., 1.0 g, 2.37 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of HCl (1M in AcOEt, 2.0 eq., 4.73 mL, 4.73 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. HCl (1M in AcOEt, 1 eq., 2.37 mL, 2.37 mmol) was added again to complete the reaction. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 5 h. The mixture was then concentrated and co-evaporated with Et.sub.2O to give 2.37 g of compound 2 (67% purity). The material was engaged in the next step without purification.

[0351] .sup.1H NMR (MeOD, 300 MHz): 1.44 (s, 9H); 1.54-2.10 (m, 4H); 2.93 (m, 2H); 4.10 (m, 1H); 5.10 (s, 2H); 7.29-7.38 (m, 5H).

[0352] Mass (ESI+): 323.2 [M+H].sup.+ (NH.sub.2 form)

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 3:

[0353] To a solution of compound 1 (1 eq., 1.20 g, 1.59 mmol) in DCE (12.6 mL) under inert atmosphere were sequentially added PsNEt.sub.2 (Diethylaminomethyl-polystyrene 3.2 mmol/g, 2.0 eq., 1.10 g, 3.18 mmol), compound 2 (67% purity, 1.0 eq., 0.85 g, 1.59 mmol) and MgSO.sub.4 (5 eq., 0.96 g, 7.95 mmol). The reaction was then refluxed for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then rapidly filtered and rinsed with 10 mL of DCE. The obtained yellow solution was transferred in a round bottom flask and was cooled to 0? C. under inert atmosphere. To this solution were added by portions sodium triacetoxyborohydride (2.0 eq., 0.67 g, 3.17 mmol) and acetic acid (1.0 eq., 0.09 mL, 1.59 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 30 minutes at 0? C. and was then allowed to warm up to room temperature and was stirred for 3 hours.

[0354] Aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO.sub.3 was added and the mixture was vigorously stirred for 5 minutes. The mixture was then extracted with DCM (3?). The combined organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated.

[0355] The resulting crude oil was purified by chromatography (SiO.sub.2 cartridge, cyclohexane/AcOEt: 90/10 to 80/20 to give compound 3 (1.05 g, 95% purity).

[0356] .sup.19Fdec NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?109.5 (d, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2); ?110.4 (d, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0357] Mass (ESI+): 1015.5 [M+H].sup.+; 1037.5 [M+Na].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 4:

[0358] In a sealed tube, a solution of compound 3 (1 eq., 95% purity, 1.05 g, 0.98 mmol) in toluene (11.4 mL) and acetic acid (10.5 eq., 0.59 mL, 10.34 mmol) was heated at reflux for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (80 g SiO.sub.2 cartridge, cyclohexane/EtOAc 90/10 to 55/45) to afford compound 4 (0.83 g, 85% purity, 55% over 3 steps) as colorless gum.

[0359] .sup.19F NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?108.0 (br dd, 256 Hz, 33 Hz, 1F); ?112.3 (br dd, 256 Hz, 26 Hz, 1F).

[0360] .sup.19F dec NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?108.0 (d, 256 Hz, 1F); ?112.3 (d, 256 Hz, 1F).

[0361] Mass (ESI+): 958.5 [M+NH4]+; 963.5 [M+Na]+; 979.5 [M+K]+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 5:

[0362] Palladium (loading 10 wt %, support activated carbon, 0.10 eq., 0.11 g, 0.10 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 4 (1 eq., 0.93 g, 0.99 mmol) in THE (38 mL), previously degassed with nitrogen. A solution of HCl (2M in water, 4.0 eq., 2.0 mL, 3.95 mmol) was then added. The mixture was placed under hydrogen atmosphere and was stirred for 18 h. The reaction was degassed with nitrogen prior to be filtered (0.45 ?m, H-PTFE) to remove the palladium residues. The filter was washed with a mixture of THE and water and the combined solution was concentrated to remove the THF. The residue was then diluted with water and the solution was filtered (0.2 ?m, H-PTFE) before being freeze dried to afford compound 5 (0.45 g) as a white powder. The material was engaged in the next step without purification.

[0363] Compound 5 is obtained as a mixture of the two following tautomer forms named Form 1 and Form 2:

##STR00031##

[0364] .sup.19F dec NMR (D.sub.2O, 282.5 MHz):

[0365] Form 1 (55%): ?115.7 (ddd, 255 Hz, 25 Hz, 8 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2; ?118.5 (ddd, 251 Hz, 24 Hz, 9 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2)

[0366] Form 2 (45%): ?115.0 (ddd, 251 Hz, 27 Hz, 8 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2); ?116.5 (ddd, 255 Hz, 26 Hz, 7 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2)

[0367] Mass (ESI.sup.?): 391.0 (M?H).sup.?

Synthesis of Compound 6:

[0368] Amberlite? IRA-67 (previously washed with water, 1.73 g) was added to a solution of compound 5 (0.45 g, 1.15 mmol) in water (30 mL). The solution was stirred for 1 h30 at room temperature. The pH of the solution was measured (pH=6.8-7.0) and the mixture was filtered (0.2 ?m, H-PTFE). The filtrate was then freeze-dried to afford compound 6 (0.28 g, 69% yield) as an off-white powder.

[0369] Compound 6 is obtained as a mixture of the two following tautomer forms named Form 1 and Form 2:

##STR00032##

[0370] .sup.19F NMR (D.sub.2O, 282.5 MHz):

[0371] Form 1 (57%): ?118.2 (ddd, 252 Hz, 23 Hz, 11 Hz); ?115.5 (ddd, 252 Hz, 24 Hz, 10 Hz).

[0372] Form 2 (43%): ?116.4 (ddd, 253 Hz, 27 Hz, 15 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2); ?115.2 (ddd, 253 Hz, 27 Hz, 15 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2)

[0373] Mass (ESI+): 357.1 [M+H].sup.+

1.2. Synthesis of Compound 6 According to a Second Synthesis Route

[0374] Compound 6 can be prepared according to the following synthesis route:

##STR00033##

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 10:

[0375] LiOH (4.5 eq., 1.29 g, 0.90 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 9 (1 eq., 10.0 g, 12 mmolcompound prepared according to the process disclosed in WO 2012/085221 (see synthesis of compound 15)) in a mixture of THE (98 mL) and water (21.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. Brine was added and 1M HCl until acidic pH was reached. The aqueous layer was then extracted with AcOEt and the combined organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated to afford crude compound 10 (10.9 g, 126% yield, 80% purity) as a yellow oil. The material was engaged in the next step without purification.

[0376] .sup.19F NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?109.3 (d, 269 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2); ?111.56 (d, 269 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0377] Mass (ESI.sup.?): 723.3 [M?H].sup.?

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 11:

[0378] A mixture of compound 10 (1 eq., 10.83 g, 11.95 mmol), HATU (1.5 eq., 6.95 g, 17.93 mmol), NH.sub.4Cl (3 eq., 1.92 g, 35.85 mmol) and DIPEA (5.0 eq., 7.72 g, 59.75 mmol) in DMF was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Brine was added and the mixture was extracted with AcOEt (2?). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (4?), dried over MgSO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatograph (Biotage? 80 g, cyclohexane/AcOEt from 90:10 to 70:30) to afford compound 11 (5.7 g, 66% yield, 93% purity) as a colorless oil.

[0379] .sup.19F NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?110.5 (d, 270 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2); ?112.5 (d, 270 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0380] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 724.3[M+H].sup.+, 746.3[M+Na].sup.+, 762.3[M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 16:

[0381] NaBH.sub.4 (7 eq., 1.76 g, 46.5 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 9 (1 eq., 5.00 g, 6.64 mmol) in dry THE (11 mL) and MeOH (33 mL) cooled to 0? C. under inert atmosphere. The mixture was then stirred at 25? C. for 2.5 h. As the reaction was not complete, an additional portion of NaBH.sub.4 (7 eq., 1.76 g, 46.5 mmol) was added to the reaction previously cooled to 0? C. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 2.5 h at 25? C. After completion of the reaction, a saturated aqueous solution of NH.sub.4Cl and brine where added. The aqueous layer was extracted with AcOEt and the organic layer was separated and washed with brine prior to be dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated to afford crude compound 16 (4.41 g, 93%) as an off-white solid. The material was engaged in the next step without purification.

[0382] .sup.19F NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?113.3 (ddd, 264 Hz, 14 Hz, 14 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2); ?114.3 (ddd, 264 Hz, 15 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2)

[0383] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 728.3 [M+H.sub.2O].sup.+; 733.3 [M+Na].sup.+; 749.2 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 17:

[0384] A solution of compound 16 (1 eq., 8.00 g, 11.3 mol) in dry DCM (163 mL) was added to a solution of triflic anhydride (2.3 eq., 4.34 mL, 15.9 mmol) and pyridine (2.3 eq., 2.11 mL, 25.9 mmol) in dry DCM (163 mL) cooled to 0? C. under inert atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 0? C. for 1 h and at room temperature for an additional 2 h. Water was then added to the reaction mixture and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM and the combined organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated to afford crude compound 17 (9.44 g, 100%) as an off-white solid. The material was engaged in the next step without purification.

[0385] .sup.19F NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?74.5 (s, 3F, CF.sub.3); ?113.8 (ddd, 258 Hz, 23 Hz, 5 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2); ?116.2 (brdd, 258 Hz, 23 Hz, <5 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0386] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 860.2 [M+H.sub.2O].sup.+; 865.2 [M+Na].sup.+; 881.2 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 18:

[0387] Sodium azide (0.96 g, 14.8 mmol, 5 eq) was added at room temperature to a solution of compound 17 (1 eq., 2.5 g, 2.97 mmol) in dry DMF under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50? C. for 7 h prior to be cooled to room temperature. AcOEt was added and the organic mixture was washed with brine (2?), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (AIT? 80 g SiO.sub.2 cartridge, cyclohexane/ethyl acetate from 100:0 to 80:20) to afford compound 18 (0.42 g, 19%) as a white solid.

[0388] .sup.19F NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?111.4 (ddd, 257 Hz, 21 Hz, 10 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2); ?112.52 (ddd, 257 Hz, 22 Hz, 11 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0389] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 753.3 [M+H.sub.2O].sup.+; 758.3 [M+Na].sup.+; 774.3 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 12:

[0390] Procedure A: From Compound 11

[0391] Under inert atmosphere, BH.sub.3.THF complex (6 eq., 1.0M in THF, 43.9 mL, 43.9 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 11 (1 eq., 5.70 g, 7.32 mmol) in dry THE (26.5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then refluxed for 18 h. After completion of the reaction, methanol (10 mL) was carefully added at room temperature under stirring and the mixture was refluxed for an additional 30 min prior to be cooled and concentrated. HCl (6M in water, 10 mL) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for a brief minute and then cooled. The mixture was brought to pH=10 using a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO.sub.3 and extracted with DCM (3?10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (Biotage? ZIP KP-Sil 45 g cartridge, DCM/DCM:MeOH:NH.sub.4OH 80:18:2 v/v/v from 100:0 to 70:30) to afford compound 12 (4.0 g, 77%) as a white solid.

[0392] Procedure B: From Compound 18

[0393] Under inert atmosphere, lithium aluminium hydride (1M in THF, 2 eq., 1.09 mL, 1.09 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 18 (1 eq., 0.40 g, 0.54 mmol) in dry THE (5.39 mL) previously cooled to 0? C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0? C. for 2 h. A saturated aqueous solution of Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 was then added and the mixture was allowed to reach gradually room temperature and was stirred for an additional 2 h before being filtered over Celite?. The solid was washed with AcOEt and the organic layer of the filtrate was dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (Biotage? KP-Sil 10 g cartridge, cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 100:0 to 60:40) to afford compound 12 (0.13 g, 33%) in the form of a white solid.

[0394] .sup.19Fdec NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?114.5 (d, 254 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2); ?115.4 (d, 254 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0395] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 710.3 [M+H].sup.+; 732.2 [M+Na].sup.+; 748.3 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 14:

[0396] A solution of compound 12 (1 eq., 300 mg, 0.423 mmol) in DCE (1.7 mL) was added to a solution of compound 13 (obtained from Journal of Organic Chemistry 1998, 63, 3741-3744) (1.1 eq., 160 mg, 0.465 mmol) in DCE (1.7 mL) under inert atmosphere. MgSO.sub.4 (10 eq., 508 mg, 4.23 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred under reflux for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to 0? C. and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (2 eq., 184 mg, 0.845 mmol) and acetic acid (1 eq., 28.2 mg, 0.0269 mL, 0.423 mmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Water and NaHCO.sub.3 (10% aq) were added to the mixture before it was extracted with AcOEt. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (Biotage? SNAP 10 g, cyclohexane/AcOEt from 95/5 to 80/20) to afford a mixture containing compound 14 (221 mg,) in the form of a white solid.

[0397] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 1039.5 [M+H].sup.+; 1061.5 [M+Na].sup.+; 1077.5 [M+K].sup.+.

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 15:

[0398] A solution of a mixture containing compound 14 (1 eq., 20 mg, 0.98 mmol) in toluene (0.5 mL) and acetic acid (10 eq., 0.01 mL, 0.19 mmol) was heated at reflux for 7 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to afford a crude compound 15 in the form of a beige solid.

[0399] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 1029.4 [M+Na].sup.+; 1045.4 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 19:

[0400] Trifluoroacetic acid (5.9 eq., 21.8 ?L, 0.29 mmol) was added to a solution of crude compound 15 (1.0 eq, 50.0 mg, 0.05 mmol) in water (2.7 ?L) and dichloromethane (109 ?L). The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water was then added and the pH of the solution was adjusted to pH=8-9 with a solution of NaOH (2M in water). The aqueous layer was then extracted 3 times with AcOEt and the combined organic layer was dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated to afford crude compound 19 (38.7 mg) as a yellowish solid.

[0401] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 807.4 [M+H].sup.+.

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 5:

[0402] Palladium (loading 10 wt %, support activated carbon, 0.10 eq., 5.1 mg, 0.005 mmol) was added to a solution of crude compound 19 (1 eq., 38.7 mg, 0.05 mmol) in THF (1.9 mL), previously degassed with nitrogen. A solution of HCl (2M in water, 4.0 eq., 0.09 mL, 0.19 mmol) was then added. The mixture was placed under hydrogen atmosphere and was stirred for 16 h. The reaction was degassed with nitrogen prior to be filtered (0.45 ?m, H-PTFE) to remove the palladium residues. The filter was washed with water and the filtrate was concentrated to afford crude compound 5 (12 mg).

[0403] Mass (ESI.sup.?): 391.0 [M?H].sup.?

1.3. Synthesis of Compound 24

[0404] Compound 24 can be prepared according to the following synthesis route:

##STR00034##

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 20:

[0405] Compound 20 was prepared following the same protocol than for the preparation of compound 1 and disclosed in WO2015/140178 (cf. compound 2) and applied to a glucose instead of a galactose moiety.

[0406] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 772.3 [M+NH.sub.4].sup.+; 777.3 [M+Na].sup.+; 793.3 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 21:

[0407] To a solution of compound 20 (1.2 eq., 3.20 g, 4.24 mmol) in DCE (27 mL) under inert atmosphere was added sequentially PsNEt.sub.2 (3.2 mmol/g supported diethylamine, 3.7 eq., 4.13 g, 13.2 mmol) and MgSO.sub.4 (3 eq., 1.30 g, 10.8 mmol). A solution of compound 2 (1 eq., 2.15 g, 3.53 mmol) in DCE (9.75 mL) was then added and the reaction was then refluxed 18 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then rapidly filtered. The resulting solution was transferred in a round bottom flask and was cooled to 0? C. under inert atmosphere. To this solution were added portionwise sodium triacetoxyborohydride (95%, 2.9 eq., 2.25 g, 10.1 mmol) and acetic acid (1 eq., 0.20 mL, 3.53 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours.

