Extruder systems and processes for production of petroleum coke and mesophase pitch

Abstract

Systems and methods of production for consistently sized and shaped optically anisotropic mesophase pitch from vacuum residue, one method including supplying processed vacuum residue to an extruder; heating the processed vacuum residue throughout a horizontal profile of the extruder from an inlet to an outlet of the extruder; venting hydrocarbon off-gases from the extruder along the horizontal profile of the extruder from the inlet to the outlet of the extruder; and physically shaping the consistently sized and shaped mesophase pitch at the outlet of the extruder for production of carbon fibers.

Claims

1. A method of production for consistently sized and shaped optically anisotropic mesophase pitch from vacuum residue, the method comprising the steps of: fractionating vacuum residue, produced in a vacuum distillation column at a temperature between about 430? C. to about 450? C. and a pressure of about 0.1 kPa, to remove liquid propane gas, fuel gas, coker naphtha, light coker gas oil, and heavy coker gas oil to produce a processed vacuum reside; supplying the processed vacuum residue to an extruder; heating the processed vacuum residue throughout a horizontal profile of the extruder from an inlet to an outlet of the extruder, wherein temperature of the extruder at the inlet is about 550? F. and decreases gradually along the horizontal profile to the outlet of the extruder to between about 50? F. and about 350? F., wherein pressure along the horizontal profile of the extruder is between about 0.1 kPa and 1 kPa; venting hydrocarbon off-gases from the extruder along the horizontal profile of the extruder from the inlet to the outlet of the extruder; and physically shaping the consistently sized and shaped mesophase pitch at the outlet of the extruder for production of carbon fibers.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is carried out without the application of steam, hydrogen, or water.

3. The method according to claim 1, where the step of venting hydrocarbon off-gases from the extruder comprises recycling vented hydrocarbon off-gases to the step of fractionating.

4. The method according to claim 3, where the step of venting is carried out in multiple stages along the horizontal profile of the extruder from the inlet to the outlet of the extruder.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of physically shaping the consistently sized and shaped mesophase pitch at the outlet of the extruder comprises the use of a shaper selected from the group consisting of: a gradual orientation shaper; a disruption shaper; and a standard shaped shaper.

6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising at least one step selected from the group consisting of: spinning the mesophase pitch; thermosetting the mesophase pitch; carbonizing the mesophase pitch; graphitizing the mesophase pitch; surface treatment of the mesophase pitch; epoxy sizing of the mesophase pitch; and spooling of fiber produced from the mesophase pitch.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the extruder includes an extrusion screw in an annulus, the extrusion screw selected from the group consisting of: a cylindrically-shaped extrusion screw and a conically-shaped extrusion screw.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of heating the processed vacuum residue throughout a horizontal profile of the extruder from an inlet to an outlet of the extruder comprises a series of variable temperature heaters external to the extruder disposed along the horizontal profile of the extruder.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the steps of heating and venting require no vacuum or vacuum distillation and wherein coking reactions take place along the entire horizontal profile from the inlet to the outlet of the extruder.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method does not require the application of chemical additives during processing.

11. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of hydrogenation to remove sulfur impurities from the mesophase pitch.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood with regard to the following descriptions, claims, and accompanying drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only several embodiments of the disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the disclosure's scope as it can admit to other equally effective embodiments.

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art system for production of petroleum coke from vacuum residue of oil refining.

(3) FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present disclosure for direct production of petroleum coke comprising mesophase pitch from vacuum residue of oil refining using an extruder.

(4) FIG. 2B is a cross section at an outlet of the schematic diagram of FIG. 2A of an embodiment of the present disclosure for direct production of petroleum coke comprising mesophase pitch from vacuum residue of oil refining using an extruder.

(5) FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present disclosure for direct production of petroleum coke comprising mesophase pitch from vacuum residue of oil refining using a cone-shaped extruder.

(6) FIG. 3B is a cross section at an outlet of the schematic diagram of FIG. 3A of an embodiment of the present disclosure for direct production of petroleum coke comprising mesophase pitch from vacuum residue of oil refining using a cone-shaped extruder.

