Method for controlling a wind power installation

Abstract

A method for controlling a wind power installation having a rotor operated with variable speed and having rotor blades that are adjustable in their blade angle. The installation is controlled in a partial-load range by an open-loop operating-characteristic control, which uses an operating characteristic. The operating characteristic presets a relationship between the rotational speed and a generator state variable to be set that is a generator power or torque. A value of the generator state variable preset by the operating characteristic is set in dependence on a detected speed. The installation is controlled in a full-load range by a closed-loop pitch control, in which the rotational speed is controlled to a speed setpoint value by adjusting the blade angles. In a presettable range of the partial-load range and/or in a transitional range from the partial-load range to the full-load range, the installation is controlled by a speed-power control.

Claims

1. A method for controlling a wind power installation, wherein the wind power installation includes: an aerodynamic rotor operable at a rotational speed that is variable and having rotor blades with adjustable blade angles, and wherein the method comprises: controlling the wind power installation in a partial-load range using open-loop operating-characteristic control, wherein: the open-loop operating-characteristic control uses an operating characteristic that sets a relationship between the rotational speed and a generator state variable, the generator state variable is a generator power or a generator torque, and controlling the wind power installation using the operating-characteristic control includes setting the generator state variable using the operating characteristic and depending on a detected rotational speed; controlling the wind power installation in a full-load range using closed-loop pitch control, in which the rotational speed is controlled to a speed setpoint value, by adjusting the blade angles; and in at least one speed range of the partial-load range and/or in a transitional range from the partial-load range to the full-load range, controlling the wind power installation using speed-power control, in which the rotational speed is controlled to a speed setpoint value, by adjusting the generator state variable, wherein the speed-power control includes an outer cascade and an inner cascade, wherein: in the outer cascade, a first closed-loop controller compares a setpoint speed with the detected rotational speed and determines a first acceleration setpoint value of the rotor based on comparing the setpoint speed with the detected rotational speed, and in an inner cascade, a second closed-loop controller compares the first acceleration setpoint value with a detected acceleration value of the rotor and determines a generator setpoint value for the generator state variable based on comparing the first acceleration setpoint value with the detected acceleration value.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the speed-power control or the second closed-loop controller has an integral component.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the speed-power control: the first acceleration setpoint value and the detected acceleration value are respectively formed as an acceleration power, and the acceleration power is assigned to a rotor acceleration and represent a power that results in the rotor acceleration.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first closed-loop controller uses, for determining the first acceleration setpoint value, at least one acceleration limit value, and wherein the at least one acceleration limit value is settable and/or an upper acceleration limit value and a lower acceleration limit value are provided as the at least one acceleration limit value, and/or the second controller determines a manipulated variable for setting the generator state variable using an integrator and integrator limitor.

5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one speed range is respectively provided as a speed avoidance range and has a lower avoidance speed and an upper avoidance speed; the speed-power control is used if the lower avoidance speed is reached when there is increasing rotational speed or the upper avoidance speed is reached when there is decreasing rotational speed; when using the speed-power control, the wind power installation, depending on a prevailing wind speed: is operated at a first operating point in a first speed range that includes the lower avoidance speed, and is operated at a second operating point in a second upper speed range that includes the upper avoidance speed; and switching between the first operating point and second upper operating point is performed depending on an aerodynamic evaluation of the first operating point and the second operating point.

6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein switching between the first operating point and the second operating point includes: determining whether an operating point to which change is made has a higher aerodynamic efficiency than the operating point from which change is made; and determining whether the generator state variable reaches an upper or lower generator state limit.

7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein switching between the first operating point and the second operating point is performed in response to an operating point to which change is made has, for a predeterminable checking time period, a higher aerodynamic efficiency than an operating point from which change is made.

8. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein, a switching time for switching between the first operating point and the second operating point is preset and/or a progression over time is preset for the generator state variable.

9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the speed-power control, the speed setpoint value is preset as a constant or is preset using at least one speed characteristic, the at least one speed characteristic having speed values that depend on the generator state variable, and the at least one speed characteristic having at least partly a negative slope.

10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the transitional range is in a first speed range characterized by rotational speeds from a transitional speed and the first speed range being above a speed avoidance range, and the wind power installation has a rated speed and the transitional speed is at least 80% of the rated speed and/or of a setpoint speed of the pitch control.

11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the speed-power control, the speed setpoint value is preset using a transitional speed characteristic, the transitional speed characteristic is vertical, for a rotational speed with a speed value, in correspondence with a transitional speed, so that with an increasing trend of the generator state variable the rotational speed is constant until the generator state variable reaches a predetermined first generator reference value, which is below a rated value of the generator state variable, and/or from the transitional speed and/or from a second generator reference value, which is below a rated value of the generator state variable, the transitional speed characteristic has a positive slope, so that values of the generator state variable increase with increasing rotational speed until a rated value of the generator state variable is reached.

