Spectrally and Spatially Distributed Phase-Conjugate, Long-Laser Resonator

Abstract

A spatially and spectrally distributed long-laser system. Spatially separated phase-conjugate mirrors (PCMs) define a long-laser resonator cavity. The PCMs define, respectively, a power transmitting unit (master), and a power receiving unit (slave), as well as providing a secure two-way communications link between the units. The long-laser is mode-locked, minimizing third-party interception and detection. A wavefront-reversal device, using a MEMS spatial phase modulator, integrated with a retroreflector array, provides a true phase-conjugate (time-reversed) replica of the beam at each end of the system, providing auto-alignment, diffraction-limited performance, compensation for static and dynamic phase and polarization distortions, minimizing the FOV and scattering. The retroreflecting array initiates the oscillation mode. The SPM adaptive optical system bootstraps the retro-array by forming a simultaneous closed-loop system. The PCM emulates a deformable mirror with an integrated cat's eye retro-array, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, equivalent to a true wave-front reversal device at each end of the system.

Claims

1. An optical system for distributing optical power and for providing a secure two-way communications link between a master unit and at least one remote unit, comprising, in combination: a first optical phase conjugate mirror; a second optical phase conjugate mirror remotely disposed from and aligned with said first phase conjugate mirror; said first and second phase conjugate mirrors defining the ends of an optical cavity over a distance; a first modulator disposed adjacent to said first photodetector, said first modulator mode-locking the output of said optical cavity in response to a first modulating signal; an optical phase shifter apparatus disposed adjacent to said first modulator for controlling the said mode-locked output of said optical cavity; a second modulator disposed adjacent to said optical phase shifting apparatus, said second modulator controlling the said output of said optical cavity in response to a second modulating signal; at least one laser amplifier disposed adjacent to said second modulator within said optical cavity, the gain of said at least one laser amplifier being at least sufficient to sustain laser oscillation within said optical cavity to generate an output optical beam of light; a third modulator disposed adjacent to said second photodetector, said third modulator mode-locking the output of said optical cavity in response to a third modulating signal; a fourth modulator disposed adjacent to said third modulator, said fourth modulator controlling the said output of said optical cavity in response to a fourth modulating signal; a first photodetector disposed adjacent to said first phase conjugate mirror and external to said optical cavity, in response to said fourth modulating signal; a second photodetector disposed adjacent to said second phase conjugate mirror and external to said optical cavity, in response to said second modulating signal; and a photovoltaic power converter disposed adjacent to said second phase conjugate mirror and external to said optical cavity, for converting said optical output beam of light to electricity.

2. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein said optical cavity further comprises an optical telescope and aperture disposed between said laser amplifier and said fourth modulator for controlling the field of view of the said optical cavity.

3. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein optical cavity further comprises at least one laser pre-amplifier disposed adjacent to the said fourth modulator.

4. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein said output of said optical cavity comprises a servo-controller to adjust the said first modulation signal to optimize said mode-locking of said optical cavity.

5. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein said output of said optical cavity further comprises a servo-controller to adjust the said optical phase shifter to optimize said mode-locking of said optical cavity.

6. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein said first modulation signal is modulated at a frequency equal to the reciprocal of the round-trip photon transit time within the said optical cavity, and wherein said third modulation signal is modulated at zero frequency.

7. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein said first modulation signal and said third modulation signal are modulated at a frequency equal to the reciprocal of the single-pass photon transit time within the said optical cavity.

8. A wireless link that establishes a secure duplex communications channel between said phase conjugate mirrors.

9. The wireless link according to claim 8, wherein said link communicates the said distance between the said first and second phase conjugate mirrors and further, communicates said mode-locking frequency signals for said first and third modulators.

10. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein the said phase-conjugate mirrors are comprised of a retroreflecting array to initiate laser oscillation, integrated with a spatial phase modulator (SPM), on a pixel-by-pixel basis, said spatial phase modulator comprised of an array of MEMS continuously moveable planar piston segments that simultaneously imparts a controllable, continuous phase shift onto said respective incident optical beams, on a pixel-by-pixel basis.

11. The optical system according to claim 10, wherein the said spatial phase modulator (SPM) is configured in a closed-loop, servo-controlled adaptive optical system for efficient wavefront reversal of said respective incident optical beams, simultaneous with said retroreflecting array, on a pixel-by-pixel basis.

12. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein the said first modulator is a phase modulator (PM).

13. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein the said first modulator is an amplitude modulator (AM).

14. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein the said third modulator is a phase modulator (PM).

15. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein the said third modulator is an amplitude modulator (AM).

16. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein said optical phase shifter is comprised of an electro-optical element.

17. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein said optical phase shifter is comprised of an optical fiber controlled by a PZT element.

18. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein said laser amplifier is comprised of a semiconductor.

19. The optical system according to claim 1, wherein said laser amplifier is comprised of a diode-pumped optical fiber.

20. An optical system for distributing optical power and for providing a secure two-way communications link between a master unit and at least one remote unit, comprising, in combination: a first optical phase conjugate mirror; a second optical phase conjugate mirror remotely disposed from and aligned with said first phase conjugate mirror; said first and second phase conjugate mirrors defining the ends of an optical cavity over a distance; a first modulator disposed adjacent to said first photodetector, said first modulator mode-locking the output of said optical cavity in response to a first modulating signal; an optical phase shifter apparatus disposed adjacent to said first modulator for controlling the said mode-locked output of said optical cavity; a second modulator disposed adjacent to said optical phase shifting apparatus, said second modulator controlling the said output of said optical cavity in response to a second modulating signal; a third modulator disposed adjacent to said second photodetector, said third modulator mode-locking the output of said optical cavity in response to a third modulating signal; a fourth modulator disposed adjacent to said third modulator, said fourth modulator controlling the said output of said optical cavity in response to a fourth modulating signal; first and second laser amplifiers respectively disposed adjacent to said second and fourth modulators within said optical cavity, the combined gains of said first and second laser amplifiers being at least sufficient to sustain laser oscillation within said optical cavity to generate an output optical beam of light; a first photodetector disposed adjacent to said first phase conjugate mirror and external to said optical cavity, in response to said fourth modulating signal; a second photodetector disposed adjacent to said second phase conjugate mirror and external to said optical cavity, in response to said second modulating signal; and a photovoltaic power converter disposed adjacent to said second phase conjugate mirror and external to said optical cavity, for converting said optical output beam of light to electricity.

21. The optical system according to claim 20, wherein the said phase conjugate mirrors are comprised of a retroreflecting array to initiate laser oscillation, integrated with a spatial phase modulator (SPM), on a pixel-by-pixel basis, said spatial phase modulator comprised of an array of MEMS continuously moveable planar piston segments that simultaneously imparts a controllable, continuous phase shift onto said respective incident optical beams, on a pixel-by-pixel basis.

22. The optical system according to claim 21, wherein the said spatial phase modulator (SPMs) is configured in a closed-loop, servo-controlled adaptive optical system for efficient wavefront reversal of said respective incident optical beams, simultaneous with said retroreflecting array, on a pixel-by-pixel basis.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the disclosure, are only illustrative embodiments of the invention serve to better understand the principles of the invention in conjunction with this description.

[0044] FIG. 1A shows a prior art, long laser device comprised of a pair of single retroreflector elements (i.e., not a retroreflector) array that defines a long laser cavity communications system, with an intracavity gain medium and an intracavity telescope, the latter to define the FOV of the system.

[0045] FIG. 1B shows a prior art, long laser, spatially distributed resonator system, capable of delivering power to a specific slave receiver within the FOV of the system. This system is comprised of a pair of retroreflectors (again, single cat's eye retros; not arrays), each of which defines a long laser cavity with a master transceiver, comprised, in turn, of an intracavity gain medium and an intracavity telescope, the latter to define the FOV of the system.

[0046] FIG. 2 shows a prior art MEMS spatial phase modulator (SPM) device, capable of imposing a controllable phase shift onto a piecewise planar incident optical beam. This device is integrated with a retroreflecting array, which, in conjunction with the phase shifting array, enables the realization of a cat's eye retroreflector array and phase control of an optical beam on a pixel-by-pixel basis (i.e., each retroreflective element in the array services a single optical phase shifting element of the MEMS SPM).

[0047] FIG. 3 shows the basic elements of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Depicted are the master power transceiver and one of the slave laser transceivers. A propagation distortion is shown in the intervening path between the pair of transceivers.

