WATER DRAINING SPANDREL ASSEMBLY AND INSULATED PANEL WINDOW WALLS

Abstract

An exterior wall assembly including an insulated panel having at least one hole; at least one spacer located between and abutting a first portion of an outside of the insulated panel and an inside of an architectural fascia panel; at least one layer of non-conducting material connected to the at least one spacer and sandwiched between a second portion of the outside of the insulated panel and the inside of the architectural fascia panel; and a first fastener having a hollow inner section inserted into the at least one hole which has threading on the inside, an outer section having threading on the outside and extending into the layer of non-conducting material; and a flange located between the inner section and outer section of the first fastener and having a greater lateral dimension than the radius of the at least one hole.

Claims

1. A exterior wall assembly for a building comprising: a window receptor extending in a lengthwise direction, the window receptor comprising: a base having an inner section and an outer section separated by a thermal break extending in the lengthwise direction; an inner wall; an outer wall; and a plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports extending through the thermal break and connecting the inner section and outer section of the base such that the plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports assist in preventing the inner section or the outer section of the base from separating from the thermal break; wherein an amount or size of the plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports is such that thermal conductivity between the inner wall and outer wall of the window receptor comprising a thermal break and the plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports is less than thermal conductivity between the inner wall and outer wall if the inner section and outer section of the base were not separated by the thermal break and there were no plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports.

2. The exterior wall assembly of claim 1, wherein: the window receptor further comprises a plurality of rollers connected to an outer wall and/or inner wall, the plurality of rollers are configured to: allow a panel to roll over the plurality of rollers in the lengthwise direction, and allow the panel to sit on top of the plurality of rollers such that: there is space between the plurality of rollers and the thermal break, and the weight of the panel on the plurality of rollers is at least partially diverted from a top of the thermal break to the inner wall or outer wall; and an amount or size of the plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports and an amount, size, or material of the plurality of rollers is such that thermal conductivity between the inner wall and outer wall of the window receptor comprising a thermal break, the plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports, and the plurality of rollers is less than thermal conductivity between the inner wall and outer wall if the inner section and outer section of the base were not separated by the thermal break and there were no plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports and no plurality of rollers.

3. The exterior wall assembly of claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of rollers comprises a rod extending therethrough, each rod connected to the outer wall and the inner wall, such that the plurality of rods assist in preventing the inner section or the outer section of the base from separating from the thermal break.

4. The exterior wall assembly of claim 3, wherein each of the plurality of rollers is located closer to the inner wall than the outer wall.

5. The exterior wall assembly of claim 2, the outer wall of the window receptor comprises a first groove located on a portion of the inside surface of the outer wall extending in the lengthwise direction, the inside wall of the window receptor comprises a second groove located on a portion of the inside surface of the inner wall extending in the lengthwise direction; and the plurality of rods are connected to the first and second grooves, such that the plurality of rods can be moved in the lengthwise direction while connected to the first groove and the second groove.

6. The exterior wall assembly of claim 5, wherein the connection of the plurality of rods to the grove in the outer wall is looser than the connection of the plurality of rods to the grove on the inside wall, such that the plurality of rods can move slightly along the grove in the outside wall in the lengthwise direction, but the plurality of rods cannot move along the grove in the inside wall in the lengthwise direction once locked in.

7. The exterior wall assembly of claim 1, further comprising: a first vertical attachment leg extending from the bottom of the outer section of the base; and a second vertical attachment leg extending from the bottom of the inner section of the base; wherein the thermal break and plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports are connected to the first and second vertical attachment legs.

8. The exterior wall assembly of claim 7, further comprising: a first layer of insulation; and a second layer of insulation; wherein: the first layer of insulation is located between a spandrel panel and the second layer of insulation to reduce heat transfer between a spandrel panel and the second layer of insulation, and the second layer of insulation is located between the first layer of insulation and the first vertical attachment leg to reduce heat transfer between the spandrel panel and the first vertical attachment leg.

9. The exterior wall assembly of claim 8, wherein the second layer of insulation comprises a vacuum insulated panel.

10. The exterior wall assembly of claim 8, further comprising a third layer of insulation located between the second layer of insulation and a floor slab of the building.

11. The exterior wall assembly of claim 8, wherein a portion of the first layer of insulation is sandwiched between the outside surface of the outer wall of the window receptor and the spandrel panel, such that the first layer of insulation assists in reducing heat transfer between the spandrel panel and the outer wall of the window receptor.

12. The exterior wall assembly of claim 8, wherein the second layer of insulation covers at least a portion of an outside surface of the outer section of the base of the window receptor.