12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: a control reserve is determined in dependence on a difference between the generator state variable and a first generator state limit, the control reserve is transferred from the speed-power control to the pitch control, and the speed-power control and the pitch control operate at least partially in parallel and are coordinated with each other using the control reserve, or a switch between the speed-power control and the pitch control is performed depending on the control reserve.

13. The method as claimed in claim 1, comprising: prioritizing the speed-power control over the pitch control such that the pitch control is at least partially suppressed in response to the speed-power control not reaching a manipulated-variable restriction, and/or controlling, by the pitch control, the rotational speed based on an acceleration value of the rotor, and suppressing control of the rotational speed by the pitch control in response to the generator setpoint value being below a generator setpoint value in the speed-power control.

14. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the speed-power control uses the generator state variable as a first manipulated variable for controlling the rotational speed, the pitch control uses the blade angle as a second manipulated variable for controlling the rotational speed, and the blade angles increase with increasing wind speed from a partial-load blade angle, which is set in the partial-load range, toward an end angle, and the speed-power control is coordinated with the pitch control.

15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the first manipulated variable and the second manipulated variable are coordinated with each other for coordinating the speed-power control with the pitch control.

16. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein a manipulated-variable restriction of the first manipulated variable is taken into account, and the speed-power control and the pitch control are coordinated such that, in response to the first manipulated variable not reaching the manipulated-variable restriction, the speed-power control has a greater influence on the rotational speed than the pitch control, and/or the second manipulated variable is set in dependence on the manipulated-variable restriction of the first manipulated variable.

17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein: a difference between the first manipulated variable and the manipulated-variable restriction represent an adjustment range of the speed-power control, and the second manipulated variable is changed such that the pitch control has a smaller influence on the rotational speed the greater the adjustment range of the speed-power control.

18. The method as claimed in claim 1, comprising: in an outer cascade of the pitch control, comparing, by a third closed-loop controller, a preset setpoint speed with the detected rotational speed and determining a second acceleration setpoint value based on comparing the preset setpoint speed with the detected rotational speed; in an inner cascade of the pitch control, comparing, by a fourth closed-loop controller, the second acceleration setpoint value with the detected acceleration value and determining a manipulated variable for adjusting the blade angle based on comparing the second acceleration setpoint value with the detected acceleration value; generating a control error based on comparing the second acceleration setpoint value with the detected acceleration value and modifying the control error using a control reserve; and providing the modified control error to the fourth controller.

19. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein: the second acceleration setpoint value is formed as a power value representing an amount of power that is provided or consumed to reach the second acceleration setpoint value, the detected acceleration value is formed as a power value representing an amount of power that is provided or consumed to reach the detected acceleration value and the control error is formed as a power value representing an amount of power that is provided or consumed to reach the control error, modifying the control error to cause an adjustment to the blade angle to be reduced, and/or modifying the control error such that the control reserve or a variable proportional to the control reserve is fed forward to the comparison of the second acceleration setpoint value with the detected acceleration value.

20. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the speed-power control, the first acceleration setpoint value, determined based on a comparison of a preset setpoint speed with the detected rotational speed, is changed depending on the blade angle.

21. The method as claimed in claim 20, wherein, the first acceleration setpoint value is increased by a feedforward value, and the feedforward value is determined based on a differential angle that is a difference between the blade angle and a partial-load blade angle.

22. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: a displacement of a characteristic curve is performed in which the operating characteristic is displaced based on an operating point, a behavior of the pitch control, or a set blade angle, such that a higher value of the generator state variable is set.

23. The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the operating characteristic is displaced by a predetermined or settable displacement speed that is in a range from 0.3 to 1.5 rotations per minute (rpm).

24. The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the displacement of the characteristic curve is performed based on a value by which a partial-load blade angle exceeds a partial-load angle.

25. A wind power installation, comprising: the aerodynamic rotor; and an open-loop controller configured to control the wind power installation using the method as claimed in claim 1.

26. A wind farm, comprising: a plurality of wind power installations including the wind power installation as claimed in claim 25.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The invention is now described in more detail below by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures.

(2) FIG. 1 shows a wind power installation in a perspective representation.

(3) FIG. 2 shows a wind farm in a schematic representation.

(4) FIG. 3 shows a speed-power control and a pitch control respectively in a simplified schematic representation.

(5) FIG. 4 shows a speed-power diagram to illustrate the proposed control method.

(6) FIG. 5 shows a time-power diagram to illustrate a transition between an upper operating point and a lower operating point.