[0048] FIG. 4 shows an example of a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) that is utilized for the master transceiver and the slave receivers. A spatial phase modulator with an integrated retroreflector array constitutes the basic PCM. A closed-loop system is comprised of a wavefront error sensor, data processor, wavefront reconstructor and drive stages that complete the servo-controlled system of the PCM. This PCM does not require an optical threshold condition to be met, it does not require coherent pump beams to initial wavefront reversal, and there is no wavelength shift between the incident beam and the wavefront revered replica. This PCM enables laser oscillation to commence using the passive retroreflecting property of the device, followed by a bootstrapping of the spatial phase modulator to initiate true wavefront reversal.

[0049] FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of two of the basic elements of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, comprised of a laser power transceiver and two slave transceivers (with an optional laser pre-amplifier), all equipped with a PCM, based on the description depicted in FIG. 4. A path propagation distortion region is shown, which can be a result of atmospheric turbulence, turbid water, laser amplifier distortions or thermal aberrations over the length of the cavity. For simplicity, the diagram shows only the PCM element.

[0050] FIG. 6A shows the detailed elements of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, depicting the elements of the master laser power module. The overall system is comprised of a pair (or more) of slave transceivers, each equipped with a PCM and an intracavity modulator. A master laser power transceiver is equipped with a PCM, an intracavity modulator, a laser power amplifier, an intracavity telescope/iris and a servo-controlled feedback loop to set the mode-locked frequency and overall phase shift that drives the modulators. A two-way encrypted rf link between the master and slave devices establishes the necessary parameters (modulation frequency, range, etc.) to initiate the communications system and power transfer operations.

[0051] FIG. 6B shows the detailed elements of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, depicting the elements of the slave laser transceiver, comprised of a PCM, an intracavity modulator, a detector, a photovoltaic cell, an intracavity telescope/iris and an optional laser pre-amplifier.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0052] The known art, which is reviewed above (FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2), pertains to long laser systems, spatially distributed laser resonators and a spatial phase modulator with an integrated retroreflecting array, the latter which can be utilized as a phase-conjugate mirror. The known art may be of interest to the reader when reviewing this description of the present technology.

[0053] Turing now to FIG. 3, an exemplary embodiment of the invention is shown 300, depicting the basic elements of the system. A long laser secure communications link, over a distorted optical path 301, is formed with a master (“Master”) laser power transceiver module 301 at the first end of the link and one or more slave (“Slave.sub.1,2”) laser transceiver modules 302′/302″ located at the second end of the link. (In general, a callout with a prime [e.g., 302′] or a double prime [e.g., 302″] depicts elements of the slave transceiver.)

[0054] The link is comprised of a long optical cavity, bounded on each end by a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) 326/326′; an intracavity master transceiver gain medium, 310; an optional intracavity slave gain medium, 310′; and an intracavity telescope/iris, 311/311′, the latter to define the field of view (FOV) of the system.

[0055] The gain media (310, 310′) can be in the form of a bulk gain medium, a guided-wave medium, the latter including, but not limited to a diode-laser-pumped multimode optical fiber gain medium, a stimulated scattering gain medium (such as stimulated Raman or Brillouin scattering medium), a hollow-core, gas-filled gain medium, photonic crystal, semiconductor gain medium, etc.

[0056] The use of a PCM at each end of the resonator assures diffraction-limited operation, hence minimizing the FOV of the system and also compensates for dynamic path aberrations, 301 (e.g., atmospheric turbulence, turbid media, laser amplifier aberrations, fiber modal dispersion, intracavity distortions, beam wander, vibrations, relative platform motion, etc.), upon each pass, thereby reducing scattering, lowering the laser threshold condition, improving efficiency, and minimizing third-party detection and interception.

[0057] The long laser is also comprised of an intracavity amplitude or phase modulator 327/327′ (for mode-locking); a second modulator to encode information 329/329′ with a master signal 330 (M.sub.in), and a slave signal 308′/308″ (S.sub.in); and a demodulator 315/315′ to receive signals from the slave to the master 317 (S.sub.out), and signals from the master to the slave 305′/305″ (M.sub.out), respectively. The slave transceiver also possess a photovoltaic cell 309′ to derive optical power 332′/332″ (P.sub.out) from the master power laser transceiver.