13. The exterior wall assembly of claim 1, wherein the window receptor is a sub sill, and the exterior wall assembly further comprises: a head receptor extending in a lengthwise direction, the head receptor comprising a base having an inner section and an outer section separated by a second thermal break extending in the lengthwise direction, an inner wall, and an outer wall; at least two vertical supports connected to and between the bottom of the outer section of the base of the sub sill and the top of the outer section of the base of the head receptor; and at least one layer of insulation located in between the at least two vertical supports.

14. A exterior wall assembly for a building comprising: a sub sill extending in a lengthwise direction, the subs sill comprising: a base having an inner section and an outer section separated by a thermal break extending in the lengthwise direction; an inner wall; an outer wall; and a rod connected to and extending between the outer wall and the inner wall such that the plurality of rods assist in preventing the inner section or the outer section of the base from separating from the thermal break wherein an amount or size of the plurality of rods is such that thermal conductivity between the inner wall and outer wall of the sub sill comprising a thermal break and the plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports is less than thermal conductivity between the inner wall and outer wall if the inner section and outer section of the base were not separated by the thermal break and there were no plurality of rods.

15. The exterior wall assembly of claim 14, wherein each of the plurality of rods comprises a roller configured to spin around its rod in the lengthwise direction, wherein the plurality of rollers are configured to: allow a panel to roll over the plurality of rollers in the lengthwise direction, and allow the panel to sit on top of the plurality of rollers such that: there is space between the plurality of rollers and the thermal break, and the weight of the panel on the plurality of rollers is at least partially diverted from a top of the thermal break to the inner wall or outer wall

16. The exterior wall assembly of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of rollers is located closer to the inner wall than the outer wall.

17. The exterior wall assembly of claim 15, further comprising: a head receptor extending in a lengthwise direction, the head receptor comprising a base having an inner section and an outer section separated by a second thermal break extending in the lengthwise direction, an inner wall, and an outer wall; at least two vertical supports connected to and between the bottom of the outer section of the base of the sub sill and the top of the outer section of the base of the head receptor; and at least one layer of insulation located in between the at least two vertical supports.

18. The exterior wall assembly of claim 17, wherein the at least one layer of insulation comprises: a first layer of insulation; and a second layer of insulation; wherein: the first layer of insulation is located between a spandrel panel and the second layer of insulation to reduce heat transfer between a spandrel panel and the second layer of insulation, and the second layer of insulation is located between the first layer of insulation and the first vertical attachment leg, wherein the second layer of insulation comprises a vacuum insulated panel.

19. The exterior wall assembly of claim 18, further comprising a third layer of insulation located between the second layer of insulation and a floor slab of the building

20. The exterior wall assembly of claim 18, wherein a portion of the first layer of insulation is sandwiched between the outside surface of the outer wall of the sub sill and the spandrel panel, such that the first layer of insulation assists in reducing heat transfer between the spandrel panel and the outer wall of the window receptor.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0076] In order for the present invention to be better understood and for its practical applications to be appreciated, the following Figures are provided and referenced hereafter. It should be noted that the Figures are given as examples only and in no way limit the scope of the invention. Like components are denoted by like reference numerals.

[0077] FIG. 1A is a vertical cross-sectional view of a window wall system of an exterior wall system as known in the art;

[0078] FIG. 1B is a vertical cross-sectional view of a curtain wall system as known in the art;

[0079] FIGS. 1C and 1D are vertical cross-sectional views of hybrid window/curtain wall systems as known in the art;

[0080] FIG. 1E depicts conventional metal vertical framing used in buildings as known in the art;

[0081] FIG. 1F depicts conventional metal horizontal framing used in buildings as known in the art;

[0082] FIG. 1G is a vertical cross-sectional view of an exterior wall system as known in the art;

[0083] FIG. 1H is a close-up cross-sectional view of a sub sill receptor having a thermal break according to the prior art;

[0084] FIGS. 2A and 2B are a cutaway perspective views of a water draining spandrel assembly of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0085] FIG. 2C is a close-up view of a cutaway perspective view of a water draining spandrel assembly, according to another embodiment of the invention;

[0086] FIG. 2D is a close-up cutaway side view of a water draining spandrel assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the invention;

[0087] FIG. 3 is a top perspective view of the water draining spandrel assembly of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0088] FIG. 4 is a top perspective view of a termination of the water draining spandrel assembly of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0089] FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of a midsection of the water draining spandrel assembly of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0090] FIG. 6A is a top cutaway perspective view of the midsection of the water draining spandrel assembly of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0091] FIGS. 6B-6D are cross sectional views of improved internal air channels for pushing water out and for drying drainage paths in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