(7) FIG. 6 shows a speed-power control in an extended structure compared to FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(8) FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a wind power installation. The wind power installation 100 has a tower 102 and a nacelle 104 on the tower 102. Provided on the nacelle 104 is an aerodynamic rotor 106 with three rotor blades 108 and a spinner 110. During the operation of the wind power installation, the aerodynamic rotor 106 is set in a rotary motion by the wind, and thereby also turns an electrodynamic rotor of a generator that is directly or indirectly coupled to the aerodynamic rotor 106. The electrical generator is arranged in the nacelle 104 and generates electrical energy. The pitch angles of the rotor blades 108 can be adjusted by pitch motors at the rotor blade roots 108b of the respective rotor blades 108.

(9) The wind power installation 100 has in this case an electrical generator 101, which is indicated in the nacelle 104. By means of the generator 101, electrical power can be generated. For feeding in electrical power, a feeding-in unit 105 is provided, which may particularly be formed as an inverter. Consequently, a three-phase feed-in current and/or a three-phase feed-in voltage with respect to amplitude, frequency and phase can be generated, for feeding in at a grid connection point PCC. This may take place directly or together with further wind power installations in a wind farm. For controlling the wind power installation 100 and also the feeding-in unit 105, an open-loop installation controller 103 is provided. The installation controller 103 may also receive preset default values from outside, in particular from a central farm computer.

(10) FIG. 2 shows a wind farm 112 with, by way of example, three wind power installations 100, which may be the same or different. The three wind power installations 100 are consequently representative of essentially any number of wind power installations of a wind farm 112. The wind power installations 100 provide their power, to be specific in particular the electricity generated, by way of an electrical farm grid 114. In this case, the electricity or power respectively generated by the individual wind power installations 100 is added together and there is usually a transformer 116, which steps up the voltage in the farm in order then to feed into the supply grid 120 at the feed-in point 118, which is also referred to generally as the PCC. FIG. 2 is just a simplified representation of a wind farm 112, which for example does not show any controller, although there is of course a controller. It is also possible for example for the farm grid 114 to be differently designed, in that for example there is also a transformer at the output of each wind power installation 100, to name just one other exemplary embodiment.

(11) The wind farm 112 also has a central farm computer 122. This may be connected to the wind power installations 100 by way of data lines 124, or wirelessly, in order thereby to exchange data with the wind power installations and in particular to receive measured values from the wind power installations 100 and transmit control values to the wind power installations 100.

(12) FIG. 3 shows a simplified controlling structure (e.g., control system) 300. It has in its upper part a speed-power control 302. In the lower part, it has a pitch control 304. The speed-power control 302 and the pitch control 304 may be coupled by way of a coupling connection 306, which is represented by dashed lines and is further explained below. In principle, however, both closed-loop controllers can operate independently of one another, so that the coupling connection 306 is only represented by dashed lines. It is provided at least according to one embodiment.

(13) The speed-power control 302 has a first summing point 308, at which a setpoint/actual-value comparison between the setpoint speed ns and the actual speed n.sub.i is carried out. The resulting control error e.sub.n is entered into the first controller 310. The actual speed n.sub.i is detected at the wind power installation and fed back via an outer feedback 312 and is sent to the first summing point 308. The first summing point 308, the first controller 310 and the outer feedback 312 may be regarded as essential component parts of an outer cascade of the speed-power controller.

(14) The first controller 310 determines on the basis of the control error e.sub.n a first acceleration setpoint value as. This is subtracted from an acceleration actual value a.sub.i at the second summing point 314, so that the inner control error e.sub.a is obtained. Consequently, a setpoint/actual-value comparison with a negative sign takes place at the second summing point. It is essentially only a question of nomenclature and should, in illustrative terms, be attributed to the fact that, in the case of a generator, a generator torque with a braking effect, therefore counteracting an acceleration, is controlled. That is the reason for the chosen signs at the second summing point 314.

(15) The resulting inner control error e.sub.a is sent to the second controller 316, which determines from it a generator setpoint value, which may be formed as a generator setpoint torque or, as in the variant shown in FIG. 3, as a power setpoint value P.sub.s. The acceleration actual value a.sub.i is fed back to the second summing point 314 by an inner feedback 318. The second summing point 314, the second controller 316 and the inner feedback 318 may be regarded as essential elements of the inner cascade of the speed-power controller 302.

(16) The acceleration values considered, that is to say the detected acceleration value a.sub.i and the preset acceleration value as, are preferably taken into account as power values. In this case, an acceleration power, which is used as a value of the corresponding acceleration value, describes how much power has to be used up to achieve the corresponding acceleration, or how much power would be output by corresponding braking.

(17) It is nevertheless required to convert into the power setpoint value P.sub.s from the inner system deviation e.sub.a, even if it is already a power on the basis of its physical unit, by the second controller 316. Further details of this are described below.

(18) In any event, the power setpoint value P.sub.s thus determined is entered into the generator 320 and that has an effect on the wind power installation illustrated in the wind power installation block 322. The representation of the generator 320 as a block of its own serves substantially for purposes of illustration. In fact, the generator 320 is of course part of the wind power installation. Particularly, however, it is intended that this should illustrate the delimitation of the pitch control 304.