[0058] In addition, a mode-locking amplitude modulator (AM) or phase modulator (PM) is located in the master transceiver 327 and, also, in the slave transceivers 327′. The function of these modulators (327, 327′) is to mode-lock the long laser, for security purposes, as the specific mode-lock modulation frequency is a strong function of the specific range (distance) between the master and the slave transceivers. A wireless (rf) link between the master 301 and the slave transceivers 302′/302″ is utilized to set the respective frequencies (f,f′.sub.1,2) of the AM or PM modulators (327, 327′), via rf link 331 and 306′/306″, respectively. The AM mode-locking modulator is typically utilized in the case of an inhomogeneously broadened laser gain medium; whereas, a PM mode-locking modulator is typically utilized in the case of a homogeneously broadened laser gain medium.

[0059] There are two different mode-locking modulation modalities, both highly dependent on the distance between the master and the slave transceivers (the effective long laser cavity length, nL), necessary to mode-lock the long laser. In the first mode, the frequency (f), 325, of the master AM or PM modulator, 327, is set to f=c/2 nL, where L is the length (range) of the cavity and n is the effective refractive index of the propagation path and the intracavity elements. In this first mode, only the master transceiver is modulated at f=c/2 nL. In this case, the frequencies, 303/303′, of the slave transceiver modulators, 327′, are set to zero (f′.sub.1,2=0).

[0060] In the second modality (the latter case), both the master and the slave modulators (327 and 327′, respectively) are modulated at a frequency (325 and 303/303′, respectively) equal to c/nL (i.e., f=f′.sub.1,2=c/nL); twice the frequency of the former case.

[0061] In both cases, the long laser becomes mode-locked, with a pulse rate equal to the respective modulation frequency (the pulse width is typically a function of the number of longitudinal modes, as is known in the art). The choice of modality is a function of the specific scenario, the presence of potential third-party detectors, and the range. The ability to mode-lock the system minimizes the probability of third party interception, as the modulation frequency is a very strong function of the specific range, or distance between the given slave and the master transceivers.

[0062] The desired slave transceiver (302′/302″) to be communication with is dictated by its precise range and deterministic mode-locking frequency, as well as its presence within the FOV of the system. The FOV is dictated by the setting of the respective telescope/iris in the master (311) and the slave (311′) transceivers, 301 and 302′/302″, respectively. This information (range, FOV) is relayed via a rf link between the master transceiver (331) and the slave transceivers (306′/306″).

[0063] Turning now to FIG. 4, details of the PCM (326 and 326′ of FIG. 3) are shown 400. The basic PCM is comprised of a spatial phase modulator (SPM) integrated with a retroreflecting array, 200, configured in an adaptive optical control (feedback) servo loop. As is known in the art, the basic servo loop is comprised of a wavefront sensor, WES, 403 (such as a Shack-Hartmann or pyramid wavefront sensor), a data processor module 404, a feedback control law processor 405 and a drive electronics module 406, the latter of which controls the phase control pixels of the PCM device, comprised of a spatial phase modulator/integrated retroreflector array 200.

[0064] It is assumed that an incident beam is distorted by path aberrations 301 (beam wander, relative platform motion, vibrations, turbulent atmosphere, laser gain distortion, fiber modal dispersion, turbid media, etc.). The distorted beam can be decomposed into an array of piecewise beamlets 201, with each beamlet described by a tilted planar wavefront 401. The distorted composite wave is incident upon the PCM device 200, where it encounters a retroreflecting array and a set of optical phase shifters (as described in FIG. 2). The retroreflected beam from the device 200 is then incident upon a beam splitter 402, which samples the distorted beam, with a fraction of the composite beam incident upon the WES 403. The closed-loop system activates the spatial phase modulator pixels to drive the overall phase error to zero (limited by the gain of the servo system, and the spatial resolution, as is known in the art).

[0065] The PCM device performs a “bootstrapping” function. The retroreflecting array component of the device 200 initially retroreflects the incident beam at the speed of light through the device, passively compensating for tilt errors and odd-order phase errors (e.g., a pseudoconjugator operation). At the same time, and simultaneously, the closed-loop servo controls the spatial array of phase shifters, driving the remaining phase errors (even-order phase errors, etc.) to near-zero.