[0092] FIG. 7A is a cutaway perspective view of the water draining spandrel assembly of a window wall system of a building showing a primary window wall substrate, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0093] FIG. 7B is a cutaway side view of the water draining spandrel assembly of a window wall system of a building showing a primary window wall substrate, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0094] FIG. 8A is a cutaway perspective view of the water draining spandrel assembly of a window wall system of a building showing a lower spandrel and a higher primary window wall substrate, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0095] FIG. 8B is a cutaway side view of the water draining spandrel assembly of the window wall system of the building showing the lower spandrel and a higher primary window wall substrate;

[0096] FIG. 9A is a view of the window wall assembly engaged with water draining spandrel assembly of the window wall system of the building from the inside of the building, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0097] FIG. 9B is a view of the of the window wall assembly fastened to dry side vertical reinforcement having holes designed into the web and designed to assist horizontal and vertical flow of heat radiating through finished sheet rock wall assembly, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0098] FIG. 10A-10J are cutaway perspective views of a primary window wall substrate showing various fastener configurations, according to embodiments of the invention;

[0099] FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a structural insulated panel, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0100] FIG. 12A is a cutaway perspective view of a spandrel assembly of a exterior wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0101] FIG. 12B is a cutaway perspective view of a sub sill of the spandrel assembly, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0102] FIG. 12C is a view of the spandrel assembly from the inside of the building, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0103] FIG. 13 a side view of an inner section and an outer section of a window receptor, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0104] FIG. 14 is a cut-away side view of a window receptor, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0105] FIG. 15 is a cut-away side view of a window receptor having intermittent metal transverse supports, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0106] FIG. 16 is a cut-away side view of a window receptor having a plurality of rollers extending from the inner and outer wall of the window receptor, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0107] FIG. 17 is a cut-away side view of a window receptor having a plurality of rollers closer to the inner wall than the outer wall of the window receptor, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0108] FIG. 18 is a cut-away side view of a roller extending from the inner and outer wall of the window receptor, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0109] FIG. 19 is a bird's eye view of a pair of coupled rollers of a window receptor, according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0110] FIG. 20 is a vertical cross-sectional view of an exterior wall system as known in the art; and

[0111] FIG. 21 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an improved head receptor in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

[0112] It will be appreciated that, for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0113] In the following description, various aspects of the present invention are described. For purposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details presented herein. Furthermore, well known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the present invention.

[0114] Reference is made to FIGS. 2A and 2B, which are cutaway perspective views of a water draining spandrel assembly 100 of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention. The water draining spandrel assembly 100 can collect water which has entered from the outside of the building and can channel the collected water back to outside of the building.

[0115] As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the water draining spandrel assembly 100 can be attached to an edge of the floor slab 101 of the building to cover the edge of the floor slab 101. The floor slab 101 can be made from concrete, steel, any other suitable material, or any combination thereof.

[0116] The spandrel assembly 100 can include an upper starter track 105, a lower starter track 107, a sub sill or sill receptor 109, a head receptor 111, a down tube 113, an air channel 115, and an exterior spandrel panel unit 103.

[0117] The upper starter track 105 can be a lengthwise metal extrusion such as a steel extrusion, with a back top surface 116, a front top surface 117, a bottom surface 119, a vertical guide leg 120, a front wall 121, and a lengthwise hollow area 123.

[0118] The upper starter track 105 can be attached to the floor slab 101 by inserting at least one anchor 127 downward through the back top surface 116 and bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105, and into an upper surface of the floor slab 101. The bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105 can be parallel to a top surface of the floor slab 101. The at least one anchor 127 can be inserted through a washer 125. The back top surface 116 of the upper starter track 105 can have a serrated surface, and a bottom of the washer 125 can have a serrated surface, both in order to aid in attaching the upper starter track 105 to the floor slab 101.

[0119] A width (i.e., the front-to-back distance) of the bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105 and/or a height between the bottom surface 119 and back top surface 116 of the upper starter track 105 are large enough so that the upper starter track 105 can resist bending towards or away from the outside of the building. A width of the back top surface 116 of the upper starter track 105 allows the anchors of the upper starter track 105 to be attached to an upper surface of the floor slab 101 which is interior to the edge of the floor slab 101. The farther interior the anchor is affixed from the edge of the floor slab 101, the more structural integrity there is between the upper starter track 105 and the floor slab 101. Additionally, the farther interior the anchor is affixed from the edge of the floor slab 101, the fewer anchors will be needed to secure the starter track 105 to the floor slab 101.

[0120] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one shim (not shown) can be located between the bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105 and an upper surface of the floor slab 101, which shim can be compressed when the upper starter track 105 is attached to the floor slab 101. Sealant 128 can be applied along the lengthwise direction of the upper starter track 105 between a bottom edge of the bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105 and the upper surface of the floor slab 101, so as to provide an air, water, fire, and smoke seal between floors of the building. The sealant 128 can be silicone, such as DOW 795, or any other suitable seal material that is known in the art.

