Method for reducing target surface features in continuous casting

Abstract

A method for reducing target surface features in continuously cast articles is described. The method can remove a target surface feature, such as a compositional variation or casting defect, from the continuously cast article by removing, before cold rolling, material from the continuously cast article surface.

Claims

1. A method, comprising: continuously casting an aluminum alloy to form a continuously cast aluminum alloy article having a first target surface feature on a first surface of the continuously cast aluminum alloy article, wherein the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is a strip or a sheet; and before cold rolling, removing no more than 2,000 μm of material from the first surface of the continuously cast aluminum alloy article to provide a treated article, wherein a dimension of the first target surface feature on the first surface of the treated article is less than a corresponding dimension of the first target surface feature on the first surface of the continuously cast aluminum alloy article, wherein a thickness is reduced by sawing, and wherein the continuously cast aluminum alloy article has a temperature of at least about 400 degrees Fahrenheit during the removing.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, during the removing of the material from the first surface, the continuously cast aluminum alloy article has a temperature of at least about 700 degrees Fahrenheit, wherein the continuously cast aluminum alloy article comprises primarily aluminum, wherein the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is continuously cast by one or more of a rotary caster, a twin-roll caster, a block caster, a twin-belt caster, and a single roll caster, and wherein the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface in the removing of the material from the first surface.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first target surface feature is a compositional deviation, wherein the aluminum alloy of the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is selected from the group consisting of aluminum alloys 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX, 8XXX, and 9XXX, wherein, in the removing of the material from the first surface, at least about 10 microns of material is removed from the first surface, and wherein at least 75% of the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the removing of the material from the first surface.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first target surface feature is one or more of a step, ramp, bow, buckle, streak, drag mark, and block joint, wherein at least 75% of the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the removing of the material from the first surface, wherein, in the removing of the material from the first surface, at least about 50 microns of material is removed from the first surface, and wherein the removing of the material from the first surface is performed before hot rolling.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first target surface feature comprises an oxidized surface, wherein, during the removing of the material from the first surface, the continuously cast aluminum alloy article has a temperature of at least about 500 degrees Fahrenheit, wherein at least 75% of the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the removing of the material from the first surface, and wherein the removing of the material from the first surface is performed between hot rolling stands.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least about 50 microns of the material is removed from the first surface, wherein at least 75% of the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the removing of the material from the first surface, and wherein the removing of the material from the first surface is performed after hot rolling is completed.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the aluminum alloy of the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is selected from the group consisting of aluminum alloys 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX, 8XXX, and 9XXX, and wherein, during the removing of the material from the first surface, the continuously cast aluminum alloy article has a temperature of at least about 500 degrees Fahrenheit.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy of the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is selected from the group consisting of aluminum alloys 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX, 8XXX, and 9XXX, and wherein at least about 25% of the first target surface feature is removed during the removing of the material from the first surface.

9. A method, comprising: continuously casting an aluminum alloy to form a continuously cast strip having a target surface feature on a first surface of the continuously cast strip; after casting and before hot rolling, reducing a thickness of the target surface feature while maintaining a constant width of the continuously cast strip derived therefrom to provide a treated strip, wherein the target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature, and wherein the thickness is reduced by one or more of chemically etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, wherein the continuously cast strip has a temperature of at least about 500 degrees Fahrenheit during the removing of the target surface feature; and rolling the treated strip, wherein the rolling comprises hot rolling.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein, during the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature, the continuously cast strip has a temperature of at least about 700 degrees Fahrenheit, wherein the continuously cast strip comprises primarily aluminum, wherein the continuously cast strip is continuously cast by one or more of a rotary caster, a twin-roll caster, a block caster, a twin-belt caster, and a single roll caster, and wherein the target surface feature is removed from the first surface by removing material from the first surface.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the target surface feature is a compositional variation, wherein the continuously cast strip is an aluminum alloy selected from the group consisting of aluminum alloys 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX, 8XXX, and 9XXX, wherein at least about 10 microns of material is removed from the first surface, and wherein at least 75% of the target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the target surface feature is one or more of a step, ramp, bow, buckle, streak, drag mark, and block joint, wherein at least 75% of the target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature, and wherein, in the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature, at least about 50 microns of material is removed from the first surface.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein the target surface feature comprises an oxidized surface, wherein, during the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature, the continuously cast strip has a temperature of at least about 700 degrees Fahrenheit, and wherein at least 75% of the target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein, in the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature, at least about 50 microns of material is removed from the first surface, and wherein at least 75% of the target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the aluminum alloy is selected from the group consisting of aluminum alloys 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX, 8XXX, and 9XXX, and wherein, during the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature, the continuously cast strip has a temperature of at least about 700 degrees Fahrenheit.

