Muographic observation instrument

Abstract

A muographic observation instrument is constructed with a ground unit in which six gaseous detectors are attached to six detector sockets arranged to be parallel to a flat surface with a certain distance between them, and a pair out of ten radiation shields is placed between each detector socket mounted the shield sockets. Since the gaseous detectors have smaller spatial resolution compared to a usual scintillator detector, the thickness of lead plates used for eliminating the noise caused by electromagnetic shower from the horizontal direction can be made ? smaller, and therefore the weight of the whole device is decreased substantially. Furthermore, since only the gaseous detectors and radiation shields have to be mounted to the sockets of the ground unit, the installation of the device is simple.

Claims

1. A muographic observation instrument for use in a muographic observation system for imaging an internal structure of a gigantic object, the muographic observation instrument comprising an arrangement of: muon-detecting gaseous detectors attached to wires arranged to be parallel to a flat surface with a certain distance between them; radiation shields composed of lead plates placed in stainless steel cases; detachable detector sockets mounting the gaseous detectors; and detachable shield sockets placed between the detector sockets that mount the radiation shields.

2. The muographic observation instrument of claim 1, wherein the radiation shields include multiple radiation shields attached to the shield sockets which are placed between the detector sockets.

3. The muographic observation instrument of claim 2, wherein the detector sockets and shield sockets are liftable.

4. The muographic observation instrument of claim 3, wherein the muographic observation instrument is composed of parts that can be easily and freely disassembled.

5. The muographic observation instrument of claim 2, wherein the muographic observation instrument is composed of parts that can be easily and freely disassembled.

6. The muographic observation instrument of claim 1, wherein the detector sockets and shield sockets are liftable.

7. The muographic observation instrument of claim 6, wherein the muographic observation instrument is composed of parts that can be easily and freely disassembled.

8. The muographic observation instrument of claim 1, wherein the muographic observation instrument is composed of parts that can be easily and freely disassembled.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows a structure of the newly invented muographic observation system (MOS) using the muographic observation instrument (MOI).

(2) FIG. 2 shows a construction of the MOI.

(3) FIG. 3 shows a view of the construction shown in FIG. 2 from above.

(4) FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of an inside part of a gaseous detector.

(5) FIG. 5 shows a cross sectional view of the plane A-A of FIG. 4.

(6) FIG. 6 shows a construction of the radiation shields.

(7) FIG. 7 shows scattering of the high-energy electrons by the radiation shields.

(8) FIG. 8 shows a comparison of the muon flux measured by the muon detector with the theoretical result as a function of the angle of elevation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(9) Next a description of the implementation of the present invention will be given by presenting explicit examples.

(10) FIG. 1 shows the structure of the muographic observation system (MOS) 20 that uses the newly invented muographic observation instrument (MOI) 30. The MOS 20 is placed around gigantic objects such as mountains and by detecting the muons that have passed through the object, and then processing the detection results with the analyzer 60, an image of its interior is generated. As shown in FIG. 1, the analyzing system 60 contains an internal structure analyzer (ISA) program 62 which is software running on a general-purpose computer. The computer has CPU, ROM, RAM, GPU, VRAM, and HDD not shown in the Figure, as well as the ISA program 62 installed on the hard disc drive. The ISA program 62 has a data-input module 64, an analyzing module 66 which checks the input data for the interior part of the target object, and an output module 68 that provides the results of the analyzing module. A monitor 70, keyboard 72, and a mouse 74 are attached to the computer. Since the ISA program 62 uses basically the same method as described in the given literature mentioned in the background part of this document, detailed description of the program is omitted here.

(11) FIG. 2 shows the construction of the MOI 30. FIG. 3 is a view of the construction shown in FIG. 2 from above. The MOI 30, as shown in FIG. 2, has 6 gaseous detectors 40a-40f and 10 radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51f as a part of the ground unit 32. Since the 6 gaseous detectors are identical, it is referred to and denoted as gaseous detector 40 in the Figure. Also, the 10 radiation shields are identical, so they are referred to as radiation shield 50, 51.