[0121] The vertical guide leg 120 of the upper starter track 105 can be located between the back 116 and front 117 top surfaces of the upper starter track 105 and can extend in an upward direction away from back 116 and front 117 top surfaces of the upper starter track 105 along the lengthwise direction of the upper starter track 105. In some embodiments of the invention, the vertical guide leg 120 can be perpendicular to the bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105.

[0122] The front wall 121 of the upper starter track 105 can extend in an upward direction between an end of the front top surface 117 and an end of the bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105. The front wall 121 can be perpendicular to the bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105.

[0123] The lengthwise hollow area 123 can be located between the front top surface 117, a section of the vertical guide leg 120, a section of the bottom surface 119, and the front wall 121 of the upper starter track 105. The lengthwise hollow area 123 can be used to connect the upper starter track 105 to an adjoining upper starter track by, for example, inserting a connector (not shown) partly through the lengthwise hollow area 123 of upper starter track 105 and partly through the lengthwise hollow area 123 of the adjoining upper starter track. The lengthwise hollow area 123 can also manage potential water migration through any mechanical fasteners that are attached through the sub sill 109 and into the front top surface 117 of the upper starter track 105, by trapping the water therein until it evaporates.

[0124] The sub sill 109 can be mechanically connected or welded to the upper starter track 105. The sub sill can be a lengthwise metal extrusion, such as a steel extrusion. The sub sill 109 can have a front wall 137, a back wall 139, a bottom wall 141, which together form a U or trough-like shape for collecting water that has entered from an outside of the building. The sub sill 109 can be configured to accept and hold a bottom of a primary window wall substrate (not shown) between the front wall 137 and back wall 139 of the sub sill 109. The primary window wall substrate can be the insulated panel described in FIGS. 10A-E, as described hereinbelow. The shape of the sub sill 109 can contain a micro climate and force the dew point away from interior surfaces of the sub sill 109 in order to reduce the risk of ice-dams. The front wall 137 and back wall 139 of the sub sill 109 can brace the ends of insulated panel, and may have a vertical height necessary to achieve a water head or weight that is able to oppose the exterior winds and drain from the sub-sill through a weep slot or hole. Without there being a, proper drain design, water will enter into the dry side or interior of the enclosed building.

[0125] The front wall 137 and the back wall 139 of the sub sill 109 can be parallel to the vertical guide leg 120 of the upper starter track 105. In some embodiments of the invention, the front wall 137 and the back wall 139 of the sub sill 109 may be perpendicular to the bottom 141 of the sub sill 109.

[0126] The back wall 139 of the sub sill 109 can abut a front surface of the vertical guide leg 120 of the upper starter track 105. Sealant 128 can be applied between the back wall 139 of the sub sill 109 and the vertical guide leg 120 of the upper starter track 105 so as to create an air and water seal. The sealant 128 can be silicone, such as DOW 795, or any other suitable seal material that is known in the art.

[0127] The front wall 137 of the sub sill 109 can have a rubber gasket 122 which can provide a water and air seal when the primary window wall substrate is held in the sub sill 109. The rubber gasket 122 can extend along an upper inside portion of the front wall 137 of the sub sill 109 in the lengthwise direction of the sub sill 109.

[0128] The bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109 can be parallel to the front top surface 117 of the upper starter track 105. The bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109 can have at least one opening 142 for channeling water collected in the sub sill 109 to a corresponding down tube 113. Each of the at least one opening 142 may be located above the corresponding down tube 113. The down tube 113 can have a hollow inside which is able to hold a sufficient weight of water to counteract against any air pressure exerted into the exit of the down tube 113.

[0129] In some embodiments of the invention, the sub sill 109 can include a vertical guide leg 144 extending downward from a bottom surface of the bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109 along the lengthwise direction of the sub sill 109. The vertical guide leg 144 of the sub sill 109 can be parallel to the front wall 137 and back wall 139 of the sub sill 109. The vertical guide leg 144 of the sub sill 109 can be parallel to and abut the front wall 121 of the upper starter track 105. In some embodiments of the invention, the vertical guide leg 144 is perpendicular to the bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109. A rubber gasket 122 can be located between vertical guide leg 144 of the sub sill 109 and the front wall 121 of the upper starter track 105 along a lengthwise direction of the sub sill 109 in order to provide an air and water seal.

[0130] The vertical guide leg 144 of the sub sill 109 can divide a bottom surface of the bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109 into a front bottom surface 143 and a back bottom surface 145. The back bottom surface 145 of the sub sill 109 can be mechanically attached or welded to the front top surface 117 of the upper starter track 105. The front bottom surface 143 of the sub sill 109 can be mechanically attached or welded to the down tube 113.