(7) FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C show optional shapers or strainers for shaping petroleum pitch and/or mesophase pitch into fiber-like strands for use as and/or production of carbon fibers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(8) So that the manner in which the features and advantages of the embodiments of systems of and methods of directly producing petroleum coke comprising mesophase pitch from vacuum residue via extrusion, as well as others, which will become apparent, may be understood in more detail, a more particular description of the embodiments of the present disclosure briefly summarized previously may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings, which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only various embodiments of the disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the present disclosure's scope, as it may include other effective embodiments as well.

(9) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art system for production of petroleum coke from vacuum residue of oil refining. In prior art petroleum coke production system 100, vacuum residue produced during vacuum distillation of refining crude oil enters coker fractionator 102 via stream 104. Vacuum residue can be produced at a temperature between about 430? C. to about 450? C. and a pressure of about 0.1 kPa. Vacuum residue feed temperature to coker fractionator 102 can vary, depending in part on whether feedstock proceeds from interim storage or directly from a vacuum distillation tower. Coker fractionator 102 generally has a fractionator flash zone temperature of about 750? F., or between about 650? F. and about 950? F., or between about 750? F. and about 850? F. The pressure of coker fractionator 102 is dependent, in part, on the pressure in subsequent coking drums, discussed further infra, which can vary from about 25 to about 50 psig. Resulting overhead pressure in coker fractionator 102 can vary between 10 to 35 psig, for example.

(10) Products that can be recovered from coker fractionator 102 include: liquid propane gas (LPG) and fuel gas (FG) for use in fuel or other products from stream 106; coker naphtha for use in other refinery units for processing into gasoline from stream 108; light coker gas oil (LCGO) from stream 110 and heavy coker gas oil (HCGO) from stream 112, which are sent elsewhere in a refinery for hydrotreating and further processing into diesel, gasoline, and other products.

(11) Heavy bottoms stream 114 provides feed to coker furnace 116. Coker furnace 116 heats heavy liquid material from stream 114 and the bottom of coker fractionator 102 to a temperature in excess of about 900? F. (480? C.). Heating causes heavy bottoms stream 114 to crack or chemically react into a combination of smaller hydrocarbon compounds. Steam can be injected to coker furnace 116 to reduce cracking until the heavy bottoms stream 114 reaches coking drums, where cracking and coke formation is desired. Cracking in coker furnace 116 and heavy bottoms stream 114 are undesirable because this can reduce yields and require more frequent furnace de-coking.

(12) Heated heavy bottoms product stream 117 proceeds from coker furnace 116 to first coking drum 118, in the embodiment shown the operating drum. Coker units typically include 2 or more coke drums which operate in pairs in a semi-batch mode. In first coking drum 118, heated heavy bottoms product stream 117 from coker furnace 116 (at high temperature and low pressure) is injected into the bottom of first coking drum 118 and cracked into both products which are returned to coker fractionator 102 for recovery, and petroleum coke that solidifies in the drum. All of the heat necessary for coking is provided in coker furnace 116, whereas coking, or solidification of petroleum coke and separation of hydrocarbon off-gases, takes place in the coke drum, which is why the process is commonly referred to as delayed coking.

(13) In second coking drum 126, or the cutting drum as shown in FIG. 1, the drum is treated with steam, vented, and partially cooled prior to second coking drum 126 being opened to the atmosphere. After second coking drum 126 is opened, solid petroleum coke is cut from the drum using high pressure water. A jet water pump 140 produces high pressure water in stream 138 from water in tank 142, and high pressure water in stream 138 is fed to a rotating cutting bit 136 for cutting solidified petroleum coke product. Rotating cutting bit 136 is lowered and raised within second coking drum 126. Petroleum coke products produced in the prior art, typically referred to as coke, can be similar to coal and are commonly blended with coal and used as fuel in power industrial plants. Petroleum coke has a high fuel value and can burn much hotter than coal.

(14) Produced, inconsistently sized and shaped, coke product and cutting water flow into coke handling system 120 with coke pit 146. Cutting water can be separated and recycled via water collection sump 152 and line 154 to tank 142. Operations are alternated between first coking drum 118 and second coking drum 126. In one drum, petroleum coke and gases are formed via cracking, while in the other drum, solidified petroleum coke is cut via water cutting. The first coking drum 118 and second coking drum 126 in FIG. 1 are interchangeable via streams 128, 132, and 134 along with controllable valve 130. Light hydrocarbon gases produced in first coking drum 118 are partially collected in venting and collection unit 121, and a portion can be recycled to coker fractionator 102 via streams 122, 124. Light hydrocarbon gases produced in second coking drum 126 are partially collected in venting and collection unit 150, and a portion can be recycled to coker fractionator 102 via streams 148, 122, and 124. Overhead products from first coking drum 118 and second coking drum 126 proceed to coker fractionator 102 where LPG and fuel gas, coker naphtha, and heating oil (LCGO and HCGO) fractions are recovered.