(12) The ground unit 32 has a supporting frame 33, 6 detector sockets 34a-34f for inserting the 6 gaseous detectors 40a-40f, 5 shield sockets 35a-35e for inserting the 10 radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51f. Each detector socket 34a-34f can be raised or lowered by the lifting handles 38a-38f, and similarly the shield sockets 35a-35e are also liftable by the lifting handles 39a-39e. The lifting of the detector socket 34a and the shield socket 35a is shown by broken lines in the upper left part of FIG. 2, while the upper right part of the Figure shows the lifting of the gaseous detector 40e and radiation shield 50e, 51e through the sockets 34e, 35e.

(13) The supporting frame 33 made of stainless steel includes the lower frame part 33a, upper frame part 33b, side parts 33c, 33d, and reinforcement part 33e. The 6 detector sockets 34a-34f are arranged to be parallel to a flat surface with equal intervals, and the 5 shield sockets 35a-35e are placed between them with the same arrangement, i.e. in equal intervals. The arrangement of the detector sockets and shield sockets are alternatively repeated in the following order: detector socket 34a, shield socket 35a, detector socket 34b, shield socket 35b, and so on. Therefore, between each of the neighboring gaseous detectors 40 2 radiation shields are inserted.

(14) The lifting handles 38a-38f are connected to the detector sockets 34a-34f through the wires 36a-36f, and turning them clockwise or anti-clockwise the wires 36a-36f can be wound up or released, and as a result, the detector sockets 34a-34f can be lifted up or down separately. Similarly, the lifting handles 39a-39e are connected to the shield sockets 35a-35e through the wires 37a-37e, and are used in the same way to lift the shield sockets 35a-35e separately.

(15) FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the inside part of the gaseous detector 40 while FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the plane A-A of FIG. 4. Thereby, FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the plane B-B of FIG. 5. The gaseous detector 40 includes a known gas-wire chamber (MWPC: Multi Wire Proportional Chamber), two cathode planes 42a, 42b with anode wires 44(1) . . . 44(n) in their middle part arranged parallel to each other at regular intervals with field wires 45(1) . . . 45(n) put between the anode wires. In the vicinity of the cathode plane 42b a set of signal pick-up wires 46(1) . . . 46(m) are arranged orthogonal to the anode wires 44(1) . . . 44(n), and they are connected to the signal read-out part 48, while the field wires 45(1) . . . 45(n) are connected to the read-out part 47. In this way, the detection of two directions (x and y) is possible in a single signal. The inner part of the gaseous detector is filled with a mixture of Ar and CO.sub.2 gases which is non-flammable and non-toxic. As an example, the diameter of the anode wires 44(1) . . . 44(n) is 25 micrometers while the diameter of the field wires 45(1) . . . 45(n) is 100 micrometers, their length is 1500 mm, and the distance between them is 12 mm. Finally, the diameter of the signal pick-up wires is 100 micrometers and their length is 1500 mm. Therefore, the size of the gaseous detector 40 is about 1550 mm?1550 mm?25 mm.

(16) FIG. 6 shows the construction of the radiation shields 50, 51. Each radiation shield 50, 51 includes the bottom frame 52 made of stainless steel, the cover frame 54 made of stainless steel, where the bottom frame 52 has two rectangular flat frames 53a, 53b in which two lead plates 58a, 58b are placed. As an example for the radiation shield 50, 51, the frames 53a, 53b with a length of 1500 mm and a width of 750 mm made of 10 mm thick stainless steel SUS304 build up the bottom frame 52 in which the frames 58a, 58b with length 1500 mm, width 750 mm, and thickness 50 mm are put, and the cover frame 54 has length 1520 mm and width 1530 mm, and it is also made of 10 mm thick stainless steel SUS304. In this arrangement lead plates are put inside the stainless steel case, and since the lead is soft, it is difficult to maintain its shape under its own weight.

