Abstract
Exemplary applicator(s), devices, systems and methods can be provided for delivering high dose rate radiation therapy, e.g., to patients with cervical cancer. For example, an intrauterine channel can be provided for or with such applicator(s), system(s), device(s) and methods. Further, at least a part of the device should be fixable within the uterus, and be configured and sized to be able to easily inserted and/or removed from the uterus, while be able to easily affix the exemplary device, applicator, etc. in the cavity of the uterus, and hold the channel anchored to the uterus, as it is larger from the cervical canal.
Claims
1. A method for providing brachytherapy so as to treat cervical cancer, comprising inserting an applicator into a uterus of a patient so that it is fully provided in the uterus, the applicator comprising (a) at least one channel for providing at least one radioactive seed and extending outside of the uterus, and (b) a fixation device which is configured to be fixed within the uterus; fixing the fixation device of the applicator within the uterus without piercing a wall of the uterus so that the applicator and the at least one channel are fixed therein; and providing the at least one radiation seed into the at least one channel to reach one or more locations with the at least one channel so as to irradiate at least one portion of the uterus and treat the cervical cancer.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fixation device includes at least one of (i) extendable wings, or (ii) at least one balloon.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the fixating comprises pulling the balloon downward to impact a lower part of the uterus, and thereby fixing the applicator in the uterus.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the applicator includes a sleeve which houses at least two wings therein, and wherein the fixating of the fixation device comprises at least partially removing the sleeve from the uterus so that the wings are exposed and extend outward into the uterus.
5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: attaching a ring on a cervix of the patient, wherein the ring includes at least one further channel therein to accept the at least one radiation seed.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the ring comprises openings for fitting one or more needles therethrough, and further comprising: providing at least one further radiation seed via the one or more needles.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one channel is connected to a high dose rate (HDR) afterloader, and wherein the HDR afterloader provides the at least one radiation seed to the at least one channel.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the applicator includes a stopper at a distal end thereof, and wherein the stopper is configured to reduce or prevent movement of the applicator within the uterus.
9. A device for providing brachytherapy so as to treat cervical cancer, comprising: an applicator configured to be inserted into a uterus of a patient so that it is fully provided in the uterus, wherein the applicator comprises (i) at least one channel configured to provide at least one radioactive seed and dimensioned to extend outside of the uterus, and (i) a fixation device which is configured to be fixed within the uterus, wherein the fixation device of the applicator has a configuration and a size to be fixed within the uterus without piercing a wall of the uterus so that the applicator and the at least one channel are fixed therein, and wherein the at least one channel is configured and sized so as to provide the at least one radiation seed into the at least one channel to reach one or more locations within the at least one channel so as the at least one radiation seed is facilitated to irradiate at least one portion of the uterus and treat the cervical cancer.
10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the fixation device includes at least one of (i) extendable wings, or (ii) at least one balloon.
11. The device according to claim 10, wherein, in operation, the balloon is configured and sized to be pulled downward to impact a lower part of the uterus, and thereby fixing the applicator in the uterus.
12. The device according to claim 9, wherein the applicator includes a sleeve which houses at least two wings therein, and wherein the fixating of the fixation device comprises at least partially removing the sleeve from the uterus so that the wings are exposed and extend outward into the uterus.
13. The device according to claim 9, further comprising: a ring configured and sized to be provided on a cervix of the patient, wherein the ring includes at least one further channel therein to accept the at least on radiation seed.
14. The device according to claim 13, wherein the ring comprises openings for fitting one or more needles therethrough, and wherein the one or more needles are configured and sized to provide at least one further radiation seed therein or therethrough.
15. The device according to claim 9, wherein the at least one channel is connected to a high dose rate (HDR) afterloader, and wherein the HDR afterloader is configured to provide the at least one radiation seed to the at least one channel.
16. The device according to claim 9, wherein the applicator includes a stopper at a distal end thereof, and wherein the stopper is configured to reduce or prevent movement of the applicator within the uterus.