(19) During the operation of the wind power installation, it can consequently be operated according to an open-loop operating-characteristic control. However, at specific rotational speeds or speed ranges, which is further explained below, the closed-loop speed-power control 302 shown is provided. If this is activated, it consequently receives a corresponding speed setpoint value. That may be fixed or part of a special characteristic curve.

(20) In the case that is best suited for purposes of illustration, there is a constant speed setpoint value ns. Due to fluctuations of the wind speed, the actual rotational speed fluctuates and an outer control error e.sub.n is obtained at the first summing point 308.

(21) The first controller 310 has the effect that the outer control error then leads to an acceleration setpoint value as. This acceleration setpoint value is not however converted into a generator power or a generator torque directly, but instead it is first checked how great a difference there is at all from an existing acceleration value. This produces the inner control error e.sub.a, from which then the power setpoint value P.sub.s is determined by means of the second controller 316 and is sent to the generator 320. As a result, the acceleration of the rotor is correspondingly changed and as a result the rotational speed is corrected to the preset rotational speed.

(22) If, therefore, a closed-loop speed control is to be carried out in the partial-load range, this speed-power control 302 is used. The rotational speed is thereby controlled and this also results in a corresponding output power of the generator, which is not only used for closed-loop control but is also output as power generated from the wind. This speed-power control may be provided independently of the pitch control 304, particularly whenever this speed-power control 302 is used to control an upper or lower avoidance speed in a speed avoidance range. Particularly for rotational speeds below an upper speed range, that is to say not close to the rated speed, the speed-power control 302 manages without linking up with the pitch control 304, which to be specific is in that case still inactive.

(23) However, linking up with the pitch control 304 particularly comes into consideration in an upper speed range. The pitch control 304 is constructed similarly to the speed-power control 302. The pitch control 304 also has an outer cascade, which has a third summing point 324, at which a setpoint/actual-value comparison of the rotational speeds is carried out in order to produce an outer control error e.sub.n and send it to the third controller 326. An outer feedback 328 is also provided for the actual speed n.sub.i.

(24) The third controller 326 then produces an acceleration setpoint value as, which is compared with the actual acceleration a.sub.i at the fourth summing point 330. The actual acceleration a.sub.i is in this case fed by way of the inner feedback 332 to the fourth summing point 330. An inner control error e.sub.a is obtained.

(25) The fifth summing point 334 may be inactive and is only required for the coordination of the speed-power control 302 and the pitch control 304. If this fifth summing point 334 is inactive, the inner control error e.sub.a is sent directly to the fourth controller 336. To this extent, the structure still corresponds, at least essentially, to the speed-power control 302, for which reason some designations are also chosen to be identical.

(26) However, the fourth controller 336 then produces a setpoint value for the blade angles ?.sub.s, which is correspondingly sent to a pitch system 338. The blades are therefore adjusted by means of the pitch system 338 such that the acceleration actual value is adjusted to the acceleration setpoint value, in order thereby also to achieve an adjustment of the actual speed to the setpoint speed. To this extent, the pitch system acts on the wind power installation block 340, which could correspond to the wind power installation block 322. Here, too, the pitch system 338 is of course part of the wind power installation and moreover the entire closed-loop control may also be regarded as part of the wind power installation. To this extent, here, too, the wind power installation block 340 serves for purposes of illustration, to be specific that the pitch system 338 acts on the wind power installation. Consequently, the pitch control acts on the wind power installation by presetting the setpoint angle as.

(27) In spite of similar structures of the speed-power control 302 and the pitch control 304, the two controls however use different manipulated variables. The speed-power control 302 uses a generator power or a generator torque as a manipulated variable, whereas the pitch control 304 uses a blade adjustment as a manipulated variable. This is of course also taken into account in the corresponding closed-loop controllers, in particular in the second and fourth controllers 316, 336.

(28) The two structures are however chosen similarly to the extent that the setpoint/actual-value comparison in the second summing element 314 and in the fourth summing element 330 can be the same to the extent that they can be based on the same physical unit for the acceleration. It is particularly proposed that in both cases the acceleration values are regarded as powers. As a result, coupling or coordination of the speed-power control 302 with the pitch control 304 becomes possible.

(29) The second controller 316 determines for this a control reserve P.sub.R and outputs it. The control reserve P.sub.R indicates how much power is available to the speed-power control 302 for closed-loop control. If, for example, the wind power installation is already outputting maximum power, the reserve power would be zero, to give an extreme case. At the fifth summing point 334 there would then be the value zero, that is to say the pitch control changes nothing at all. The pitch control would then quite normally adjust the rotor blades appropriately out of the wind to reduce the rotor acceleration. At the same time, the speed-power control 302 would not be able to bring about any change because its manipulated variable, to be specific the generator power (which could also be the generator torque), is already at a limit, which may also be referred to as saturation. In this case, in fact only the pitch control 304 would still be active, and would be 100% active, whereas the speed-power control 302 would no longer be active. However, that could quickly change again, for example when the wind drops.