[0066] The result of this combined operation is that the incident beam is perfectly wavefront-inverted (limited by the gain and resolution of the system), resulting in a true wavefront reversed replica (or, “time-reversed” replica) of the incident wave. The time-reversed replica compensates for the path distortions 301 upon its reverse transit through the system. The PCM does not require an optical threshold condition to be met (not to be confused with the fundamental long-laser oscillation threshold condition, which is required), does not frequency-shift the incident beam and does not require any other laser beam to initiate operation. These characteristics are typical of a nonlinear optical PCM; the present PCM is a linear device. The PCM of FIG. 4 satisfies the requirements of the invention, in the presence of mode-locked operation.

[0067] Turing now to FIG. 5, a basic schematic 500 is shown that emphasizes the basic function of the system with PCMs at both ends of the link, in the presence of phase distortions 301 and laser amplifier distortions, 310, 310′. The presence of PCMs 200 at each end of the link assures auto alignment of the system and also compensation of the path distortions 301 upon each transit of the intracavity mode 307/307′ between the master 301 and slave transceivers 302/302′, Slave.sub.1 and Slave.sub.2, respectively, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 4. (For simplicity, only the SPM/retroreflector array device 200 is shown in the figure.) The system also compensates for distortions in the respective laser amplifiers, 310 and 310′, within the master 301 and the slave 302′/302″ transceivers. As described in FIG. 4, each beamlet (or pixel) 201 that comprises the intracavity beams (307′/307″) is retroreflected and phase-shifted, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, to compensate for path errors, resulting in a phase-conjugate, long resonator laser, with two-way path compensation, including secure transfer of power and secure communications between the master and slave transceivers.

[0068] Turning now to FIG. 6A, details of an exemplary embodiment 600 of the system are depicted, with emphasis on the maser laser power transceiver 301. During operation, a long-laser resonator is formed between the master transceiver, 301, and one or both of the slave transceivers, 302′ and 302″. (Details of the slave transceivers are shown in FIG. 6B below.) One or both intracavity beams, 307′ and/or 307″ is incident upon the master power laser transceiver, 301. The beam initially passes through a telescope/iris (311) and power laser gain medium, 310, and is collimated by optical telescope 333. The telescope/iris defines the FOV of the system.

[0069] The beam encounters two paths via beam splitter 312. One path, 328, constitutes the high-power long-laser intracavity counterpropagating beam. The other path, 329, is the output signal beam from the long laser. The signal beam 329 serves a multipurpose function: (1) it is modulated by 313 to generate an error signal for proper setting of the optical path length and the optimal mode-locked modulation frequency; (2) it is demodulated by sensor 315 to provide the secure communication link from the slave to the master transceiver; and (3) it is detected by a sensor to generate the necessary error signal for a servo-controlled feedback loop and passes through telescope 314 after which it is detected by detector 315 (details to be discussed below).

[0070] The counterpropagating high-power intracavity beam 328 propagates through modulators 329 and 327 (discussed below), and through telescope 332 (typically a compound lens system, such as a telecentric), after which it encounters the PCM 326 (recall FIG. 4). The PCM generates a wavefront-reversed (“time-reversed”) replica of the incident beam, with the wavefront-reversed beam counterpropagating with respect to the incident beam, retracing its path (328), reflecting from the beam splitter 312, and back through the telescopes 333 and 311, the gain medium 310 and out through the path distortion 301. The time-reversed beam “undoes” the dynamic aberrations, including propagation distortions, laser gain media distortions, optical fiber modal dispersion, etc., and terminates at the slave transceiver (Slave.sub.1 or Slave.sub.2), thereby completing the intracavity roundtrip transit mode and resulting in a diffraction-limited beam.

[0071] Returning to the intracavity beam 328, upon reflection from beam splitter 312, and prior to the PCM, the beam passes through modulator 329, where it is encoded with master transceiver signal information 330 (M.sub.in) for transfer to the slave transceiver(s).