17. A method for providing brachytherapy so as to treat uterine cancer, comprising inserting an applicator into a uterus of a patient so that it is fully provided in the uterus, the applicator comprising (a) at least two channels for providing at least one radioactive seed and extending outside of the uterus, and (b) a fixation device which is configured to be fixed within the uterus; fixing the fixation device of the applicator within the uterus without piercing a wall of the uterus so that the applicator and the channels are fixed therein; and providing connection to a High-Dose Rate (HDR) afterloader to facilitate a passing of the at least one radiation seed into the channels to reach one or more locations within the channels; causing an irradiation of at least one portion of the uterus via the at least one radiation seed so as to treat the uterine cancer.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the applicator includes a sleeve which houses at least two wings therein, and wherein the fixating of the fixation device comprises at least partially removing the sleeve from the uterus so that the wings are exposed and extend outward into the uterus.
19. An intrauterine device for a contraception, comprising: a reservoir housing at least one hormonal compound; a guidewire provided within an insertion channel; and at least one inflation unit, wherein, after an insertion of the intrauterine device into a uterus, the at least one inflation unit is caused to be inflated thereby securing the intrauterine device in the uterus, followed by a removal of the guidewire from the insertion channel.
20. An intrauterine device for contraception, comprising: a reservoir housing at least one hormonal compound; at least two wings; at least one channel; and a guidewire provided with the at least one channel, wherein, in operation and prior to an insertion of the intrauterine device into a uterus, the wings are secured in a closed configuration via a rope or a cord that passes through said the at least one channel, wherein after the insertion of the intrauterine device into the uterus, the rope or the cord is relaxed which facilitates the wings to open to be in an open configuration, and wherein, when the wings are in the open configuration, the guidewire is removed from the at least channel.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] Further objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying Figures showing illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure, in which:
[0020] FIG. 1 is a front cross-sectional view of an exemplary HDR intrauterine device provided in the uterus, in accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIGS. 2A-2C are side views of an exemplary operation of the exemplary HDR intrauterine device shown in FIG. 1 as if inserted into the uterus in operation;
[0022] FIG. 3 is a set of side views of an exemplary operation of the exemplary HDR intrauterine device according to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, as if removed from the uterus;
[0023] FIG. 4 is a cross-section view of a vaginal ring provided with a channel, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 5 is a cross-section view of a vaginal ring provided with two channels, according to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary usage of the HDR intrauterine device with an exemplary IUD HDR applicator part of a channel that being deposited around the cervix and near the parametria, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 7A is a side view of an exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device with wings being forced within the inserter, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 7B is a side view of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device with the wings starting to be extruded from the inserter by partially removing the inserter, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 7C is a side view of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device which is pushed to the uterine fundus with wings fully extruded from the inserter and opening within the uterus, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIGS. 7D and 7E are side views of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device with the inserter, respectively, partially and/or fully removed from the uterus, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 7F is a side view of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device with a guide wire removed from the uterus, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 8A is a side view of the HDR intra uterine device inserted into uterus and in place therein, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; with cervical ring is being introduced.
[0032] FIG. 8B is a side view of the HDR intra uterine device inserted into uterus and in place therein together with the HDR cervical ring in place, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 8C is a side view of the HDR intra uterine device inserted into uterus and in place therein, and connected to the HDR afterloader with HDR channel, together with the HDR cervical ring, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0034] FIGS. 9A-9D are side views of an exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device, according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0035] FIG. 10A is a side view of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device shown in FIG. 9 with the wings in a closed configuration when inserted into the uterus, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0036] FIGS. 10B-10E are side views of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device shown in FIG. 9 with the wings in a configuration when inserted into the uterus, and the progress of the inserter and the guide wire being removed from the uterus, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0037] FIG. 11 is a set of side views of the cervical ring, with right and left HDR channels, and provided with or without balloons and interstitial brachytherapy holes, according to still another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0038] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a sleeve shaped applicator that includes proximal and distal rings with HDR channels