(15) Generally pairs of coking drums are required so that while one drum is cracking to produce petroleum coke and hydrocarbon off-gases, the other drum is being cleaned with cutting water to allow continuous processing. Drum operation cycles can last as long as 48 h. Yields and product quality vary widely due to the broad range of feedstock types available for delayed coking units, and there is a decrease in overhead yield with increasing asphaltene content of a given feedstock.

(16) One of many disadvantages of delayed coking systems and processes are that these are thermal cracking process, and are generally more expensive processes than solvent deasphalting. Although coke is oftentimes considered a low-value by-product, when compared to transportation fuels, there is a significant demand for consistent and efficiently-produced high-sulfur petroleum coke.

(17) Hot hydrocarbon product vapors and steam from the top of first coking drum 118 and second coking drum 126 are quenched by incoming feed in stream 104 to coker fractionator 102 to prevent coking in the fractionator and to strip the lighter components of the vacuum residue feed.

(18) FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present disclosure for direct production of petroleum coke comprising mesophase pitch from vacuum residue of oil refining using an extruder. In petroleum coke production system 200, vacuum residue produced during vacuum distillation of refining crude oil enters coker fractionator 202 via stream 204. Vacuum residue can be produced at temperatures between about 430? C. to about 450? C. and a pressure of about 0.1 kPa. Vacuum residue feed temperature to coker fractionator 202 can vary, depending in part on whether feedstock proceeds from interim storage or directly from a vacuum distillation tower. Coker fractionator 202 generally has a fractionator flash zone temperature of about 750? F., or between about 650? F. and about 950? F., or between about 750? F. and about 850? F. The pressure of coker fractionator 202 is dependent, in part, on the pressure in subsequent extrusion units, discussed further infra, which can vary from about 1 to about 50 psig. Resulting overhead pressure in coker fractionator 202 can vary between 10 to 35 psig, for example.

(19) Products that can be recovered from coker fractionator 202 include: liquid propane gas (LPG) and fuel gas (FG) for use in fuel or other products from stream 206; coker naphtha for use in other refinery units for processing into gasoline from stream 208; and light coker gas oil (LCGO) from stream 210 and heavy coker gas oil (HCGO) from stream 212, which are sent elsewhere in a refinery for hydrotreating and further processing into diesel, gasoline, and other products.

(20) Heavy bottoms stream 214 provides a coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed to extrusion system 218 via extruder inlet stream 216. Extrusion system 218 includes in the embodiment shown a cylindrically-shaped extrusion screw 220. Motor 222 controls the rotational speed of extrusion screw 220, and thereby controls the residence time of the coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed within extrusion system 218. As coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed proceeds through extrusion system 218, the temperature profile throughout is controlled by heating elements 224, for example electric or gas heating elements, which allow for controlled heating and a controlled temperature profile throughout extrusion system 218. Residence time can be varied as needed from between about 1 minute and about 1 hour or 1 day, but is surprisingly and unexpectedly less than that required in the embodiment of FIG. 1.

(21) As the coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed proceeds through extrusion system 218, lighter hydrocarbon off-gases are removed and recycled to coker fractionator 202 through first vent 226 and gas recycle line 228 along with second vent 230 and gas recycle line 232. In one embodiment as coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed proceeds through extrusion system 218 from extruder inlet stream 216 to extruder outlet 234 with hydrocarbon off-gases being removed for recycle, the temperature profile along the horizontal width decreases from about between 650? F. and about 950? F. to between about 50? F. and about 350? F. In some embodiments, the temperature along a horizontal extruder profile is between about 350? C. (572? F.) to about 450? C. (842? F.). Pressure along the horizontal extruder profile can be between about 0.1 kPa to about 1 kPa. In one embodiment as coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed proceeds through extrusion system 218 from extruder inlet stream 216 to extruder outlet 234 with hydrocarbon off-gases being removed for recycle, coking reactions occur along the entire horizontal profile of extrusion screw 220 without vacuum being applied and without distillation or vacuum distillation. Overhead products from extrusion system 218 proceed to coker fractionator 202 where LPG and fuel gas, coker naphtha, and heating oil (LCGO and HCGO) fractions are recovered. In some embodiments, no steam, hydrogen, or chemical additives are required throughout extrusion system 218 as coking reactions occur along the entire horizontal profile of extrusion screw 220.

