Zirconium-cobalt-nickel-aluminum glasses with high glass forming ability and high reflectivity
10458008 ยท 2019-10-29
Assignee
Inventors
- Jong Hyun Na (Pasadena, CA)
- Kyung-Hee Han (Pasadena, CA)
- Glenn Garrett (Pasadena, CA)
- Maximilien Launey (Pasadena, CA, US)
- Marios D. Demetriou (West Hollywood, CA)
- William L. Johnson (San Marino, CA)
Cpc classification
International classification
Abstract
The disclosure is directed to ZrCoNiAl alloys that optionally comprise Ti and are capable of forming metallic glasses having a combination of high glass forming ability and high reflectivity. Compositional regions in the ZrCoNiAl and ZrTiCoNiAl alloys are disclosed where the metallic glass-forming alloys demonstrate a high glass forming ability while the metallic glasses formed from the alloys exhibit a high reflectivity. The metallic glass-forming alloys demonstrate a critical plate thickness of at least 2 mm, while the metallic glasses formed from the alloys demonstrate a CIELAB L* value of at least 78.
Claims
1. An alloy capable of forming a metallic glass having a composition represented by the following formula:
Zr.sub.(100-a-b-c-d)Ti.sub.aCo.sub.bNi.sub.cAl.sub.d where: a is up to 10; b ranges from 12 to 22; c ranges from 8 to 20; and d ranges from 8 to 18, wherein the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 2 mm, and wherein the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is at least 78.
2. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the CIELAB b* value of the metallic glass is equal to or less than 3.5.
3. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 70 MPa m.sup.1/2.
4. The alloy of claim 1, wherein a ranges from 0.1 to 10, and the critical plate thickness is at least 3 mm.
5. The alloy of claim 1, wherein a ranges from 1 to 7, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 4 mm.
6. The alloy of claim 1, wherein a ranges from 2 to 6, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 5 mm.
7. The alloy of claim 1, wherein b ranges from 14 to 20, and the CIERLAB L* value of the metallic glass is at least 78.2.
8. The alloy of claim 1, wherein c ranges from 10.25 to 17.25, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is greater than 2 mm.
9. The alloy of claim 1, wherein c ranges from 9.5 to 18, and the CIELAB b* value of the metallic glass is less than 3.25.
10. The alloy of claim 1, wherein c ranges from 10.25 to 14.75, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.2.
11. The alloy of claim 1, wherein d ranges from greater than 10 to less than 17.5, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is greater than 2 mm.
12. The alloy of claim 1, wherein d ranges from 8 to less than 17.5, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.
13. The alloy of claim 1, wherein d ranges from 8 to 16, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.2.
14. The alloy of claim 1, wherein d ranges from 8 to 16, and the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 70 MPa m.sup.1/2.
15. The alloy of claim 1, wherein d ranges from 8 to less than 15, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.4.
16. The alloy of claim 1, wherein d ranges from 10 to 15.5, and the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 90 MPa m.sup.1/2.
17. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy additionally comprises Nb in an atomic concentration of up to 2% subtracted from either the atomic concentration of Zr or a.
18. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy additionally comprises at least one of Ag, Pd, Pt, and Fe in a combined atomic concentration of up to 2% subtracted from either b or c.
19. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy additionally comprises at least one of Sn, Si, Ge, B and Be in a combined atomic concentration of up to 2% subtracted from d.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) The description will be more fully understood with reference to the following figures and data graphs, which are presented as various embodiments of the disclosure and should not be construed as a complete recitation of the scope of the disclosure, wherein:
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BRIEF SUMMARY
(24) The disclosure provides ZrCoNiAl metallic glass-forming alloys and metallic glasses that optionally bear Ti and have a high glass forming ability along with a high reflectivity.
(25) In many embodiments, the disclosure provides an alloy capable of forming a metallic glass having a composition represented by the following formula (subscripts denote atomic percentages):
Zr.sub.(100-a-b-c-d)Ti.sub.aCo.sub.bNi.sub.cAl.sub.d
(26) where:
(27) a is up to 10;
(28) b ranges from 12 to 22;
(29) c ranges from 8 to 20; and
(30) d ranges from 8 to 18,
(31) wherein the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 2 mm, and
(32) wherein the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is at least 78.
(33) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 3 mm.
(34) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 4 mm.
(35) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 5 mm.
(36) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is at least 78.2.
(37) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is at least 78.4.
(38) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the CIELAB b* value of the metallic glass is equal to or less than 3.5.
(39) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the CIELAB b* value of the metallic glass is equal to or less than 3.25.
