Optical source, communications network optical apparatus and method of providing an optical signal

Abstract

An optical source comprises a first laser arranged to generate a first optical signal having a first state of polarization (SOP) and a first optical frequency; a second laser arranged to generate a second optical signal having a second SOP, substantially orthogonal to the first SOP, and having a second optical frequency, different from the first optical frequency by a preselected frequency difference; a polarisation beam coupler arranged to combine the first optical signal and the second optical signal into a composite optical signal comprising both the first optical signal and the second optical signal having said substantially orthogonal SOPs; and an output arranged to output the composite optical signal.

Claims

1. An optical source comprising: a first laser arranged to generate a first optical signal having a first state of polarization and a first optical frequency; a second laser arranged to generate a second optical signal having a second state of polarization, substantially orthogonal to the first state of polarization, and having a second optical frequency, different to the first optical frequency by a preselected frequency difference, ; a polarization beam coupler arranged to combine the first optical signal and the second optical signal into a composite optical signal comprising both the first optical signal and the second optical signal having said substantially orthogonal states of polarization; an output arranged to output the composite optical signal; and a feeder optical fiber coupled at one end to the output and having a polarization mode dispersion coefficient and a length, wherein the preselected frequency difference, , is inversely proportional to a differential group delay, , which is proportional to the polarization mode dispersion coefficient and the length of the feeder optical fiber.

2. The optical source of claim 1, wherein the preselected frequency difference , has a value of up to $\frac{1}{2.Math.a.Math..Math.},$ where () is an average value of the differential group delay in a single mode optical fiber and is a Maxwell adjustment factor.

3. The optical source of claim 2, wherein the Maxwell adjustment factor has a value of at least 4.

4. The optical source of claim 1, wherein the composite optical signal has an optical power and is the differential group delay that causes a 1.5 dB variation in the optical power.

5. The optical source of claim 1, wherein the polarization beam coupler has a principal state of polarization and the first state of polarization and the second state of polarization are each rotated by 45 degrees relative to the principal state of polarization, and wherein the polarization beam coupler is arranged to combine the first optical signal and the second optical signal into two said composite optical signals each comprising a respective component of the first optical signal and a respective component of the second optical signal, and wherein the optical source comprises a further output, each said output arranged to output a respective one of the composite optical signals.

6. A communications network optical apparatus comprising: the optical source of claim 1; a polarization selective optical filter arranged to receive a said composite optical signal generated by the optical source and arranged to transmit a portion of the composite optical signal having a preselected state of polarization; and an optical device arranged to operate at the preselected state of polarization and arranged to receive said portion of the composite optical signal transmitted by the polarization selective optical filter.

7. A communications network base station comprising: the optical source of claim 1; and an optical receiver having an electrical bandwidth and arranged to receive at least a portion of a said composite optical signal, wherein the preselected frequency difference is greater than twice the electrical bandwidth of the optical receiver.

8. The communications network base station of claim 7, the optical source further comprising: a polarization selective optical filter arranged to receive a said composite optical signal generated by the optical source and arranged to transmit a portion of a said composite optical signal having a preselected state of polarization; and an optical device arranged to operate at the preselected state of polarization and arranged to receive said portion of the composite optical signal transmitted by the polarization selective optical filter and arranged to modify said portion of the composite optical signal and to transmit the modified portion of the composite optical signal, and wherein the optical receiver is arranged to receive the modified portion of the composite optical signal.

9. A method of providing an optical signal to a delivery location, the method comprising: providing a first optical signal having a first state of polarization and a first optical frequency; providing a second optical signal having a second state of polarization, substantially orthogonal to the first state of polarization, and having a second optical frequency, different to the first optical frequency by a preselected frequency difference, ; combining the first optical signal and the second optical signal while maintaining the states of polarization of the first and second optical signals, to thereby form a composite optical signal comprising both the first optical signal and the second optical signal having said substantially orthogonal states of polarization; and transmitting the composite optical signal to the delivery location through a feeder optical fiber having a polarization mode dispersion coefficient and a length, wherein the preselected frequency difference, , is inversely proportional to a differential group delay, , which is proportional to the polarization mode dispersion coefficient and the length of the feeder optical fiber.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the preselected frequency difference, , has a value of up to $\frac{1}{2}.$