therein, according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0039] FIG. 13 is a set of views providing a double tandem uterine applicator, and an exemplary operation thereof, according yet another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0040] FIGS. 14A-14F are views of the uterine applicator that includes channel(s) which has an inflation unit, and an exemplary operation thereof, according yet a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0041] FIG. 15A is a set of side views of an exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device with inflation unit for fixation (rather than wings) inserted into the uterus, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0042] FIG. 15B is a side view of the exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device inserted into the uterus while the inflation unit is deflated, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0043] FIG. 15C is a side view of the exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device inserted into the uterus and the inflation unit inflated therein, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0044] FIG. 15D is a side view of the exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device inserted into the uterus and the inflation unit inflated therein and the inserter being removed, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; and
[0045] FIG. 15E is a side view of the exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device inserted into the uterus and the inflation unit inflated therein, the inserter removed, and the inflating channel plugged, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0046] Throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals and characters, unless otherwise stated, are used to denote like features, elements, components or portions of the illustrated embodiments. Moreover, while the present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the figures, it is done so in connection with the illustrative embodiments and is not limited by the certain exemplary embodiments illustrated in the figures and the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0047] The following description of exemplary embodiments provides non-limiting representative examples referencing numerals to particularly describe features and teachings of different aspects and exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The exemplary embodiments described herein should be recognized as capable of implementation separately, or in combination, with other exemplary embodiments from the description of the exemplary embodiments. A person of ordinary skill in the art reviewing the description of the exemplary embodiments should be able to learn and understand the different described aspects of the present disclosure. The description of the exemplary embodiments should facilitate understanding of the invention to such an extent that other implementations, not specifically covered but within the knowledge of a person of skill in the art having read the description of embodiments, would be understood to be consistent with an application of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0048] FIG. 1 shows a front cross-sectional view of an exemplary HDR intrauterine device (6) provided in the uterus, in accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 1, Uterus (1), Ovary (2), Fallopian tube (3), Vagina (4), and Cervix (5) are provided, and shown in relation of the inserted HDR intra uterine device (6). FIGS. 2A-2C show side views of an exemplary operation of the exemplary HDR intrauterine device shown in FIG. 1 as if inserted into the uterus in operation. For example, FIG. 2A provides the exemplary intrauterine HDR Device in a closed configuration. FIG. 2B shows that a cylindrical housing (113) that keeps the wings in close state, partially removed, and wings (112) open. FIG. 2C shows the exemplary HDR intra uterine device in a fully open state.
[0049] FIG. 3 shows a set of side views of an exemplary operation of the exemplary HDR intrauterine device according to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, the exemplary HDR intrauterine device can have a stopper (3001), an inserter (3002) and wings (3003). Before the insertion, the wings (3003) are folded into the inserter (3002). After the exemplary HDR intrauterine device is introduced into the uterus, the inserter (3003) is removed thereby allowing unfolding of the wings (3003), which can anchor the exemplary HDR intrauterine device to the uterus, thereby facilitating the delivery of radiation through a HDR channel (3004).
[0050] FIG. 4 shows a cross-section view of a vaginal ring (200) provided with a HDR channel (201) and (203), according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As provided in FIG. 4, a HDR channel (201) and (203) is provided in the vaginal ring (200) and attached to one side of a rubber vaginal ring anchor (202). This exemplary configuration facilitates the vaginal ring (200) to be stretched without changing the length of the HDR channel (203) in the ring.
[0051] FIG. 5 shows a cross-section view of a vaginal ring (200) provided with two channels (201) and (203), according to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. This exemplary configuration of the channels (203) facilitates an easier motion of the source in the channels (201) and (203). The vaginal HDR channels (201) and (203) are attached from one side to the vaginal ring anchor (202), which facilitates the vaginal ring (200) to be stretched without changing the length of the HDR channels (201) and (203).
[0052] FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary usage of the HDR intrauterine device with an exemplary IUD HDR applicator part of a channel that being deposited around the cervix and near the parametria, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, the exemplary applicator can includes a HDR channel (601) that can have unique markers on specific locations indicating distance between specific numbers of dwells (602). For example, fixed distances can exist between increasing number of circles/markers, that facilitate a visualization of the markers under x ray, CT, MRI or ultrasound, to determine the direction of the channel, and the location of the dwells (602) in relation to the tumor for HDR brachytherapy planning.
