Ultra-wideband communication system

Abstract

An ultra-wideband communication and/or location system having a plurality of channels, each implementing a respective one of a plurality of predetermined codewords. Within each channel, one or more predetermined pulse repetition frequencies are defined. Within a single UWB system, more than two networks of transceivers may be co-located without mutual interference if each is assigned a unique combination of codewords and spreading factors.

Claims

1. A method in an ultra-wideband (UWB) communication and/or location system comprising co-located first and second UWB networks, the first UWB network comprising a first UWB transmitter and a first UWB receiver, the second UWB network comprising the first UWB transmitter and a second UWB receiver, the method comprising the steps of: [1] selecting a first and a second unique preamble code (pCode), each pCode comprising a combination of: a selected one of a plurality of predefined modulation codes; and a selected one of a plurality of spreading factors; wherein the combination results in a unique symbol length for each pCode; [2] assigning to each of said first and second UWB networks, respectively, the first and second pCodes; [3] simultaneously operating each of said first and second UWB networks, respectively, using the first and second pCodes; and [4] simultaneously switching each of the first and second UWB networks to a different one of the first and second unique pCodes in accordance with a precoordinated preamble schedule (pSchedule).

2. A UWB communication system comprising a co-located first and second UWB networks, the first UWB network comprising a first UWB transmitter and a first UWB receiver, the second UWB network comprising the first UWB transmitter and a second UWB receiver, said UWB communication system being configured to perform a method comprising the steps of: [1] selecting a first and a second unique preamble code (pCode), each pCode comprising a combination of: a selected one of a plurality of predefined modulation codes; and a selected one of a plurality of spreading factors; wherein the combination results in a unique symbol length for each pCode; [2] assigning to each of said first and second UWB networks, respectively, the first and second pCodes; [3] simultaneously operating each of said first and second UWB networks, respectively, using the first and second pCodes; and [4] simultaneously switching each of the first and second UWB networks to a different one of the first and second unique pCodes in accordance with a precoordinated preamble schedule (pSchedule).

3. A non-transitory computer readable medium including executable instructions which, when executed in a processing system, causes the processing system to perform the steps of a method according to claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Our invention may be more fully understood by a description of certain preferred embodiments in conjunction with the attached drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates, in block diagram form, an UWB communication transceiver adapted to practice our invention; and

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates, in topographic form, an UWB communication system adapted to practice our invention.

(4) In the drawings, similar elements will be similarly numbered whenever possible. However, this practice is simply for convenience of reference and to avoid unnecessary proliferation of numbers, and is not intended to imply or suggest that our invention requires identity in either function or structure in the several embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(5) Shown in FIG. 1 is a UWB transceiver 10 substantially as presented in FIG. 27a, PHY signal flow, on page 63 of the IEEE 80215.4a-2007, the entirety of which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference (hereinafter Standard). In 6.8a.6.1, SHR SYNC field, of the Standard, the preamble codes used to identify each PHY channel are enumerated in Table 39d, Length 31 ternary codes and Table 39e, Optional length 127 ternary codes. We note that both of these sets of codes were designed using the method disclosed in the Related Patent. In the UWB transceiver 10, the Preamble Insertion facility 12 actually performs the BPM-BPSK modulation in accordance with the assigned codeword.

(6) In our First Provisional Application, we proposed the following: Solution: Assuming we keep the same peak pulse rate of 499.2 MHz, we can add Ipatov sequences to generate more unique symbol lengths. Of course, the pulse amplitude would need to change to maintain the same transmit power. Because all the symbol lengths . . . are different, the signals generated by these codes will not accumulate constructively in a receiver that is correlating with a different code.

(7) We then showed how the number of codewords can be increased from only two in the Standard to the following set of codes:

(8) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 New Codes Code Sequence # Spreading SymLen PRF Relative Index Length Pulses Factor (S) (MHz) Amplitude 1 7 4 71 0.996 4.02 2.00 2 13 9 38 0.990 9.09 1.33 3 21 16 24 1.010 15.85 1.01 4 31 16 16 0.994 16.10 1.00 5 57 49 9 1.028 47.68 0.58 6 63 16 8 1.010 15.85 1.01 7 73 64 7 1.024 47.68 0.58 8 91 81 5 0.911 88.87 0.43 9 127 64 4 1.018 62.89 0.51 10 133 121 4 1.066 113.54 0.38 11 183 169 3 1.100 153.67 0.32 12 273 256 2 1.094 234.06 0.26 13 364 81 1 0.729 111.09 0.38 14 381 361 1 0.763 473.00 0.18 15 553 529 1 1.108 477.53 0.18
wherein: the column Code Index is added for convenience of reference, both in the following description and in the appended claims; the row bearing Code Index of 4, highlighted in gray, represents the existing code of length 31. the row bearing Code Index of 9, also highlighted in gray, represents the existing code of length 127; and the column Relative Amplitude is measured relative to the existing code of length 31. Note: In our First Provisional Application, we proposed a second code of length 31, but we now believe this code to be problematic, and no longer advocate its implementation; this codeword has been deleted from the above Table 1.

(9) In our Second Provisional Application, we proposed to use the spreading factor to further increase the number of symbol length options. As we noted: As is known, the spreading factor is the number of gaps or zeros that are inserted between pulses. See, e.g., IEEE 802.15.4 (in the UWB PHY). Currently, the spreading factor at a nominal PRF of 64 MHz is 4, which means that in the preamble code of length 127 there are three zeros or gaps in between each pulse in the code. At a nominal PRF of 16 MHz the spreading factor is 16, which means that 15 zeros are inserted between each pulse (or non-pulse) in the code.

(10) We then defined a respective set of unique symbol lengths for each of the 15 codes, as follows:

(11) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2.1 Index_1 [7::4] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 1 5.00 0.7993 57 399 1.79 2 4.92 0.8133 58 406 1.18 3 4.83 0.8273 59 413 1.82 4.75 0.8413 60 420 1.84 4 4.68 0.8554 61 427 1.86 4.60 0.8694 62 434 1.87 4.53 0.8834 63 441 1.89 5 4.46 0.8974 64 448 1.90 4.93 0.9115 65 455 1.92 4.32 0.9255 66 462 1.93 6 4.26 0.9395 67 469 1.94 7 4.19 0.9535 68 476 1.96 4.13 0.9675 69 483 1.97 8 4.08 0.9816 70 490 1.99 9 4.02 0.9956 71 497 2.00 3.96 1.0096 72 504 2.02 3.91 1.0236 73 511 2.03 10 3.85 1.0377 74 518 2.04 3.80 1.0517 75 525 2.06 3.75 1.0657 76 532 2.07 3.70 1.0797 77 539 2.08 3.66 1.0938 78 546 2.10

(12) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2.2 Index_2 [13::9] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 11 11.52 0.7813 30 390 1.18 11.15 0.8073 31 403 1.20 12 10.80 0.8333 32 416 1.22 13 10.47 0.8594 33 429 1.24 14 10.16 0.8854 34 442 1.26 9.87 0.9115 35 455 1.28 15 9.60 0.9375 36 468 1.30 16 9.34 0.9635 37 481 1.31 17 9.09 0.9896 38 494 1.33 18 8.86 1.0156 39 507 1.35 19 8.64 1.0417 40 520 1.37 20 8.43 1.0677 41 533 1.38 8.23 1.9380 42 546 1.40

(13) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2.3 Index_3 [21::16] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 20.02 0.7993 19 399 0.90 21 19.02 0.8413 20 420 0.92 18.11 0.8834 21 441 0.94 22 17.29 0.9255 22 462 0.97 23 16.54 0.9675 23 483 0.99 15.85 1.0096 24 504 1.01 24 15.21 1.0517 25 525 1.03 14.63 1.0938 26 546 1.05

(14) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 2.4 Index_4 [31::16] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 25 19.82 0.8073 13 403 0.90 26 18.40 0.8694 14 434 0.94 27 17.18 0.9315 15 465 0.97 28 16.10 0.9936 16 496 1.00 29 15.16 1.0557 17 527 1.03 30 14.31 1.1178 15 558 1.06

(15) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 2.5 Index_5 [57::49] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 61.31 0.7993 7 399 0.51 31 53.64 0.9135 8 456 0.55 32 47.68 1.0276 9 513 0.58 33 42.91 1.1418 10 570 0.61

(16) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 2.6 Index_6 [63::16] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 34 21.13 0.7572 6 378 0.87 35 18.11 0.8834 7 441 0.94 36 15.85 1.0096 8 504 1.01 37 14.09 1.1358 9 567 1.07