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the preselected frequency difference , has a value of up to $\frac{1}{2.Math.a.Math..Math.},$ where () is an average value of the differential group delay in a single mode optical fiber and is a Maxwell adjustment factor.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the adjustment factor has a value of at least 4.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the composite optical signal has an optical power and is the differential group delay that causes a 1.5 dB variation in the optical power.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of an optical source according to a first embodiment of the invention;

(2) FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of an optical source according to a second embodiment of the invention;

(3) FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of an optical source according to a fifth embodiment of the invention;

(4) FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an optical source according to a sixth embodiment of the invention;

(5) FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of an optical source according to a seventh embodiment of the invention;

(6) FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of an optical source according to an eighth embodiment of the invention;

(7) FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of an optical source according to a ninth embodiment of the invention;

(8) FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of an experimental setup used to test the optical source shown in FIG. 5;

(9) FIG. 9 shows the optical power amplitude variation of a selected state of polarization of the composite output signal and the thermal cycle (temperature) applied to the feeder optical fiber, as a function of time (minutes);

(10) FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of an experimental setup used to test transmission of the composite optical signal output from the optical source shown in FIG. 5;

(11) FIG. 11 shows bit error rate (Log(BER)) as a function of received optical power (Pin Rx (dB)), measured in a back-back arrangement (without the drop fiber) for frequency differences of 10 GHz (squares), 12.5 GHz (discs), 15 GHz (triangles), 20 GHz (diamonds) and 50 GHz (crosses);

(12) FIG. 12 shows bit error rate (Log(BER)) as a function of received optical power (Pin Rx (dB)), measured after transmission across the drop fiber for frequency differences of 10 GHz (squares), 12.5 GHz (discs), 15 GHz (triangles), 20 GHz (diamonds) and 50 GHz (crosses);

(13) FIG. 13 shows power penalty (dB) and receiver sensitivity (dBm) at a BER of 10.sup.9 as a function of frequency difference (GHz);

(14) FIG. 14 is a diagrammatic representation of communications network optical apparatus according to a tenth embodiment of the invention;

(15) FIG. 15 is a diagrammatic representation of communications network base station according to an eleventh embodiment of the invention;

(16) FIG. 16 is a diagrammatic representation of communications network base station according to a twelfth embodiment of the invention;

(17) FIG. 17 shows the steps of a method according to a thirteenth embodiment of the invention of providing an optical signal to a delivery location; and

(18) FIG. 18 shows the steps of a method according to a fourteenth embodiment of the invention of providing an optical signal to a delivery location.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(19) Referring to FIG. 1, a first embodiment of the invention provides an optical source 10 comprising a first laser 12, a second laser 16, a polarization beam coupler 20 and an output 22.

(20) The first laser 12 is arranged to generate a first optical signal 14 having a first state of polarization (SOP) and a first optical frequency. The second laser 16 is arranged to generate a second optical signal 18 having a second SOP and a second optical frequency. The second SOP is substantially orthogonal to the first SOP and the second optical frequency is different to the first optical frequency by a preselected frequency difference, .

(21) The polarization beam coupler 20 is arranged to combine the first optical signal and the second optical signal into a composite optical signal 24 comprising both the first optical signal and the second optical signal. The resulting composite optical signal is therefore a dual-carrier optical signal. The output 22 is arranged to output the composite optical signal 24.

(22) A second embodiment of the invention provides an optical source 30 as shown in FIG. 2. The optical source 30 of this embodiment is similar to the optical source 10 of the first embodiment, with the following modifications. The same reference numbers are retained for corresponding features.

(23) In this embodiment, the optical source 30 additionally comprises a feeder optical fiber 32, which is coupled at one end to the output 22, and has a polarization mode dispersion, PMD, coefficient and a length. The preselected frequency difference, , is inversely proportional to a differential group delay (DGD) , which the composite optical signal is expected to experience on transmission along the feeder fiber. The DGD that the composite optical signal will experience is proportional to the PMD coefficient and the length of the feeder fiber 32.

(24) In a third embodiment of the invention, described also with reference to FIG. 2, the preselected frequency difference, , has a value of up to

(25) $\frac{1}{2}.$

(26) In a fourth embodiment of the invention, described also with reference to FIG. 2, the preselected frequency difference, , has a value of up to

(27) 0$\frac{1}{2.Math.a.Math..Math.},$
where is an average value of the DGD which the composite optical signal is expected to experience in a single mode optical fiber and a is a Maxwell adjustment factor, as defined in section 10.4 of ITU-T Recommendation Series G Supplement 39.