[0053] FIG. 7A shows a side view of an exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device with wings being forced within an inserter (713), according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown therein, wings (712) are forced into the inserter (713) and the guidewire (703) is introduced into the HDR channel (709) before the insertion into the uterus (701). FIG. 7B shows a side view of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device with the wings starting to be extruded from the inserter by partially removing the inserter (713), according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. In particular, after the insertion into the uterus (701), the inserter (713) which may be cylindrical and that keeps the wings in close state, is partially removed which results in opening of the wings (712).
[0054] FIG. 7C shows a side view of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device which is pushed to the uterine fundus with the wings fully extruded from the inserter (713) and opening within the uterus (701), according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIGS. 7D and 7E illustrate side views of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device with the inserter (713), respectively, partially and/or fully removed from the uterus (701), and the wings (712) being extended, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG. 7F shows a side view of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device with a guide wire (703) removed from the uterus (701).
[0055] FIG. 8A shows a side view of the HDR intra uterine device (806) inserted into the uterus (801) and in place therein, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Also shown in FIG. 8A are ovaries (802), a fallopian tube (803), a vagina (804), and a cervix (805), with the wings of the HDR intra uterine device (806) being in an extended state, and HDR cervical ring (807) in process of being inserted. FIG. 8B illustrates a side view of the HDR intra uterine device (806) inserted into the uterus (801) and in place therein together with the HDR cervical ring (807), according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 8C shows the HDR intra uterine device (807) already being inserted into the uterus (801) and in place therein, and connected to the HDR afterloader (808) together with the HDR cervical ring (807) being secured around the cervix uteri (805) and being connected to the HDR afterloader (808) with a different HDR channel (809).
[0056] FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate side views of an exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device, according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Indeed, as shown in FIG. 9A, an exemplary applicator for high dose rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer is provided in FIGS. 9A-9D, that has an intrauterine channel (1003) with wings (1002) that can be closed. FIG. 9A illustrates the wings (1002) being closed, and in FIGS. 9B-9D being opened. Indeed, the wings (1002) can be housed in an inserter (1001). As indicated in FIGS. 9A-9C, during the insertion of the HDR intra uterine device, a guide wire (1004) can be inserted into the HDR channel. FIG. 9B shows that after inserting the channel with the wings (1002) housed in the inserter (1001) into the uterus, the inserter (1001) can be retracted to facilitate the release of the wings (1002). Then, as shown in FIG. 9C, the channel is pushed to the uterus fundus by the guide wire (1004). Further, as provided in FIG. 9D, the inserter (1001) and the guide wire (1004) are then completely removed.
[0057] FIG. 10A shows a side view of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device shown in FIG. 9 with the wings (1002) in a closed configuration when inserted into the uterus (1010), according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. In particular, the wings (1002) can be housed in the inserter (1001). FIGS. 10B-10E illustrate side views of the exemplary operation of the HDR intra uterine device shown in FIG. 9 with the wings (1002) in a configuration when inserted into the uterus (1010), and the progress of the inserter (1001) and a guide wire (1004) being removed from the uterus (1010), according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0058] In particular, during the insertion as provided in FIGS. 10A-10D, the guide wire (1004) is inserted into the HDR channel (1003). After inserting the channel (1003) with the wings (1002) housed in the inserter (1001) into the uterus (1010) (as shown in FIG. 10A), the inserter (1001) can be retracted to facilitate the wings (1002) to open (as shown in FIGS. 10B and 10C). The inserter (1001) can then be fully removed (as shown in FIG. 10D), then the guide wire (1004) can be fully removed (as illustrated in FIG. 10E).
[0059] FIG. 11 shows a set of side views of the cervical ring (1400) and (1401), with right and left HDR channels (1411) and (1412), and provided with or without balloons (1402) and (1403) and marked interstitial brachytherapy holes (1415), according to still another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, as shown in the left side view of FIG. 11, the balloon (1402) provided at the anterior part of the ring (1401) that increases the distance between the radioactive source and the urinary bladder once inflated. The balloon (1403) at the posterior part of the ring (1401) that increases the distance between the radioactive source and the rectum once inflated. An inner ring can be provided with HDR channel (1410). Marked holes (1415) for insertion of needles can be provided for interstitial brachytherapy.