[0408] Water, NaHCO.sub.3 (10% aqueous solution) and DCM were added and the mixture was then extracted with DCM three times. Methanol was added and the combined organic layer was dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated.

[0409] The resulting crude oil was purified by chromatography (Irregular SiO.sub.2 40-63 ?m, cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 95:5 to 75:25) to afford compound 21 (2.8 g, 85% purity, 78% yield) as a colorless oil.

[0410] .sup.19Fdec NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?109.3 (d, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?110.3 (d, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0411] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 1015.5 [M+H].sup.+, 1037.5 [M+Na].sup.+, 1053.5 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 22:

[0412] In a sealed tube, a solution of compound 21 (1 eq., 85% purity, 2.80 g, 2.34 mmol) in toluene (26 mL) and acetic acid (10 eq., 1.34 mL, 23.4 mmol) was heated at reflux for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (80 g irregular SiO.sub.2 40-63 ?m, cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 95:5 to 75:25) to afford compound 22 (2.43 g, 80% purity, 100%).

[0413] .sup.19F NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?107.7 (brdd, 257 Hz, 30 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?110.8 (brdd, 258 Hz, 26 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0414] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 963.3 [M+Na].sup.+, 979.3 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 23:

[0415] Palladium (loading 10 wt. %, support activated carbon, 0.22 g, 0.21 mmol, 0.1 eq) was added to a solution of compound 22 (80% purity, 2.43 g, 2.07 mmol, 1 eq) in THE (42 mL), previously degassed with nitrogen. A solution of HCl (2M in water, 4.1 mL, 8.2 6 mmol, 4 eq) was then added. The mixture was placed under hydrogen atmosphere and was stirred for 18 h. The reaction was degassed with nitrogen prior to be filtered (0.20 ?m, Polyamide) to remove the palladium residues. The filter was washed with a mixture of THE and water and the filtrate was concentrated to remove the THF. The residue was then diluted with water and the solution was filtered (0.2 ?m, H-PTFE) before being freeze dried to afford compound 23 (0.90 g, 90% purity, 100% yield) as a white foam.

[0416] .sup.19FNMR (D.sub.2O, 282.5 MHz): ?115.3 (ddd, 251 Hz, 26 Hz, 8 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?116.8 (ddd, 251 Hz, 26 Hz, 8 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0417] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 357.1 [M+H].sup.+ (NH.sub.2 form)

Synthesis of Compound 24:

[0418] Compound 23 (90% purity, 0.90 g, 2.06 mmol) was dissolved in a minimum volume of water. The solution was placed at the top of a small column filled with resin (DOWEX? 50Wx8 previously washed with water). Water was first used as eluent to remove impurities and then a solution of aqueous ammonia (0.1M NH.sub.4OH) was used to elute the desired compound from the resin. The solution of compound 24 was then freeze-dried to afford pure compound 24 (630 mg, 86% yield).

[0419] .sup.19FNMR (D.sub.2O, 282.5 MHz): ?115.2 (ddd, 251 Hz, 21 Hz, 13 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?116.4 (ddd, 251 Hz, 21 Hz, 13 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0420] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 357.1 [M+H].sup.+, 379.1 [M+Na].sup.+, 395.1 [M+K].sup.+

1.4. Synthesis of Compound 29

[0421] Compound 29 was prepared according to the following synthesis route:

##STR00035##

Synthesis of Compound 25

[0422] The synthesis of compound 25 was disclosed in WO2012085221 (cf. compound 2p).

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 26:

[0423] To a solution of compound 25 (1.2 eq., 2.75 g, 4.24 mmol) in DCE (27 mL) under inert atmosphere was added sequentially PsNEt.sub.2 (3.2 mmol/g supported diethylamine, 3.7 eq., 4.13 g, 13.2 mmol) and MgSO.sub.4 (3 eq., 1.30 g, 10.8 mmol). A solution of compound 2 (1 eq., 2.15 g, 3.53 mmol) in DCE (9.75 mL) was then added and the reaction was then refluxed 18 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then rapidly filtered. The resulting solution was transferred in a round bottom flask and was cooled to 0? C. under inert atmosphere. To this solution were added portionwise sodium triacetoxyborohydride (2.9 eq., 2.25 g, 10.6 mmol) and acetic acid (1 eq., 0.20 mL, 3.53 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours.

[0424] Water, NaHCO.sub.3 (10% aqueous solution) and DCM were added and the mixture was then extracted with DCM three times. Methanol was added and the combined organic layer was dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated.

[0425] The resulting crude oil was purified by chromatography (Irregular SiO.sub.2 40-63 ?m, cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 95:5 to 75:25) to afford compound 26 (2.3 g, 72% yield) as a colorless oil.

[0426] .sup.19Fdec NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?108.6 (dddd, 255 Hz, 35 Hz, 18 Hz, 7 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?112.8 (dm, 255 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0427] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 909.4[M+H].sup.+, 931 [M+Na].sup.+, 947 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 27:

[0428] In a sealed tube, a solution of compound 26 (1 eq., 2.51 g, 2.76 mmol) in toluene (30 mL) and acetic acid (10 eq., 1.58 mL, 27.6 mmol) was heated under reflux for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (120 g irregular SiO.sub.2, cyclohexane/EtOAc 95:5 to 50:50). At this stage a mixture of compounds 26 and 27 (1.84 g) was obtained. Part of this mixture (140 mg) was dissolved again in toluene (3 mL) and acetic acid (0.1 mL). The mixture was heated under reflux for 16 h. The reaction was concentrated to afford only the desired compound 27 (130 mg).

[0429] .sup.19F NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?107.2 (dm, 255 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?111.5 (dm, 255 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0430] .sup.19F dec NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): 107.2 (d, 255 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?111.5 (d, 255 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0431] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 835.3 [M+H].sup.+, 857.3 [M+Na].sup.+, 873.3 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 28:

[0432] Palladium (loading 10 wt. %, support activated carbon, 17.8 mg, 17 ?mol, 0.10 eq) was added to a solution of compound 27 (140 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1 eq) in THE (3.43 mL), previously degassed with nitrogen. A solution of HCl (2M in water, 0.34 mL, 0.67 mmol, 4 eq) was then added. The mixture was placed under hydrogen atmosphere and was stirred for 18 h. The reaction was degassed with nitrogen prior to be filtered (0.45 ?m, Polyamide) to remove the palladium residues. The filter was washed with a mixture of THE and water and the filtrate was concentrated to remove the THF. The residue was then diluted with water and the solution was filtered (0.2 ?m, H-PTFE) before being freeze dried to afford compound 28 (40 mg, 63%) as a white powder.

[0433] .sup.19FNMR (MeOD, 282.5 MHz): ?103.1 (dm, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?109.0 (dm, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0434] .sup.19Fdec NMR (MeOD, 282.5 MHz): ?103.1 (d, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?109.0 (d, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0435] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 341.1 [M+H].sup.+, 363.1 [M+Na].sup.+, 379.1 [M+K].sup.+ (NH.sub.2 form).

Synthesis of Compound 29:

[0436] Compound 28 (40 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in a minimum volume of water. The solution was placed at the top of a small column filled with resin (DOWEX? 50Wx8 previously washed with water). Water was first used as eluent to remove impurities and then a solution of aqueous ammonia (0.1M NH.sub.4OH) was used to elute the desired compound from the resin. The solution of compound 29 was then freeze-dried to afford pure compound 29 (21 mg, 58% yield).

[0437] .sup.19FNMR (D.sub.2O, 282.5 MHz): ?107.8 (ddd, 255 Hz, 11 Hz, 7 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?113.6 (dm, 255 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0438] .sup.19Fdec NMR (D.sub.2O, 282.5 MHz): ?107.8 (d, 255 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?113.6 (d, 25 5 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0439] Mass (ESI.sup.?): 339.2 [M?H].sup.?, 361.1 [M+Na?2H].sup.?, 375.1 [M+Cl].sup.?

1.5. Synthesis of Compound 34

[0440] Compound 34 can be prepared according to the following synthesis route:

##STR00036##

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 30:

[0441] Compound 30 is prepared according to the following two steps:

##STR00037##

[0442] Compound 36 is prepared from commercially available compound 35 according to the method disclosed in Organic Letters 2006, 8, 17, 3865-3868 (supporting information page 17).

[0443] Compound 30 is then obtained from compound 36 according to a protocol disclosed in J. Org. Chem. 1994, Vol. 59, No. 11, 3216-3218 as follows.

[0444] Compound 36 (1.0 eq., 1.8 g, 3.61 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of HCl (1 M in AcOEt, 2.5 eq., 9.03 mL, 9.03 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. HCl (1 M in AcOEt, 2.5 eq., 9.03 mL, 9.03 mmol) was added again to complete the reaction. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for an additional 18 h and was then concentrated and co-evaporated with diethyl ether to afford 1.2 g of compound 30 (60% purity, 58% yield). The material was engaged in the next step without purification.

[0445] .sup.1H NMR (MeOD, 300 MHz): 1.44 (s, 9H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 3.02 (t, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (dd, 9.3 Hz, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 3H), 7.33-7.36 (m, 5H).

[0446] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 309.2 [M+H].sup.+ (NH.sub.2 form)

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 31:

[0447] To a solution of compound 1 (2.0 eq., 3.15 g, 4.18 mmol) in DCE (16 mL) under inert atmosphere was added sequentially added PsNEt.sub.2 (3.2 mmol/g supported diethylamine, 3.1 eq., 2 g, 6.4 mmol) and MgSO.sub.4 (3 eq., 1.30 g, 10.8 mmol). A solution of compound 30 (1.0 eq., 60% purity, 1.2 g, 2.09 mmol) in DCE (6 mL) was then added and the reaction was refluxed for 18 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then rapidly filtered. The resulting solution was transferred in a round bottom flask and was cooled to 0? C. under inert atmosphere. To this solution were added portionwise sodium triacetoxyborohydride (5.0 eq., 2.21 g, 10.4 mmol) and acetic acid (1.0 eq., 0.12 mL, 2.09 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours.

[0448] Water, sodium bicarbonate (10% aqueous solution) and DCM were added and the mixture was then extracted with DCM (3?). Methanol was added and the combined organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated.

[0449] The resulting crude oil was purified by chromatography (80 g irregular SiO.sub.2 40-63 ?m, cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 95:5 to 70:30) to afford compound 31 (1.35 g, 66% yield) as a colorless oil.

[0450] .sup.19Fdec NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?109.7 (d, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?110.7 (d, 258 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0451] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 1001.5 [M+H].sup.+, 1039.5 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 32:

[0452] A solution of compound 31 (1 eq., 86% purity, 1.35 g, 1.16 mmol) in toluene (13 mL) and acetic acid (10 eq., 0.66 mL, 11.6 mmol) under inert atmosphere was heated under reflux for 18 h. Water, a solution of sodium bicarbonate (10% in water) and ethyl acetate were added. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (?3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (40 g irregular SiO.sub.2, cyclohexane/EtOAc 90:10 to 80:20) to afford compound 32 (960 mg, 91% purity, 72% yield).

[0453] .sup.19F dec NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 282.5 MHz): ?107.7 (d, 259 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?108.6 (d, 259 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0454] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 927.4 [M+H].sup.+, 944.5 [M+NH.sub.4].sup.+, 949.4 [M+Na].sup.+, 965.4 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Intermediate Compound 33:

[0455] Palladium (loading 10 wt. %, support activated carbon, 0.13 g, 0.12 mmol, 0.10 eq) was added to a solution of compound 32 (1.25 g, 91% purity, 1.23 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THE (25 mL) previously degassed with nitrogen. A solution of HCl (2M in water, 2.45 mL, 4.9 mmol, 4.0 eq) was then added. The mixture was placed under hydrogen atmosphere and was stirred for 2 days. The reaction was degassed with nitrogen prior to be filtered (0.45 ?m, Polyamide) to remove the palladium residues. The filter was washed with a mixture of THE and water and the combined solution was concentrated to remove the THF. The residue was then diluted with water and the solution was filtered (0.2 ?m, H-PTFE) before being freeze dried to afford compound 33 (0.55 g, 85% purity, 100% yield). Compound 33 is in the form of two tautomers as follows:

##STR00038##

[0456] .sup.19Fdec NMR (MeOD, 282.5 MHz): 2 tautomer forms with a ratio of 80:20

[0457] Major form: ?117.5 (d, 257 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?118.4 (d, 257 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0458] Minor form: ?115.2 (d, 253 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?116.9 (d, 253 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0459] Mass (ESI.sup.+): 343.1 [M+H].sup.+, 365.1 [M+Na].sup.+, 381.1 [M+K].sup.+

Synthesis of Compound 34:

[0460] Compound 33 (550 mg, 1.23 mmol) was dissolved in a minimum volume of water. The solution was placed at the top of a small column filled with resin (1.5 g, DOWEX? 50Wx8 previously washed with water). Water was first used as eluent to remove impurities and then a solution of aqueous ammonia (0.1M NH.sub.4OH) was used to elute the desired compound from the resin. The solution of compound 34 was filtered (0.2 ?m, H-PTFE) then freeze-dried to afford pure compound 34 (240 mg, 67% yield). Compound 34 is in the form of two tautomers as follows:

##STR00039##

[0461] .sup.19Fdec NMR (D.sub.2O, 282.5 MHz): 2 tautomer forms with a ratio of 56:44

[0462] Major form: ?116.6 (d, 253 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?117.5 (d, 253 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0463] Minor form: ?114.9 (d, 251 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2), ?116.6 (d, 251 Hz, 1F, CF.sub.2).

[0464] Mass (ESI+): 343.1 [M+H].sup.+, 365.1 [M+Na].sup.+, 381.1 [M+K].sup.+

2. Biological Activity:

[0465] 2.1. Effects of Compound 6 on Gene Expression in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Human ?Full Transcriptome? Analysis Using Affymetrix Microarray

[0466] In the present study, the transcriptional effects (modulation of gene expression) of compound 6 were evaluated on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) under basal conditions.

[0467] More specifically, the comparative analysis of the different transcriptomic profiles was performed using an Affymetrix GeneAtlas platform and the human full transcriptome U219 chip, which includes 36,000 transcripts and variants.

Materials and Methods

[0468] Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) were grown with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) 10%, antibiotics (Penicillin 50 U/mlStreptomycin 50 ?g/ml) and L-Glutamine 2 mM final. Cells were grown in 37? C. and 5% CO.sub.2 incubator.

Gene Screening Assay

[0469] Fibroblasts were seeded in 48-well plates and cultured for 24 hours in culture medium and in assay medium for a further 24 h. The medium was then replaced by assay medium containing or not (control) the test compound at different concentrations for 48 hours. All experimental conditions were performed in triplicate. At the end of incubation, the culture supernatants were removed and the cells were washed in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution and immediately frozen at ?80? C.

Differential Expression Analysis

[0470] Before RNA extraction, the replicates were pooled. Total RNA was extracted from each sample using TriPure Isolation Reagent? according to the supplier's instructions. The amount and quality of total RNA were evaluated for all samples using capillary electrophoresis (Bioanalyzer 2100, Agilent technologies). From each RNA, a labeled and amplified anti-sens RNA (aRNA) was obtained using GeneChip 3IVT PLUS Kit (Affymetrix). For each labeled and amplified aRNA sample the profiles were evaluated before and after fragmentation using capillary electrophoresis (Bioanalyzer 2100, Agilent technologies). Hybridization of fragmented aRNA onto Affymetrix? U219 chip (36,000 transcripts and variants) was performed in the GeneAtlas? fluidics Affymetrix? hybridization station for 20 hours at 45? C. U219 chip was analyzed using the GeneAtlas? Imaging station (Affymetrix?resolution 2 ?m) to generate fluorescence intensity data.