[0072] Also prior to the PCM, the beam 328 passes through modulator 334. The modulator, 334, phase-shifts the entire beam (307′ or 307″) by δφ=2πLδn/λ+2πnδL/λ, where λ is the wavelength of light and L is the cavity length (range) and δn is the electro-optical induced index of refraction (in the case of an electro-optical or liquid crystal phase shifter) and δL is the change in length, in the case of an optical fiber phase shifter (e.g., a fiber wrapped around a PZT cylinder). The function of this phase shifter is to match the frequency to the range (path length) for mode-locked operation—that is, f=c/[(n+δn)(L+δL)] or f=c/2[(n+δn)(L+δL)]—depending on the desired mode-locked modality, as discussed with respect to FIG. 3 above. In the former case (f˜c/nL), recall that the slave transceiver also modulates the beam by f′.sub.1,2=f˜c/nL; whereas, in the latter case (f˜c/2 nL), only the master modulates the beam at frequency f; the slave transceivers do not modulate the beam (i.e., f′.sub.1,2=0). The modulator driver (323) that comprises this phase shifting correction signal provides a relatively low frequency error correction signal (designated by “dc”). The error signal drives the phase shifter 334 as well as controls the mode-locked frequency via error signal 318 to adder 335.

[0073] Immediately prior to the PCM 326, the intracavity beam 328 passes through modulator 327. The modulator is driven by frequency f.sub.1 (via signal generator 319) or f.sub.2 (via signal generator 321) to mode-lock the laser over path 307′ or 307″, respectively for communication with Slave.sub.1 unit (302′) or Slave.sub.2 unit (302″), respectively. The specific frequency is determined by the distance (range) from the master PCM (326) to the slave PCM (326′) and is selected by switch 320. Frequency information for f.sub.1 and f.sub.2 is provided by the wireless duplex system 331 that communicates with the Slave.sub.1 unit (302′) via wireless link 306′ or with the Slave.sub.2 unit (302″) via wireless link 306″. The mode-locked frequency is dictated via adder 335 (labelled “ac”). Minor frequency error correction signals are provided by the output of mixer 323 through adder 335 (labelled “dc”). The adder drives the frequency generators 319 and 321, which, through selector switch 320, drives the optical modulator 327.

[0074] Returning to FIG. 6A, the signal beam emerges from the beam splitter 312 as beam 329, where it is modulated at frequency f.sub.0 324 by modulator 313, and is detected by sensor 315, after passage through telescope 314, resulting in an output signal 332. The function of the modulation operation (at f.sub.0) is to form a hill-climbing servo-controlled loop error signal to optimize the phase shift, dj, of modulator 334 for optimum mode-locking, as well as for fine-tuning of the mode-locking signal generators, 319 and 321 (f.sub.1 and f.sub.2, respectively), for optimum mode-locking.

[0075] As is known in the art, the servo loop is comprised a control processor 323 that mixes the f.sub.0 modulated frequency, 324, with the detected signal beam 322 (after passage through a bandpass filter 336), from the laser detector (315) to form the error signal for a hill-climbing servo operation. The processor provides the necessary error correcting phase-shift to drive the intracavity modulator 334, via processor 323. In addition, the processor 323 provides the necessary error modulation frequency information 318 to the signal generators (319, 321) via adder 335 (the “dc” input).

[0076] The choice of slave transceiver to form the long laser is controlled by switch 320, which selects slave transceiver, and, hence, the necessary mode-locked frequency, f.sub.1 or f.sub.2, based on the range and FOV, the latter, as determined by the telescope-iris 311.

[0077] A wireless rf link 331 communicates with the slave transceivers (via 306′ and 306″) to determine the range (via signal 336), and, hence, the required mode-locked frequency, f.sub.1 or f.sub.2, for the slave transceivers, which also modulates the high-power intracavity laser beam 328 by modulator 327. This information is also utilized to set the frequencies, 303′ and 303″ (f′.sub.1 and f′.sub.2, respectively) of the respective slave transceivers 302′ and 302″ for mode-locking of the long-laser cavity for enhanced security.

[0078] Finally, the long-laser output beam 329 is detected by detector 315, the output of which 332 passes through bandpass filter 316, where the secure communication signal beam 317 (S.sub.out) from the slave transceiver is recovered.