[0060] FIG. 12 illustrates a perspective view of a sleeve shaped applicator (1500) that includes proximal and distal rings (1501) with vertical HDR channels (1502) therein, according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The HDR channels (1502) are vertical with respect to the rings (1501), and parallel to the cervix within the sleeve shaped applicator (1500).
[0061] FIG. 13 shows a set of views providing a double tandem uterine HDR applicator (1601), and an exemplary operation thereof, according yet another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, the double tandem uterine HDR applicator (1601) within an inserter (1600), before insertion guide wires are introduced into the HDR channels (not shown in FIG. 13). The applicator can have two or more HDR channels (1602), and the channels (1602) can have portions thereof, at the innermost part of the uterus, provided in a bent shape. Before insertion, the bent shaped part is forced into the inserter (1600), and when being provided in the uterus, the inserter (1600) is removed, which opens the bent portion of the HDR applicator (1601) and positions each of the HDR channels (1602) in the lateral horns of the uterus, facilitating its fixation in place. This facilitates a delivery of radiation to the center of the uterus and to the uterine horns (1610).
[0062] FIGS. 14A-14F illustrate views of the uterine applicator that includes channel(s) which has an inflation unit, and an exemplary operation thereof, according yet a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 14A, a channel that has an inflation unit. Inside the channel, a HDR channel can be inserted. FIG. 14B illustrates the uterus without any device, and FIG. 14C shows a channel with a deflated inflation unit is inserted into the uterus. Then, in FIG. 14D, the inflation unit is inflated. When the inflation unit is inflated, the channel can be gently drawn inferiorly, so the inflation unit anchor the channel to the uterus, as provided in FIG. 14E. A stopper can then be attached to the outer side of the channel (not shown). Further, as shown in FIG. 14F, an HDR channel can be inserted inside the channel, and is advanced to the uterine fundus.
[0063] FIG. 15A illustrates a set of side views of an exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device for a contraception, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 15A, a hormonal formulation (1801), a blunt non sharp end, which can be a balloon to prevent a penetration of the uterus (1802), an inserter channel (1803) with inflation balloon around it, an inflating channel (1804) for inflating the balloon, an inserter rod (1805), and a plug (1806) for blocking the inflating channel (1804) are all illustrated. FIGS. 15B-15E show details of the operation shown in FIG. 15A within the uterus.
[0064] In particular, FIG. 15B illustrates the exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device inserted into the uterus while the balloon is deflated. FIG. 15C shows a side view of the exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device inserted into the uterus and the inflation unit inflated therein. FIG. 15D shows the exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device inserted into the uterus and the inflation unit inflated therein and the inserter being removed. FIG. 15E shows the exemplary operation of the contraception intrauterine device inserted into the uterus and inflated therein, the inserter channel removed, and the inflating channel plugged with the plug (1806).
[0065] Throughout the disclosure, the following terms take at least the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term or is intended to mean an inclusive or. Further, the terms a, an, and the are intended to mean one or more unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to a singular form.
[0066] In this description, numerous specific details have been set forth. It is to be understood, however, that implementations of the disclosed technology can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description. References to some examples, other examples, one example, an example, various examples, one embodiment, an embodiment, some embodiments, example embodiment, various embodiments, one implementation, an implementation, example implementation, various implementations, some implementations, etc., indicate that the implementation(s) of the disclosed technology so described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every implementation necessarily includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated use of the phrases in one example, in one exemplary embodiment, or in one implementation does not necessarily refer to the same example, exemplary embodiment, or implementation, although it may.
[0067] As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives first, second, third, etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.
[0068] While certain implementations of the disclosed technology have been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and various implementations, it is to be understood that the disclosed technology is not to be limited to the disclosed implementations, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.
[0069] This written description uses examples to disclose certain implementations of the disclosed technology, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice certain implementations of the disclosed technology, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of certain implementations of the disclosed technology is defined in the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
Exemplary References:
[0070] 1. Siegel, R. L.; Miller, K. D.; Fuchs, H. E.; Jemal, A. Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2021, 71, 7-33, doi:https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21654.
2. Key Statistics for Cervical Cancer. Availabe online: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervical-cancer/about/key-statistics.html (accessed on 5/6/2021).
3. Cervical cancer. Availabe online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cervical-cancer#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 5/6/2021).