(40) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the CIELAB b* value of the metallic glass is equal to or less than 3.
(41) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 70 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(42) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 80 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(43) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 90 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(44) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 0.1 to 10.
(45) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 0.1 to 10, and the critical plate thickness is at least 3 mm.
(46) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 0.25 to 10.
(47) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 0.25 to 10, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 3 mm.
(48) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 0.5 to 10.
(49) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 0.5 to 10, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 3 mm.
(50) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 0.5 to 8.
(51) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 0.5 to 8, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 3 mm.
(52) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 1 to 7.
(53) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 1 to 7, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 4 mm.
(54) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 2 to 6.
(55) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, a ranges from 2 to 6, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 5 mm.
(56) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, b ranges from greater than 12 to less than 22.
(57) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, b ranges from 12.5 to 21.5.
(58) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, b ranges from 13 to 21.
(59) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, b ranges from 13.5 to 20.5.
(60) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, b ranges from 14 to 20.
(61) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, b ranges from 14 to 20, and the CIERLAB L* value of the metallic glass is at least 78.2.
(62) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from greater than 8 to less than 20.
(63) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 8.5 to 19.5.
(64) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 9 to 18.5.
(65) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 9 to 18.5, and the CIELAB b* value of the metallic glass is less than 3.5.
(66) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 9.5 to 18.
(67) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 9.5 to 18, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.
(68) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 9.5 to 18, and the CIELAB b* value of the metallic glass is less than 3.25.
(69) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 9.75 to 17.75.
(70) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 10.25 to 17.25.
(71) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 10.25 to 17.25, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is greater than 2 mm.
(72) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 10.25 to 17.25, and the CIELAB b* value of the metallic glass is less than 3.2.
(73) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 10.25 to 14.75.
(74) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, c ranges from 10.25 to 14.75, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.2.
(75) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from greater than 8 to less than 18.
(76) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 9 to 17.75.
(77) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to 17.5.
(78) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from greater than 10 to less than 17.5.
(79) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from greater than 10 to less than 17.5, and the critical plate thickness of the alloy is greater than 2 mm.
(80) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from greater than 10 to less than 17.5, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.
(81) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to less than 17.5.
(82) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to less than 17.5, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.
(83) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 9 to less than 17.5.
(84) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 9 to less than 17.5, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.
(85) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to less than 17.5.
(86) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to less than 17.5, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.
(87) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to 16.
(88) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to 16, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.2.
(89) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to 16, and the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 70 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(90) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 9 to 16.
(91) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 9 to 16, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.2.
(92) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 9 to 16, and the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 70 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(93) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to 16.
(94) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to 16, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.2.
(95) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to 16, and the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 70 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(96) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to less than 15.
(97) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to less than 15, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.4.
(98) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 9 to less than 15.
(99) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 9 to less than 15, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.4.
(100) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to less than 15.
(101) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to less than 15, and the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is greater than 78.4.
(102) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to 15.5.
(103) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to 15.5, and the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 80 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(104) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 9 to 15.5.
(105) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 8 to 15.5, and the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 80 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(106) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to 15.5.
(107) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to 15.5, and the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 80 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(108) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from greater than 10 to 15.5.
(109) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, d ranges from 10 to 15.5, and the notch toughness of the metallic glass is at least 90 MPa m.sup.1/2.
(110) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the metallic glass-forming alloy or metallic glass may also comprise Nb, Ag, Pd, Pt, Fe, Sn, Si, Ge, B and Be in a combined atomic concentration of up to 2%.
(111) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the metallic glass-forming alloy or metallic glass may also comprise Nb as a substitute for either Zr or Ti in an atomic concentration of up to 2%.
(112) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the metallic glass-forming alloy or metallic glass may also comprise at least one of Ag, Pd, Pt, and Fe as a substitute for either Co or Ni in a combined atomic concentration of up to 2%.
(113) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the metallic glass-forming alloy or metallic glass may also comprise at least one of Sn, Si, Ge, B and Be as a substitute for Al in a combined atomic concentration of up to 2%.
(114) Many embodiments related to those above or elsewhere disclosed herein are also directed to methods of forming a metallic glass, or an article made of a metallic glass, from the metallic glass-forming alloy.
(115) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein methods may include heating and melting an ingot comprising the metallic glass-forming alloy under inert atmosphere to create a molten alloy, and subsequently quenching the molten alloy fast enough to avoid crystallization of the molten alloy.
(116) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, prior to quenching the molten alloy is heated to at least 100 C. above the liquidus temperature of the metallic glass-forming alloy.