(22) At extruder outlet 234, an auto-knife 236 (shown in inlay, FIG. 2B) cuts consistent cross-sections 238 of a cooled, solidified petroleum coke product. Advantageously, the system and process of FIG. 2 is continuous, rather than batch processes of the prior art, and also surprisingly and unexpectedly produces consistently sized and shaped petroleum coke solid for sale and use.

(23) FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present disclosure for direct production of petroleum coke from vacuum residue of oil refining using an extruder. In petroleum coke production system 300, vacuum residue produced during vacuum distillation of refining crude oil enters coker fractionator 302 via stream 304. Vacuum residue can be produced at temperatures between about 430? C. to about 450? C. and a pressure of about 0.1 kPa. Vacuum residue feed temperature to coker fractionator 302 can vary, depending in part on whether feedstock proceeds from interim storage or directly from a vacuum distillation tower. Coker fractionator 302 generally has a fractionator flash zone temperature of about 750? F., or between about 650? F. and about 850? F. The pressure of coker fractionator 202 is dependent, in part, on the pressure in subsequent extrusion units, discussed further infra, which can vary from about 1 to about 50 psig. Resulting overhead pressure in coker fractionator 202 can vary between 10 to 35 psig, for example.

(24) Products that can be recovered from coker fractionator 302 include: liquid propane gas (LPG) and fuel gas (FG) for use in fuel or other products from stream 306; coker naphtha for use in other refinery units for processing into gasoline from stream 308; and light coker gas oil (LCGO) from stream 310 and heavy coker gas oil (HCGO) from stream 312, which are sent elsewhere in a refinery for hydrotreating and further processing into diesel, gasoline, and other products.

(25) Heavy bottoms stream 314 provides a coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed to extrusion system 318 via extruder inlet stream 316. Extrusion system 318 includes in the embodiment shown a conical-shaped extrusion screw 320 disposed in a conically-shaped annulus. Motor 322 controls the rotational speed of extrusion screw 320, and thereby controls the residence time of the coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed within extrusion system 318. As coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed proceeds through extrusion system 318, the temperature profile throughout is controlled by heating elements 324, for example gas or electric heating elements, which allow for controlled heating and a controlled horizontal temperature profile throughout extrusion system 318. Residence time can be varied as needed from between about 1 minute and about 1 hour or 1 day, but is surprisingly and unexpectedly less than that required in the embodiment of FIG. 1.

(26) As the coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed proceeds through extrusion system 318, lighter hydrocarbon off-gases are removed and recycled to coker fractionator 302 through first vent 326 and gas recycle line 328 along with second vent 330, gas recycle line 332, vent 331, and gas recycle line 333. In one embodiment as coker-fractionated heavy bottom feed proceeds through extrusion system 318 from extruder inlet stream 316 to extruder outlet 334 with hydrocarbon off-gases being removed for recycle, the temperature profile along the horizontal width decreases from about between 650? F. and about 850? F. or 950? F. to between about 50? F. and about 350? F. Overhead products from extrusion system 318 proceed to coker fractionator 302 where LPG and fuel gas, coker naphtha, and heating oil (LCGO and HCGO) fractions are recovered.

(27) At extruder outlet 334, an auto-knife 336 (shown in inlay, FIG. 3B) cuts consistent cross-sections 338 of a cooled, solidified petroleum coke product. In some embodiments, as motor 322 speed is increased, increasing the rotations of extrusion screw 320 and decreasing residence time of the processed vacuum residue in the extruder, the speed of the auto-knife 336 for cutting the consistently sized and shaped petroleum coke can be increased.