Data Management and Result Presentation

[0471] Expression Console and Quality controls: Data were normalized with the Expression Console (Affymetrix?) software using RMA algorithm. Then a quality control of the labeling and the hybridization was performed. Hybridization and labeling steps successfully passed the quality controls for these experiments. [0472] Data reduction, Excel file description: Once normalized with Expression Console, data were transferred into a Microsoft Excel? file in order to go further into data reduction. Calculation and tools were added in order to rank and sort data, and finally to support data interpretation. Detection thresholds in terms of fold change were defined and applied on normalized data.

TABLE-US-00001 Arbitrary classification Fold Change of observed effects ?2 Upregulated probes (UP) ?0.5 Downregulated probes (DR) [0473] Results are considered and presented per gene (and not probe). A probe set is a collection of probes designed to interrogate a given sequence of a gene. For data interpretation, the most important relative expression value obtained with one probe is considered to be representative of the corresponding gene. [0474] The file contains the following data: [0475] Relative expression (RE) for each sample, [0476] Fold change calculation, [0477] Gene information. [0478] Identification of the biological processes involved: The list of significantly modulated genes was transferred in the online database DAVID (Database for Annotations, Visualization and Integrative Discovery: http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/) for a functional analysis (Genome Biology 2007, 8: R183, Nucleic Acids Research, 2009, Vol. 37, No. 1 1-13). Gene Ontology database has been more specifically used for the data interpretation. DAVID functional annotation part was used to cluster modulated genes into significant biological processes. This analysis does not take into account the trend (UR or DR) or the signal intensity but only identifies the biological functions implicated in the comparison of interest. DAVID database uses the Gene Ontology consortium (http://www.geneontology.org) vocabularies (GO terms) to describe gene products in terms of their associated biological processes. Among them, only biological processes with p-value ?0.05 were taken into account. [0479] Signal transduction pathway analsis: The results were then processed with IPA (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, Qiagen?) software to identify signal transduction pathways modulated by each treatment. This software takes into account the Fold Change values of each gene and, when there is enough information, the direction of modulation of the signal transduction pathways can be identified. The relevance of the effect of each treatment on a given pathway was quantified by z-score. The z-score predicts the directional change on that effect.

TABLE-US-00002 Predicted z-score Activation State >0 Increased <0 Decreased

Results

Identification of Biological Process Involved

[0480] The gene modulations of NHDF treated with compound 6 (2 mg/ml) vs control were analyzed to cluster modulated genes into significant biological processes (p-value ?0.05).

[0481] Table 1 below shows that the main biological processes involved with test compound 6, are: [0482] the lipid metabolic process and the cholesterol biosynthetic and metabolic process; [0483] the extracellular matrix organization; [0484] the wound healing and response to wounding; [0485] the oxidation-reduction process.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1 Identification of the biological processes involved in NHDF and stimulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Test compound 6 (2 mg/ml) versus Control Term Count % p-value Genes Cholesterol 15 0.01072003 1.17E?09 TM7SF2, EBP, MVD, biosynthetic CYP51A1, HMGCR, process HMGCS1, FDPS, LSS, ACLY, G6PD, DHCR7, INSIG1, IDI1, HSD17B7, NSDHL Lipid 22 0.01572270 2.39E?05 SREBF1, CHKA, SC5D, metabolic LIPA, PLA2G15, LDLR, process FADS1, ABHD4, HMGCS1, FADS2, ABHD3, ACLY, PLPP1, GPCPD1, ASAH1, APOL2, G6PD, PTGDS, TPP1, SRD5A3, MGLL, LRP8 Cholesterol 13 0.00929069 9.34E?05 SOAT1, SREBF1, EBP, metabolic TNFSF4, LDLR, LEPR, process ABCA1, APOL2, NPC1, APOL1, NPC2, INSIG1, PCSK9 Oxidation- 54 0.0385921 1.26E?05 TM7SF2, SC5D, PDIA3, reduction HMGCR, PGD, AKR1C3, process AKR1C2, TDO2, PTGIS, PLOD2, CREG1, P4HA3, SRD5A3, LOXL4, LOX, LOXL2, LOXL1, SH3PXD2B, POR, DHRS7, DHRS3, G6PD, CYP27A1, PRDX6, CYBRD1, KDSR, TXNRD1, STEAP2, STEAP1, ME1, HSD3B7, HSD17B14, CYP51A1, HSD17B12, FTH1, P3H2, ALDH1A3, DHCR7, CYP26B1, FASN, GSTO1, HSD17B7, NSDHL, CYP19A1, BMP2, FADS1, SCD, FOXRED2, FADS2, AAED1, SOD2, CYBA, AKR1B1, PHGDH Extracellular 33 0.02358406 1.46E?09 TNC, HSD17B12, matrix COL3A1, ELN, ITGA11, organization ITGA10, POSTN, DCN, VIT, SOX9, TNFRSF11B, CD44, ITGB8, LOX, FBN2, COL8A1, COL8A2, LOXL1, SPP1, OLFML2B, FBN1, HSPG2, CCDC80, ITGA2, ECM2, COL5A2, COL5A1, LAMA1, LAMA4, COL14A1, ITGA8, VCAN, MFAP5 Response to 10 0.00714669 0.0032146 SLC1A2, SLC1A3, CCL2, wounding SULF2, TNC, AURKA, ABHD2, ID3, DST, GAP43 Wound 11 0.00786135 0.0052167 WNT5A, DCBLD2, IL6, healing NOG, TNC, COL3A1, SMAD3, LOX, DCN, IL24, NRG1
Modulation of the mRNA Expression

[0486] Tables 2, 3, 4, 5 below present the different genes involved respectively in the lipid synthesis, the metabolism of cholesterol, the synthesis of cholesterol and the differentiation of adipocytes, which were modulated by the tested compound 6. The fold change expresses if they are upregulated (?2) or down regulated (?0.5).

[0487] Tables 6, 7, 8 below present the different genes involved respectively in the fibrogenesis, the tensile strength of skin and the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were modulated by the tested compound 6. The fold change expresses if they are upregulated (?2) or down regulated (?0.5).

[0488] Tables 9, 10 below present the different genes involved respectively in the inflammatory response and the chronic inflammatory disorder, which were modulated by the tested compound 6. The fold change expresses if they are upregulated (?2) or down regulated (?0.5).

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 Table of the set of genes involved in the lipid synthesis in NHDF and modulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Affy U219 Control Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Gene Probe Set ID REadj1 REadj2 Fold change Symbol 11739503_at 191.50 984.71 5.14 ABCA1 11720859_s_at 41.51 94.68 2.28 ABHD3 11744255_a_at 1226.17 473.16 0.39 ACADVL 11720620_s_at 469.81 1051.41 2.24 ACLY 11743606_a_at 687.27 1627.23 2.37 ACSL3 11753466_a_at 47.54 297.29 6.25 ACSS2 11725176_s_at 160.10 45.20 0.28 AGTR1 11751921_s_at 929.38 398.39 0.43 AHR 11715430_a_at 916.68 2005.30 2.19 AKR1B1 11729101_a_at 1496.04 301.44 0.20 AKR1C2 11715711_a_at 1628.04 539.24 0.33 AKR1C3 11754184_a_at 357.00 52.16 0.15 ALDH1A3 11726692_at 576.71 50.51 0.09 ANGPT1 11755151_a_at 239.40 116.31 0.49 ARNTL 11743547_a_at 479.98 1612.42 3.36 ASAH1 11731841_a_at 44.73 107.38 2.40 B4GALT6 11753244_a_at 288.86 111.61 0.39 BDNF 11725983_at 63.94 360.80 5.64 BHLHE40 11743498_at 21.50 61.65 2.87 BMP2 11716384_at 381.29 89.22 0.23 CCL2 11763855_x_at 216.32 1014.00 4.69 CD9 11743077_s_at 859.60 2004.45 2.33 CEBPB 11728000_a_at 24.72 51.50 2.08 CERS1 /// GDF1 11736285_a_at 54.36 195.43 3.60 CHKA 11744874_x_at 52.01 133.00 2.56 CLN3 11715524_a_at 509.77 245.44 0.48 COTL1 11715729_s_at 20.00 51.79 2.59 CYP19A1 11722564_at 971.84 2431.06 2.50 CYP51A1 /// LRRD1 11759050_at 80.18 29.27 0.37 DAB1 11754122_x_at 1025.64 2452.25 2.39 DBI 11743808_a_at 372.14 1520.06 4.08 DHCR7 11752995_a_at 55.25 115.10 2.08 DLAT 11726800_at 344.87 98.61 0.29 EBF1 11717859_a_at 406.76 1116.25 2.74 EBP 11719488_at 47.40 275.41 5.81 EDNRA 11752940_a_at 762.43 300.02 0.39 EGR1 11739910_a_at 69.22 202.15 2.92 ELOVL6 11748964_a_at 43.83 114.94 2.62 ETV1 11752670_a_at 848.70 4121.66 4.86 FADS1 11744899_a_at 119.94 411.52 3.43 FADS2 11743314_a_at 143.48 371.52 2.59 FASN 11758249_s_at 1568.01 3321.26 2.12 FDPS 11734659_a_at 114.05 54.42 0.48 FOS 11724478_s_at 52.34 135.32 2.59 FOSL1 11752486_a_at 70.66 148.29 2.10 G6PD 11750975_x_at 107.23 352.51 3.29 GBA 11751085_a_at 93.74 408.42 4.36 GBA /// GBAP1 11716665_s_at 52.56 382.63 7.28 GDF15 11734201_s_at 20.00 253.54 12.68 GK 11750247_x_at 109.90 51.42 0.47 GPER1 11756874_a_at 103.55 20.00 0.19 GRP 11729887_at 256.73 588.45 2.29 HACD1 11727375_a_at 323.31 896.61 2.77 HMGCR 11716987_a_at 536.29 1779.25 3.32 HMGCS1 11753445_a_at 46.17 793.59 17.19 HMOX1 11757575_x_at 30.55 115.49 3.78 HSD17B14 11732374_x_at 68.38 225.29 3.29 HSD17B7 11741502_a_at 37.45 86.47 2.31 HSD3B7 11725931_at 165.83 68.73 0.41 HSPA5 11728104_at 23.75 97.37 4.10 HTR2B 11744474_s_at 978.39 2141.79 2.19 IDI1 11740881_x_at 143.71 49.92 0.35 IL15 11731834_a_at 21.95 53.12 2.42 IL24 11746463_a_at 35.02 71.08 2.03 IL6 11716339_a_at 450.00 1800.90 4.00 INSIG1 11751627_a_at 164.00 377.98 2.30 KDSR 11727145_s_at 91.74 216.98 2.37 KLF11 11719634_a_at 466.86 173.54 0.37 KLF4 11746974_a_at 150.81 452.83 3.00 LDLR 11738813_a_at 81.09 242.77 2.99 LEPR 11750566_a_at 132.38 393.27 2.97 LPIN1 11731324_a_at 127.93 359.16 2.81 LSS 11750913_a_at 322.82 967.16 3.00 ME1 11753715_a_at 53.16 113.62 2.14 MGST2 11745767_a_at 835.50 1712.63 2.05 MMP2 11729695_a_at 191.37 658.20 3.44 MVD 11743010_at 95.38 384.87 4.04 NFIL3 11729937_at 371.06 59.78 0.16 NGF 11743916_a_at 63.03 483.98 7.68 NPC1 11745902_a_at 1803.41 3990.87 2.21 NPC2 11717994_a_at 64.72 146.23 2.26 NR4A1 11729058_s_at 21.62 158.35 7.33 NR4A3 11742478_a_at 123.54 40.79 0.33 NRG1 11720522_a_at 252.77 518.82 2.05 NSDHL 11740559_a_at 94.47 193.78 2.05 NSMAF 11722015_at 45.39 21.38 0.47 OLR1 11747322_s_at 79.66 276.07 3.47 PCYT2 11720579_a_at 672.45 122.77 0.18 PDE5A 11743440_at 216.68 106.70 0.49 PDIA3 11756171_a_at 65.19 189.67 2.91 PFKFB2 11723205_a_at 263.62 763.60 2.90 PGD 11732188_at 278.15 558.97 2.01 PI4K2A 11726548_at 111.70 48.85 0.44 PITPNM3 11730106_a_at 358.00 145.11 0.41 PLCB1 11746264_a_at 1874.34 851.28 0.45 PLPP1 11734720_a_at 24.83 62.05 2.50 PLPP2 11716114_x_at 112.82 248.72 2.20 POR 11742107_a_at 129.02 377.32 2.92 PPT1 11718379_x_at 242.10 85.46 0.35 PRKAG2 11736245_a_at 123.87 57.47 0.46 PRKAG2 11756587_a_at 431.73 2172.46 5.03 PTGDS 11732550_at 152.04 59.34 0.39 PTGER2 11724441_x_at 604.04 108.89 0.18 PTGIS 11718157_s_at 4499.29 1245.04 0.28 PTX3 11753165_a_at 68.09 148.94 2.19 RAB27A 11715757_a_at 1808.94 4014.23 2.22 RGS2 11750154_a_at 228.91 1263.63 5.52 RGS3 11736796_a_at 281.49 92.83 0.33 RUNX1T1 11725905_a_at 1072.97 216.19 0.20 S1PR3 11757184_a_at 260.48 611.01 2.35 SC5D 11715563_s_at 116.60 1237.96 10.62 SCD 11730390_at 454.02 223.22 0.49 SEMA3A 11748053_x_at 117.28 500.42 4.27 SERINC2 11741679_x_at 1025.91 498.75 0.49 SERPINE2 11726252_a_at 37.93 193.19 5.09 SLC1A3 11718266_s_at 742.29 354.51 0.48 SMAD3 11724014_a_at 189.39 770.49 4.07 SOAT1 11755046_a_at 89.91 481.34 5.35 SPHK1 11727790_x_at 31.69 65.23 2.06 SPP1 11720124_at 165.68 353.57 2.13 SRD5A3 11715959_a_at 144.81 441.89 3.05 SREBF1 11750740_a_at 383.24 899.13 2.35 ST3GAL5 11750279_a_at 99.04 1178.52 11.90 STC1 11746313_a_at 109.36 32.14 0.29 TCF7L2 11758574_s_at 465.17 210.37 0.45 THRB 11748279_s_at 40.66 134.84 3.32 TM7SF2 11759179_at 136.75 779.67 5.70 TMEM38B 11727389_a_at 42.10 104.77 2.49 TRPV2 11725385_at 465.95 181.07 0.39 UGCG 11719752_x_at 50.34 155.88 3.10 VAC14 11753677_a_at 121.77 41.37 0.34 WNT5A Detection limit < 20; REadj Relative expression adjusted to the detection limit