(117) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, prior to quenching the molten alloy is heated to at least 200 C. above the liquidus temperature of the metallic glass-forming alloy.
(118) In yet other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, prior to quenching the molten alloy is heated to at least 1100 C.
(119) In yet other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, prior to quenching the molten alloy is heated to at least 1200 C.
(120) Many embodiments related to those above or elsewhere disclosed herein are also directed to methods of thermoplastically shaping a metallic glass into an article, including: heating a sample of the metallic glass to a softening temperature T.sub.o above the glass transition temperature T.sub.g, of the metallic glass to create a heated sample; applying a deformational force to shape the heated sample over a time t.sub.o that is shorter than the time it takes for the metallic glass to crystallize at T.sub.o, and cooling the heated sample to a temperature below T.sub.g to form an article.
(121) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, T.sub.o is higher than T.sub.g and lower the liquidus temperature of the metallic glass-forming alloy.
(122) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, T.sub.o is greater than T.sub.g and lower than T.sub.x.
(123) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, T.sub.o is higher than T.sub.x and lower than the solidus temperature of the metallic glass-forming alloy.
(124) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, T.sub.o is in the range of 450 to 800 C.
(125) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, T.sub.o is in the range of 500 to 750 C.
(126) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, T.sub.o is in the range of 525 to 700 C.
(127) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, T.sub.o is in the range of 550 to 650 C.
(128) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the viscosity of the sample at T.sub.o is less than 10.sup.5 Pas.
(129) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the viscosity of the sample at T.sub.o is in the range of 10.sup.0 to 10.sup.5 Pas.
(130) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the viscosity of the sample at T.sub.o is in the range of 10.sup.1 to 10.sup.4 Pas.
(131) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, heating of the sample of the metallic glass-forming alloy is performed by conduction to a hot surface.
(132) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, heating of the sample of the metallic glass-forming alloy is performed by inductive heating.
(133) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, heating of the sample of the metallic glass-forming alloy is performed by ohmic heating.
(134) In other embodiments related to those above or disclosed elsewhere herein, the ohmic heating is performed by the discharge of at least one capacitor.
(135) Many embodiments, including those disclosed above or elsewhere are also directed to a metallic glass-forming alloy or a metallic glass having compositions selected from a group consisting of: Zr.sub.60Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.10, Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.55Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.15, Zr.sub.52.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.17.5, Zr.sub.62.5Co.sub.12.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.60Co.sub.15Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.55Co.sub.20Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.20Ni.sub.10Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.15Ni.sub.15Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.12.5Ni.sub.17.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.56.5Ti.sub.1Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.55.5Ti.sub.2Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.54.5Ti.sub.3Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.53.5Ti.sub.4CO.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.53Ti.sub.4.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.52.5Ti.sub.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5, Zr.sub.51.5Ti.sub.6Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.2.5, and Zr.sub.50.5Ti.sub.7Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5.
(136) Additional embodiments and features are set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the specification or may be learned by the practice of the disclosed subject matter. A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present disclosure may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings, which forms a part of this disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(137) The disclosure may be understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings as described below. It is noted that, for purposes of illustrative clarity, certain elements in various drawings may not be drawn to scale. The embodiments of the inventive methods and apparatus described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the inventive methods and apparatus to precise forms disclosed. Rather, the embodiments selected for description have been chosen to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention.
(138) In the disclosure, the glass-forming ability of each alloy is quantified by the critical plate thickness, defined as the largest plate thickness in which the amorphous phase can be formed when processed by a method of casting the molten alloy in a copper mold having a prismatic cavity (i.e. a cavity having a rectangular cross section), where at least one dimension of the prismatic cavity is less than 50% of at least one other dimension of the prismatic cavity.
(139) A critical cooling rate, which is defined as the cooling rate required to avoid crystallization and form the amorphous phase of the metallic glass-forming alloy (i.e. the metallic glass), determines the critical plate thickness. The lower the critical cooling rate of a metallic glass-forming alloy, the larger its critical plate thickness. The critical cooling rate R.sub.c in K/s and critical plate thickness t.sub.c in mm are related via the following approximate empirical formula:
R.sub.c=1000/t.sub.c.sup.2EQ. (1)
According to EQ. (1), the critical cooling rate for a metallic glass-forming alloy having a critical casting thickness of about 1 mm is about 10.sup.3 K/s.