16. The method of claim 9, wherein the thickness is reduced by chemically etching, wherein the aluminum alloy is selected from the group consisting of aluminum alloys 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX, 8XXX, and 9XXX, and wherein at least about 25% of the target surface feature is removed during the reducing of the thickness of the target surface feature.

17. A method, comprising: continuously casting an aluminum alloy to form a continuously cast aluminum alloy article having a first target surface feature on a first surface of the continuously cast aluminum alloy article, wherein the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is a strip or a sheet; before cold rolling, removing, by one or more of chemical etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, material from the first surface to form a treated article, wherein the continuously cast aluminum alloy article has a temperature of at least about 400 degrees Fahrenheit during the removing; and rolling the treated article, wherein the rolling comprises cold rolling.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the removing of the material, by one or more of chemical etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, of the material from the first surface, wherein, during the removing of the material, by one or more of chemical etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, of the material from the first surface, the continuously cast aluminum alloy article has a temperature of at least about 700 degrees Fahrenheit, wherein the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is the strip, wherein the continuously cast aluminum alloy article comprises primarily aluminum, and wherein the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is continuously cast by one or more of a rotary caster, a twin-roll caster, a block caster, a twin-belt caster, and a single roll caster.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first target surface feature is a compositional deviation, wherein the aluminum alloy of the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is selected from the group consisting of aluminum alloys 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX, 8XXX, and 9XXX, wherein, in the removing of the material from the first surface, at least about 10 microns of material is removed from the first surface, and wherein at least 75% of the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the removing.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the first target surface feature is one or more of a step, ramp, bow, buckle, streak, drag mark, and block joint, wherein at least 75% of the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the removing of the material, by one or more of chemical etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, of the material from the first surface, wherein, in the removing of the material, by one or more of chemical etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, of the material from the first surface, at least about 50 microns of material is removed from the first surface, and wherein the removing is performed before hot rolling.

21. The method of claim 17, wherein, during the removing of the material, by one or more of chemical etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, of the material from the first surface, the continuously cast aluminum alloy article has a temperature of at least about 700 degrees Fahrenheit, wherein at least 75% of the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the removing of the material, by one or more of chemical etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, of the material from the first surface, and wherein the removing is performed between hot rolling stands.

22. The method of claim 17, wherein, in the removing of the material, by one or more of chemical etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, of the material from the first surface, at least about 50 microns of material is removed from the first surface, wherein at least 75% of the first target surface feature is removed from the first surface during the removing of the material, by one or more of chemical etching, plasma etching, and laser etching, of the material from the first surface, and wherein the removing is performed after hot rolling is completed.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the aluminum alloy of the continuously cast aluminum alloy article is selected from the group consisting of aluminum alloys 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX, 8XXX, and 9XXX, and wherein, during the removing of the material from the first surface, the continuously cast aluminum alloy article has a temperature of at least about 500 degrees Fahrenheit.

24. The method of claim 17, wherein the removing of the material from the first surface occurs by one or more of plasma etching and laser etching.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings are incorporated into and form a part of the specification to illustrate several examples of the present disclosure. These drawings, together with the description, explain the principles of the disclosure. The drawings simply illustrate preferred and alternative examples of how the disclosure can be made and used and are not to be construed as limiting the disclosure to only the illustrated and described examples. Further features and advantages will become apparent from the following, more detailed, description of the various aspects, embodiments, and configurations of the disclosure, as illustrated by the drawings referenced below.