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3 Table of the set of genes involved in the metabolism of cholesterol in NHDF and modulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Affy U219 Control Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Gene Probe Set ID REadj1 REadj2 Fold change Symbol 11739503_at 191.50 984.71 5.14 ABCA1 11720620_s_at 469.81 1051.41 2.24 ACLY 11753244_a_at 288.86 111.61 0.39 BDNF 11757013_x_at 5005.00 2406.25 0.48 CAV1 11731430_a_at 154.73 316.10 2.04 CYP27A1 11722564_at 971.84 2431.06 2.50 CYP51A1 /// LRRD1 11754122_x_at 1025.64 2452.25 2.39 DBI 11743808_a_at 372.14 1520.06 4.08 DHCR7 11717859_a_at 406.76 1116.25 2.74 EBP 11739910_a_at 69.22 202.15 2.92 ELOVL6 11743314_a_at 143.48 371.52 2.59 FASN 11758249_s_at 1568.01 3321.26 2.12 FDPS 11752486_a_at 70.66 148.29 2.10 G6PD 11750975_x_at 107.23 352.51 3.29 GBA 11727375_a_at 323.31 896.61 2.77 HMGCR 11716987_a_at 536.29 1779.25 3.32 HMGCS1 11732374_x_at 68.38 225.29 3.29 HSD17B7 11741502_a_at 37.45 86.47 2.31 HSD3B7 11739383_a_at 1124.01 2415.02 2.15 IDI1 11716339_a_at 450.00 1800.90 4.00 INSIG1 11746974_a_at 150.81 452.83 3.00 LDLR 11738813_a_at 81.09 242.77 2.99 LEPR 11731324_a_at 127.93 359.16 2.81 LSS 11729695_a_at 191.37 658.20 3.44 MVD 11743916_a_at 63.03 483.98 7.68 NPC1 11720522_a_at 252.77 518.82 2.05 NSDHL 11723499_a_at 43.13 151.13 3.50 PCSK9 11716114_x_at 112.82 248.72 2.20 POR 11757184_a_at 260.48 611.01 2.35 SC5D 11724014_a_at 189.39 770.49 4.07 SOAT1 11727790_x_at 31.69 65.23 2.06 SPP1 11715959_a_at 144.81 441.89 3.05 SREBF1 11748279_s_at 40.66 134.84 3.32 TM7SF2 11731896_a_at 269.10 83.07 0.31 TNFSF4 11753677_a_at 121.77 41.37 0.34 WNT5A Detection limit < 20; REadj Relative expression adjusted to the detection limit

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 Table of the set of genes involved in the synthesis of cholesterol in NHDF and modulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Affy U219 Control Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Gene Probe Set ID REadj1 REadj2 Fold change Symbol 11720620_s_at 469.81 1051.41 2.24 ACLY 11735902_a_at 60.36 27.28 0.45 BDNF 11753244_a_at 288.86 111.61 0.39 BDNF 11757013_x_at 5005.00 2406.25 0.48 CAV1 11731430_a_at 154.73 316.10 2.04 CYP27A1 11722564_at 971.84 2431.06 2.50 CYP51A1 /// LRRD1 11754122_x_at 1025.64 2452.25 2.39 DBI 11743808_a_at 372.14 1520.06 4.08 DHCR7 11717859_a_at 406.76 1116.25 2.74 EBP 11739910_a_at 69.22 202.15 2.92 ELOVL6 11743314_a_at 143.48 371.52 2.59 FASN 11758249_s_at 1568.01 3321.26 2.12 FDPS 11752486_a_at 70.66 148.29 2.10 G6PD 11727375_a_at 323.31 896.61 2.77 HMGCR 11716987_a_at 536.29 1779.25 3.32 HMGCS1 11732374_x_at 68.38 225.29 3.29 HSD17B7 11744474_s_at 978.39 2141.79 2.19 IDI1 11716339_a_at 450.00 1800.90 4.00 INSIG1 11746974_a_at 150.81 452.83 3.00 LDLR 11731324_a_at 127.93 359.16 2.81 LSS 11729695_a_at 191.37 658.20 3.44 MVD 11743916_a_at 63.03 483.98 7.68 NPC1 11720522_a_at 252.77 518.82 2.05 NSDHL 11716114_x_at 112.82 248.72 2.20 POR 11757184_a_at 260.48 611.01 2.35 SC5D 11715563_s_at 116.60 1237.96 10.62 SCD 11724014_a_at 189.39 770.49 4.07 SOAT1 11727790_x_at 31.69 65.23 2.06 SPP1 11715959_a_at 144.81 441.89 3.05 SREBF1 11748279_s_at 40.66 134.84 3.32 TM7SF2 11753677_a_at 121.77 41.37 0.34 WNT5A Detection limit < 20; REadj Relative expression adjusted to the detection limit

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5 Table of the set of genes involved in the differentiation of adipocytes in NHDF and modulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Affy U219 Control Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Gene Probe Set ID REadj1 REadj2 Fold change Symbol 11717305_a_at 1293.06 572.21 0.44 ADIRF 11755151_a_at 239.40 116.31 0.49 ARNTL 11743498_at 21.50 61.65 2.87 BMP2 11751330_a_at 483.82 1344.33 2.78 CCND1 11743077_s_at 859.60 2004.45 2.33 CEBPB 11722970_a_at 190.33 21.63 0.11 CREB5 11726800_at 344.87 98.61 0.29 EBF1 11722728_a_at 990.11 288.75 0.29 EGR2 11742981_a_at 191.71 3032.89 15.82 FABP3 11750247_x_at 109.90 51.42 0.47 GPER1 11729227_a_at 688.27 309.23 0.45 GRK5 11728076_at 34.29 229.69 6.70 HDAC9 11740656_a_at 269.41 555.33 2.06 HMGA2 11753445_a_at 46.17 793.59 17.19 HMOX1 11746878_s_at 1682.91 351.21 0.21 ID2 11746463_a_at 35.02 71.08 2.03 IL6 11716339_a_at 450.00 1800.90 4.00 INSIG1 11719634_a_at 466.86 173.54 0.37 KLF4 11722282_a_at 533.59 219.35 0.41 LAMA4 11750566_a_at 132.38 393.27 2.97 LPIN1 11736361_at 85.68 36.64 0.43 MEDAG 11741897_a_at 1776.01 7520.91 4.23 MMP1 11721124_s_at 168.43 1496.92 8.89 MMP11 11720852_s_at 93.33 33.92 0.36 NFIA 11717994_a_at 64.72 146.23 2.26 NR4A1 11729058_s_at 21.62 158.35 7.33 NR4A3 11742478_a_at 123.54 40.79 0.33 NRG1 11718645_a_at 315.76 726.40 2.30 OSBPL8 11758315_s_at 130.66 51.86 0.40 PER2 11743062_a_at 73.52 201.59 2.74 PLAUR 11730106_a_at 358.00 145.11 0.41 PLCB1 11756587_a_at 431.73 2172.46 5.03 PTGDS 11715757_a_at 1808.94 4014.23 2.22 RGS2 11725675_a_at 103.15 36.42 0.35 RORA 11736796_a_at 281.49 92.83 0.33 RUNX1T1 11715563_s_at 116.60 1237.96 10.62 SCD 11730390_at 454.02 223.22 0.49 SEMA3A 11720606_a_at 114.37 23.60 0.21 SFRP2 11723123_at 337.32 891.78 2.64 SH3PXD2B 11718266_s_at 742.29 354.51 0.48 SMAD3 11725514_a_at 130.40 352.04 2.70 SMAD7 11727790_x_at 31.69 65.23 2.06 SPP1 11715959_a_at 144.81 441.89 3.05 SREBF1 11746313_a_at 109.36 32.14 0.29 TCF7L2 11715437_at 5084.88 1753.12 0.34 TIMP3 11758074_s_at 759.07 162.68 0.21 VGLL3 11753677_a_at 121.77 41.37 0.34 WNT5A Detection limit < 20; REadj Relative expression adjusted to the detection limit

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 6 Table of the set of genes involved in the fibrogenesis in NHDF and modulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Affy U219 Control Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Gene Probe Set ID REadj1 REadj2 Symbol Symbol 11718943_a_at 453.51 64.74 0.14 AURKA 11740133_a_at 1379.98 674.91 0.49 CALD1 11757013_x_at 5005.00 2406.25 0.48 CAV1 11729334_a_at 942.37 427.85 0.45 CAV2 11716384_at 381.29 89.22 0.23 CCL2 11751330_a_at 483.82 1344.33 2.78 CCND1 11715915_a_at 2481.86 1170.66 0.47 CD44 11750512_x_at 578.14 1235.99 2.14 CDK4 11758253_s_at 433.99 198.39 0.46 CDK5RAP2 11723244_at 381.06 148.44 0.39 CDK6 11717272_at 1510.78 478.15 0.32 COL5A1 11755080_a_at 259.89 74.39 0.29 DAAM1 11728054_a_at 83.37 37.73 0.45 DIAPH3 11725713_a_at 101.81 20.00 0.20 DIRAS3 11719488_at 47.40 275.41 5.81 EDNRA 11754442_x_at 513.27 62.57 0.12 ELN 11715412_a_at 45.89 105.05 2.29 EPAS1 11720508_at 245.58 84.15 0.34 FBN1 11748655_x_at 955.81 262.30 0.27 FHL1 11750623_a_at 376.19 164.33 0.44 FILIP1L 11741000_at 134.03 34.69 0.26 GAP43 11725364_x_at 483.96 150.15 0.31 GAS7 11723239_a_at 31.49 64.61 2.05 GNG7 11756874_a_at 103.55 20.00 0.19 GRP 11725931_at 165.83 68.73 0.41 HSPA5 11728104_at 23.75 97.37 4.10 HTR2B 11746463_a_at 35.02 71.08 2.03 IL6 11758208_s_at 242.31 114.70 0.47 KLF2 11731500_a_at 161.01 54.68 0.34 KRT19 11739505_a_at 855.14 146.20 0.17 LMCD1 11732567_at 82.50 247.18 3.00 MBP 11723215_s_at 57.42 319.31 5.56 MEF2C 11755860_a_at 102.16 867.65 8.49 MME 11745767_a_at 835.50 1712.63 2.05 MMP2 11718541_a_at 20.00 254.80 12.74 MTSS1 11751351_x_at 144.98 494.76 3.41 MYADM 11757621_a_at 494.87 194.10 0.39 MYLK 11717994_a_at 64.72 146.23 2.26 NR4A1 11742820_s_at 77.18 20.00 0.26 OGN 11755122_a_at 232.07 539.72 2.33 PALLD 11737039_a_at 30.88 116.60 3.78 PHLDB2 11732188_at 278.15 558.97 2.01 PI4K2A 11743062_a_at 73.52 201.59 2.74 PLAUR 11749527_a_at 2918.20 625.75 0.21 POSTN 11756587_a_at 431.73 2172.46 5.03 PTGDS 11725793_s_at 150.61 63.11 0.42 PTGER4 11753427_a_at 788.51 1616.27 2.05 RND3 11725495_a_at 73.71 35.43 0.48 ROBO1 11743112_at 2837.01 1246.99 0.44 S100A10 11723123_at 337.32 891.78 2.64 SH3PXD2B 11721399_a_at 1630.16 667.81 0.41 SLIT2 11718266_s_at 742.29 354.51 0.48 SMAD3 11755046_a_at 89.91 481.34 5.35 SPHK1 11753988_a_at 323.42 790.84 2.45 SPRY2 11759880_at 89.91 41.43 0.46 STARD13 11717301_at 98.57 20.00 0.20 TACSTD2 11744469_a_at 106.46 218.25 2.05 TBCD 11718900_a_at 2084.69 764.31 0.37 TGFBR3 11715542_s_at 2035.90 713.73 0.35 THY1 11752009_a_at 1551.35 539.50 0.35 TNC Detection limit < 20; REadj Relative expression adjusted to the detection limit

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 7 Table of the set of genes involved in the tensile strength of skin in NHDF and modulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Affy U219 Control Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Gene Probe Set ID REadj1 REadj2 Fold change Symbol 11717272_at 1510.78 478.15 0.32 COL5A1 11739136_at 101.95 34.47 0.34 COL5A2 11763262_at 367.37 92.37 0.25 DCN 11744168_at 2440.02 822.90 0.34 DPT 11720508_at 245.58 84.15 0.34 FBN1 11746597_a_at 1676.35 534.68 0.32 LOX 11736191_s_at 158.67 20.00 0.13 OGN Detection limit < 20; REadj Relative expression adjusted to the detection limit

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 8 Table of the set of genes involved in the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in NHDF and modulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Affy U219 Control Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Probe Set ID REadj1 REadj2 Fold change Gene Symbol 11739503_at 191.50 984.71 5.14 ABCA1 11725176_s_at 160.10 45.20 0.28 AGTR1 11727478_a_at 93.80 217.80 2.32 AGTRAP 11751921_s_at 929.38 398.39 0.43 AHR 11726693_s_at 523.22 75.26 0.14 ANGPT1 11732244_at 127.28 62.73 0.49 APOL6 11743498_at 21.50 61.65 2.87 BMP2 11757013_x_at 5005.00 2406.25 0.48 CAV1 11715915_a_at 2481.86 1170.66 0.47 CD44 11743847_x_at 479.14 143.17 0.30 CFH 11743968_a_at 951.13 374.99 0.39 CYBA 11754122_x_at 1025.64 2452.25 2.39 DBI 11763262_at 367.37 92.37 0.25 DCN 11715412_a_at 45.89 105.05 2.29 EPAS1 11734659_a_at 114.05 54.42 0.48 FOS 11752577_at 1624.17 3717.86 2.29 FTH1 11752486_a_at 70.66 148.29 2.10 G6PD 11717036_a_at 146.22 328.14 2.24 HDAC5 11756138_a_at 34.64 83.57 2.41 HK2 11753445_a_at 46.17 793.59 17.19 HMOX1 11731834_a_at 21.95 53.12 2.42 IL24 11746463_a_at 35.02 71.08 2.03 IL6 11734006_a_at 122.52 402.06 3.28 IRAK1 11719634_a_at 466.86 173.54 0.37 KLF4 11738813_a_at 81.09 242.77 2.99 LEPR 11745775_a_at 294.06 610.89 2.08 LIPA 11740357_a_at 36.98 170.96 4.62 MLPH 11741897_a_at 1776.01 7520.91 4.23 MMP1 11725987_a_at 173.40 1163.49 6.71 MMP14 11727361_a_at 1271.04 616.06 0.48 MYLK 11743110_at 245.44 599.69 2.44 NAMPT 11729937_at 371.06 59.78 0.16 NGF 11743916_a_at 63.03 483.98 7.68 NPC1 11717994_a_at 64.72 146.23 2.26 NR4A1 11722015_at 45.39 21.38 0.47 OLR1 11743062_a_at 73.52 201.59 2.74 PLAUR 11742998_at 2270.96 1119.23 0.49 PRDX6 11749254_a_at 721.54 116.26 0.16 PRSS23 11753427_a_at 788.51 1616.27 2.05 RND3 11725675_a_at 103.15 36.42 0.35 RORA 11725905_a_at 1072.97 216.19 0.20 S1PR3 11763704_a_at 116.34 249.97 2.15 SAT1 11735152_a_at 87.34 42.56 0.49 SLC8A1 11718266_s_at 742.29 354.51 0.48 SMAD3 11725024_a_at 149.01 588.77 3.95 SOD2 11727790_x_at 31.69 65.23 2.06 SPP1 11753988_a_at 323.42 790.84 2.45 SPRY2 11727031_a_at 120.38 706.65 5.87 SQSTM1 11715959_a_at 144.81 441.89 3.05 SREBF1 11750279_a_at 99.04 1178.52 11.90 STC1 11749922_x_at 1892.09 285.39 0.15 TAGLN 11715477_at 478.12 1010.51 2.11 TFRC 11718399_s_at 37.31 228.32 6.12 TGM2 11730319_at 1883.51 817.04 0.43 TNFRSF11B 11748543_a_at 335.64 94.70 0.28 TXNIP 11750416_a_at 668.08 1574.99 2.36 TXNRD1 11731558_a_at 85.58 20.20 0.24 WNT2 11753677_a_at 121.77 41.37 0.34 WNT5A Detection limit <20; REadj Relative expression adjusted to the detection limit