(28) At the output of the feeder fiber 32 the orthogonality relation between the two optical signal components within the composite optical signal is maintained if the PMD of the feeder fiber does not exceed a given parameter, which can be estimated from the PMD coefficient and length of the feeder fiber.

(29) The orthogonality of two components of the composite optical signal will be affected by the frequency-dependent characteristics of the feeder fiber. Mathematically, this is due to the fact that the Jones matrix of an optical fiber is frequency dependent. In order to maintain the orthogonality of the two components of the composite optical signal with good approximation, it must be ensured that:
.Math.=.Math.21 rad(on the Poincare'sphere)(1)
where is the differential group delay (DGD) of the feeder fiber, which is distributed according to a Maxwell probability density function, as described by Curti. F. et al, Statistical treatment of the evolution of the principal states of polarization in single-mode fibers, J. Lightwave Technol., 1990, 8, (S), pp. 1162-1166.

(30) The condition defined by equation (1) ensures that at the end of the feeder fiber the optical power in a selected SOP remains substantially constant against induced SOP variations, for instance due to thermal cycles of the feeder fiber.

(31) From equation (1) we can extract the maximum value of the frequency difference between the first optical signal and the second optical signal for which the condition remains true:
(2)

(32) If we choose, for example, a value <>0.63 ps (for a 10 km-long feeder fiber having a 0.2 ps/km PMD coefficient), it can be seen that if we replace by <> we would find that should be less than 250 GHz. However such a replacement is not correct since is the instantaneous DGD value, while <> is the average DGD. As will be well known to the skilled person, the DGD experienced by an optical signal varies randomly according to a Maxwell distribution characterised by the PMD coefficient of the fiber.

(33) In order to obtain proper optical signal power margins we have adopted an approach similar to outage probability. However, rather than using the Maxwell adjustment factors given in Table 10.6 of ITU-T Recommendation Series G Supplement 39 to in relation to the probability of the instantaneous DGD exceeding a preselected maximum value, we are using the Maxwell adjustment factor to account for the probability that an instantaneous degradation of more than 1.5 dB will occur in the optical power of the selected SOP of the composite optical signal at the end of the feeder fiber. 1.5 dB is selected as the maximum acceptable degradation in the optical signal power.

(34) In this example, we use a Maxwell adjustment factor of 6 and replace by 6.Math.<> in equation (2). This results in a negligible average optical signal power penalty for the selected SOP while the worst case penalty remains at 1.5 dB. The upper value of the frequency difference in this case is approximately 42 GHz.

(35) A larger frequency difference between the first and second optical signals may be used if a higher probability can be tolerated that the maximum optical signal power degradation of 1.5 dB will be exceeded. A Maxwell adjustment factor of at least 4 should be used, with an adjustment factor of between 4 and 6 being preferred, 4 representing a higher probability than 6.

(36) An optical source 40 according to fifth embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3. The optical source 40 of this embodiment is similar to the optical source 10 of the first embodiment, with the following modifications.

(37) In this embodiment, the polarization beam coupler, PBC, 50 has a principle state of polarization.

(38) The first laser source 42 is arranged to generate a first optical signal 44 having a first optical frequency and a first SOP which is rotated by 45 degrees relative to the principle SOP of the PBC. The second laser source is arranged to generate a second optical signal 48 having a second optical frequency and a second SOP which is also rotated by 45 degrees relative to the principle SOP of the PBC. The second SOP is substantially orthogonal to the first SOP.

(39) The PBC 50 is arranged to combine the first optical signal 44 and the second optical signal 48 into two composite optical signals 56, 58. Each composite optical signal is formed from a respective component of the first optical signal and a respective component of the second optical signal. The first composite optical signal comprises a component of the first optical signal having the principle SOP and a component of the second optical signal having the orthogonal SOP and the second composite optical signal comprises a component of the second optical signal having the principle SOP and a component of the first optical signal having the orthogonal SOP.

(40) The optical source comprises two outputs, 52, 54, each output being arranged to output a respective one of the composite optical signals.