(30) If, however, there is a control reserve, this is subtracted from the setpoint/actual-value difference at the fifth summing point 334. This inner control error e.sub.a is consequently the rotor acceleration that remains after the setpoint/actual-value comparison and would have to be corrected. For this purpose, it is entered into the fourth controller 336. If, however, the speed-power control 302 still has sufficient control reserve available, this is subtracted from the acceleration to be corrected. In extreme case, this may mean that it is subtracted down to zero. In this extreme case, only the speed-power control 302 would be active, but the pitch control 304 would not.

(31) It may of course also be the case that the control reserve P.sub.R is much greater than the output of the fourth summing point 330. The output of the fifth summing point 334 would then become negative. On account of limitations, this would nevertheless not lead to a blade angle or blade angle adjustment in the other direction. Here it must particularly be taken into account that the speed-power control 302 and the pitch control 304 may operate in an overlapping manner, in particular in the transitional range from the partial-load range to the full-load range. Right at the beginning of the full-load range, the rotor blades are however still optimally in the wind. The pitch control can then only turn the rotor blades in one direction. A negative output value at the fifth summing point 334 would in that case not lead to any effect. On the other hand, if the rotor blades had however already been turned somewhat out of the wind, a negative output value at the fifth summing point 334 would have the effect that the blades are again turned fully into the wind.

(32) These were just some illustrative examples to explain the basic principle. The detailed control steps may of course depend on further details, including integral components (e.g., integration capability), particularly in the second controller.

(33) FIG. 4 shows a speed-power diagram, in which the generator power P is plotted against the rotational speed n of the rotor. Shown here, beginning with the starting speed no, is a speed-power characteristic, which rises in a strictly monotonously increasing manner until reaching the rated speed n.sub.N with rated power P.sub.N and forms an operating characteristic 402. This operating characteristic is interrupted in a speed avoidance range 404, which is indicated there by the dotted line. It is also proposed likewise not to use the operating characteristic for controlling the wind power installation in an upper speed range 406, so that there it is only represented by dashed lines.

(34) The speed avoidance range 404 essentially includes a point of resonance. At this point of resonance, a resonant frequency of the wind power installation may be excited by the plotted resonance speed n.sub.R. Therefore, as far as possible, the wind power installation should not be operated at this speed.

(35) When there is increasing wind speed, consequently the rotational speed gradually increases according to the operating characteristic 402, beginning from the starting speed no, according to the increase in the wind speed. Depending on which rotational speed is adopted, an assigned power is set according to the operating characteristic 402.

(36) If the rotational speed reaches the lower avoidance speed n.sub.1, a speed-power control is switched on, as it is shown as speed-power control 302 in FIG. 3. The coupling connection 306 is not relevant here and can either be omitted or does not have any effect. If then the wind speed increases further, this would lead to an increase of the rotational speed, but would then be counteracted by the speed-power control. It operates as explained in connection with FIG. 3, with the lower avoidance speed n.sub.1 able to be entered as the setpoint speed ns, then therefore sent to the first summing point 308.

(37) As a result, the power increases, in order thereby to counteract the acceleration of the rotor. This can be realized particularly well by the proposed cascade control, which determines an acceleration setpoint value in the outer cascade and corrects it in the inner cascade. This produces the left branch 408 shown. The greater the wind speed then becomes, the higher this vertical branch 408 rises up.

(38) In may then be envisaged to change from the left branch 408 to the right branch 410 at the upper avoidance speed n.sub.2. If the wind speed then increases further, the operating point moves further up on the right branch 410, until the operating characteristic 402 is reached. If the wind speed then increases still further, the operating point moves further on the operating characteristic 402 in the direction of higher speeds and also higher power.

(39) Changing from the left branch to the right branch, or vice versa when the wind speed is falling, may depend on limit values. It is particularly proposed that a change is made from the left branch 408 to the right branch 410 if the generator state variable, here therefore the power P, has reached an upper limit value. Conversely, changing may be envisaged, particularly when wind speeds are falling, if the installation is being operated with an operating point on the right branch 410 and reaches a lower power limit. It may particularly be envisaged that a change must therefore be made if the upper limit is reached on the left branch or the lower limit is reached on the right branch.

(40) It may however be provided that there is also the possibility of changing before this. For this, an aerodynamic efficiency of the operating point at the time may be determined. This particularly depends on the tip speed ratio, that is to say on the quotient of a blade tip speed divided by the wind speed at the time. In the partial-load range, the wind power installation is usually designed such that the tip speed ratio is as far as possible ideal. This design usually leads to the operating characteristic used, here therefore the operating characteristic 402. If the operating point lies on this operating characteristic 402, it is aerodynamically optimum. An optimum aerodynamic efficiency is therefore obtained.