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 9 Table of the set of genes involved in the inflammatory response in NHDF and modulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Affy U219 Control Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Probe Set ID REadj1 REadj2 Fold change Gene Symbol 11722598_s_at 133.70 54.86 0.41 ACKR3 11725176_s_at 160.10 45.20 0.28 AGTR1 11739681_x_at 1366.47 648.38 0.47 AHR 11751921_s_at 929.38 398.39 0.43 AHR 11726692_at 576.71 50.51 0.09 ANGPT1 11718267_a_at 242.28 503.54 2.08 ANGPTL2 11723974_a_at 69.71 26.73 0.38 APOL3 11753244_a_at 288.86 111.61 0.39 BDNF 11743498_at 21.50 61.65 2.87 BMP2 11729846_a_at 279.83 108.39 0.39 BST1 11757013_x_at 5005.00 2406.25 0.48 CAV1 11716384_at 381.29 89.22 0.23 CCL2 11721257_at 757.36 1642.12 2.17 CCND1 11749694_a_at 108.30 420.66 3.88 CD276 11715915_a_at 2481.86 1170.66 0.47 CD44 11763855_x_at 216.32 1014.00 4.69 CD9 11743077_s_at 859.60 2004.45 2.33 CEBPB 11743847_x_at 479.14 143.17 0.30 CFH 11756316_a_at 20.00 66.35 3.32 CHI3L1 11760623_at 64.31 30.83 0.48 CKLF /// CMTM1 11719182_a_at 352.34 807.64 2.29 CLCN7 11743968_a_at 951.13 374.99 0.39 CYBA 11715729_s_at 20.00 51.79 2.59 CYP19A1 11730353_a_at 323.19 119.87 0.37 CYP26B1 11719488_at 47.40 275.41 5.81 EDNRA 11752940_a_at 762.43 300.02 0.39 EGR1 11754442_x_at 513.27 62.57 0.12 ELN 11715412_a_at 45.89 105.05 2.29 EPAS1 11739518_a_at 271.49 66.48 0.24 FLRT3 11734659_a_at 114.05 54.42 0.48 FOS 11736581_a_at 47.52 20.17 0.42 GCNT1 11750247_x_at 109.90 51.42 0.47 GPER1 11724424_at 254.32 733.62 2.88 GPR68 11717065_a_at 108.72 564.60 5.19 GREM1 11756874_a_at 103.55 20.00 0.19 GRP 11717036_a_at 146.22 328.14 2.24 HDAC5 11728076_at 34.29 229.69 6.70 HDAC9 11753445_a_at 46.17 793.59 17.19 HMOX1 11757600_x_at 1145.98 467.53 0.41 HSPG2 11740881_x_at 143.71 49.92 0.35 IL15 11731834_a_at 21.95 53.12 2.42 IL24 11746463_a_at 35.02 71.08 2.03 IL6 11734006_a_at 122.52 402.06 3.28 IRAK1 11743617_at 220.00 692.91 3.15 ITGA2 11719634_a_at 466.86 173.54 0.37 KLF4 11746974_a_at 150.81 452.83 3.00 LDLR 11745775_a_at 294.06 610.89 2.08 LIPA 11718833_a_at 309.13 83.40 0.27 LOXL2 11722982_a_at 190.59 518.33 2.72 LYST 11733088_at 190.04 73.12 0.38 MAF 11715484_a_at 175.72 412.36 2.35 MCL1 11750244_a_at 257.24 106.64 0.41 MGLL 11741897_a_at 1776.01 7520.91 4.23 MMP1 11725987_a_at 173.40 1163.49 6.71 MMP14 11751287_a_at 123.78 48.75 0.39 MMP19 11745767_a_at 835.50 1712.63 2.05 MMP2 11721837_a_at 848.68 351.45 0.41 MYLK 11743010_at 95.38 384.87 4.04 NFIL3 11729937_at 371.06 59.78 0.16 NGF 11743916_a_at 63.03 483.98 7.68 NPC1 11717994_a_at 64.72 146.23 2.26 NR4A1 11742478_a_at 123.54 40.79 0.33 NRG1 11722015_at 45.39 21.38 0.47 OLR1 11719880_at 68.46 202.56 2.96 OSTM1 11720425_a_at 520.68 102.11 0.20 PENK 11743062_a_at 73.52 201.59 2.74 PLAUR 11742107_a_at 129.02 377.32 2.92 PPT1 11726218_a_at 210.77 630.51 2.99 PRDM1 11732550_at 152.04 59.34 0.39 PTGER2 11725793_s_at 150.61 63.11 0.42 PTGER4 11724441_x_at 604.04 108.89 0.18 PTGIS 11718157_s_at 4499.29 1245.04 0.28 PTX3 11758934_x_at 110.92 240.19 2.17 RAB27A 11758403_s_at 525.46 187.51 0.36 RAPH1 11725675_a_at 103.15 36.42 0.35 RORA 11725905_a_at 1072.97 216.19 0.20 S1PR3 11720030_a_at 20.00 146.85 7.34 SCG2 11721399_a_at 1630.16 667.81 0.41 SLIT2 11718266_s_at 742.29 354.51 0.48 SMAD3 11725514_a_at 130.40 352.04 2.70 SMAD7 11755046_a_at 89.91 481.34 5.35 SPHK1 11716526_x_at 471.25 1366.41 2.90 SPON2 11727790_x_at 31.69 65.23 2.06 SPP1 11742423_a_at 187.09 499.29 2.67 STEAP2 11718399_s_at 37.31 228.32 6.12 TGM2 11721212_a_at 211.35 57.58 0.27 THBS4 11752009_a_at 1551.35 539.50 0.35 TNC 11745772_x_at 92.27 237.60 2.57 TNFRSF14 11759254_at 128.49 31.44 0.24 TNFSF18 11731896_a_at 269.10 83.07 0.31 TNFSF4 11727389_a_at 42.10 104.77 2.49 TRPV2 11728388_at 49.88 20.00 0.40 TSPAN2 11732219_a_at 455.17 186.52 0.41 TUBE1 11733252_a_at 1215.55 379.41 0.31 UACA 11718569_a_at 444.07 161.21 0.36 WIPF1 11753677_a_at 121.77 41.37 0.34 WNT5A Detection limit <20; REadj Relative expression adjusted to the detection limit

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 10 Table of the set of genes involved in the chronic inflammatory disorder in NHDF and modulated by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Affy U219 Control Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) Probe Set ID REadj1 REadj2 Fold change Gene Symbol 11739503_at 191.50 984.71 5.14 ABCA1 11720620_s_at 469.81 1051.41 2.24 ACLY 11727163_a_at 330.33 97.16 0.29 ACVR2A 11725191_s_at 67.69 20.24 0.30 ADGRG6 11725176_s_at 160.10 45.20 0.28 AGTR1 11751921_s_at 929.38 398.39 0.43 AHR 11723399_at 1399.68 88.24 0.06 ALPK2 11726271_a_at 157.68 25.46 0.16 ATP1B1 11753244_a_at 288.86 111.61 0.39 BDNF 11720531_at 20.26 48.41 2.39 C9orf72 11754856_a_at 95.06 308.12 3.24 CA12 11740133_a_at 1379.98 674.91 0.49 CALD1 11716384_at 381.29 89.22 0.23 CCL2 11749694_a_at 108.30 420.66 3.88 CD276 11715915_a_at 2481.86 1170.66 0.47 CD44 11723244_at 381.06 148.44 0.39 CDK6 11743077_s_at 859.60 2004.45 2.33 CEBPB 11733262_a_at 60.98 157.45 2.58 CELF2 11752011_a_at 33.89 91.14 2.69 CEMIP 11744331_a_at 135.21 63.97 0.47 CFB 11743847_x_at 479.14 143.17 0.30 CFH 11756316_a_at 20.00 66.35 3.32 CHI3L1 11753004_a_at 156.29 68.54 0.44 CKB 11715414_x_at 2655.33 994.03 0.37 COL3A1 11715524_a_at 509.77 245.44 0.48 COTL1 11739100_a_at 348.46 159.95 0.46 CSTF1 11731465_a_at 353.40 75.93 0.21 CTSC 11757307_s_at 608.37 1340.07 2.20 CTSD 11743968_a_at 951.13 374.99 0.39 CYBA 11715729_s_at 20.00 51.79 2.59 CYP19A1 11722564_at 971.84 2431.06 2.50 CYP51A1 /// LRRD1 11715412_a_at 45.89 105.05 2.29 EPAS1 11740066_a_at 65.88 28.44 0.43 ERCC6 11758249_s_at 1568.01 3321.26 2.12 FDPS 11748850_a_at 110.39 54.68 0.50 FLT3LG 11734659_a_at 114.05 54.42 0.48 FOS 11726384_at 92.70 45.11 0.49 FRY 11752577_at 1624.17 3717.86 2.29 FTH1 11758064_s_at 106.04 261.20 2.46 FZD8 11752486_a_at 70.66 148.29 2.10 G6PD 11726329_x_at 82.28 34.94 0.42 GBP1 11750247_x_at 109.90 51.42 0.47 GPER1 11729227_a_at 688.27 309.23 0.45 GRK5 11756874_a_at 103.55 20.00 0.19 GRP 11727375_a_at 323.31 896.61 2.77 HMGCR 11716939_a_at 114.80 1648.34 14.36 HMOX1 11753445_a_at 46.17 793.59 17.19 HMOX1 11754606_a_at 1580.45 688.74 0.44 HSP90B1 11725931_at 165.83 68.73 0.41 HSPA5 11715776_a_at 59.92 246.23 4.11 HSPB8 11728104_at 23.75 97.37 4.10 HTR2B 11728654_x_at 197.24 51.91 0.26 IGFBP5 11757033_a_at 41.33 121.36 2.94 IL13RA2 11740881_x_at 143.71 49.92 0.35 IL15 11731834_a_at 21.95 53.12 2.42 IL24 11746463_a_at 35.02 71.08 2.03 IL6 11722503_at 428.83 151.50 0.35 ITGB8 11742964_a_at 49.98 184.24 3.69 ITPR3 11729231_at 51.07 123.84 2.42 KLF3 11722353_s_at 709.21 307.70 0.43 LDB2 11738813_a_at 81.09 242.77 2.99 LEPR 11755546_a_at 102.35 51.05 0.50 LFNG 11744741_at 75.93 25.40 0.33 LINC00312 /// LMCD1 11741376_a_at 42.14 107.00 2.54 LRP8 11721995_a_at 150.71 902.56 5.99 LRRC32 11721630_at 64.16 347.37 5.41 MAFB 11715484_a_at 175.72 412.36 2.35 MCL1 11750244_a_at 257.24 106.64 0.41 MGLL 11740357_a_at 36.98 170.96 4.62 MLPH 11755860_a_at 102.16 867.65 8.49 MME 11741897_a_at 1776.01 7520.91 4.23 MMP1 11725987_a_at 173.40 1163.49 6.71 MMP14 11745767_a_at 835.50 1712.63 2.05 MMP2 11743110_at 245.44 599.69 2.44 NAMPT 11744915_a_at 510.57 120.05 0.24 NEGR1 11729937_at 371.06 59.78 0.16 NGF 11729507_a_at 121.22 47.04 0.39 NPAS3 11717994_a_at 64.72 146.23 2.26 NR4A1 11729058_s_at 21.62 158.35 7.33 NR4A3 11723535_at 300.99 83.80 0.28 PDGFRL 11743440_at 216.68 106.70 0.49 PDIA3 11756275_a_at 465.21 226.15 0.49 PDLIM1 11743062_a_at 73.52 201.59 2.74 PLAUR 11716114_x_at 112.82 248.72 2.20 POR 11728880_s_at 44.17 93.34 2.11 PPP3R1 11726218_a_at 210.77 630.51 2.99 PRDM1 11718241_a_at 108.69 553.69 5.09 PRUNE2 11726677_a_at 205.67 100.81 0.49 PSMB9 11732550_at 152.04 59.34 0.39 PTGER2 11725793_s_at 150.61 63.11 0.42 PTGER4 11724441_x_at 604.04 108.89 0.18 PTGIS 11758664_s_at 898.12 307.98 0.34 RHOBTB3 11736796_a_at 281.49 92.83 0.33 RUNX1T1 11743113_x_at 2671.54 1129.52 0.42 S100A10 11724117_x_at 94.40 33.66 0.36 SAMD9L 11734371_a_at 48.00 140.05 2.92 SCML1 11748053_x_at 117.28 500.42 4.27 SERINC2 11718492_at 452.19 96.38 0.21 SLC1A2 11724454_at 152.03 742.00 4.88 SLC22A4 11725514_a_at 130.40 352.04 2.70 SMAD7 11719365_x_at 354.11 160.36 0.45 SPATS2L 11755046_a_at 89.91 481.34 5.35 SPHK1 11727790_x_at 31.69 65.23 2.06 SPP1 11753988_a_at 323.42 790.84 2.45 SPRY2 11730551_a_at 96.44 35.64 0.37 STAC 11744469_a_at 106.46 218.25 2.05 TBCD 11746313_a_at 109.36 32.14 0.29 TCF7L2 11715477_at 478.12 1010.51 2.11 TFRC 11758574_s_at 465.17 210.37 0.45 THRB 11725902_s_at 63.20 136.50 2.16 TMEM135 11734005_s_at 20.38 47.30 2.32 TMEM192 11752009_a_at 1551.35 539.50 0.35 TNC 11730319_at 1883.51 817.04 0.43 TNFRSF11B 11731896_a_at 269.10 83.07 0.31 TNFSF4 11735913_s_at 563.25 236.34 0.42 TNXA /// TNXB 11753677_a_at 121.77 41.37 0.34 WNT5A Detection limit <20; REadj Relative expression adjusted to the detection limit

Analysis of Signalling Pathway

[0489] A more advanced bioinformatics analysis was performed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA from Qiagen?). This analysis allows the identification of the impacted signalling pathways and predicts their modulation. The modulation is a stimulation when the Activation z-score is a positive value (Table 11) and an inhibition when the Activation z-score is a negative value (Table 12).