[0131] The lower starter track 107 can be a lengthwise metal extrusion such as a steel extrusion, with a base 130 and a vertical guide leg 131. The base 130 and the vertical guide leg 131 of the lower starter track 107 can be perpendicular. The base 130 and vertical guide leg 131 can form an upper case L shape.

[0132] The lower starter track 107 can be attached to the floor slab 101 by inserting at least one anchor 127 upward through a bottom surface 133 and a top surface 134 of the base 130 of the lower starter track 107 and into a bottom surface of the floor slab 101. The top surface 134 of the base 130 can be parallel to the bottom surface of the floor slab 101. The at least one anchor 127 can be inserted through a washer 125 that can be placed around a part of the anchor extending below the top surface 134 of the base 130, and a stud header 127 can be attached to a part of the anchor, extending below the washer 125. The base 130 of the lower starter track 107 can have a serrated surface located on a back part of the bottom surface 133, and a top of the washer 125 can have a serrated surface, both to provide greater frictional force in order to aid in attaching the lower starter track 107 to the floor slab 101.

[0133] A width (i.e., the front-to-back distance) of the base 130 of the lower starter track 107, and/or a height between the top surface 134 and bottom surface 133 of the lower starter track 107 are large enough so that the lower starter track 107 can resist bending towards or away from the outside of the building. A width of the bottom surface 133 of the lower starter track 107 allows the anchors of the lower starter track 107 to be attached to a lower surface of the floor slab 101 which is interior to the edge of the floor slab 101. The farther interior the anchor is affixed from the edge of the floor slab 101, the more structural integrity there is between the lower starter track 107 and the floor slab 101. Additionally, the farther interior the anchor is affixed from the edge of the floor slab 101, the fewer anchors will be needed to secure the lower starter track 107 to the floor slab 101.

[0134] At least one shim 136 can be located between the top surface 134 of the base 130 of the lower starter track 107 and the bottom surface of the floor slab 101, which shim can be compressed when the lower starter track 107 is attached to the floor slab 101. In some embodiments of the invention, sealant (not shown) can be applied along the lengthwise direction of the lower starter track 107 between a top edge of the top surface 134 of the base 130 and the bottom surface of the floor slab 101 to provide an air, water, fire, and smoke seal between floors of the building. The sealant can be silicone, such as DOW 795, or any other suitable seal material that is known in the art.

[0135] The bottom surface 133 of the base 130 of the lower starter track 107 can be mechanically attached or welded to the downward extending head receptor 111.

[0136] The head receptor 111 can be mechanically connected or welded to at least one of the bottom surface 133 of the base 130 of the lower starter track 107 and the vertical guide leg 148 of the lower starter track 107. The head receptor 111 can be a lengthwise metal extrusion, such as a steel extrusion.

[0137] The head receptor 111 can have a top wall 163, a front wall 165, and a back wall 167, which together form a U or trough like shape. The head receptor 111 can be configured to accept and hold a top of a lower primary window wall substrate (not shown) between the front wall 165 and back wall 167 of the head receptor 111.

[0138] The back wall 167 of the head receptor 111 can be a receptor clip. The front wall 165 and back wall 167 of the head receptor 111 can be parallel to each other. The top 163 of the head receptor can have a vertical guide leg 169 located between a front top surface 171 and a back top surface 173 of the top 163 of the head receptor 111, and can extend along a lengthwise direction of the head receptor 111. The vertical guide leg 169 of the head receptor 111 can be perpendicular to the top 163 of the head receptor 111. The back top surface 173 of the head receptor 111 can be mechanically attached or welded to a portion of the bottom surface 161 of the lower starter track 107. A back surface of the vertical guide leg 169 of the head receptor can be mechanically attached or welded to a portion of the wall 159 of the lower starter track 107.

[0139] The front wall 165 and the back wall 167 of the head receptor 111 can be parallel to each other. In some embodiments of the invention, the front. wall 165 and the back wall 167 of the head receptor 111 are perpendicular to the top 163 of the head receptor 111.

[0140] The back wall 167 of the head receptor 111 can abut a front surface of the vertical guide leg 148 of the lower starter track 107. The back wall 167 of the head receptor 111 can be mechanically attached or welded to the vertical guide leg 148 of the lower starter track 107.

[0141] The front wall 165 and back wall 167 of the head receptor 111 can have rubber gaskets 122 which provide a water and air seal when the lower primary window wall substrate is held in the head receptor 111. The rubber gaskets 122 can extend along an upper inside portion of the back wall 167 and front wall 165 of the head receptor 111.