(41) If then the rotational speed is kept for example at the lower avoidance speed n.sub.1, the power increasing according to the left branch 408, a departure is made from this operating characteristic 402, and consequently also from aerodynamically optimum operation. The aerodynamic efficiency therefore drops. It can also be calculated, since a characteristic diagram of the wind power installation, and consequently the efficiencies of various operating points of a wind power installation, is/are usually well known. The efficiency can be derived from the speed detected and the power generated and this can also be used to derive the wind speed, by way of the known characteristic diagram.

(42) If the wind speed has been derived, it can also be calculated which operating point the wind power installation would adopt after a change to the right branch 410. This can also be carried out by using the known characteristic diagram, from which the aerodynamic efficiency can then be calculated, and consequently the aerodynamic efficiencies of the operating point at the time, that is to say according to the example given on the left branch 408, can be compared with the efficiency of the operating point on the right branch 410, which the wind power installation would adopt after a change. If the efficiency of the operating point that has been calculated for after a change is higher than the aerodynamic efficiency at the time, a change comes into consideration. However, the change does not have to be carried out immediately, if for example, to keep with the above example, the difference between the two efficiencies is small and it is not yet foreseeable whether the wind speed will increase further.

(43) If, when the wind speed is falling, an operating point moves as it were down to the upper avoidance speed n.sub.2 from above, the method may be applied analogously for changing from the right branch 410 to the left branch 408.

(44) The changing process may be carried out as it is described in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 is an illustration of a change on the basis of an example in which the wind speed is falling, and consequently the power P that can be generated is falling. This is schematically illustrated by the strictly monotonously falling dashed line. It is assumed that, at the point in time t.sub.1, the upper avoidance speed n.sub.2 is reached, coming from above. Then the speed-power control commences and attempts to keep the speed at the upper avoidance speed n.sub.2. That leads to the power decreasing, which is indicated by the power control branch 550. The dashed power progression 552 consequently lies above the power control branch 550. As a result, less power is converted, whereby the rotor is braked less or is no longer braked. The rotational speed can be maintained.

(45) At the starting point in time t.sub.2, to be specific for starting a changing process, the power has fallen so far that it has either already reached a lower limit value or the aerodynamic efficiency of the operating point has in the meantime become so bad that a change is expedient. Essentially, the power control branch 550, which however does not by any means have to run linearly, corresponds to the right branch 410 of FIG. 4. In FIG. 4, the power decrease is however shown against the rotational speed n, so that the right branch runs vertically. In FIG. 5, the progression of the power control branch 550 is however shown against time, so that it does not run vertically.

(46) If a change is then initiated, the power increases strongly, as can be seen in the rising branch 554 of the progression over time shown. A further upper branch 556 and a falling branch 558 form together with the rising branch 554 a progression over time for the generator state variable to be set, to be specific here the power to be set.

(47) At the post-change point in time t.sub.3, the change has been completed, so that the operating point is then on the left branch 408 but is at the foot of the left branch 408, since in the representation of FIG. 5 the falling branch 558 ends on the dashed power progression 552. The power that can be generated as an optimum is then therefore output, so that therefore the optimum operating point has been set, once again lying on the operating characteristic. However, the optimum operating point, which may also be referred to synonymously as the working point, does not have to be achieved when making a change.

(48) Here, particularly the differential time between the starting point in time t.sub.2 and the post-change point in time t.sub.3 may be referred to as the change time T.sub.w and preset. The distance between the power level of the upper branch 556 and the power achieved after the change may be referred to as the change power P.sub.w. The rising branch 554, the upper branch 556 and the falling branch 558 approximately form a trapezoid and, for simplicity, the product of the change time T.sub.w and the change power P.sub.w can be used for calculating the change energy. To take into account the inclinations of the rising branch 554 and the falling branch 558, instead of the difference between the starting point in time t.sub.2 and the post-change point in time t.sub.3, the time that one of the two flanks needs, that is to say for example the time the falling branch 558 needs to fall from the upper branch 556 to the dashed power progression 552, is subtracted as the change time T.sub.w.

(49) By analogy, when the wind speed is increasing, a change can be made from the left branch 408 to the right branch 410, by the power falling under the ideal power progression, in order thereby to allow an acceleration of the rotor.

(50) In FIG. 4, the use of a closed-loop speed-power control for the upper speed range 406 is also explained. It is accordingly envisaged that, from the transitional speed n.sub.3, the speed-power control is used, as it is explained in FIG. 3. Particularly, here, too, the coupling between the speed-power control 302 and the pitch control 304 by means of the coupling connection 306 may be provided.