(17) The 6 gaseous detectors 40a-40f of the MOI 30 are mounted by the 6 detector sockets 34a-34f and arranged in regular intervals to be parallel to a flat surface. Multiple detectors effectively reduce the possibility of fake track generation due to the accidental coincidence of shower particles in the MOI. The muon tracks can be identified by connecting the vertex points generated on these gaseous detectors 40 arranged to be parallel to the flat surface. This noise reduction rate is more improved if we increase the number of detectors used for reconstructing the muon tracks because the shower particles hit each gaseous detector 40a-40f randomly and as a result, it is unlikely that those other than muon events will create a linear trajectories with more vertex points.

(18) In the MOI 30, out of the 10 radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e that are mounted to the shield sockets 35a-35e, a pair is placed between each parallel detector socket 34a-34f. Therefore, the noise caused by the electromagnetic shower coming from the horizontal direction is eliminated in this way. Since the muon is strong enough to penetrate many of the radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e this does not affect the detection of the straight track of muons. However, in contrast to muons, the electromagnetic and hadronic particles, mainly electrons, positrons, gamma rays, protons and mesons, have a lower power of penetration and therefore they are terminated or scattered by the radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e. FIG. 7 shows the scattering of high-energy electrons by the radiation shields 50, 51 as an example. As described above, one of the main components of the electromagnetic particle is electrons. When vertex points are identified at all of the 6 gaseous detectors 40a-40f with a slight time difference and along a straight line, these are identified as muon events; the electromagnetic shower is identified if they are not detected along a straight line.

(19) FIG. 8 is a comparison of the muon flux measured by the MOS 20 with the theoretical result as a function of the elevation angle. The solid line in the figure shows the theoretically calculated muon flux. The thickness of the mountain is thin in the range of high elevations, and becomes thicker as the elevation angle is decreased. For the elevation-angle values near the zero value at the right-hand side, the maximum thickness of mountain is 2500 m. On the other hand, in the negative side of the value of zero elevation angle there is no mountain, and therefore its thickness vanishes. Thus, the theoretical muon flux is the open-sky distribution in the negative elevation-angle range, while in the positive elevation-angle range it depends on the thickness of the mountain. In the negative elevation-angle range the muon flux observed by the MOS 20 matches with the open-sky theoretical result, which shows that the noise is removed reasonably. For elevation values larger than 300 mrad the observed flux values are much larger compared to the theoretical result, which indicates the presence of holes in the mountain caused by foaming magma and paths of magma. For elevation less than 100 mrad the measured flux is slightly larger than the theoretical expectation, which is thought to be caused by the scattering of muons. As a conclusion, the fake muon tracks were removed reasonably.

(20) Next, the performance of the MOI 30 is discussed by comparing with the conventional MOI using plastic scintillator bars. Plastic scintillator bars are heavier than the gaseous detector 40 for the same active area. Considering a 1500 mm?1500 mm sensor area, it gives 800 kg for the weight of the plastic scintillator against the 200 kg weight for the gaseous detector. Furthermore, the spatial resolution of the scintillator detector is 100 mm, while it is 10 mm for the gaseous detector. Therefore, in case of the scintillator detector five times thicker lead plates are necessary to exclude the noise caused by the electromagnetic shower from the horizontal direction. Considering the lead density as 11.34 g/cm.sup.3, the weight of a pair of radiation shields 50, 51 mounted to the shield sockets 35a-35e in the present muon detector case is 1500 mm?1500 mm?100 mm?11.3 g/cm.sup.3=2.55 t which should be compared to the weight 1500 mm?1500 mm?500 mm?11.34 g/cm.sup.3=12.75 t for the case of the scintillator detector. Therefore, the total weight of the 10 radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e is 2.55 t for the gaseous detector, which should be compared to the weight 12.75 t for the case of the scintillator detector.