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 11 Predictive stimulation of signalling pathway by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) on NHDF Diseases or Functions Activation Annotation p-Value z- score Molecules Synthesis of 1.22E?21 1.380 ABCA1, ABHD3, ACADVL, ACLY, ACSL3, lipids ACSS2, AGTR1, AHR, AKR1B1, AKR1C1/ AKR1C2, AKR1C3, ALDH1A3, ANGPT1, ARNTL, ASAH1, B4GALT6, BDNF, BHLHE40, BMP2, CAV1, CAV2, CCL2, CD9, CEBPB, CERS1, CHKA, CLN3, COTL1, CYP19A1, CYP27A1, CYP51A1, DAB1, DBI, DHCR7, DLAT, EBF1, EBP, EDNRA, EGR1, ELOVL6, ETV1, FADS1, FADS2, FASN, FDPS, FOS, FOSL1, G6PD, GBA, GDF15, GK, GPER1, GRP, HACD1, HMGCR, HMGCS1, HMOX1, HSD17B14, HSD17B7, HSD3B7, HSPA5, HTR2B, IDI1, IL15, IL24, IL6, INSIG1, KDSR, KLF11, KLF4, LDLR, LEPR, LPIN1, LSS, ME1, MGST2, MMP2, MVD, NFIL3, NGF, NPC1, NPC2, NR4A1, NR4A3, NRG1, NSDHL, NSMAF, OLR1, PCYT2, PDE5A, PDIA3, PFKFB2, PGD, PI4K2A, PITPNM3, PLAAT3, PLCB1, PLPP1, PLPP2, POR, PPT1, PRKAG2, PTGDS, PTGER2, PTGIS, PTX3, RAB27A, RGS2, RGS3, RUNX1, S1PR3, SC5D, SCD, SEMA3A, SERINC2, SERPINE2, SLC1A3, SMAD3, SOAT1, SPHK1, SPP1, SRD5A3, SREBF1, ST3GAL5, STC1, TCF7L2, THRB, TM7SF2, TMEM38B, TRPV2, UGCG, VAC14, WNT5A Metabolism 6.27E?18 1.421 ABCA1, ACLY, BDNF, CAV1, CYP27A1, of cholesterol CYP51A1, DBI, DHCR7, EBP, ELOVL6, FASN, FDPS, G6PD, GBA, HMGCR, HMGCS1, HSD17B7, HSD3B7, IDI1, INSIG1, LDLR, LEPR, LSS, MVD, NPC1, NSDHL, PCSK9, PIP4P1, POR, SC5D, SCD, SOAT1, SPP1, SREBF1, TM7SF2, TNFSF4, WNT5A Synthesis of 1.57E?17 0.998 ACLY, BDNF, CAVI, CYP27A1, CYP51A1, cholesterol DBI, DHCR7, EBP, ELOVL6, FASN, FDPS, G6PD, HMGCR, HMGCS1, HSD17B7, IDI1, INSIG1, LDLR, LSS, MVD, NPC1, NSDHL, POR, SC5D, SCD, SOAT1, SPP1, SREBF1, TM7SF2, WNT5A Differentiation 7.64E?12 0.545 ADIRF, ARNTL, BMP2, CAVIN1, CCND1, of adipocytes CEBPB, CREB5, EBF1, EGR2, FABP3, GPER1, GRK5, HDAC9, HMGA2, HMOX1, ID2, IL6, INSIG1, KLF4, LAMA4, LPIN1, MEDAG, MMP1, MMP11, NFIA, NR4A1, NR4A3, NRG1, OSBPL8, PER2, PLAUR, PLCB1, PTGDS, RGS2, RORA, RUNX1T1, SCD, SEMA3A, SFRP2, SH3PXD2B, SMAD3, SMAD7, SOD2, SPP1, SREBF1, TCF7L2, TIMP3, VGLL3, WNT5A

[0490] The analysis of signalling pathways has shown a predictive activation of the lipid synthesis and the cholesterol biosynthetic process and the adipocytes differentiation at a transcriptional level by compound 6.

[0491] Thus, the treatment of NHDF with compound 6 resulted in an up regulation of lipid and cholesterol synthesis, as well as the differentiation of adipocytes.

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 12 Predictive inhibition of signalling pathway by compound 6 (2 mg/ml) on NHDF Diseases or Functions Activation Annotation p-Value z- score Molecules Fibrogenesis 1.47E?06 ?1.959 AURKA, CALD1, CAV1, CCL2, CCND1, CD44, CDK4, CDK5RAP2, CDK6, COL5A1, DAAM1, DIAPH3, DIRAS3, EDNRA, ELN, EPAS1, FBN1, FHL1, FILIP1L, GAP43, GAS7, GNG7, GRP, HSPA5, HTR2B, IL6, KLF2, KRT19, LMCD1, LMOD1, MBP, MEF2C, MME, MMP2, MTSS1, MYADM, MYLK, NR4A1, OGN, PALLD, PHLDB2, PI4K2A, PLAUR, POSTN, PTGDS, PTGER4, RND3, ROBO1, S100A10, SH3PXD2B, SLIT2, SMAD3, SPHK1, SPRY2, STARD13, TACSTD2, TBCD, TGFBR3, THY1, TNC Tensile 2.95E?06 ?2.195 COL14A1, COL5A1, COL5A2, DCN, DPT, strength of skin FBN1, LOX, OGN Synthesis of 3.30E?06 ?1.989 ABCA1, AGTR1, AGTRAP, AHR, AKR1B1, reactive ANGPT1, APOL6, BMP2, CAV1, CD44, oxygen species CFB, CFH, CYBA, DBI, DCN, EPAS1, FOS, FTH1, G6PD, HDAC5, HK2, HMOX1, IL24, IL6, IRAK1, KLF4, LEPR, LIPA, MLPH, MMP1, MMP14, MYLK, NAMPT, NGF, NPC1, NR4A1, OLR1, PLAUR, PRDX6, PRSS23, RND3, RORA, S1PR3, SAT1, SLC8A1, SMAD3, SOD2, SPP1, SPRY2, SQSTM1, SREBF1, STC1, TAGLN, TFRC, TGM2, TNFRSF11B, TXNIP, TXNRD1, WNT2, WNT5A Inflammatory 1.48E?08 ?0.905 ACKR3, AGTR1, AHR, ANGPT1, ANGPTL2, response APOL3, BDNF, BMP2, BST1, CAV1, CCL2, CCND1, CD276, CD44, CD9, CEBPB, CFH, CHI3L1, CKLF, CLCN7, CYBA, CYP19A1, CYP26B1, EDNRA, EGR1, ELN, EPAS1, FLT3LG, FOS, GCNT1, GPER1, GPR68, GREM1, GRP, HDAC5, HDAC9, HMOX1, HSPG2, IL15, IL24, IL6, IRAK1, ITGA2, KLF4, LDLR, LIPA, LOXL2, LYST, MAF, MCL1, MGLL, MMP1, MMP14, MMP19, MMP2, MYLK, NFIL3, NGF, NPC1, NR4A1, NRG1, OLR1, OSTM1, PENK, PLAUR, PPT1, PRDM1, PTGER2, PTGER4, PTGIS, PTX3, RAB27A, RAPH1, RORA, S1PR3, SCG2, SLIT2, SMAD3, SMAD7, SPHK1, SPON2, SPP1, STEAP2, TGM2, THBS4, TNC, TNFRSF14, TNFSF18, TNFSF4, TRPV2, TSPAN2, TUBE1, UACA, VSIR, WIPF1, WNT5A Chronic 2.18E?06 ?0.647 ABCA1, ACLY, ACVR2A, ADGRG6, AGTR1, inflammatory AHR, ALPK2, ATP1B1, BDNF, C9orf72, disorder CA12, CALD1, CCL2, CD276, CD44, CDK6, CEBPB, CELF2, CEMIP, CFB, CFH, CHI3L1, CKB, COL3A1, COTL1, CSTF1, CTSC, CTSD, CYBA, CYP19A1, CYP51A1, EPAS1, ERCC6, FDPS, FLT3LG, FOS, FRY, FTH1, FZD8, G6PD, GBP1, GPER1, GRK5, GRP, HMGCR, HMOX1, HSP90B1, HSPA5, HSPB8, HTR2B, IGFBP5, IL13RA2, IL15, IL24, IL6, ITGB8, ITPR3, KLF3, LDB2, LEPR, LFNG, LMCD1, LRP8, LRRC32, MAFB, MCL1, MGLL, MLPH, MME, MMP1, MMP14, MMP2, NAMPT, NEGR1, NGF, NPAS3, NR4A1, NR4A3, PDE5A, PDGFRL, PDIA3, PDLIM1, PLAUR, POR, PPP3R1, PRDM1, PRUNE2, PSMB9, PTGER2, PTGER4, PTGIS, RFLNB, RHOBTB3, RUNX1, S100A10, SAMD9L, SCML1, SERINC2, SLC1A2, SLC22A4, SMAD7, SPATS2L, SPHK1, SPP1, SPRY2, STAC, TBCD, TCF7L2, TFRC, THRB, TMEM135, TMEM192, TNC, TNFRSF11B, TNFSF4, TNXB, WNT5A

[0492] The analysis of signaling pathways has shown a predictive inhibition of the fibrogenesis, the tensile strength of skin, the synthesis of ROS (reactive oxygen species), the inflammatory response and chronic inflammatory disorder at a transcriptional level by compound 6.

[0493] Thus, the treatment of NHDF with compound 6 resulted in a down regulation of the fibrogenesis, the tensile strength of skin, the synthesis of ROS, as well as the inflammatory response and chronic inflammatory disorder.

[0494] We have shown in another experiment that the treatment of aged human fibroblasts with compound 6 at 6 mg/ml resulted in an increased SOD2 gene expression by 204% compared to the control. That showed that the compound is involved in the oxidative and cellular stress response in aged human fibroblasts.

2.2. Effect of Compound 6 on the Preservation/Protection of Neonatal Skin Fibroblasts Under Starvation Conditions. Evaluation by Neutral Red Uptake Assay.

Materials and Methods

Subculturing

[0495] The neonatal skin fibroblasts (Cell line: CCD-27SK. ATCC number CRL-1475) were grown with DMEM medium supplemented with Fetal Bovine Serum 10% final, antibiotics (Penicillin/Streptomycin) 1% final and Amphotericin B 0.1% final. Fibroblasts were grown in 75 cm.sup.2 culture flask to 80% confluence in 37? C. and 10% CO.sub.2 incubator. The medium was changed every two days by 37? C. preheated fresh medium.

Starvation Medium

[0496] This medium was composed of 45% subculturing medium without Fetal Bovine Serum mixed with 55% of Phosphate Buffer Saline IX containing EDTA (final concentration of 0.45 mM). This was referred to as serum-free medium or starvation medium.

Product Preparation

[0497] Compound 6 (MM=356.3 g/mol) was diluted in starvation medium to 17 mM final and pH was adjusted at 7.4 by addition of NaOH 1N.

General Experimental Procedure

Assays on 96 Well Plates

[0498] Fibroblast cells were concentrated to 2.10.sup.5 cells/ml and 100 ?l of cell suspension was added in wells of a 96-well plate and incubated in 37? C. and 10% CO.sub.2 incubator for 4 hours.

[0499] After cell adhesion the medium was changed and plates were incubated (37? C.-10% CO.sub.2) to perform the assay as follows: [0500] One plate for each sampling times: D0, D4, D7 days; [0501] Three wells for each condition (triplicate count) added with 120 ?l of culture medium (surviving control), starvation medium (serum-free control) or compound 6 solution at 17 mM.

Viability Assay (Neutral Red Uptake)

[0502] The neutral red uptake assay was used for the determination of cell viability. This assay is based on the ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind the supravital dye neutral red in its lysosomes. Thus, only the viable cells are dyed. At D4 and D7, the plates were incubated with neutral red solution for 3.5 hours. The cells are subsequently washed, the dye is extracted in each well and the absorbance is read using a spectrophotometer.

[0503] For sampling, 1 mL of DMEM (without phenol red indicator) with neutral red (OD=0.110) was added to the cells for 3.5 hours (37? C. 10% CO.sub.2). After incubation. the medium was removed. Two washes with PBS were realized and 1 mL of extraction solution (absolute ethanol 49%, ultrapure water 49%, glacial acetic acid 2%) was added. Plates were placed 15 minutes on rotary shaker in the dark before reading OD at 540 nm.

[0504] The OD540 nm average values were compared and the variation of viability was calculated as follows:

Variation of viability at Dx=(OD540 nm of tested solution?blank) at Dx/(OD540 nm of stress control?blank) at Dx.

Results

[0505] The cell viability (OD 540 nm) from stressed cultures added with tested compounds were compared with stress-control culture at different times and the variation of viability was calculated. The results are presented in the following Table 13.

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 13 Preservative effect of compound 6 at 17 mM on human fibroblasts culture for 7 days after serum deprivation Culture conditions D 4 D 7 Stress control (starvation medium) 0.118 0.066 (OD 540 nm ? mean value) Stress + compound 6 at 17 mM 0.274 0.224 (OD 540 nm ? mean value) Variation of viability 2.32 3.39 (stressed cells treated with compound 6 vs stressed cells)

[0506] The viability of cells cultured in starvation medium but treated with compound 6 at 17 mM is 2.3 times higher than that of the cells in the serum-free control after 4 days of culture and 3.4 times higher after 7 days. Thus, compound 6 showed a significant preservative/protective effect on skin fibroblasts since cells have been maintained in a healthy state under unfavorable conditions for growth.

2.3. Evaluation of Protective and Pro-Adipogenic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Aging Properties of Compound 6

[0507] In order to evaluate and characterize its protective effect and its pro-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties, the effect of compound 6 has been tested on human dermal fibroblast and human pre-adipocytes proliferation, either in normal or fibro-inflammatory environment.

Methods

Cell Culture

[0508] Human dermal fibroblasts were isolated from skin tissue by dermis explants seeding in Petri dishes in DMEM-20% FBS for 3 weeks. Dermal fibroblasts were then seeded in 96-well plates and then incubated in different culture conditions described below.

[0509] Different culture conditions were realized in triplicate at least: [0510] Positive control of cytotoxicity: cells in DMEM 1% FBS medium lysed by 0.2% triton at the end of the culture period [0511] Control: cells in DMEM 1% FBS medium [0512] Test: cells in DMEM 1% FBS medium added with test compound 6 and compound 44 of WO2015/140178.

[0513] Preadipocytes have been isolated from human female hypodermis (body mass index <30 kg/m2 and <45 years old). Preadipocytes have been cultured for 24 h in 100 ?l of DMEM-10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) in 96-well plates. Then cells were treated to induce their differentiation in a classical or an inflammatory environment for 13 days.

[0514] To induce the preadipocytes differentiation cells were incubated in a proadipogenic cocktail (PAC) including insulin, glucocorticoid, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), and thiazolinedione in DMEM.

[0515] To induce a fibro-inflammatory environment, cells were treated with an activated human macrophage-conditioned medium (AcMC) prepared in RPMI medium. A treatment with Dexamethasone (DXM) at 100 nM was used as anti-inflammatory response control. At D0: preadipocytes have been treated in the following conditions: [0516] Undifferentiation: DMEM+? RPMI medium [0517] Differentiation: PAC+? RPMI medium [0518] AcMC i.e. inflammatory condition: PAC+? AcMC [0519] AcMC+DXM: PAC+14 AcMC+anti-inflammatory DXM at 100 nM [0520] AcMc+compounds: PAC+14 AcMC+compounds to be tested

[0521] All conditions have been performed in triplicate. The medium has been changed every 2 days for 13 days.

[0522] At D14: during the last 24 h of culture, the medium has been replaced by DMEM/F12 medium in all conditions, to collect cells' secretions.

Tested Compounds

[0523] The effects of compound 6 and compound 44 of WO2015/140178 have been evaluated at different concentrations: in culture media (DMEM).

Cell Cytotoxicity

[0524] Cytotoxicity was assessed by the measurement of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released by damaged cells in the culture medium (using the kit CytoTox-One Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay, G1780, Promega). Cells were treated with 0.2% of triton at the end of the culture to determine the maximal toxicity response. The LDH measurement was realized on 24 h medium secretions after 13 days of culture.

[0525] The results were normalized by cell number, determined by nuclei staining (with DAPI: 4,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride), and were represented in percentage of the lysis positive control. Compounds presenting a level of cytotoxicity below 20% compared to control were considered as non-toxic.

Lipid Accumulation and Lipid Index

[0526] After 14 days of culture, preadipocytes have been fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and then stained by AdipoRed? at room temperature to reveal the intracellular lipid droplets. Quantification of lipid accumulation has been performed by fluorescence intensity measurements using the spectrophotometer Spark (TECAN).

[0527] A second analysis of lipid accumulation was performed with an imaging acquisition and quantification. The area and the intensity of the lipid droplets were evaluated and quantified for more accurate data. An index was calculated (area*intensity of the AdipoRed staining) and normalized by cells number.

Quantification of Extracellular Secretions

[0528] After 13 days, the 24 h culture media of the different conditions have been collected at the end of the treatment period. The concentrations of IL-6, procollagen I and MCP1 have been evaluated by ELISA assays using specific kits (for IL-6: DY206, DuoSet ELISA, R&D Systems; for Procollagen I: DY6220-05, DuoSet ELISA, R&D Systems; for MCP1: DY279-05 DuoSet ELISA, R&D Systems) according to the manufacture's recommendations. Values have been normalized to the cell number determined by DAPI staining.