(51) For this purpose, it is proposed that the speed-power control receives as a speed setpoint value a speed according to a transitional speed characteristic. Such a transitional speed characteristic 412 has a vertical branch 414 and a residual branch 416, which adjoins the vertical branch 414. The residual branch 416 is adjoined by a horizontal branch 418, which has rated power P.sub.N and reaches up to the rated speed n.sub.N and may reach beyond that. The horizontal branch 418 may also be regarded as part of the transitional speed characteristic 412.

(52) The vertical branch 414 consequently has the effect that, when the wind speed is increasing, at first the transitional speed n.sub.3 forms the setpoint speed for the speed-power control. If in this case, with increasing wind speed, the power reaches a reference power value P.sub.ref, which lies below the rated power P.sub.N, the residual branch 416 is used. The residual branch 416 is intended to lead the operating point finally up to the rated power P.sub.N when the wind speed is increasing. The rated power P.sub.N is in this case intended to be preferably reached before the rated speed n.sub.N has been reached.

(53) In this respect, the residual branch 416 may have a positive slope and, as shown in FIG. 4, be formed as straight. According to the residual branch 416, the power then increases proportionally with increasing rotational speed. However, other progressions are also conceivable, for example according to a second-order polynomial, so that the residual branch 416 may then be curved, in order thereby to achieve the rated power P.sub.N.

(54) In any event, such a residual branch 416 reproduces a relationship between rotational speed and power. This relationship may be used such that the operating point is identified on the basis of the output power and the associated rotational speed is then entered into the speed-power controller as the setpoint speed. As a result, the wind power installation can then also be guided along this residual branch 416 by means of the speed-power control.

(55) Alternatively, a negative slope may also be provided for the vertical branch 414, so that the rotational speed decreases somewhat with increasing power. This is indicated by the alternative branch 420, which is represented by dashed lines. Its slope may be in absolute terms up to 10%, and accordingly the rotational speed falls by up to 10% of the rated speed when the power increases by the rated power. This maximum slope in absolute terms of 10% therefore concerns the changing of the rotational speed in relation to the changing of the power, respectively on the basis of the rated speed and rated power. The closed-loop control of the alternative branch 420 may also take place by the power being detected and, dependent on it, the rotational speed assigned to the alternative branch 420 being used as the setpoint speed for the speed-power control.

(56) Particularly in the region of the residual branch 416, it comes into consideration that the speed-power control, as it is explained above in FIG. 3, no longer has a sufficient power reserve. Correspondingly, again with reference to FIG. 3, the coupling connection 306 will transfer to the pitch control 304 a correspondingly small value which is taken into consideration there at the fifth summing point 334. Correspondingly, the pitch control 304 may then already become active.

(57) FIG. 6 shows a speed-power control corresponding to the upper part of FIG. 3, but with further elements, partly with more details and partly in a somewhat different representation. In any event, the speed-power control 602 of FIG. 6 also has a first summing point (e.g., adder/subtractor) 608, which essentially performs a setpoint/actual-value comparison for the rotational speed and consequently produces an outer control error e.sub.n for the speed. This is entered into a first closed-loop controller 610, which here however has further details and is therefore only represented as a dashed block. The first controller 610 likewise outputs a setpoint acceleration a.sub.s. In this respect, a setpoint/actual-value comparison takes place at the second summing point (e.g., adder/subtractor) 614 and that is entered into a second controller 616. The latter in turn outputs a setpoint generator state variable, to be specific here a setpoint power P.sub.S. An outer feedback 612 and an inner feedback 618 are likewise provided.

(58) To this extent, the function also corresponds to the way of functioning explained in relation to FIG. 3 for the speed-power control 302. The setpoint power P.sub.S output from the second controller 616 is in this case sent to the wind power installation 622, which here however includes the generator. Furthermore, the wind power installation 622 outputs a speed n and this is sent via a filter block (e.g., filter or filter circuit) 650. The filter block 650 consequently outputs two filtered speeds, it being possible for the filterings to take different forms. For the inner feedback 618, the speed is converted inter alia by derivation in the acceleration block (e.g., acceleration circuit) 652 into the detected acceleration Such a differentiation is not provided in the outer feedback 612 and it may therefore be advisable that the filter block 650 is filtered differently for the inner feedback 618 than for the outer feedback 612.

(59) The first controller 610 is constructed such that the speed control error is converted in the speed converting block (e.g., speed converting circuit) 654 into a preliminary acceleration value a.sub.v. That is converted by way of an acceleration limiting block (e.g., acceleration limiting circuit) 656 into the acceleration setpoint value as. The provisional acceleration value a.sub.v is already provided as power. An equivalent blade angle power P.sub.? can be subtracted from it, to be specific at the third summing point 658 (e.g., adder/subtractor). The equivalent blade angle power P.sub.? is determined by the blade angle power block (e.g., blade angle power circuit) 660. In the blade angle power block 660, the difference between an existing blade angle ? and a minimum blade angle ?.sub.min is taken into account with the aid of the fourth summing point (e.g., adder/subtractor) 662. Furthermore, information concerning the pitch control Pit_C at the time is taken into account.