(2) FIG. 1 depicts a process according to an embodiment of this disclosure;

(3) FIG. 2 depicts a prior art rotary caster;

(4) FIG. 3 depicts a prior art vertical downward twin-roll caster;

(5) FIG. 4 depicts a prior art block caster;

(6) FIG. 5 depicts a prior art twin-belt caster using plate cooling;

(7) FIG. 6 depicts a prior art twin-belt caster using belt cooling;

(8) FIG. 7 depicts a prior art vertical upward twin roll caster;

(9) FIG. 8 depicts a prior art horizontal twin-roll caster;

(10) FIG. 9 depicts a prior art single roll caster;

(11) FIG. 10 depicts a prior art direct-chill casting process; and

(12) FIG. 11 depicts a hot band treatment process according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF DISCLOSURE

(13) This disclosure relates generally to a method for reducing or eliminating target surface features in caster strips. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a method for reducing or eliminating target surface features in caster strips in continuous casting processes. The target surface features can be any surface feature targeted for removal, including the oxide surface layer formed immediately following casting when the cast strip is exposed to the atmosphere and casting defects. The oxide surface layer often includes impurities in the continuously cast molten metal. Caster strip defects can be caused by thermal or stress introduced mold distortion or other manufactured mold imperfections regarding surface levelness. Non-limiting examples of caster strip defects include steps, ramps, bows, buckles, streaks, drag marks, protrusions, channels, valleys, and block joints. Target surface features can cause surface quality issues that render aluminum alloy sheet unacceptable for automotive and other aesthetically demanding applications requiring high surface quality.

(14) As discussed below, the process of the disclosure can provide aluminum alloy sheet meeting the high surface quality requirements of these applications by removing the target surface features before cold rolling. Removal after cold rolling can be difficult as the target surface features can be embedded by cold rolling into the surface. Like direct-chill casting, the target surface features can be removed immediately after casting but, unlike direct-chill casting, the target surface features can also be removed between hot rolling stands or from the hot rolled strip or hot band.

(15) FIG. 1 depicts a process 20 for reducing or eliminating target surface features in a caster cast strip. In forming cast strip or casting step 22, a caster strip 10 is formed. The caster strip 10 can be formed by any method. Non-limiting examples of suitable strip casting methods are rotary caster (FIG. 2) (in which a casting wheel rotates as shown conveying melt material from a headbox/tundish into a strip between the steel belt and casting wheel outer surface with thermal transfer to the belt from the melt material being removed by water cooling of the belt), vertical downward twin-roll caster (FIG. 3) (in which opposing rolls rotating in opposing directions downwardly convey melt material from a headbox/tundish into a strip between the rolls with thermal transfer to the rolls from the melt material being removed by water cooling in the interior of each roll), block caster (FIG. 4) (in which opposing endless chilling block-containing belts rotating in opposing directions convey melt material from a launder and headbox/tundish into a strip between the chilling blocks with thermal transfer to the chilling blocks from the melt material being removed by coolers positioned above and below the chilling block-containing belts), twin-belt caster ((FIG. 5) (plate cooling) (in which opposing endless glass cloth belts rotating in opposing directions convey melt material from a launder and headbox/tundish into a strip between the belts with thermal transfer to the belts from the melt material being removed by water-cooled copper plates positioned on opposing sides of each belt from the strip) and (FIG. 6) (belt cooling) (in which opposing endless glass steel belts rotating in opposing directions convey melt material from a launder and headbox/tundish into a strip between the belts with thermal transfer to the belts from the melt material being removed by water cooling of the belt surfaces opposing the belts surfaces in contact with the strip)), vertical upward twin roll caster (FIG. 7) (in which opposing rolls rotating in opposing directions upwardly convey melt material into a strip between the rolls with thermal transfer to the rolls from the melt material being removed by water cooling in the interior of each roll), horizontal twin-roll caster (FIG. 8) (in which opposing rolls rotating in opposing directions horizontally convey melt material from a launder and headbox/tundish into a strip between the rolls with thermal transfer to the rolls from the melt material being removed by water cooling in the interior of each roll), single roll caster (FIG. 9) (in which a rotating roll horizontally conveys melt material from a headbox/tundish into a strip on the top of the roll with thermal transfer to the roll from the melt material being removed by water cooling in the interior of each roll), or any other continuous casting process. It can be appreciated that the casting can be a hot mill caster, cold mill caster, or combination thereof. That is, in a cold mill caster process the respective roll, belt or block is proactively cooled during casting process. This is in contrast to a hot mill caster process where the respective roll, belt or block is passively cooled during the casting process.