[0079] Turning now to FIG. 6B, details of an exemplary embodiment 650 of the system are depicted, with emphasis on the slave laser transceiver 302′ and 302″ (Slave.sub.1 and Slave.sub.2, respectively). As described above with respect to FIG. 6A, during operation, a long-laser resonator is formed between the master transceiver, 301, and one or both of the slave transceivers, 302′ and 302″. One or both intracavity beams, 307′ and/or 307″ is incident upon the slave laser transceiver, 302′ or 302″. The incident beam passes through a telescope/iris 311′ (to control the FOV in concert with the master transceiver), optional laser gain medium, 310′, and is collimated by optical telescope 333′.

[0080] The beam encounters two paths via beam splitter 312′. One path, 328′, is the high-power long-laser intracavity counterpropagating beam. The other path, 329′, is the output signal beam. The signal beam 329′ is comprised of two components. One component is the master transceiver secure communications link information, which is detected by sensor 315′, revealing the secure link information 305′/305″ (M.sub.out), after passage through bandpass filter 316′. The second component of the beam 329′ passes through telescope 314′ after which it is detected by a photovoltaic (or equivalent) cell 309′, whose output is the master transceiver optical power to be relayed from the maser power laser transceiver 301 (of FIG. 6A) to the slave transceiver (302′/302″), 332′/332″ (P.sub.out).

[0081] Returning to FIG. 6B, the intracavity counterpropagating beam 328′ propagates through modulators 329′ and 327′ (discussed below), and through telescope (a compound lens system, such as a telecentric) 325′, after which it encounters the PCM 326′ (recall FIG. 4). The PCM generates a wavefront-reversed (“time-reversed”) replica of the incident beam, with the wavefront-reversed beam counterpropagating with respect to the incident beam, retracing its path (328′), reflecting back through the beam splitter 312′, reverse passage through the telescopes 333′ and 311′, the gain medium 310′ and out through the path distortion 301 (where the time-reversed beam “undoes” the dynamic aberrations, including turbulence, laser gain distortions, etc.), and terminating at the master transceiver (Master), 301, thereby completing the intracavity roundtrip transit mode. The return beam is therefore diffraction-limited, minimizing losses, minimizing the long-laser threshold, minimizing the FOV and, hence, minimizing the probability of third party interception and detection.

[0082] Returning to the intracavity beam 328′: upon reflection from beam splitter 312′, and prior to the PCM (326′), the beam passes through modulator 329′, where it is encoded with slave transceiver secure signal information 308′/308″ (S.sub.1n) for transfer to the master transceiver.

[0083] Also, prior to the PCM, the intracavity beam passes through modulator 327′. The modulator imposes a modulation signal at frequency f′.sub.1,2 (via signal generator 319′/321′) to mode-lock the laser over path 307′ or 307″, respectively. Recall (FIG. 3), that there are two mode-locked modalities. In the first case, the master transceiver is modulated at a nominal frequency of f˜c/2 nL, where L is the range and where n is the effective refractive index over the path. In this case, the slave modulator is set to zero, that is, f′.sub.1,2=0. In the second case, the master transceiver is modulated at a nominal frequency of f˜c/nL. In this latter case, the slave modulator is also modulated at the same frequency as the master, that is f′.sub.1,2=f.sub.1,2˜c/nL. The desired modulation frequency, f′.sub.1,2 (303′/303″), is obtained via the wireless link 306′/306″. The wireless link also relays range information to the master module 301 for determination of the mode-locked frequency, f.sub.1, f.sub.2 at the master module.

[0084] Returning to FIG. 6B, the slave transceiver output beam 329′, after passage through beam splitter 312′, is detected by detector 315′, the output of which passes through bandpass filter 316′, where the secure communication signal beam 305′/305″ (M.sub.out) from the master transceiver 301 to the slave transceiver 302′/302″ is recovered. The beam then passes through telescope 314′ and is incident upon a photovoltaic cell (or equivalent), 309′, where the laser power relayed from the master transceiver 301 to the slave transceiver(s) is recovered, 332′/332″ (P.sub.out).

[0085] The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments disclosed were meant only to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications suited to the particular use contemplated.