(41) An optical source 60 according to a sixth embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 4. The optical source 60 of this embodiment is similar to the optical source 10 of the first embodiment, with the following modifications. The same reference numbers are retained for corresponding features.

(42) In this embodiment, each laser 12, 14 has an output PMF pigtail 62a, 64a. The PBC 20 has two inputs, each coupled to a respective input PMF pigtail 62b, 64b, and an output coupled to an output PMF pigtail 66. Each of the PMF pigtails has a fast axis and a slow axis. The PMF pigtail 62a of the first laser 12 is coupled one of the input PMF pigtails 62b of the PBC, and the PMF pigtails are arranged such that the slow axis of the first laser output pigtail 62a is aligned with the fast axis of the said PBC input PMF pigtail 62b. The PMF pigtail 64a of the second laser 14 is coupled the other of the input PMF pigtails 64b of the PBC, and the PMF pigtails are arranged such that the fast axis of the second laser output pigtail 64a is aligned with the slow axis of the said other PBC input PMF pigtail 64b.

(43) An optical source 70 according to a seventh embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 5. The optical source 70 of this embodiment is similar to the optical source 60 of the previous embodiment, with the following modifications. The same reference numbers are retained for corresponding features.

(44) In this embodiment, each laser is a DFB laser 72, 76 and the output pigtail 66 of the PBC is coupled to a feeder fiber 80, which here is a single mode fiber (SMF).

(45) An optical source 90 according to an eighth embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 6. The optical source 90 of this embodiment is similar to the optical source 70 of the previous embodiment, with the following modifications. The same reference numbers are retained for corresponding features.

(46) In this embodiment, the optical source 90 additionally comprises an optical splitter (PS) 92 coupled to the output pigtail 66 of the PBC 20. The optical splitter has a plurality of outputs each of which is coupled to a respective feeder fiber 80.

(47) The optical splitter is arranged to receive a composite optical signal from the PBC and to power split the composite optical signal into a preselected number of replica composite optical signals, each of which is routed into a respective one of the feeder fibers.

(48) An optical source 100 according to a ninth embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 7. The optical source 100 of this embodiment is similar to the optical source 40 of the fifth embodiment, shown in FIG. 3, with the following modifications. The same reference numbers are retained for corresponding features.

(49) In this embodiment, each of the lasers is a DFB laser 102, 104 with a respective output PMF pigtail 106a, 108a. The PBC 50 has two inputs, each of which has a respective input PMF pigtail 106b, 108b, and two outputs, each of which has a respective output PMF pigtail 96, 98. Each of the PBC output pigtails are coupled to a respective SMF feeder fiber 110.

(50) FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of an experimental setup used to test the optical source 70 of the seventh embodiment, shown in FIG. 5.

(51) The feeder fiber 80, which comprised 8.8 km of G652 SMF for the test, is located within a thermal chamber 200 which is arranged to apply a thermal cycle to the feeder fiber 80. This is in order to produce polarization variation of at least one of the first optical signal and the second optical signal within the composite optical signal. A polarizer 202 is provided to transmit a preselected SOP of the composite optical signal to a polarimeter 204. The polarimeter is arranged to measure the amplitude variation of the optical signal transmitted by the polarizer, to thereby measure the optical power variation of the selected SOP of the composite optical signal.

(52) FIG. 9 shows the amplitude variation of the selected SOP measured by the polarimeter and the corresponding thermal cycle (temperature) applied to the feeder optical fiber, as a function of time (minutes). It can be seen that the power fluctuation of the selected SOP due to the thermally induced polarization evolution in the feeder fiber is less than 1 dB.

(53) FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of an experimental setup used to test transmission of the composite optical signal output from the optical source 70 shown in FIG. 5.

(54) The first DFB 72 is an integrateable tuneable laser assembly having a 50 GHz optical frequency tuning step. The second DFB 76 is a tuneable laser having a 100 MHz optical frequency tuning step. The second DFB was chosen to be finely tuneable in order to accurately understand in the lab test the system performance dependence on the frequency difference tuning of the two DFBs. The feeder fiber 80 is 8.8 km of G652 SMF.