[0142] The front top surface 171 of the top wall 163 of the head receptor 111 can be mechanically attached or welded to a bottom of each of the at least one down tubes 113. Each down tube 113 can have a rectangular or cylindrical body with a hollow inside portion. The hollow portion of each down tube 113 can be connected to a corresponding at least one opening 142 of the sub sill 109.

[0143] Each down tube 113 can have a back wall 147, a front wall 149, and a pair of side walls (not shown) configured to channel water collected by the sub sill 109 to an air channel 115. Each down tube 113 can have an exit 153 located in a portion of the front wall 149 which leads to a corresponding air channel 115. The down tube 113 may have a guide 155 located below the exit 153 configured to guide a flow of water from the down tube 113 through the exit 153 and into the air channel 115. The guide 155 of the water channel 113 may be angled such that a front end of the guide 155 adjacent to the front wall 149 is at a same height as the bottom of the exit 153, and such that a back end of the guide 155 adjacent to the front wall 149 is at a height above the bottom of the exit 153 of the water channel 113.

[0144] The down tube 113 may have a top surface (not shown) which can be mechanically attached or welded to the front bottom surface 143 of the bottom 141 of the sub sill 109. The top surface of the down tube 113 can be perpendicular to the back wall 147, front wall 149 and side walls of the down tube 113. The top surface of the down tube 113 may have an opening 151 that is connected to a corresponding opening 142 of the sub sill 109. An upper surface of the back wall 147 of the down tube 113 can abut a front surface of the vertical guide leg 144 of the sub sill 109. A portion of an outside surface of the front wall 149 of the down tube 113 can be located on a same plane as the front wall 137 of the sub sill 109. There may be a space between the back wall 147 of the down tube 113 and a side surface of the floor slab 101 for concrete tolerance. An insulating material can be located between the down tube 113 and a vertical support of the exterior spandrel panel 103. The insulating material can be located between a shadow box panel (not shown) and the space between the back wall 147 of the down tube 113 and the side surface of the floor slab 101.

[0145] A portion of the outside surface of the of the front wall 149 of the down tube 113 can be mechanically attached or welded to a back surface of the vertical guide leg 169 of the head receptor 111. A bottom of the down tube 113 can be mechanically attached or welded to the front top surface 171 of the head receptor 111. The front wall of the down tube can be located on a same plane as the front wall of the sub sill 109 and head receptor 111.

[0146] The air channel 115 may have a front wall 175, a back wall (not shown), two side walls (not shown), an exit 177, an air guide 180, an air entrance 181, and a water entrance 185. The back wall of the air channel 115 can be the front wall 137 of the sub sill 109, the front wall 165 of the head receptor 111, and the front wall 149 of the down tube 113. The two side walls can be perpendicular to the front wall 175 of the air channel 115 or otherwise forming a vertical enclosure therewith. The front wall 175 of the air channel 115 can be parallel to the front wall 149 of the down tube 113. The air entrance 181 of the air channel 115 can be located above the water entrance 185 of the air channel 115. The water entrance 185 can be located in a back wall (not shown) of the air channel 115 and be connected to the exit 153 of the down tube 113. The water entrance 185 of the air channel 115 can be the exit 153 of the down tube 113. The exit 177 of the air channel 115 may be located below the water entrance 185 of the air channel 115.

[0147] The air guide 180 is intended to ensure that there is more air pressure coming into air channel 115 from the air entrance 181 thereof than from the exit 177 thereof. The air guide 180 can be an air scoop mechanically attached or welded to the air entrance 181 and angled to guide air from the outside of the building into the air entrance 181 in order to increase the flow of air into the air entrance 181 of the air channel 115. The air guide 180 can alternatively be an air deflector mechanically attached or welded to the exit 177 of the air channel 115 and angled to inhibit the flow of air from the outside of the building into the exit 177 of the air channel 115 in order to inhibit the flow of air into the exit 177 of the air channel 115. In some embodiments of the invention, the air channel 115 can comprise both an air scoop and/or an air deflector (not shown).

[0148] In some embodiments the of the invention, the assembly 100 can include a second down tube which can fit within the down tube 113 and extend through the at least one hole 142 of the sub sill 109. An entrance of the second down tube can be located above the down tube 113. An air tube (not shown) can have an opening to the outside of the building and an exit to the inside of the down tube 113. The exit of the air tube can be located above an exit of the second down tube.

[0149] An exterior spandrel panel unit 103 can be attached to the spandrel assembly 100 to cover the edge of the floor slab 101. The exterior spandrel panel 103 can be aesthetic as well as serve utilitarian purposes of creating a water and air seal between an outside 104 of the building. The exterior spandrel panel 103 can be made from glass, stone, metal, any other suitable material, or any combination thereof. The exterior spandrel panel unit 103 can be attached to an outside of the front wall 137 of the sub sill 109, and to an outside of front wall 165 of the head receptor 111.