Immunofluorescence (Collagen I Network)

[0529] One month after fixation of preadipocytes cultivated in pro-inflammatory environment, cells were incubated with 3% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) for 30 min in order to block the non-specific sites, then with primary antibody anti-collagen 1 (Novusbio, NB600-408) over-night. After washes with PBS, cells were incubated for 30 min with 3% BSA and then with the secondary antibodies (Goat anti-rabbit alexa-fluor 488, ThermoFisher, A11008) and DAPI (for nuclei staining) for 1 h. After several washes, the acquisition and the quantification were performed with a fluorescent video-microscope. Briefly, the quantification was based on the detection and quantification of cell nuclei stained with DAPI, and the detection of collagen 1 staining. Collagen 1 fibers were detected and measured for their length, thickness and intensity. A Collagen 1 fibers quantity was calculated (Quantity=length*thickness*fluorescence intensity) and normalized by cells number (DAPI staining).

Results

Effect of Compound 6 on the Viability of Fibroblasts in Classical Condition

[0530] Quantity of LDH released by cells was normalized by cell number in each culture condition. Data are represented in percentage of the positive control. Results are presented in Table 14.

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 14 Cytotoxicity during 24 h after 11 days of culture, normalized by cell number (in percentage of positive control) Conditions Values Mean SD Positive control 94.5 90.8 105.9 108.8 100 8.7 Control 23.2 25.8 21.9 18.5 22.4 3.0 Compound 6 2 mg/ml 4.2 5.1 5.3 6.0 5.1 0.8 0.5 mg/ml 7.1 6.6 3.1 5.7 5.6 1.8 0.1 mg/ml 5.9 4.8 6.5 9.8 6.7 2.1 Compound 44 of 10 mg/ml 54.2 50.4 40.1 38.6 45.8 7.7 WO2015/140178 1 mg/ml 18.0 18.8 19.5 18.5 18.7 0.6

[0531] No toxicity was observed with compound 6 at 2 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml. The results showed rather that the LDH release (cytotoxicity) is lower in fibroblasts culture treated with compound 6 (5.1% to 6.7%) compare to the control (22.4%).

[0532] In these experimental conditions, compound 6 has a preservative/protective effect on dermal fibroblast even under classical condition with no specific stress.

[0533] Compound 6 at all concentrations showed a strong protective effect whereas, in such conditions, Compound 44 of WO2015/140178 does not present any protective effect.

Effect of Compound 6 on the Proliferation of Preadipocytes in Classical Conditions

[0534] The number of cells was determined for each condition by DAPI nuclei staining (nuclei) and expressed in arbitrary unit. Results are presented in Table 15.

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 15 Cells number at the end of the culture, DAPI staining in Arbitrary Unit (AU) Standard Condition Values Mean Deviation Undifferentiation 8341 8042 10087 8823 1105 Differentiation 11442 9029 9882 10118 1224 Compound 6 (2 13454 12839 13298 13197 320 mg/ml)

[0535] The cell number is higher when the cells were treated with the compound 6 at 2 mg/ml (13 197 AU) compared to the differentiated control condition (10 118 AU).

[0536] Compound 6 at 2 mg/mL induced a cell proliferation of preadipocytes cultured in classical differentiation conditions.

Effect of Compound 6 on Human Preadipocytes Under Differentiation Conditions in a Fibro-Inflammation Environment

[0537] The effect of compound 6 was evaluated on: [0538] Viability [0539] Proliferation [0540] Lipid accumulation [0541] Extracellular secretions of IL-6, MCP1 and procollagen I [0542] Quantity of Collagen 1 fibers.

Viability of Preadipocytes in Inflammatory Condition

[0543] Quantity of LDH measured in medium was normalized by cell number in each culture condition. Data are represented in percentage of proinflammatory control conditions (AcMC condition). Results are presented in Table 16.

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 16 Cytotoxicity at the end of the culture, normalized by cell number, in % of AcMC condition Standard Condition Values Mean Deviation Undifferentiation 37.5 26.3 32.7 32.2 5.6 AcMC 122.3 88.2 89.5 100.0 19.3 AcMC + compound 50.5 50.6 58.9 53.3 4.8 6 (2 mg/ml) AcMC + compound 53.1 81.8 110.4 81.7 28.7 6 (1 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 96.1 82.2 131.7 103.3 25.5 44 of WO2015/ 140178 (5 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 73.7 84.9 116.0 91.5 21.9 44 of WO2015/ 140178 (1 mg/ml)

[0544] The results showed rather that the LDH release is lower in preadipocyte culture treated with compound 6 (with cytotoxicity of 53.3% and 81.7% respectively at 2 and 1 mg/ml) compared to the control AcMC, i.e. inflammatory conditions, with cytotoxicity fixed at 100%.

[0545] In these experimental conditions compound 6 showed a preservative/protective effect on preadipocytes/adipocytes in inflammatory conditions.

[0546] A lower relative cytotoxicity was observed with compound 6 at 2 mg/ml (53.3%) and 1 mg/ml (81.7%) compared to Compound 44 of WO2015/140178 at 5 mg/ml (103.3%) and Compound 44 of WO2015/140178 at 1 mg/ml (91.5%). So compound 6 showed a better preservative effect than Compound 44 of WO2015/140178.

Proliferation of Preadipocytes in Inflammatory Condition

[0547] The number of cells was determined for each condition by DAPI nuclei staining (nuclei) and expressed in arbitrary unit. Results are presented in Table 17.

TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 17 Cells number at the end of the culture, DAPI staining in Arbitrary Unit (AU) Standard Condition Values Mean Deviation AcMC 12412 13250 12795 12819 420 AcMC + Compound 20261 20369 19811 20147 296 6 (2 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 18502 17976 17985 18154 301 6 (1 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 15556 15310 14211 15026 716 44 of WO2015/ 140178 (1 mg/ml)

[0548] The cell number is higher when the cells were treated with the compound 6 at 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml (20 147AU and 18 154 AU respectively) compared to the AcMC control condition, i.e. inflammatory conditions (12 819AU)

[0549] Compound 6 induced a cell proliferation of preadipocytes with a dose-effect at 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml.

[0550] Compared to Compound 44 of WO2015/140178 at 1 mg/ml, the compound 6 at 1 mg/ml induced a higher proliferation of preadipocytes in inflammatory condition (15 026 versus 18 154 cells respectively).

Total Lipid Synthesis in Preadipocytes Adipocytes in Inflammatory Condition

[0551] Lipid accumulation and Lipid index were evaluated for each condition. Data are represented in percentage of proinflammatory control condition (AcMC condition). Results are presented in Table 18A and 18B.

TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 18A Total Lipid Accumulation (Adipored staining) at the end of the culture (in % of AcMC condition) Standard Condition Values Mean Deviation AcMC 100.7 97.9 101.4 100.0 1.9 AcMC + 213.8 229.4 218.6 220.6 8.0 Dexamethasone 100 nM AcMC + compound 137.2 132.3 141.4 137.0 4.5 6 (2 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 130.3 123.6 126.5 126.8 3.3 6 (1 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 120.0 118.6 120.6 119.7 1.0 44 of WO2015/ 140178 (2.5 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 104.7 106.6 103.1 104.8 1.8 44 of WO2015/ 140178 (1 mg/ml)

[0552] Compound 6 induced an increase lipid synthesis at both concentration in the inflammatory media and performed better than Compound 44 of WO2015/140178 at lower concentration.

[0553] As shown in previous results, preadipocytes proliferation lead to an increase of total lipid synthesis in inflammatory condition, clearly underlining the potential of compound 6 for plumping/wrinkle filling effect.

TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 18B Lipid Index (Adipored area * intensity) at the end of the culture, normalized by cells number (DAPI staining) in % of AcMC condition Standard Condition Values Mean Deviation AcMC 57.2 117.4 125.4 100.0 37.3 AcMC + Compound 286.0 338.7 269.0 297.9 36.4 6 (2 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 150.8 156.6 168.4 158.6 9.0 6 (1 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 114.2 102.2 146.1 120.9 22.7 44 of WO2015/ 140178 (2.5 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 137.9 150.8 146.8 145.1 6.6 44 of WO2015/ 140178 (1 mg/ml)

[0554] For better accuracy, another method was used to quantify the lipids. The lipid index is increased by Compound 6 compared to AcMC control at both concentration in the inflammatory media and performed better than Compound 44 of WO2015/140178. This confirm the potential of Compound 6 for increasing lipid synthesis in inflammatory condition.

Extracellular Secretions of IL-6 by Preadipocytes in Inflammatory Condition

[0555] Quantity of IL-6 secreted in medium was measured and was normalized by cell number in each culture condition. Data are represented in percentage of proinflammatory control condition (AcMC condition). Results are presented in Table 19.

TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 19 IL-6 secretion at the end of the culture, normalized by cells number (DAPI staining) in % of AcMC condition Standard Condition Values Mean Deviation AcMC 85.9 101.2 113.0 100.0 13.6 AcMC + Dexamethasone 21.9 21.8 24.5 22.8 1.5 100 nM AcMC + Compound 25.5 26.8 31.9 28.1 3.4 6 (2 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 66.1 95.1 90.8 84.0 15.6 6 (1 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 44 of 64.2 55.8 79.5 66.5 12.0 WO2015/140178 (5 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 44 of 63.9 94.4 105.2 87.8 21.4 WO2015/140178 (1 mg/ml)

[0556] Compound 6 at 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml decreased the IL-6 secretion in preadipocytes/adipocytes (28.1 and 84% IL-6 secreted respectively) compared to the AcMC control condition, i.e. in inflammatory conditions, fixed at 100%.

[0557] Moreover the inhibition effect on IL-6 synthesis induced by compound 6 at 2 mg/ml (28.1%) is similar to that observed with the DXM at 100 nM (22.8%) Compound 6 showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect on preadipocytes/adipocytes treated with 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml with a dose-effect.

[0558] The decrease of IL-6 secretion is better with compound 6 at 2 mg/ml (28% of IL-6 production) than that of Compound 44 of WO2015/140178 at 5 mg/ml (66.5% of IL-6 production) in inflammatory conditions. So compound 6 showed a better anti-inflammatory effect than Compound 44 of WO2015/140178.

Extracellular Secretions of MCP1 by Preadipocytes in Inflammatory Condition

[0559] Quantity of MCP1 secreted in medium was measured and was normalized by cell number in each culture condition. Data are represented in percentage of proinflammatory control condition (AcMC condition). Results are presented in Table 20.

TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 20 MCP1 secretion at the end of the culture, normalized by cells number (DAPI staining) in % of AcMC condition Mean Standard Condition Values (%) (%) Deviation Undifferentiation 1.16 4.84 5.43 4 2.3 Differentiation 29.3 39.6 39.7 36 6.0 AcMC 81.2 115.4 103.4 100 17.3 AcMC + Dexamethasone 82.4 106.8 97.2 95 12.3 (100 nM) Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) 62.8 65.6 67.5 65 2.4 Compound 6 (1 mg/ml) 58.8 67.5 85.6 71 13.6

[0560] As expected, the MCP1 secretion was increased in the pro-inflammatory environment (AcMC) compared to the differentiation condition. Dexamethasone had no effect on the MCP1 secretion.

[0561] Compound 6 at 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml decreased the MCP1 secretion in differentiated preadipocytes (65% and 71% respectively) compared to the AcMC control condition, i.e. in inflammatory conditions, fixed at 100%.

[0562] Compound 6 showed an anti-inflammatory effect on preadipocytes treated with 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml.

[0563] Extracellular secretions of procollagen I by preadipocytes in inflammatory condition Quantity of procollagen secreted in medium was measured and normalized by cell number in each culture condition. Data are represented in percentage of proinflammatory control conditions (AcMC condition). Results are presented in Table 21.

TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 21 Procollagen I secretion at the end of the culture, normalized by cells number (DAPI staining) in % of AcMC condition Standard Condition Values Mean Deviation AcMC 101.8 103.5 94.7 100.0 4.6 AcMC + Compound 47.0 40.2 51.2 46.2 5.5 6 (2 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 39.3 57.7 52.7 49.9 9.5 6 (1 mg/ml) AcMC + Compound 44 of 72.3 60.9 75.1 69.4 7.5 WO2015/140178 (1 mg/ml)

[0564] Compound 6 at 2 and 1 mg/ml decreased the Procollagen I secretion (46.2% and 49.9% respectively) compared to the AcMC control condition, i.e. inflammatory conditions, fixed at 100%. AcMC condition is known to increase the secretion of procollagen compared to normal differentiation condition.

[0565] There was a stronger decrease of Procollagen I secretion with compound 6 at 1 mg/ml compared to Compound 44 of WO2015/140178 at 1 mg/ml (secretion of 49.9% versus 69.4% respectively) in inflammatory conditions.

Quantity of Collagen 1 Fibers Produced by Preadipocytes in Inflammatory Condition

[0566] Collagen I fibers (fibrillar collagen I) quantity was quantified and the data were normalized by cell number (DAPI staining, quantification of nuclei number). Data are represented in percentage of proinflammatory control conditions (AcMC condition). Results are presented in Table 22.

TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 22 Collagen I fibers quantity at the end of the culture, normalized by cells number (Dapi staining) in % of AcMC condition Mean Standard Condition Values (%) (%) Deviation Undifferentiation / 49.4 41.0 45 6.0 Differentiation 78.1 164.1 111.5 118 43.3 AcMC 131.0 81.0 88.0 100 27.1 AcMC + Dexamethasone 397.3 390.0 384.5 391 6.4 (100 nM) Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) 193.5 230.7 213.7 213 18.6 Compound 6 (1 mg/ml) 136.7 160.5 165.3 154 15.3

[0567] Compound 6 at 2 and 1 mg/ml increased the Collagen I fibers quantity (213% and 154% respectively) compared to the AcMC control condition, i.e. inflammatory conditions, fixed at 100%.

[0568] Compound 6 at 2 and 1 mg/ml induced an increase in Collagen I deposition in the extracellular matrix of the pro-inflammatory environment-cultured preadipocytes.

[0569] Compound 6 has matrix remodelling effects that seem to be close to those induced by the anti-inflammatory dexamethasone. The apparent diminution of the Procallagen I observed during the previous study could be explained by its transformation in collagen I fibers.

2.4. Evaluation of Effects of Compound 6 on Lipid Synthesis in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEK)

[0570] Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) were seeded in 12-well plates and incubated in culture medium for 24 hours. The medium was then replaced by culture medium containing or not (control) the test compounds or the reference (CaCl.sub.2+Vitamin C at 1.5 mM+200 ?g/ml respectively) in the presence of the radioactive tracer [.sup.14C]-acetate. Cells were incubated for 48 hours. All experimental conditions were performed in triplicate.

[0571] Culture medium was Keratinocyte-SFM supplemented with Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) 0.25 ng/ml, Pituitary extract (PE) 25 ?g/ml and Gentamycin 25 ?g/ml. The assay medium was Keratinocyte-SFM supplemented with Gentamycin 25 ?g/ml.

[0572] At the end of incubation, cells were rinsed with PBS solution and then detached from their support by trypsin treatment. The [.sup.14C]-acetate incorporation was then measured by liquid scintillation (measure of radioactivity). The incorporation is correlated with the total lipid neosynthesis. Results presented in Table 23 are expressed as cpm and % of control.

TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 23 Stimulation of the total lipid neosynthesis Basic data [.sup.14C]- Normalized data Acetate Mean sem % sem % sem Treatment (cpm) (cpm) (cpm) Control (%) p.sup.(1) Stimulation (%) p.sup.(1) Control 71051 71204 212 100 0 0 0 70938 71623 CaCl.sub.2 86977 87409 1270 123 2 *** 23 2 *** (1.5 mM) + 89793 Vitamine C 85457 (200 ?g/ml) Compound 6 77267 78584 687 110 1 *** 10 1 *** (1 mg/ml) 78905 79581 Compound 6 84794 86022 739 121 1 *** 21 1 *** (3 mg/ml) 87349 85922 86860 .sup.(1)Thresholds for statistical significance: ns: >0.05, Not significant; * 0.01 to 0.05, Significant; ** 0.001 to 0.01, Very significant; *** <0.001, Extremely significant

[0573] In these experimental conditions the effect of compound 6 on lipid synthesis was similar (at 3 mg/ml) to the reference (CaCl.sub.2 1.5 mM; Vitamin C 200 ?g/ml) with respectively a stimulation of 21% and 23% compared to the control.

[0574] Moreover this effect of compound 6 was dose dependent since the stimulation at 1 mg/ml was lower (10% compared to the control).

[0575] The compound 6 showed an effect on the stimulation of lipid neosynthesis by normal human epidermal keratinocytes which underlines its potential in restoring the barrier effect of the skin especially for dry or atopic skin and for atopic dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis. In addition this improved lipid synthesis will reduce wrinkles associated with the dryness of the skin.

2.5. Evaluation of Effects of Compound 6 on Lipid Peroxidation in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEK)

[0576] Normal human epidermal keratinocytes were seeded in 48-well plates and cultured in culture medium for 24 hours and then in assay medium for a further 24 hours. The medium was then removed and replaced by assay medium containing or not (irradiated control) the test compounds or the reference (BHAbutylated hydroxyanisole, lipid peroxidation inhibitorat 100 ?M) and the cells were pre-incubated for 24 hours. After pre-incubation, the specific fluorescent probe for the measurement of lipid peroxides (C11-fluor) was added and the cells were incubated for 45 minutes. Then, the medium was removed and replaced by assay medium containing or not (irradiated control and test compound conditions) the reference and the cells were irradiated with UVB (+UVA)?300 mJ/cm.sup.2 (+2.1 J/cm.sup.2). The lamp used was a SOL500 Sun Simulator equipped with an H2 filter (Dr. Hbnle. AG). After irradiation, the medium was removed and replaced by assay medium containing or not (irradiated control) the test compounds or the reference and the cells were incubated for 30 minutes before flow cytometry analysis. A non-irradiated control condition was performed in parallel. All experimental conditions were performed in triplicate.

[0577] At the end of the incubation, in each well, the cells were trypsinized and transferred into specific tubes for the analysis of C11-fluor fluorescence intensity using a BD FACSVerse? flow cytometer (acquisition of 2000 to 5000 events per tube). The C11-fluor fluorescent probe is a lipid analogue which integrates cell membranes. As the fluorescence intensity of this probe is decreased with oxidation, it is inversely proportional to the lipid peroxidation. In order to facilitate the result interpretation, the lipid peroxidation was expressed using the value 1/fluorescence intensity in order to have a direct proportionality between the induction of lipid peroxidation and the values of % of irradiated control.

[0578] Results presented in Table 24 are expressed as fluorescence intensity and as 00 of protection compared to the control.

TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 24 Effect on lipid peroxidation under UV stimulation Basic data C11- C11- fluor fluor % Normalized data GMFI 1/GMFI Mean sem Irradiated sem % sem Treatment (AU) (AU) (AU) (AU) control (%) p.sup.(1) Protection (%) p.sup.(1) Non-irradiated control 15217 6.6E?05 6.9E?05 2.0E?06 8 0 *** 100 0 *** 14696 6.8E?05 13762 7.3E?05 Irradiated Control 1260 7.9E?04 8.5E?04 5.3E?05 100 6 0 7 conditions: 1234 8.1E?04 UVB - 300 1041 9.6E?04 mJ/cm.sup.2 BHA (100 ?M) 5266 1.90E?04 2.7E?04 4.27E?05 31 5 ** 75 5 *** (+UVA - 3653 2.74E?04 2.1 J/cm.sup.2) 2965 3.37E?04 Compound 6 2118 4.7E?04 5.6E?04 4.5E?05 66 5 * 37 6 * (1 mg/ml) 1705 5.9E?04 1608 6.2E?04 Compound 6 2143 4.7E?04 5.6E?04 7.2E?05 65 8 * 38 9 * (3 mg/ml) 1970 5.1E?04 1426 7.0E?04 Compound 44 of 1198 8.35E?04 9.26E?04 4.65E?05 108 5 ns ?9 6 ns WO2015/140178 1046 9.56E?04 (2.5 mg/ml) 1013 9.87E?04 Compound 44 of 925 1.08E?03 1.03E?03 2.44E?05 121 3 * ?23 3 * WO2015/140178 997 1.00E?03 (5 mg/ml) 986 1.01E?03 .sup.(1)Threshold for statistical significance: ns: >0.05, Not significant; * 0.01 to 0.05, Significant; ** 0.001 to 0.01, Very significant; *** <0.001, Extremely significant

[0579] In these experimental conditions, compound 6 showed a moderate protection on lipid peroxidation of 38% (compared to the control).

[0580] The compound 6 showed a protective effect on lipid peroxidation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes stimulated by UVB, which underlines its potential for skin protection and anti-aging. In this particular assay, compound 44 of WO2015/140178 did not have any effect on the protection of lipid peroxidation.

2.6. Evaluation of Effect of Compound 6 on the Protection of Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts Under UVA Irradiation. Evaluation by MTT Reduction Assay.

[0581] The protective effects of compound 6 was assessed in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). The viability of UVA-irradiated NHDF using a standard MTT reduction assay was tested. Prior to these assays, a preliminary cytotoxicity assay was performed on NHDF, using a standard WST-8 reduction assay and morphological observations with a microscope, in order to determine the concentrations to be tested.

Materials and Methods

[0582] Cell type: NHDF, Bioalternatives reference PF2 used at the 8th passage [0583] Culture conditions: 37? C., 5% CO.sub.2 [0584] Culture medium: DMEM supplemented with L-glutamine 2 mM, Penicillin 50 U/ml [0585] Streptomycin 50 ?g/ml, Fetal calf serum (FCS) 10% [0586] Irradiation medium: EBSS supplemented with CaCl.sub.2 0.2 g/l, MgSO.sub.4 0.2 g/l [0587] Test compound: the compound 6 (MM=356.3 g/mol) was diluted in culture medium at final concentration of 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml

General Experimental Procedure

Cultures and Treatments

[0588] Fibroblasts were seeded in 96-well plates and cultured in culture medium for 24 hours. The medium was then replaced by culture medium containing or not (irradiated control) the test compounds and the cells were pre-incubated for 24 hours. After pre-incubation, the medium was removed and replaced by irradiation medium and the cells were irradiated with 35 J/cm.sup.2. The lamp used was a SOL500 Sun Simulator equipped with an H1 filter (Dr. H?nle, AG). After irradiation, the medium was removed and replaced by assay medium containing or not (irradiated control) the test compounds and the cells were incubated for 24 hours. A non-irradiated control condition was performed in parallel. All experimental conditions were performed in n=5, except for the control conditions in n=12.

Evaluation of Cell ViabilityMTT Assay

[0589] At the end of incubation, the cells were incubated with MTT (tetrazolium salt) reduced in blue formazan crystals by succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial enzyme). This transformation is proportional to the enzyme activity. After cell dissociation and formazan crystal solubilization using DMSO, the optical density (OD) of the extracts at 540 nm, proportional to the number of living cells and their metabolic activity, was recorded with a microplate reader (VERSAmax, Molecular Devices).

Data Management

[0590] Raw data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel? software. The inter-group comparisons were performed by an unpaired Student's t-test.

[0591] The standard error of the mean (sem) is a measure of how far the sample mean is likely to be from the true population mean. The sem is calculated as the standard deviation (sd) divided by the square root of sample size (n). Standard error of the mean: sem=sd/?n Percentage of viability: viability (%)=(OD sample/OD control)?100

Results

[0592] The cell viability (OD 540 nm) from irradiated culture added with tested compound was compared with irradiated control culture and the percentage of viability was calculated. The results are presented in the following Table 25.

TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 25 Preservative effect of compound 6 on NHDF under UVA stimulation (35 J/cm.sup.2) Mean % OD Irradiated Conditions (540 nm) sem control sem p.sup.(1) Non-irradiated control 1.02 0.01 918 9 *** Irradiated Control 0.11 0.01 100 7 Compound 6 1.25 mg/ml 0.13 0.02 116 14 ns 2.5 mg/ml 0.15 0.01 130 12 * .sup.(1): Threshold for statistical significance ns: >0.05, Not significant * 0.01 to 0.05, Significant ** 0.001 to 0.01, Very significant *** <0.001, Extremely significant

[0593] When tested at 2.5 mg/ml on irradiated cells, the compound 6 induced a significant increase of cell viability (130% of the irradiated control). The compound 6 displayed a statistically significant protective effect against UVA irradiation.

2.7. Evaluation of Effect of the Compound 6 on a Coculture of Human Aged Fibroblasts and Mature Adipocytes.

[0594] In order to evaluate its effect on fibroblast matrix and its anti-inflammatory properties, the effect of compound 6 has been tested on an adipocytes-aged fibroblasts coculture model, mimicking the interactions between dermis and hypodermis in the skin and allowed to explore in parallel the biological effects of the products on two cellular targets.

Materials and Methods

[0595] Experimental model: co-culture of human mature adipocytes cultured in 3D and human dermal fibroblasts cultured in 2D (AM3D-FB2D co-culture). This experimental model of AM3D-FB2D co-culture mimicked the interactions between dermis and hypodermis in the skin and allowed to explore in parallel the biological effects of the products on two cellular targets. [0596] Donor characteristics: This study was performed on mature adipocytes and fibroblasts from two different donors (one donor for mature adipocytes and another donor for dermal fibroblasts). [0597] Fibroblasts donor=woman of 56-year-old, BMI=28 kg/m.sup.2 [0598] Adipocytes donor=woman of 27-year-old, BMI=21.4 kg/m.sup.2 [0599] Treatment procedure: compound 6 was added to the co-culture medium daily for up to 6 days

General Experimental Procedure

Cultures and Treatments

[0600] Dermal fibroblasts were seeded in DMEM 10% FBS at 10000 cells/well. The day after, the adipocytes capsules of 50 ?l were added in suspension above the fibroblasts and the medium was changed and replaced by a specific culture medium for the co-culture AM3D-FB2D. The formation of adipocytes capsules followed an internal standardized protocol. Briefly, the fully mature adipocytes were isolated from the hypodermis after digestion by collagenase. The isolated adipocytes were then washed with a wash buffer and encapsulated in a peptidic hydrogel to form 3D adipocytes capsules of 50 ?l in size. Cells were incubated at 37? C. and 5% CO.sub.2 overnight for stabilization. Treatments were initiated at DO with a medium change at DO, D2, D3 and D5. The entire culture media of 24 h incubation was collected at D3 and D6, before being centrifugated and stored at ?80? C. Each culture condition was done in triplicate.

Biochemical Analyses

[0601] The biochemical analyses on culture media were performed via ELISA using specific kits according to the manufacturer's recommendations: IL-6 (Duoset DY206, R&D Systems), and Hyaluronic Acid (HA) (Duoset, DY3614-05, R&D Systems and Procollagen I (Duoset, DY6220-05, R&D Systems) The results of HA and Procollagen I were normalized by fibroblasts cell number regarding the fact that these molecules were secreted mainly by fibroblasts. All the biochemical results were represented in percentage of the control condition.

Results

Interleukin 6 Secretion

[0602] To evaluate the effect of the compound 6 on inflammation, the extracellular concentrations of IL-6, that is secreted by the fibroblasts but mainly by the adipocytes, were measured at D3 and D6. The results are presented in the following Table 26.

TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 26 secretion of IL-6 in percentage of the coculture control condition, after 3 and 6 days of treatment Values Mean Standard Conditions (%) (%) Deviation D3 Control 101 82 117 100 17 Dexamethasone 100 nM 22 48 31 34 13 Compound 6 (3 mg/ml) 75 63 79 73 8 Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) 56 78 82 72 14 D6 Control 121 82 97 100 20 Dexamethasone 100 nM 39 24 61 41 19 Compound 6 (3 mg/ml) 59 54 71 61 8 Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) 46 66 45 53 12

[0603] The anti-inflammatory reference item, the dexamethasone, reduced the secretion of this pro-inflammatory cytokine to 34% and 41% compared to the control condition (100%) after 3 and 6 days of treatment respectively (Table 26). The compound 6 induced also an IL-6 decrease, at 3 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml, up to 73 and 72% at D3 and 61% and 53% at D6 respectively

[0604] These results showed that the compound 6 has an anti-inflammatory effect on a co-culture of aged fibroblasts and matures adipocytes which underlines its potential for the treatment of inflammaging.

Hyaluronic Acid Secretion

[0605] To evaluate the effect of the compound 6 on fibroblast's matrix, the extracellular concentrations of Hyaluronic Acid (HA), that is secreted only by the fibroblasts, were measured at D3 and D6. The results are presented in the following Table 27.

TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 27 secretion of HA, normalized by fibroblasts number, in percentage of the coculture control condition, after 3 and 6 days of treatment Values Mean Standard Conditions (%) (%) Deviation D3 Control 110 79 110 100 18 Compound 6 (3 mg/ml) 83 75 98 85 12 Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) 96 93 80 90 9 Compound 6 (1 mg/ml) 127 123 169 140 26 D6 Control 81 107 113 100 17 Compound 6 (3 mg/ml) 121 213 159 164 46 Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) 240 233 203 225 20 Compound 6 (1 mg/ml) 172 157 237 189 43

[0606] After 3 days of treatment, the compound 6 induced an increase in HA secretion (140% of the control) at the lowest concentration of 1 mg/ml. After 6 days of treatment, the compound 6 induced great increases in HA secretion in the three tested conditions, i.e. 164%, 225% and 189% of the control at concentrations of 3, 2 and 1 mg/ml respectively. These results showed that the compound 6 has an effect on the extra cellular matrix of aged fibroblasts by increasing production of HA that play a crucial role in skin moisturizing, and skin plumping.

Procollagen I Secretion

[0607] To evaluate the effect of the compound 6 on fibroblasts' matrix, the extracellular concentrations of Procollagen I, that is secreted only by the fibroblasts, were measured at D3 and D6. The results are presented in the following Table 28.

TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 28 secretion of Procollagen I, normalized by fibroblasts number, in percentage of the coculture control condition, after 3 and 6 days of treatment Standard Conditions Values Mean Deviation D3 Control 77 128 95 100 26 Positive control 10% FBS 389 344 724 486 208 Compound 6 (3 mg/ml) 202 78 238 173 84 Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) 177 144 157 159 17 Compound 6 (1 mg/ml) 162 158 168 163 5 D6 Control 121 89 89 100 18 Positive control 10% FBS 240 323 723 428 258 Compound 6 (3 mg/ml) 515 398 508 474 66 Compound 6 (2 mg/ml) 284 488 460 411 111 Compound 6 (1 mg/ml) 312 472 469 418 92

[0608] After 3 days of treatment, compound 6 induced a slight increase of the Procollagen I secretion at all the concentrations, i.e. 173%, 159% and 163% of the control at concentration of 3, 2 and 1 mg/ml respectively.

[0609] After 6 days of treatment, compound 6 increased the Procollagen I secretion in a higher extend at all the concentrations, i.e. 474%, 411% and 418% of the control at concentration of 3, 2 and 1 mg/ml respectively.

[0610] This effect at D6 is close or higher than the positive control (428%).

[0611] These results showed that the compound 6 has an effect on the extra cellular matrix of aged fibroblasts by increasing production Procollagen I that play a crucial role in skin anti-aging.

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