(55) A Mach-Zehnder modulator (MzM) 210 is provided at the end of the feeder fiber 80 and is arranged to modulate the amplitude of the composite optical signal with a 231.sup.1 pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) at 9.953 Gb/s generated by a pulse pattern generator (PPG) 214. A commercial modulator driver 212, with 12.5 GHz of bandwidth, is placed between the PPG and the MzM to adjust the driving radio frequency electrical level.

(56) The output of the MzM 210 is coupled to a drop fiber 216, which here is a further 8.8 km of G652 SMF. The modulated optical signal output from the MzM is detected using a photo-receiver 220, in this case a PIN based photo receiver with a 7.86 GHz electrical bandwidth. A variable optical attenuator, VOA, 218 is placed in front the receiver to allow the optical signal power to be adjusted. The electrical output of the photo-receiver 220 is connected to a bit error rate tester (BERT) 222 and a digital communication analyzer (DCA) 224 to analyze the transmission performance.

(57) FIG. 11 shows bit error rate (Log(BER)) as a function of received optical power (Pin Rx (dB)), measured in a back-back arrangement (without the drop fiber 216) for frequency differences of: 10 GHz (squares), 12.5 GHz (discs), 15 GHz (triangles), 20 GHz (diamonds) and 50 GHz (crosses). Eye diagrams are also shown for transmission at frequency differences of 10 Ghz, 12.5 GHz, 15 GHz and 50 GHz.

(58) In the back-to-back arrangement, when the frequency difference is reduced to less than 15 GHz the BER performance shows sensible degradation due to beating noise between the first optical signal and the second optical signal during detection by the photo-receiver 220. The performance degradation is also confirmed by the related eye diagrams.

(59) FIG. 12 shows bit error rate (Log(BER)) as a function of received optical power (Pin Rx (dB)), measured after transmission across the drop fiber 216 for frequency differences of: 10 GHz (squares), 12.5 GHz (discs), 15 GHz (triangles), 20 GHz (diamonds) and 50 GHz (crosses). Eye diagrams are also shown for transmission at frequency differences of 10 Ghz, 12.5 GHz, 15 GHz and 50 GHz.

(60) After transmission in the drop fiber 216, no propagation effect was seen on the modulated optical signal when the frequency difference is less than 15 GHz; in this case the performance is dominated by the beating noise effect between the first and second optical signals. For a frequency difference of 50 GHz, the eye diagram confirms that chromatic dispersion in the fibers is dominating the system performance.

(61) FIG. 13 shows power penalty (dB) and receiver sensitivity (dBm) at a BER of 10.sup.9 as a function of frequency difference (GHz). The figure shows that, after propagation across the fibers, a frequency difference of 15 GHz offers the best trade-off between performance limitation due to beating noise between the first and second optical signals and performance limitation due to chromatic dispersion. It should be noted that the optical source 70 experiences less than 3 dB of power penalty frequency differences ranging from 12.5 GHz to 40 GHz.

(62) A tenth embodiment of the invention provides a communications network optical apparatus 300 as shown in FIG. 14.

(63) The communications network optical apparatus 300 comprises an optical source 10, according to the first embodiment, a polarization selective optical filter 302 and an optical device (SPD) 306. It will be appreciated that the optical source 30, 40, 60, 70, 90, 100 of one of the other previous embodiments may alternatively be used.

(64) The polarization selective optical filter 302 and the optical device 306 are provided at a location which is remote from the location of the optical source 10. In the embodiments which comprise a feeder fiber 32, 80, 110, this extends between the two locations to connect the optical source to the polarization selective optical filter.

(65) The polarization selective optical filter 302 is arranged to receive a composite optical signal 24 generated by the optical source 10. The polarization selective optical filter 302 is arranged to transmit a portion 304 of the composite optical signal having a preselected SOP.

(66) The optical device 306 is arranged to operate at the said preselected SOP and is arranged to receive the portion of the composite optical signal transmitted by the polarization selective optical filter.

(67) An eleventh embodiment of the invention provides a communications network base station 400 as shown in FIG. 15.

(68) The communications network base station 400 comprises an optical source 10 according to the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1 and an optical receiver 402. It will be appreciated that the optical source 30, 40, 60, 70, 90, 100 of one of the other previous embodiments may alternatively be used.

(69) The optical receiver 402 has an electrical bandwidth and is arranged to receive at least a portion 418 of the composite optical signal generated by the optical source 10.