[0150] Reference is made to FIG. 2C, which is a close-up view of a cutaway perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the water draining spandrel assembly 100 of FIG. 2A. As shown in FIG. 2C, the air entrance 181 of the air channel 115 can be located below the at least one hole 142 of the sub sill 109 and above the exit 153 of the downtube. The air guide 180 can be attached or welded to the air entrance 181 and angled to guide air from the outside of the building into the air entrance 181 in order to increase the flow of air into the air entrance 181 of the air channel 115.

[0151] Reference is made to FIG. 2D, which is a close-up side view of a cutaway perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the water draining spandrel assembly 100 of FIG. 2A. In FIG. 2D, in the case of water damming, or any other issue which may prevent water that has accumulated in sub sill 109 from leaving the building via downtube 113, water can exit the sub sill 109 via a scupper 191, an opening in the sub sill. The scupper 191 may be configured with a operable top hung flap (not shown), such that it opens only outward, away from the building, and does not open inward, towards the sub sill 109, and only when required for water to drain. If the scupper opening 191 were open no matter the case to drain or not to drain, excluding exterior air, weather cold or hot from entering the sub-sill and influencing interior surface temperatures of sub-sill would be an unwanted condition. The top hung flap of the scupper 191 may be weighted or otherwise configured such that it is opened only once a predetermined volume and/or weight of water is collected in the sub sill 109. The scupper 191 may have a deflector extending from the bottom thereof which draws drained water leaving the sub sill 109 from scupper 191 in a direction away from air scoop 180.

[0152] In FIG. 2D, an air entrance 181, which allows air from outside the building to enter the downtube 113, may be located below the at least one hole 142 of the sub sill 109. A primary exit 177 may be connected to the downtube 113 and the air channel 115. The primary exit 177 may have a hinged top hung flap (not shown) which is such that it opens only outward, away from the building, and does not open inward, towards the downtube 113. The top hung flap of the primary exit 177 may be weighted or otherwise configured such that it opens only to the outside of the building if the amount or weight of water collected in the downtube 113 and/or sub sill 109 is less than what is required to overcome the exterior air pressure, e.g., a predetermined weight. If the amount or weight of water collected in the downtube 113 and/or sub sill 109 is sufficient to overcome the exterior air pressure, then water flowing through the downtube 113 is channeled through the exit 153 into or through the air channel 115 and out to the exterior of the building via primary exit 177, the shortest distance, or exit 177. Exit 177 may have a deflector attached to it to deflect air from entering the air channel 115 via the exit 177.

[0153] In some embodiments of the invention, the downtube 113 may have a second scupper (not shown) located above the primary exit 177 configured to allow water to exit to the exterior of the building if primary exit 177 and/or exit 177 are blocked or clogged.

[0154] Reference is made to FIG. 3, which is a top perspective view of water draining spandrel assembly 100 of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0155] As shown in FIG. 3, the water draining spandrel assembly 100 can include more than one connected sub sill 109. Each of the more than one connected sub sill 109 can be mechanically connected or welded to the upper starter track 105. In some embodiments of the invention, there may be more than one connected upper starter track 105; however, in order to increase structural integrity of the assembly 100, a connection of any two adjacent upper starter tracks 105 is, in preferred embodiments, not aligned with a connection of two adjacent sub sills 109. The connection between two adjacent upper starter tracks 105 can include a vertical marriage bead 193. The vertical marriage bead 193 may be a sealant such as silicone, such as DOW 795, or any other suitable seal material that is known in the art, along with a pre cured sheet of silicone, for example DOW 123 strip or equal.

[0156] At least one vertical slit 191 can be located in the front wall 137 of the sub sill 109. The at least one vertical slit 191 can lead to the outside 104 of the building and can be used to allow water collected in the sub sill 109 to exit to the outside 104 of the building. The at least one vertical slit 191 can be located at a connection point between two adjacent sub sills 109. Rubber gaskets 122 can be located on an upper inside portion of the front walls 137 of the sub sills 109.

[0157] The air channel 115 can be mechanically connected or welded to an outside of the dry verticals and not to any horizontal surface, such as the sub sill 109 or head receptor 111. In some embodiments of the invention, the air channel 115 can be connected the wet down tube 113 and not to the dry verticals. The air guide 180 can be can be an air scoop mechanically attached or welded to the air entrance 181, and angled to guide air from the outside 104 of the building into the air entrance 181 in order to ensure that there is more air pressure coming into air channel 115 from the air entrance 181 than from the exit 177. The air entrance 181 can be located outside 104 of the building. The air entrance 181 can be located above the opening 142 in the sub sill 109. The opening 142, located in the bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109, can lead to the down tube 113.