(28) Advantageously, the system and process of FIG. 3 is continuous, rather than batch processes of the prior art, and also surprisingly and unexpectedly produces consistently sized and shaped petroleum coke solid, optionally comprising mesophase pitch, for sale and use. For example, the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 can produce consistently sized and shaped petroleum coke disks or pucks, or tubular forms, substantially circular in the cross section and of varying depth based on the speed of the extruder screw and the speed of repetition of an auto-knife. Such consistently sized and shaped disks or pucks increase ease of handling and subsequent use for petroleum coke, for example as use as a fuel in steel production operations.

(29) Embodiments of systems and methods here reduce energy consumption, downtime for maintenance, and costs associated with prior art systems and methods, and allow for consistently sized and shaped solid petroleum coke production. Notably, in some embodiments, no water or steam is required in the extrusion systems, and the systems and processes convert coker-fractionated vacuum residue to petroleum pitch without the application of steam or cutting water.

(30) Crude oil and crude oil residues can be processed through energy intensive refining processes to produce mesophase pitch. The condensed aromatic nature of pitches provides thermal stability, such that mesophase pitch can be melt spun for use in carbon fiber applications. In some instances, melt spinning is preferred to wet/dry spinning, which is used in the production of polyacrylonitrile- (PAN) based fibers and involves large quantities of solvents and waste byproducts. High quality carbon fibers can be produced from optically anisotropic or mesophase pitch (MP), but production of this carbon fiber precursor has required extensive refining and complicated processing, which has made producing carbon fibers from mesophase pitch less desirable than producing PAN-based carbon fibers.

(31) Carbon fibers combine high strength and tensile modulus with other desirable properties such as being lightweight, being chemically inert, having low thermal expansion, and having superior electrical and thermal conductivities. Smaller structural flaws in fiber form and enhanced molecular orientation allow for these properties and make carbon fibers suitable for a number of structural and functional applications.

(32) One challenge, however, to producing carbon fibers from mesophase pitch in a direct crude-oil-to-chemicals (C2C) technology is that about 10-15% of highly viscous hydrotreated (HT) residues produced during crude oil processing (the greater than about 500? C. cut, or greater than about 500? C. boiling point) will be wasted. Therefore, processing crude oils and crude oil residues to produce mesophase pitch, which has a lower boiling point, is desirable, so it can be used to produce carbon fibers, used as gas oil directly, and used as a feedstock for a cracking process such as fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC).

(33) Desired mesophase pitch products are generally homogeneous and solid at room temperature. The softening point of the mesophase pitch is preferably about 200? C., and in some embodiments is between about 200? C. and 350? C. This range of temperatures for the softening point of mesophase pitch allows for the use of the product in melt spinning production of carbon fibers with advantageous mechanical and thermal properties.

(34) Mesophase pitch produced using embodiments of the present disclosure is a suitable, high-quality precursor for pitch-based carbon fibers. The mesophase pitch obtained includes a suitable amount of alkyl side chains, lower softening point, and an advantageous, consistent crystalline structure identified using a polarized optical microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

(35) The purity of mesophase pitch can be determined by polarized microscopy by counting the percentage of the mesophase areas that reflect the light differently than the non mesophase areas. The purity of the mesophase pitch in embodiments of the present disclosure can be greater than about 50%, greater than about 90%, and greater than about 99%. XRD graphs generally show a peak at 25.6, which identifies mesophase pitch carbon material.

(36) FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C show optional shapers or strainers for shaping petroleum pitch and/or mesophase pitch into fiber strands for use as and/or production of carbon fibers. In other words, embodiments of the present disclosure provide for the conversion of vacuum residuum product into mesophase pitch via extrusion and shaping. The conversion to mesophase pitch is achieved at elevated temperature proceeding through an extruder, and then it forms proximate an outlet of an extruder. The mesophase pitch can be directed through a desired shaper or strainer to produce mesophase feedstock for carbon fiber production. Prior art heating and melting stages for petroleum pitch are eliminated.

(37) FIG. 4A shows a gradual orientation shaper or strainer 400 for produced petroleum pitch, which in some embodiments comprises mesophase pitch, for example greater than 50% by weight or greater than 90% by weight mesophase pitch. Petroleum pitch comprising mesophase pitch, for example at extruder outlet 234 or at extruder outlet 334, enters gradual orientation shaper 400 at inlet 402, proceeds through a conical-shaped annulus 403, and then outwardly though narrow outlet 404. Narrow outlet 404 diameter in some embodiments is only between about 1% and about 20% of the diameter of inlet 402. Gradual orientation shaper 400 in some embodiments is removably affixable to extruder outlet 234 or to extruder outlet 334, and the temperature of gradual orientation shaper 400 is controllable by externally disposed heating and/or cooling elements (not pictured).