(16) The caster strip 10 can comprise any aluminum alloy selected from the group of consisting of aluminum alloys 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX, 8XXX, and 9XXX. The caster strip 10 can, for example, be an aluminum alloy suitable for aircraft or aerospace structures, marine structures, or automotive structures. As will be appreciated, the caster strip can be other metals or metal alloys, such as steel.

(17) Each casting method forms a caster strip 10 having target surface features on each of the upper and lower cast strip surfaces 11 and 12 (depending on the casting process employed). As shown in FIGS. 2-9, the upper and lower 11 and 12 cast strip surfaces are in an opposing relationship.

(18) With reference to FIG. 1, a first treatment option to reduce or remove the target surface feature is to reduce or remove the target surface feature by controlled surface treatment 24 after casting and before hot rolling or milling. This treatment option is illustrated by process line 52. In the first treatment option, controlled surface treatment 24 is generally applied to the caster strip 10 while the caster strip 10 has a temperature of from about 700 to about 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 750 to about 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 800 to about 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 850 degrees Fahrenheit to about 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit, and even more generally from about 900 to about 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit.

(19) A second treatment option is to reduce or remove the target surface feature by controlled surface treatment 24 after the caster strip 10 is treated by one or more hot rolling stands 32a-z, or is performed at a location 34 between hot rolling stands 32a-z. This treatment option is illustrated by process line 56. In the second treatment option, controlled surface treatment is generally applied between hot mill stands to the partially hot rolled strip while the strip has a temperature of from about 500 to about 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 550 to about 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 600 to about 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 700 to about 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 750 to about 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 800 degrees Fahrenheit to about 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and even more generally from about 850 to about 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

(20) A third treatment option is to reduce or remove the target surface feature by controlled surface treatment 24 after processing the caster strip 10 to form hot rolled strip or hot band 36 and before cold rolling of the hot band by one or more cold rolling stands. In other words, controlled surface treatment 24 can be done in-line to the hot band 36 before the first cold rolling stand (not shown). This treatment option is illustrated by process line 60. In the third treatment option, controlled surface treatment 24 is generally applied to the (fully) hot rolled strip 36 while the strip 36 has a temperature of from about 400 to about 850 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 450 to about 850 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 500 degrees Fahrenheit to about 850 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 550 degrees Fahrenheit to about 850 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 600 degrees Fahrenheit to about 850 degrees Fahrenheit, and more generally from about 650 degrees Fahrenheit to about 850 degrees Fahrenheit.

(21) FIG. 11 shows an alternative configuration of the third treatment option. After hot rolling, the hot band strip 36 is coiled, taken off-line, uncoiled and passed through controlled surface treatment 24, and the treated strip 44 rewound to form treated surface hot band (or strip) coil. The treated surface hot band coil can then be put on-line, uncoiled, and subjected to cold rolling and other process steps. Controlled surface treatment 24 is generally applied to the (fully) hot rolled strip 36 while the strip has a temperature of from about 70 degrees Fahrenheit to about 600 degrees Fahrenheit, from about 70 degrees Fahrenheit to about 550 degrees Fahrenheit, from about 70 degrees Fahrenheit to about 500 degrees Fahrenheit, from about 70 degrees Fahrenheit to about 450 degrees Fahrenheit, from about 70 degrees Fahrenheit to about 400 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 100 degrees Fahrenheit to about 350 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 100 degrees Fahrenheit to about 300 degrees Fahrenheit, more generally from about 100 to about 250 degrees Fahrenheit, and even more generally from about 100 to about 200 degrees Fahrenheit.

(22) The above treatment options are not mutually exclusive but can be combined as required by the particular application.

(23) Controlled surface treatment step 24 can include one of more of milling, sawing, chemically treating, plasma treating, laser etching, abrasively treating, or a combination thereof one or more of the opposing strip surfaces. As will be appreciated, certain of the treating techniques, such as laser etching and plasma treating, do not require physical contact with the hot strip surface while other treating techniques, such as milling, sawing, chemically treating, and abrasively treating, require physical contact.

(24) When both of the opposing caster strip surfaces are subjected to controlled surface treatment they can be treated sequentially, in any order, or substantially simultaneously. The controlled surface treatment step 24 is typically performed in line with the casting step 22; that is, treatment is performed as the cast strip moves continuously from the caster and through intervening process steps, such as hot milling, cold milling, and annealing.