(21) The ground unit 32 of the above described muon detector 30 contains 6 gaseous detectors 40a-40f, 10 radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e, 6 detector sockets 34a-34f, and 5 shield sockets 35a-35e. Because each gaseous detector 40a-40f has 10 times smaller spatial resolution compared to a general scintillator detector, the thickness of the radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e necessary for removing the noise caused by electromagnetic shower mainly charged electrons e?,e+ during the muon detection is ? smaller in the case of the present muon detector case. In addition, the weight of a gaseous detector 40 is ? smaller than a scintillator detector assuming the same sensor area. As a result, the present muon detector having the same performance as compared to a general detector device using a scintillator detector can be made at least five times lighter. Furthermore, due to the structure of the ground unit 32 in the present device containing 6 gaseous detectors 40a-40f mounted by the detector sockets 34a-34f, the noise caused by the electromagnetic shower from the sky can be efficiently eliminated. In addition, the structure of the ground unit 32 with pairs of the 10 radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e mounted by the 5 shield sockets 35a-35e also allows for the elimination of the noise caused by the electromagnetic shower from the horizontal direction. Thus, the present muon detector 30 is lighter, more efficient against noise, and can be installed easier compared to a general scintillator detector.

(22) Since the 6 detector sockets 34a-34f, the 5 shield sockets 35a-35e, and the heavy radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e of the present muon detector 30 can be disassembled freely, the installation of the present device is easy. Furthermore, since the detector sockets 34a-34f and the shield sockets 35a-35e can be lifted up and down individually using the lifting handles 38a-38f, 39a-39e by turning them clockwise or anti-clockwise, the detachment of the gaseous detectors 40a-40f from the detector sockets 34a-34f and the detachment of the radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e from the shield sockets 35a-35e is easy, which makes the installation process of the observation device simple. Besides, concerning the support frame 33 of the ground unit 32, since it can be removed and assembled freely, even when the access of the installation place is difficult, the support frame 33 can be carried there in a disassembled state. As a result, the installation of the device is simple.

(23) Concerning the 6 gaseous detectors 40a-40e arranged to be parallel to a flat surface with regular intervals between them, the parallel arrangement is important but the details of the intervals between them are not. Moreover, the number of the gaseous detectors is not limited to 6, it can be more (e.g., 7) or less (e.g., 5).

(24) In the present configuration, a pair out of the 10 radiation shields 50a-50e, 51a-51e is placed between each gaseous detector 40a-40e, but it is also possible to put more than 3 radiation shields between the gaseous detectors instead of a pair. Not placing radiation shields between each gaseous detector is also possible.

(25) In the MOI 30 the radiation shield 50,51 is constituted from two housing frames 53a, 53b in which the lead plates 58a, 58b are put, but it is also possible to use three or more housing frames and lead plates. In the MOI 30, the stainless cases are housing the lead plates, but other materials with strength such as iron can also be used.

(26) In the MOI 30 the detector sockets 34a-34f and the shield sockets 35a-35e can be individually lifted, but if not, it does not matter.

(27) The implementation of the present invention is described here by giving concrete examples, but the invention is not limited only to these examples, it can be implemented in various ways.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

(28) The present invention can be used in manufacturing industry of muon detectors.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

(29) 20: MOS 30: MOI 32: ground unit 33: support frame 34a-34f: detector sockets 35a-35e: shield sockets 36a-36f, 37a-37e: wires 38a-38f,39a-39e: lifting handles 40, 40a-40f: gaseous detectors 42a, 42b, 42c: cathode planes 44(1) . . . 44(n): anode wires 45(1) . . . 45(n): field wires; 48: signal read-out 50,51, 50a-50e, 51a-51e: radiation shields 52: bottom frame 53a, 53b: frames 54 cover frame 58a, 58b: lead plates 60: analyzer 62: internal state analyzer (ISA) program 64: input module 66: analyzing module 68: output module 70: monitor 72: keyboard 74: mouse

(30) Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.