[0086] As an example, in some scenarios, only one PCM may be required for first end of the link, whereas a retroreflector or retroreflector array (e.g., corner cubes or cat's eyes) may be required for the second end of the link. Moreover, other classes of phase-conjugate mirrors can be implemented, including, but not limited to four-wave and three-wave mixers, Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixers, SPMs with optical feedback as opposed to conventional wavefront sensors, photorefractive conjugators and loop conjugators. In addition to actively mode-locked modalities, passive mode-locked systems can be implemented, as well as hybrid mode-locked/Q-switched resonator configurations.

[0087] Furthermore, various classes of gain media can be implemented, such as diode-pumped single-mode and multi-mode optical fiber laser amplifiers, Raman and Brillouin gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber amplifiers, etc. Compact systems can be realized using metaoptical surfaces and elements in place of conventional optical telescopes and bulk optical trains.

[0088] Optical phase shifters such as tunable metasurface elements, single-mode and multi-mode waveguide phase shifters can be utilized, as well as metasurface optical phase shifters and other photonic devices, in place of conventional electro-optical and mechanical phase shifters (e.g., electro-optical crystals, liquid crystals, PZT-wound fiber phase shifters, etc.).

[0089] It is to be appreciated that the invention can be implemented to service a variety of beyond atmospheric compensation and adaptive optical systems. Examples include laser communication systems, compensation for telescope and microscope distortions, compact beam forming networks, guided-wave links, spectroscopy, medical applications such as optical coherence tomography and microscopy systems, robust Fabry-Perot cavities, stabilized single-mode and multi-mode lasers for compact operation, long laser concepts, remote sensing applications, LIDAR systems and laser scaling architectures. To this end, the teachings of this invention can apply to arrays of devices as well as to single-pixel SLM devices.

[0090] Similarly, when the distortion path that imposed the wave front distortions to be compensated is referred to as a dynamic atmosphere, it is to be understood that the teachings can also be applied, without loss of generality, to a correct for propagation-path distortions such as those experienced by imperfect optical elements, and static and/or dynamic distortions due to propagation through, or scattered from, ocular systems, skin tissue, clouds, turbid liquids, industrial environments, beam wander, platform motion, guided-wave distortions, and so on. The system is amenable to closed-loop and open loop optical compensation systems using, as example Shack-Hartmann and pyramid wave-front sensors.

[0091] It is also understood that the teachings herein can apply to guided-wave implementations of the present invention, given the state-of-the-art in optical fiber devices including, but not limited to, modulators, Faraday rotators and isolators, polarizers, sensors, fiber couplers and splitters, photonic crystal fibers, holey fibers, diode-pumped fiber lasers, amplifiers, Raman fiber amplifiers and MEMS devices. Fiber realizations can also be employed in place of bulk optical elements.

[0092] Furthermore, it is also to be understood that the teachings described herein can also apply to systems that operate in other regions of the electro-magnetic spectrum, from mm waves to the ultraviolet and beyond. As an example, precision compensated imaging over propagation-path distortions in the THz regime can be realized by employing appropriate THz detectors, sources, and beam forming components (THz sensors, imagers, diffraction gratings, photonic crystals, modulators, etc.) analogous to those in the optical embodiments. In addition, it is to be appreciated that the extension of the techniques taught herein can also apply to acoustic and ultrasonic beam forming systems through acoustic-based distortion paths.

[0093] The possibility of modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. No limitation is intended by the description of exemplary embodiments which may have included tolerances, feature dimensions, specific operating conditions, engineering specifications, or the like, and which may vary between implementations or with changes to the state of the art, and no limitation should be implied therefrom. Applicant has made this disclosure with respect to the current state of the art, but also contemplates advancements and that adaptations in the future may take into consideration of those advancements, namely in accordance with the then current state of the art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims as written and equivalents as applicable. Reference to a claim element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated. Moreover, no element, component, nor method or process step in this disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or step is explicitly recited in the Claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. Section 112, as it exists on the date of filing hereof, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for . . . ” and no method or process step herein is to be construed under those provisions unless the step, or steps, are expressly recited using the phrase “comprising the step(s) of . . . .”

[0094] The foregoing Detailed Description of exemplary and preferred embodiments is presented for purposes of illustration and disclosure in accordance with the requirements of the law. It is not intended to be exhaustive nor to limit the invention to the precise form(s) described, but only to enable others skilled in the art to understand how the invention may be suited for a particular use or implementation.

[0095] The scope of the invention is to be defined by the following claims.