(70) The preselected frequency difference between the optical frequencies of the first optical signal and the second optical signal is greater than twice the electrical bandwidth of the optical receiver.

(71) A communications network base station 410 according to a twelfth embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 16. The communications network base station 410 of this embodiment is similar to the communications network base station 400 of the previous embodiment, with the following modifications. The same reference numbers are retained for corresponding features. Again, it will be appreciated that the optical source 30, 40, 60, 70, 90, 100 of one of the other previous embodiments may alternatively be used.

(72) In this embodiment, the optical source further comprises a polarization selective optical filter 412 and an optical device 416.

(73) The polarization selective optical filter 412 and the optical device 416 are provided at a location which is remote from the location of the optical source 10. In the embodiments which comprise a feeder fiber 32, 80, 110, this extends between the two locations to connect the optical source to the polarization selective optical filter. The optical receiver 402 is provided at a location remote from that of the polarization selective optical filter and the optical device. In the embodiments which comprise a feeder fiber 32, 80, 110, a drop fiber is provided to couple the optical device 416 to the optical receiver 402.

(74) The polarization selective optical filter 412 is arranged to receive a composite optical signal 24 from the optical source 10. The polarization selective optical filter 412 is arranged to transmit at a preselected SOP and therefore transmits a portion 414 of the composite optical signal having that SOP.

(75) The optical device 416 is arranged to operate at the SOP of the polarization selective optical filter. The optical device is arranged to receive the portion of the composite optical signal transmitted by the polarization selective optical filter, modify that portion of the composite optical signal and transmit the modified portion 418 of the composite optical signal.

(76) The optical receiver 402 is arranged to receive the modified portion of the composite optical signal.

(77) Referring to FIG. 17, a thirteenth embodiment of the invention provides a method 500 of providing an optical signal to a delivery location.

(78) The method comprises providing 502 a first optical signal having a first SOP and a first optical frequency. The method additionally comprises providing 504 a second optical signal having a second SOP and a second optical frequency. The second SOP is substantially orthogonal to the first SOP and the second optical frequency is different to the first optical frequency by a preselected frequency difference, .

(79) The method comprises combining 506 the first optical signal and the second optical signal while maintaining their states of polarization, to thereby form a composite optical signal comprising both the first optical signal and the second optical signal.

(80) The method comprises transmitting 508 the composite optical signal to the delivery location and, at the delivery location, filtering 510 the composite optical signal to select a portion of the composite optical signal having a preselected SOP.

(81) Referring to FIG. 18, a fourteenth embodiment of the invention provides a method 520 of providing an optical signal to a delivery location which is similar to the method 500 of the previous embodiment. The same reference numbers are retained for corresponding steps.

(82) In this embodiment, the composite optical signal is transmitted 524 through a feeder optical fiber having a PMD coefficient and a length. The preselected frequency difference, is inversely proportional to a differential group delay, , which is proportional to the PMD coefficient and the length of the feeder optical fiber 522.

(83) In a fifteenth embodiment of the invention, also described with reference to FIG. 18, the preselected frequency difference, , has a value of up to

(84) $\frac{1}{2}.$

(85) In a sixteenth embodiment of the invention, also described with reference to FIG. 18, the preselected frequency difference , has a value of up to

(86) $\frac{1}{2.Math.a.Math..Math.},$
where is an average value of the DGD which the composite optical signal is expected to experience and a is a Maxwell adjustment factor, as defined in section 10.4 of ITU-T Recommendation Series G Supplement 39.

(87) In a seventeenth embodiment of the invention, also described with reference to FIG. 18, a Maxwell adjustment factor of at least 4 is used, with an adjustment factor of between 4 and 6 being preferred, 4 representing a higher probability than 6.

(88) In an eighteenth embodiment of the invention, also described with reference to FIG. 18, the composite optical signal has an optical power and is the differential group delay which causes a 1.5 dB variation in the optical power.

(89) A nineteenth embodiment of the invention provides a data carrier having computer readable instructions embodied therein. The computer readable instructions are for providing access to resources available on a processor. The computer readable instructions comprise instructions to cause the processor to perform any of the steps of the method of providing an optical signal having a preselected state of polarization, as described above in any of the thirteenth to eighteenth embodiments of the invention.

(90) The data carrier may be a non-transitory data carrier.