(17) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 2.7 Index_7 [73::64] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 38 72.94 0.8774 6 438 0.47 39 62.52 1.0236 7 511 0.51 40 54.71 1.1699 8 584 0.54

(18) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 2.8 Index_8 [91::81] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 41 111.09 0.7292 4 364 0.38 42 88.87 0.9115 5 455 0.43 43 74.06 1.0938 6 546 0.47

(19) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 2.9 Index_9 [127::64] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 44 83.86 0.7632 3 381 0.44 45 62.89 1.0176 4 508 0.51

(20) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 2.10 Index_10 [133::121] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 151.39 0.7993 3 399 0.33 46 113.54 1.0657 4 532 0.38

(21) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 2.11 Index_11 [183::169] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 47 230.50 0.7332 2 366 0.26 48 153.67 1.0998 3 549 0.32

(22) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 2.12 Index_12 [237::256] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 234.06 1.0938 2 546 0.26

(23) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 2.13 Index_13 [364::81] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 111.09 0.7292 1 364 0.38

(24) TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 2.14 Index_14 [381::361] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 473.00 0.7632 1 381 0.18

(25) TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 2.15 Index_15 [553::529] pCode PRF SymLen Factor Chips Amp 49 477.53 1.1078 1 553 0.18
wherein: rows highlighted in gray are duplicate symbol lengths that we have allocated to a different pCode, but any of these may easily be reallocated to a different combination of Code Index and spreading factor having the same symbol length; in the header of each of the Tables 2, within the square brackets, we have enumerated the length first followed by the number of non-zero pulses in the respective code; and for convenience of reference, we have sequentially enumerated each unique symbol length with a respective pCode, which we shall refer to expressly in the appended claims.

(26) In our First Provisional Application, we proposed exemplary codes for lengths 57 and 553. In our Second Provisional, we proposed exemplary codes for all of the 15 codewords in Table 1. Below, for convenience of reference, are the full set of 16 codewords, enumerated by the code index used in Table 1:

(27) TABLE-US-00017 Index Code 1 00+0++ 2 +0+0++00++ 3 0+00++0+0++++++ 4 ++00+00+0++000+0+0+0+0000 5 +0+0+++++0++++++++++++0+0+++0++++00+ 6 0000+00000000+0000000000+0000+00000000+000000+00 +0+++0000 7 00+0+++0++++0+++++++0+++0++++++++0++ ++0++++++ 8 +0+0++0+++++0++++++++++++0+++0++++ ++++++++++00++00+++++ 9 +00+000000+0+0+00+++0+0000++000+00000+0+00 +++0++000+0+000++0+++00+00+0+00++++000000+00000 +00000000+ 10 +00+++++++++0++0+0+++0++0+++++++++0+++ +0+++++++++++0++++++0+++++0++++ +++++++++ 11 0+++++++++++++++0+++++0+0+++0+0+++ 0+++++++++++++++0+++++++++++++++++++ +++0++++++++++++0++++00+++++++0 ++0++ 12 0+0++++0++0+++++++++++++00+++++ ++0+++0++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++0++++++++++++++++++++++0++++++ +0+++0+0+++++++++0+++++0++++++++++ +++0++++++++++++++0+ 13 00000000000000000+000000000+000000+00000+00000000000 00000000+0+00000000+00000000000000000000+00000 00000000000+000000+00 000+00000000000000000000+0000+000+0000000 +000000000+++00+00000000++00+0000++000000 00000+0000000000+00000000000 00000000+000000+00+00+000++000++0000+000000000+00000+0 0+0+0+00000000+0000000+0000000000+00+0000000+ 14 +0+0+++++++++++++0++++++++0++++0 ++++++++++++++++++++0+++++++++++ ++0+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++0++0++++++0+++0+++++++0+0 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++0+++++++0+0+++++++++++++++++++0+ ++00++++0++++++++++ 15 0+++++++++++++++++++++0+++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++0++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++0+++++0+++ ++++++++++++++0+++++++++++0++++ ++0++0+++++++++++++++++00+++++0+0 +++++++0+++0++++++0++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++0++++ ++0+0+0+0+++++++++0++++++++++++++ ++++++++0

(28) In summary, we have developed the above set of 49 unique preamble symbols, i.e., combinations of Code Index and spreading factor that generate symbols of unique length that will not mutually cross-correlate when repeated to generate a preamble sequence. In general, each of these preamble symbols has a different unique length of around 1 is duration (at the 499.2 MHz chipping frequency). As is known, this 1 s is a typical upper bound on UWB channel propagation times (the durations actually range between 729 ns and 1170 ns). We intentionally did not include shorter ones because we desired durations long enough to cover the typical UWB channel propagation times, and we did not include longer ones since more working memory is typically required to process them. However, we recognize that other choices may be appropriate in particular system configurations and applications.