(140) Generally, three categories are known in the art for identifying the ability of a metal alloy to form a metallic glass (i.e. to bypass the stable crystal phase and form an amorphous phase). Alloys having critical cooling rates in excess of 10.sup.12 K/s are typically referred to as non-glass formers, as it is physically impossible to achieve such cooling rates over a meaningful thickness. Alloys having critical cooling rates in the range of 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.12 K/s are typically referred to as marginal glass formers, as they are able to form metallic glass foils or ribbons with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 100 micrometers according to EQ. (1). Metal alloys having critical cooling rates on the order of 10.sup.3 or less, and as low as 1 or 0.1 K/s, are typically referred to as bulk glass formers, as they are able to form metallic glass plates with thicknesses ranging from 1 millimeter to several centimeters. The glass-forming ability of a metallic alloy is, to a very large extent, dependent on the composition of the metallic glass-forming alloy. The compositional ranges for alloys that are marginal glass formers are considerably broader than those for bulk glass formers. Among all metals, Zr is the base metal having the most discovered alloy combinations of forming a metallic glass. Various Zr-based metallic glass-forming alloys have been discovered, some marginal glass formers (capable of forming only micron thick ribbons) while others bulk glass formers (capable of forming only centimeter thick plates).
(141) Often in the art, a measure of glass forming ability of an alloy is reported as the critical rod diameter instead of the critical plate thickness. Due to its symmetry, the diameter of a rod for which a certain cooling rate is achieved at its centerline is about twice the thickness of a plate for which the same cooling rate is achieved at its centerline. Hence, the critical rod diameter to achieve a critical cooling rate is about twice the critical plate thickness to achieve the same critical cooling rate. Therefore, a critical rod diameter can be approximately converted to a critical plate thickness by dividing by 2.
(142) To characterize, specify, and quantify the color of metal alloys, the modern CIELAB coordinate system is used, originating from the 1948 3D color space of Hunter (Hunter, Richard Sewall (July 1948). Photoelectric Color-Difference Meter. JOSA 38 (7): 661. (Proceedings of the Winter Meeting of the Optical Society of America), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In Hunter's color space, the color of a metal alloy is characterized by three optically measurable coordinates a*, b*, and L* that respectively map color onto a red-green, blue-yellow, and color intensity (i.e. luminance) scales. The color of any particular metal alloy is determined using a common optical spectrometer to measure its a*, b*, and L* coordinates in color space. The ability to produce alloys with specified ranges of color coordinates is key to the design and use of gold alloys in commercial products.
(143) Owing to their high hardness, which is far superior to conventional (i.e. crystalline) metals, metallic glasses were thought of as attractive materials for cosmetic metal applications (e.g. for watches or other luxury goods). Recently, considerable interest has been demonstrated in the design of metallic glasses having cosmetic appearance and color within specified color coordinates. One cosmetic color attribute currently of interest is the lightnessalso referred to as reflectivityquantified by the CIELAB coordinate L*. The reflectivity of metallic glasses, particularly Zr-based metallic glasses, is generally low compared to conventional metal alloys that are currently used as cosmetic products (e.g. stainless steel). In Table 1, data for the CIELAB color coordinates L*, a*, and b* of various known Zr-based metallic glasses is presented together with data for AISI 316 stainless steel. In
(144) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 CIELAB color coordinates of various Zr-based metallic glasses and AISI 316 stainless steel Composition (at. %) L* a* b* Zr.sub.52.5Ti.sub.5Cu.sub.17.9Ni.sub.14.6Al.sub.10 77.38 0.64 3.89 Zr.sub.58Cu.sub.22Fe.sub.8Al.sub.12 77.62 0.66 5.48 Zr.sub.56Ni.sub.25Nb.sub.4Al.sub.15 77.85 0.64 3.01 Zr.sub.57Nb.sub.5Cu.sub.15.4Ni.sub.12.6Al.sub.10 77.99 0.67 3.71 AISI 316 Stainless Steel 84.6 0.11 2.6
(145) To overcome this limitation, Zr-based metallic glasses having reflectivity L* approaching that of the incumbent crystalline metal alloys while being able to form in bulk dimensions are desired. As such, Zr-based metallic glass-forming alloys having a high glass-forming ability and where the metallic glasses formed from the alloys demonstrate a high reflectivity would be attractive materials for cosmetic metal applications. As discussed above, discovering compositional regions where a metal alloy demonstrates a high glass forming ability is unpredictable. Discovering compositional regions where a metallic glass demonstrates a high reflectivity L* is equally unpredictable. Discovering compositional regions where both a high glass forming ability and a high reflectivity L* coexist is even more unpredictable than the two cases above, because the compositional region where a metallic glass-forming alloy would demonstrate a high glass forming ability would not necessarily coincide with the compositional regions where a metallic glass would demonstrate a high reflectivity L*. In some embodiments of the disclosure, a critical plate thickness of at least 2 mm and a reflectivity L* of at least 78 are considered adequate for qualifying the metallic glass as suitable for cosmetic metal applications.