(60) This difference between the blade angle at the time and the minimum blade angle is what particularly matters. If the blade angle ? at the time corresponds to the minimum blade angle ?.sub.min, the difference is zero and no account has to be taken. The output value of the blade angle power block 660, that is to say the equivalent blade angle power Pa, may then be zero. However, once the blade angle has been adjusted with respect to the minimum blade angle, this means that the taking of power is no longer optimal, in particular that it has been reduced, to be specific by this equivalent blade angle power value P.sub.?. That is consequently taken into account at the third summing point 658 in the first controller 610. The provisional acceleration a.sub.v, which to be specific is intended to lead to the setpoint acceleration a.sub.s, can consequently be reduced.

(61) The stronger this feedforwarding is chosen to be, the greater the extent to which the described speed control by means of the generator power is decoupled from the pitch control.

(62) In particular operating situations, in which exceeding of the minimum blade angle is natural, such as for instance during the operation of starting the installation, a deactivation of the described feedforwarding is proposed.

(63) Therefore, the provisional acceleration value a.sub.v is correspondingly modified and the result is additionally sent via the acceleration limiting block 656, so that the acceleration setpoint value as is obtained.

(64) The setpoint/actual-value comparison of the acceleration values then leads to the inner control error e.sub.a, which in the second controller 616 is entered into the acceleration converting block (e.g., acceleration converting circuit) 664. Particularly taken into account in the acceleration converting block 664 is a time constant, which can be referred to as the readjustment time. The result is then sent to the integrator 666. The output of the integrator 666 is essentially the setpoint power P.sub.s to be determined, this initially also being sent via a power limiting block (e.g., power limiting circuit) 668, in order to take limitations into account.

(65) To avoid the integrator 666 being integrated any further, although a limitation has already been reached in the power limiting block 668, a comparison between the unlimited power and the limited power takes place at the fifth summing point (e.g., adder/subtractor) 670. If the limitation in the power limiting block 668 is not reached, the result of forming the difference at the fifth summing point 670 has the value zero. If, however, the limitation is reached, the difference is fed back via the integrator limiting block 672 to the input of the integrator 666 by being subtracted from the result of the acceleration converting block 664 at the sixth summing point (e.g., adder/subtractor) 674.

(66) Furthermore, a displacement of the characteristic curve is provided in the speed-power control 602 of FIG. 6. The speed-power characteristic may in this case be displaced by the speed displacement value n.sub.k for the account to be taken in the speed power control. For this, the speed displacement value n.sub.k is added to the speed actual value at the seventh summing point (e.g., adder/subtractor) 676. The speed displacement value n.sub.k may be for example 0.3 to 1.5 rpm. This value is added to the measured or detected speed n and this has the effect that, from the viewpoint of the speed-power controller, the actual speed is somewhat greater than it actually is. That leads to the effect that the operating characteristic, that is to say the speed-power characteristic, is displaced to the left by the corresponding value of the displacement speed n.sub.k.

(67) The activation of the displacement and also its magnitude may in this case depend on a set blade angle, and consequently on a behavior of a pitch control, such as for example the pitch control 304 of FIG. 3. According to the pitch control, the setpoint value for the blade angles ?.sub.s may be used as a criterion of the displacement. As a result, it can be achieved that, when there is gustiness, a fall in rotational speed does not lead to a reduction of the power if this fall in rotational speed lies below the rated speed by less than the displacement speed.

(68) Provided herein is controlling the rotational speed of the wind power installation in the partial-load range, i.e., as long as the speed is largely controlled by the installation power or the generator torque, and not yet primarily by the blade angles.

(69) An improvement of the power curve of a wind power installation and a circumvention of speeds can particularly be achieved, especially to avoid operation at points of resonance. An avoidance of loads and tonality can in this way be achieved, to give just two examples.

(70) In particular, the following is proposed:

(71) A cascaded controlling structure is proposed, with an outer loop for a closed-loop speed control and an inner loop for a closed-loop acceleration control. In this way, an advantageous coupling to a full-load controller is made possible, to be specific in particular to the pitch control.

(72) A transition characteristic, by way of which the proposed control concept, in particular the speed-power control, can be made compatible with the pitch control, is proposed.

(73) Transition functions or concepts for the controlled passing through of speed avoidance regions of points of resonance, and the choice of the switching points in time for passing through the speed avoidance regions, are proposed.

(74) For segments in the partial-load range in which speed power control is proposed, particularly in the upper speed range, at least one segment with a non-vertical speed characteristic is proposed, in particular as a linear segment with a constant slope. In this way, the segment presets power-dependent speed setpoint values.

(75) The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.