(38) FIG. 4B shows a disruption orientation shaper or strainer 406 for produced petroleum pitch, which in some embodiments comprises mesophase pitch. Petroleum pitch comprising mesophase pitch, for example at extruder outlet 234 or at extruder outlet 334, enters disruption orientation shaper 406 at narrow inlet 408, proceeds and expands through a cylindrically-shaped annulus with conical end point 409, and then outwardly though narrow outlet 410. Narrow outlet 410 in some embodiments is substantially the same diameter as, within between about 1% and about 10% difference, diameter of narrow inlet 408. Cylindrically-shaped annulus with conical end point 409 can have diameters between about 100% and about 1,000% larger than those of narrow inlet 408 and narrow outlet 410. Disruption orientation shaper 406 in some embodiments is removably affixable to extruder outlet 234 or to extruder outlet 334, and the temperature of disruption orientation shaper 406 is controllable by externally disposed heating and/or cooling elements (not pictured).

(39) FIG. 4C shows a standard orientation shaper or strainer 412 for produced petroleum pitch, which in some embodiments comprises mesophase pitch. Petroleum pitch comprising mesophase pitch, for example at extruder outlet 234 or at extruder outlet 334, enters standard orientation shaper 412 at inlet 414, proceeds through a cylindrically-shaped annulus with conical end point 415, and then outwardly though narrow outlet 416. Narrow outlet 416 diameter in some embodiments is between about 1% and about 20% of the diameter of inlet 414. Cylindrically-shaped annulus with conical end point 415 can have a diameter substantially the same as inlet 414 with gradual conical narrowing to narrow outlet 416. Standard orientation shaper 412 in some embodiments is removably affixable to extruder outlet 234 or to extruder outlet 334, and the temperature of standard orientation shaper 412 is controllable by externally disposed heating and/or cooling elements (not pictured).

(40) The unique thermomechanical extrusion processes of the present disclosure in combination with specifically-shaped shapers or strainers allows direct production of a mesophase pitch feedstock for production of carbon fibers. In the prior art, produced petroleum pitch, for example from the system of FIG. 1, requires melt spinning, thermosetting, carbonization, graphitization, surface treatment, epoxy sizing, and/or spooling. The systems and methods of the present disclosure can eliminate heating processes required for preparing petroleum pitch for production of carbon fibers. For example, the required processes of melt spinning and thermosetting can be eliminated, in some embodiments.

(41) Embodiments described in FIGS. 4A-4C allow for melted/flowable mesophase pitch to proceed directly to a spinning process or a spooling process. Prior art systems and methods for producing pitch precursors require more energy to melt solidified petroleum coke before spinning processes which results in increased cost and time for carbon fiber precursor production. In some embodiments, where sulfur removal is required along with other impurities, a hydrotreatment unit can be applied preceding an extruder of the present disclosure, or in some embodiments hydrogen can be supplied to an extruder for hydrogen treatment and removal of impurities such as sulfur.

(42) Although the disclosure has been described with respect to certain features, it should be understood that the features and embodiments of the features can be combined with other features and embodiments of those features.

(43) Although the disclosure has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made hereupon without departing from the principle and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure should be determined by the following claims and their appropriate legal equivalents.

(44) The singular forms a, an, and the include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term about in some embodiments includes values 5% above or below the value or range of values provided.

(45) As used throughout the disclosure and in the appended claims, the words comprise, has, and include and all grammatical variations thereof are each intended to have an open, non-limiting meaning that does not exclude additional elements or steps.

(46) As used throughout the disclosure, terms such as first and second are arbitrarily assigned and are merely intended to differentiate between two or more components of an apparatus. It is to be understood that the words first and second serve no other purpose and are not part of the name or description of the component, nor do they necessarily define a relative location or position of the component. Furthermore, it is to be understood that that the mere use of the term first and second does not require that there be any third component, although that possibility is contemplated under the scope of the present disclosure.

(47) While the disclosure has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure may suitably comprise, consist or consist essentially of the elements disclosed and may be practiced in the absence of an element not disclosed.