(146) In this disclosure, compositional regions in the ZrCoNiAl and ZrTiCoNiAl alloys are disclosed where the metallic glass-forming alloys demonstrate a high glass forming ability while the metallic glasses formed from the alloys exhibit a high reflectivity. In embodiments of the disclosure, the metallic glass-forming alloys demonstrate a critical plate thickness of at least 2 mm, while the metallic glasses formed from the alloys demonstrate a CIELAB L* value of at least 78. In some embodiments, the critical plate thickness is at least 3 mm, in other embodiments the critical plate thickness is at least 4 mm, while in yet other embodiments the critical plate thickness is at least 5 mm. In some embodiments, the CIELAB L* value is at least 78.2, while in other embodiments at least 78.4.
(147) Another cosmetic color attribute that metallic glasses generally fall short of is the CIELAB b* coordinate, which represents the yellow/blue opponent colors. Many Zr-based metallic glasses have relatively high b* values, which is considerably higher than conventional metal alloys that are currently used as cosmetic products (e.g. stainless steel). In Table 1 and
(148) Another property of the metallic glass that may be regarded as critical for engineering metal applications, including cosmetic metal applications, is the toughness of the metallic glass. The notch toughness, defined as the stress intensity factor at crack initiation K.sub.q, is the measure of the material's ability to resist fracture in the presence of a notch. A high K.sub.q ensures that the material will be tough in the presence of defects. In embodiments of the disclosure, a notch toughness of at least 70 MPa m.sup.1/2 is considered adequate for qualifying the metallic glass for cosmetic metal applications. In other embodiments, a notch toughness of at least 80 MPa m.sup.1/2 may be adequate for such application, while in yet other embodiments a notch toughness of at least 90 MPa m.sup.1/2 may be adequate for such application.
(149) The disclosure is also directed to methods of forming a metallic glass, or an article made of a metallic glass, from the metallic glass-forming alloy. In various embodiments, a metallic glass is formed by heating and melting an alloy ingot under inert atmosphere to create a molten alloy, and subsequently quenching the molten alloy fast enough to avoid crystallization of the molten alloy. In one embodiment, prior to cooling the molten alloy is heated to at least 100 C. above the liquidus temperature of the metallic glass-forming alloy. In another embodiment, prior to quenching the molten alloy is heated to at least 200 C. above the liquidus temperature of the metallic glass-forming alloy. In another embodiment, prior to quenching the molten alloy is heated to at least 1100 C. In yet another embodiment, prior to quenching the molten alloy is heated to at least 1200 C. In one embodiment, the alloy ingot is heated and melted using a plasma arc. In another embodiment, the alloy ingot is heated and melted using an induction coil. In some embodiments, the alloy ingot is heated and melted over a water-cooled hearth, or within a water-cooled crucible. In one embodiment, the hearth or crucible is made of copper. In some embodiments, the inert atmosphere comprises argon gas. In some embodiments, quenching of the molten alloy is performed by injecting or pouring the molten alloy into a metal mold. In some embodiments, the mold can be made of copper, brass, or steel, among other materials. In some embodiments, injection of the molten alloy is performed by a pneumatic drive, a hydraulic drive, an electric drive, or a magnetic drive. In some embodiments, pouring the molten alloy into a metal mold is performed by tilting a tundish containing the molten alloy.
(150) The disclosure is also directed to methods of thermoplastically shaping a metallic glass into an article. In some embodiments, heating of the metallic glass is performed by conduction to a hot surface. In other embodiments, heating of the metallic glass to a softening temperature T.sub.o above the glass transition temperature T.sub.g is performed by inductive heating. In yet other embodiments, heating of the metallic glass to a softening temperature T.sub.o above the glass transition temperature T.sub.g is performed by ohmic heating. In one embodiment, the ohmic heating is performed by the discharge of at least one capacitor. In some embodiments, the application of the deformational force to thermoplastically shape the softened metallic glass in the supercooled liquid region is performed by a pneumatic drive, a hydraulic drive, an electric drive, or a magnetic drive.
(151) Description of the Metallic Glass Forming Region
(152) In various embodiments, the disclosure provides ZrCoNiAl alloys optionally bearing Ti capable of forming metallic glasses. The alloys demonstrate a high glass forming ability while the metallic glass formed from the alloys exhibit with a high reflectivity.
(153) Specifically, the disclosure provides a narrow compositional range of ZrTiCoNiAl metallic glass-forming alloys and metallic glasses over which the alloys demonstrate a critical plate thickness of at least 2 mm, while the metallic glasses formed from the alloys exhibit a CIELAB L* value of at least 78.