(25) Controlled surface treatment 24 can remove, from the treated surface, most or all of the target surface features; that is, controlled surface treatment 24 can reduce the amount of each unit of cast article surface area occupied by one or more target surface features. While the percentage removal of target surface features depends on the finished gauge sheet requirements, controlled surface treatment typically removes at least about 0.5%, more typically at least about 1%, more typically at least about 10%, more typically at least about 25%, more typically at least about 50%, more typically at least about 65%, more typically at least about 75%, and even more typically at least about 96% of the target surface features from each of the untreated surfaces. In some applications, the target surface features are removed from only one of the surfaces. An example would be aluminum alloy sheet to be used for a car door, which requires a high-quality surface only for the door exterior and not for the door interior.

(26) The amount of material required to be removed from each surface in the controlled surface treatment step 24 to remove or eliminate target surface features can vary depending on the finished gauge sheet requirements. Typically, controlled surface treatment removes from each surface at least about 5 microns, more typically at least about 10 microns, more typically at least about 20 microns, more typically at least about 30 microns, more typically at least about 40 microns, and even more typically at least about 50 microns but typically no more than about 2,000 microns, more typically no more than about 1,750 microns, more typically no more than about 1,500 microns, more typically no more than about 1,250 microns, more typically no more than about 1,000 microns, more typically no more than about 750 microns, more typically no more than about 500 microns, more typically no more than about 400 microns, more typically no more than about 300 microns, more typically no more than about 200 microns, more typically no more than about 175 microns, more typically no more than about 150 microns, more typically no more than about 125 microns, and even more typically no more than about 100 microns of material while maintaining a substantially constant width of the cast article. In some applications, the surfaces have different amounts of material removed due to different finished gauge surface requirements.

(27) Commonly, the treating step is done directly after casting of the strip, with no intermediate material removal steps, such as hot milling.

(28) In step 48 of FIG. 1, the treated strip 44 is provided to one or more further process steps 48. The further process steps 48 can be one or more of a cold mill process, intermediate anneal, stabilize anneal, and other process steps that will be appreciated by a skilled artisan.

(29) Controlled surface treatment step 24 can comprise one or more operations. For example, the treatment step 24 can be conducted only one time, such as shown by process lines 52, 56, or 60 or in multiple of the locations shown in FIG. 1.

EXPERIMENTAL

(30) The following examples are provided to illustrate certain aspects, embodiments, and configurations of the disclosure and are not to be construed as limitations on the disclosure, as set forth in the appended claims. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.

(31) A trial was performed using aluminum alloys 5182 (as coil A-17-046) and 6016 (as coils C-15-012 and C-15-015).

(32) All coils were treated by special large brushes to remove the oxide layer (mechanically) and the surface brushed samples were painted, in accordance with an automotive manufacturer's specifications, with gloss black paint and then evaluated against DC standards. The painted coils were determined to meet the MINIMAL acceptance per GM specifications.

(33) A number of variations and modifications of the disclosure can be used. It would be possible to provide for some features of the disclosure without providing others.

(34) For example, in one alternative embodiment, the treating step is performed between hot mill stands, between a hot mill stand and cold mill stand, or between cold mill stands.

(35) The present disclosure, in various aspects, embodiments, and configurations, includes components, methods, processes, systems and/or apparatus substantially as depicted and described herein, including various aspects, embodiments, configurations, subcombinations, and subsets thereof. Those of skill in the art will understand how to make and use the various aspects, aspects, embodiments, and configurations, after understanding the present disclosure. The present disclosure, in various aspects, embodiments, and configurations, includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items not depicted and/or described herein or in various aspects, embodiments, and configurations hereof, including in the absence of such items as may have been used in previous devices or processes, e.g., for improving performance, achieving ease and\or reducing cost of implementation.

(36) The foregoing discussion of the disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the disclosure are grouped together in one or more, aspects, embodiments, and configurations for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The features of the aspects, embodiments, and configurations of the disclosure may be combined in alternate aspects, embodiments, and configurations other than those discussed above. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the disclosure requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed aspects, embodiments, and configurations. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the disclosure.

(37) Moreover, though the description of the disclosure has included description of one or more aspects, embodiments, or configurations and certain variations and modifications, other variations, combinations, and modifications are within the scope of the disclosure, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative aspects, embodiments, and configurations to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.