(29) Shown in FIG. 2 is a UWB communication system 14 comprising a network controller (Control) 16 and two network devices (N[x]) 18-20, each comprising a UWB transceiver 10 having an effective field illustrated by the respective concentric dotted circle. For simplicity, we have shown only two N, and assume that each N comprises a representative member of a unique network. For example, the several N may each comprise independent peer-to-peer networks between multiple groups of friends co-located at some venue; or, alternatively, multiple sensing and control systems within a single building complex, e.g., N[0] 18 may comprise afire monitoring system, and N[1] 20 a real time location system (RTLS). Another possible system could be an emergency alarm system. As will be evident to those familiar with this art, the Standard with only three preamble symbol lengths would be limited to three co-existing low-interference networks. However, in accordance with our invention, many more networks may be co-located provided that each network is assigned a unique pCode. This assignment might be done by a system administrator at install time, or might be dynamically assigned by Control 16 (or the respective controller within each network). In general, the cross-network interference should be minimal because the receivers in one network using one pCode are not triggered by the preamble sequences being employed in the other networks using different pCodes.

(30) In 5.5.7.8.2 of the Standard, UWB PHYs may optionally implement dynamic preamble selection (DPS) to improve resistance to attacks by hostile nodes. However, the Standard's DPS option is limited to switching between a precoordinated set of ternary codes defined for the assigned frequency, i.e., the assigned PRF per se cannot be changed. In accordance with an embodiment of our invention, we propose that the PHYs of a network be allowed simultaneously to switch between pCodes in accordance with a precoordinated pSchedule. In general, a pSchedule comprises a predetermined sequence of our pCodes and a schedule for performing each sequential switch. Depending on the application, the schedule may be developed as a function of the number of transmissions, e.g., one per switch; or as a function of elapsed time, e.g., one second of local clock time between switches; or as a function of another, mutually agreed standard unit of work, e.g. transmit or receive. While the transmission-based approach appears to us to be the most convenient, others are certainly feasible. Further, we note that the pSchedule can itself be dynamically modified or extended by mutual agreement of the devices in a network using known network management techniques.

(31) As is known, the Standard provides different preamble codes having the same PRF and spreading factor. The intent was to allow different networks to be co-located without interfering with each other by virtue of the different preamble codes used in their preamble training sequences. For example, there are many length 31 codes (at 16 MHz PRF) and distinct codes have <10 dB cross-correlation with each other. The idea was to use distinct codes for separate networks. This intention was not, however, realized. The problem is that if you accumulate the many correlations of one code with a different one, the cross-correlation of the sum is still only 10 dB, i.e., it doesn't reduce as you accumulate more and more symbols. This is because the successive symbols in the different sequences line up with each other because they have the same period. In contrast, we have realized that if you use distinct symbol lengths for separate networks, where the symbols are repeated N times, the successive symbols do not line up with each other since the symbol lengths are different, and in this case accumulating cross-correlations does reduce the cross-correlation. Although the Standard defines three PRFs (4 MHz, 16 MHz and 64 MHz) which have this property, these PRFs were specified for reasons other than their lower mutual interference properties, and each has a set of codes that do mutually interfere. In accordance with our invention, we submit that all of our pCodes are suitable for use in co-located networks due to their inherently different symbol lengths.

(32) Although we have described our invention in the context of particular embodiments, one of ordinary skill in this art will readily realize that many modifications may be made in such embodiments to adapt either to specific implementations. For example, we recognize that the Tables presented above do not include all possible Ipatov sequences that may be instantiated. Further, we recognize that there may be other PRFs for each of the codes set forth in the Tables that may prove attractive in specific applications; those we have included represent what we believe to be reasonable costs in terms of hardware/software implementation.

(33) Thus it is apparent that we have provided a method and apparatus for increasing both the number of independent UWB channels and the capacity, i.e., the number of distinguishable symbol lengths, of each. Further, we submit that our method and apparatus provides performance generally superior to the best prior art techniques.