(154) In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an alloy capable of forming a metallic glass having a composition represented by the following formula (subscripts denote atomic percentages):
Zr.sub.(100-a-b-c-d)Ti.sub.aCo.sub.bNi.sub.cAl.sub.dEQ. (2)
(155) where:
(156) a is up to 10;
(157) b ranges from 12 to 22;
(158) c ranges from 8 to 20; and
(159) d ranges from 8 to 18,
(160) wherein the critical plate thickness of the alloy is at least 2 mm, and
(161) wherein the CIELAB L* value of the metallic glass is at least 78.
(162) Specific embodiments of metallic glasses formed of metallic glass-forming alloys with compositions according to the formula Zr.sub.70-xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.x are presented in Table 2. In these alloys, Al is varied at the expense Zr, where the atomic fraction of Al increases from 7.5 to 20 percent as the atomic fraction of Zr decreases from 62.5 to 50 percent, while the atomic fractions of Co and Ni are fixed at 17.5 and 12.5 percent, respectively.
(163) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Sample metallic glasses demonstrating the effect of increasing the Al atomic concentration at the expense of Zr according to the formula Zr.sub.70xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.x on the glass forming ability, glass-transition temperature, and crystallization temperature Critical Plate T.sub.g T.sub.x Example Composition Thickness [mm] ( C.) ( C.) 1 Zr.sub.62.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.7.5 <2 N/A N/A 2 Zr.sub.60Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.10 2 416.5 459.5 3 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 3 426.6 479.2 4 Zr.sub.55Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.15 3 442.1 506.2 5 Zr.sub.52.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.17.5 2 458.7 529.6 6 Zr.sub.50Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.20 <2 N/A N/A
(164) The critical plate thicknesses values of the example alloys according to the composition formula Zr.sub.70-xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.x are listed in Table 2, and are plotted in
(165)
(166) The measured CIELAB color coordinates L*, a*, and b* of the example metallic glasses according to the composition formula Zr.sub.70-xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.x are listed in Table 3. The CIELAB L* (reflectivity) values listed in Table 3 are plotted in
(167) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Sample metallic glasses demonstrating the effect of increasing the Al atomic concentration at the expense of Zr according to the formula Zr.sub.70xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.x on the CIELAB color coordinates of the metallic glasses Example Composition (at. %) L* a* b* 2 Zr.sub.60Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.10 78.48 0.62 3.17 3 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.49 0.61 3.04 4 Zr.sub.55Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.15 78.38 0.60 2.98 5 Zr.sub.52.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.17.5 78.01 0.59 2.96
(168) The CIELAB b* values of the example metallic glasses listed in Table 3 are plotted in
(169) The measured notch toughness K.sub.Q of the example metallic glasses according to the composition formula Zr.sub.70-xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.x are listed in Table 4. The K.sub.Q values listed in Table 4 are plotted in
(170) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Sample metallic glasses demonstrating the effect of increasing the Al atomic concentration at the expense of Zr according to the formula Zr.sub.70xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.x on the notch toughness of the metallic glasses Notch Toughness Example Composition K.sub.Q (MPa m.sup.1/2) 2 Zr.sub.60Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.10 84.8 16.5 3 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 103.6 5.1 4 Zr.sub.55Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.15 97.9 12.9 5 Zr.sub.52.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.17.5 26.5 4.9
(171) Specific embodiments of metallic glasses formed of metallic glass-forming alloys with compositions according to the formula Zr.sub.75-xCo.sub.xNi.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 are presented in Table 5. In these alloys, Co is varied at the expense Zr, where the atomic fraction of Co increases from 10 to 22.5 percent as the atomic fraction of Zr decreases from 65 to 52.5 percent, while the atomic fractions of Ni and Al are both fixed at 12.5 percent.
(172) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Sample metallic glasses demonstrating the effect of increasing the Co atomic concentration at the expense of Zr according to the formula Zr.sub.75xCo.sub.xNi.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 on the glass forming ability, glass-transition temperature and crystallization temperature Critical Plate T.sub.g T.sub.x Example Composition Thickness [mm] ( C.) ( C.) 7 Zr.sub.65Co.sub.10Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 <2 387.2 444.9 8 Zr.sub.62.5Co.sub.12.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 2 404.5 451.5 9 Zr.sub.60Co.sub.15Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 3 412.9 464.3 3 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 3 426.6 479.2 10 Zr.sub.55Co.sub.20Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 2 441.3 494.4 11 Zr.sub.52.5Co.sub.22.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 <2 452.4 517.0
(173) The critical plate thickness values of the example alloys according to the composition formula Zr.sub.75-xCo.sub.xNi.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 are listed in Table 5, and are plotted in
(174)
(175) The measured CIELAB color coordinates L*, a*, and b* of the example metallic glasses according to the composition formula Zr.sub.75-xCo.sub.xNi.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 are listed in Table 6. The CIELAB L* (reflectivity) values listed in Table 6 are plotted in
(176) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Sample metallic glasses demonstrating the effect of increasing the Co atomic concentration at the expense of Zr according to the formula Zr.sub.75xCo.sub.xNi.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 on the CIELAB color coordinates of the metallic glasses Example Composition (at. %) L* a* b* 7 Zr.sub.65Co.sub.10Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.07 0.63 3.29 8 Zr.sub.62.5Co.sub.12.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.20 0.60 3.12 9 Zr.sub.60Co.sub.15Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.18 0.65 3.31 3 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.49 0.61 3.04 10 Zr.sub.55Co.sub.20Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.18 0.62 3.09 11 Zr.sub.52.5Co.sub.22.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 77.82 0.69 3.50
(177) The CIELAB b* values of the example metallic glasses listed in Table 6 are plotted in
(178) Specific embodiments of metallic glasses formed of metallic glass-forming alloys with compositions according to the formula Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.30-xNi.sub.xAl.sub.12.5 are presented in Table 7. In these alloys, Ni is varied at the expense Co, where the atomic fraction of Ni increases from 7.5 to 20 percent as the atomic fraction of Co decreases from 22.5 to 10 percent, while the atomic fractions of Zr and Al are fixed at 57.5 and 12.5 percent, respectively.
(179) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Sample metallic glasses demonstrating the effect of increasing the Ni atomic concentration at the expense of Co according to the formula Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.30xNi.sub.xAl.sub.12.5 on the glass forming ability, glass-transition temperature and crystallization temperature Critical Plate T.sub.g T.sub.x Example Composition Thickness [mm] ( C.) ( C.) 12 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.22.5Ni.sub.7.5Al.sub.12.5 <2 427.8 481.7 13 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.20Ni.sub.10Al.sub.12.5 2 424.1 478.3 3 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 3 426.6 479.2 14 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.15Ni.sub.15Al.sub.12.5 3 422.5 476.8 15 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.12.5Ni.sub.17.5Al.sub.12.5 2 426.7 476.9 16 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.10Ni.sub.20Al.sub.12.5 <2 419.8 477.2
(180) The critical plate thicknesses values of the example alloys according to the composition formula Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.30-xNi.sub.xAl.sub.12.5 are listed in Table 7, and are plotted in
(181)
(182) The measured CIELAB color coordinates L*, a*, and b* of the example metallic glasses according to the composition formula Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.30-xNi.sub.xAl.sub.12.5 are listed in Table 8. The CIELAB L* (reflectivity) values listed in Table 8 are plotted in
(183) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Sample metallic glasses demonstrating the effect of increasing the Ni atomic concentration at the expense of Co according to the formula Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.30xNi.sub.xAl.sub.12.5 on the CIELAB color coordinates Example Composition (at. %) L* a* b* 12 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.22.5Ni.sub.7.5Al.sub.12.5 76.98 0.70 4.23 13 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.20Ni.sub.10Al.sub.12.5 78.17 0.63 3.27 3 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.49 0.61 3.04 14 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.15Ni.sub.15Al.sub.12.5 78.08 0.60 3.11 15 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.12.5Ni.sub.17.5Al.sub.12.5 78.22 0.62 3.03 16 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.10Ni.sub.20Al.sub.12.5 76.67 0.69 4.02
(184) The CIELAB b* values listed in Table 8 are plotted in
(185) The disclosure is also directed to ZrCoNiAl alloys that optionally bear Ti. Specific embodiments of metallic glasses formed of metallic glass-forming alloys with compositions according to the formula Zr.sub.57.5-xTi.sub.xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 are presented in Table 9. In these alloys, Ti is added at the expense Zr, where the atomic fraction of added Ti is up to 7 percent as the atomic fraction of Zr decreases from 57.5 to 50.5 percent, while the atomic fraction of Co is at 17.5 percent and the atomic fractions of Ni and Al are both fixed at 12.5 percent.
(186) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Sample metallic glasses demonstrating the effect of increasing the Ti atomic concentration at the expense of Zr according to the formula Zr.sub.57.5xTi.sub.xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 on the glass forming ability, glass-transition temperature and crystallization temperature Critical Plate T.sub.g T.sub.x Example Composition Thickness [mm] ( C.) ( C.) 3 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 3 426.6 479.2 17 Zr.sub.56.5Ti.sub.1Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 4 432.7 478.3 18 Zr.sub.55.5Ti.sub.2Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 5 431.6 481.5 19 Zr.sub.54.5Ti.sub.3Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 6 430.4 482.1 20 Zr.sub.53.5Ti.sub.4Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 6 433.5 482.7 21 Zr.sub.53Ti.sub.4.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 6 425.0 480.5 22 Zr.sub.52.5Ti.sub.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 6 428.2 481.2 23 Zr.sub.51.5Ti.sub.6Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 5 430.2 482.8 24 Zr.sub.50.5Ti.sub.7Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 4 426.2 479.7
(187) The critical plate thicknesses values of the example alloys according to the composition formula Zr.sub.57.5-xTi.sub.xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 are listed in Table 9, and are plotted in
(188)
(189) The measured CIELAB color coordinates L*, a*, and b* of the example metallic glasses according to the composition formula Zr.sub.57.5-xTi.sub.xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 are listed in Table 10. The CIELAB L* (reflectivity) values listed in Table 10 are plotted in
(190) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Sample metallic glasses demonstrating the effect of increasing the Ti atomic concentration at the expense of Zr according to the formula Zr.sub.57.5-xTi.sub.xCo.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 on the CIELAB color coordinates of the metallic glasses Example Composition (at. %) L* a* b* 3 Zr.sub.57.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.49 0.61 3.04 17 Zr.sub.56.5Ti.sub.1Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.44 0.61 3.06 19 Zr.sub.54.5Ti.sub.3Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.37 0.60 3.02 25 Zr.sub.54Ti.sub.3.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.39 0.58 2.98 20 Zr.sub.53.5Ti.sub.4Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.50 0.58 2.93 21 Zr.sub.53Ti.sub.4.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.52 0.57 2.88 22 Zr.sub.52.5Ti.sub.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.44 0.60 2.91 26 Zr.sub.52Ti.sub.5.5Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.42 0.57 2.89 23 Zr.sub.51.5Ti.sub.6Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.48 0.57 2.89 24 Zr.sub.50.5Ti.sub.7Co.sub.17.5Ni.sub.12.5Al.sub.12.5 78.37 0.58 2.97
(191) The CIELAB b* values of the example metallic glasses listed in Table 10 are plotted in
(192)
(193) Methods of Processing the Alloy Ingots of the Sample Metallic Glass-Forming Alloys
(194) A particular method for producing alloy ingots for the sample metallic glass-forming alloys involves arc melting of the appropriate amounts of elemental constituents over a water-cooled copper hearth under a titanium-gettered argon atmosphere. The purity levels of the constituent elements were as follows: Zr 99.9% (crystal bar), Ti 99.9% (crystal bar), Co 99.995%, Ni 99.995%, and Al 99.999%. The argon atmosphere was created by first establishing vacuum at 1.510.sup.4 mbar, followed by a purge of ultra-high purity argon gas (99.999% purity) to establish a pressure of 800 mbar.
(195) Methods of Processing the Sample Metallic Glass Plates
(196) A particular method for producing metallic glass plates from the metallic glass-forming alloy ingots for the sample metallic glass-forming alloys involves melting the alloy ingots over a water-cooled copper hearth under a titanium-gettered argon atmosphere to form an alloy melt, heating the alloy melt to a temperature of at least 1200 C., and subsequently pouring the alloy melt into a copper mold. Copper molds having a prismatic cavity with length of 55 mm, width of 22 mm, and varying thickness were used. The argon atmosphere was created by first establishing vacuum at 1.510.sup.4 mbar, followed by a purge of ultra-high purity argon gas (99.999% purity) to establish a pressure of 800 mbar.
(197) Method for Measuring the CIELAB Color Coordinates
(198) The CIELAB color coordinates were measured using a Konica Minolta CM-700d spectrophotometer with an aperture size of 8 mm on 20 mm20 mm metallic glass plate coupons polished to a 1 m diamond mirror finish. Measurements were performed at each of the four corners of the plate coupons and averaged.
(199) Method for Performing Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(200) Differential scanning calorimetry was performed on sample metallic glasses at a scan rate of 20 K/min to determine the glass-transition, crystallization, solidus, and liquidus temperatures of sample metallic glasses.
(201) Having described several embodiments, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the invention. Additionally, a number of well-known processes and elements have not been described in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. Accordingly, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention.
(202) Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the presently disclosed embodiments teach by way of example and not by limitation. Therefore, the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method and system, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.