[0158] Reference is made to FIG. 4, which is a top perspective view of a system termination of the water draining spandrel assembly 100 of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0159] As shown in FIG. 4, the water draining spandrel assembly 100 can be connected to a wall 187 at an end of the sub sill 109 and upper starter track 105. The back wall 139 of the sub sill 109 can be connected to a front surface of the vertical guide leg 120 of the upper starter track 105. The back top surface 116 can be serrated. The rubber gasket 122 can be located on an upper inside portion of the front wall 137 of the sub sill 109. The air guide 180 can be an air scoop mechanically attached or welded to the air entrance 181 and angled to guide air from the outside 104 of the building into the air entrance 181. The air entrance 181 can be located above the opening 142 located in the bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109.

[0160] Reference is made to FIG. 5 which is a top perspective view of a midsection of the water draining spandrel assembly 100 of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0161] As shown in FIG. 5, the water draining spandrel assembly 100, the sub sill 109 can have a front wall 137, a back wall 139, and a bottom wall 141. The bottom surface (not shown) of the bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109 can be attached to the front top surface 117 of the upper starter track 105. The opening 142 in the bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109 can be located in a portion of the bottom wall 141 of the sub sill 109 which is not above the front top surface 117 of the upper starter track 105. The air channel 115 can be attached to an outside (not shown) of the front wall 137 of the sub sill 109, and the air entrance 181 and the air guide 180 can be located at a height which is above the hole 142 of the sub sill 109. The down tube 113 (not shown in FIG. 5) can have a connector 401 with rubber gaskets 403. The connector 401 of the down tube 113 can be connected to a vertical support of an adjacent external spandrel unit.

[0162] Reference is made to FIG. 6A, which is a top cutaway perspective view of the midsection of the water draining spandrel assembly 100 of a window wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0163] As shown in FIG. 6A, the down tube 113 can be located between the exterior spandrel panel unit 103 and an outside edge of the floor slab 101. An outside of the front wall 149 of the down tube 113 can be connected to a shadow box panel 501 of the exterior spandrel panel 103. The down tube 113 can be connected to a vertical support 505 of an adjacent exterior spandrel panel 503 via the connector 401. The connector 401 can have rubber gaskets 403 to seal the connection between vertical support 505 and down tube 113. The vertical support 505 of the adjacent exterior spandrel panel 503 can have a hollow inside section. The vertical support 505 of the adjacent exterior spandrel panel 503 can be connected to a shadow box panel 501 of the adjacent exterior spandrel panel 503. The shadow box panel 501 can be connected to the exterior spandrel panel 103 via a vertical spacer 509 and sealant 550, such as silicone or another suitable sealant. The shadow box panel 501 can be connected to the exterior spandrel panel 503 via a vertical spacer 509 and sealant 550, such as silicone or another suitable sealant. The shadow box panels 501 and 501 can be a thin sheet. The shadow box panels 501 and 501 can be made of any suitable material, for example a thin metal, such as aluminum or steel. The thickness and elasticity of the shadow box panels 501 and 501 compared to the exterior spandrel panel 103 can be configured to avoid pillowing or oil canning of the exterior spandrel panel 103. Similarly, an exterior window panel attached to primary window wall substrate 601 can include a shadow box panel that is configured to avoid pillowing or oil canning of the exterior window panel. The primary window wall substrate 601 can be the insulated panel (1000, 1001, and 1005), as described hereinbelow in FIGS. 10A-10J.

[0164] The air channel 115 can be connected to an outside of the front wall 149 of the downtube 113 that is not connected to the shadow box panel 501 of the exterior spandrel panel 103. In one embodiment, the air channel 115 can be connected to the outside of the front wall 149 of the downtube 113 via a groove or track 507 located on the outside of the front wall.

[0165] FIGS. 6B-6D are cross sectional views of improved internal air channels 513 for pushing water out and for drying drainage paths. As shown in the figures an improved vertical oriented sub sill part with an internal air channel 513 provides an alternative aesthetic and improved drainage to the exterior of collected water in the down tube. The push of air from behind provides drainage of water in the down tube to the exterior and also provides drying of the drainage path. Insulation 511 may be placed between vertical oriented sub sill part and the horizontal oriented sub sill part and the head receptor below. Bridge 515 connects the internal air channel 513 to the vertical down tube 113 as shown in FIG. 6C. In FIG. 6D a combined cavity 517 improves the water drainage and the rate of drying of the drainage path.

[0166] Reference is made to FIGS. 7A and 7B, which are cutaway perspective and side views, respectively, of the water draining spandrel assembly 100 of a window wall system of a building showing a primary window wall substrate 601.

[0167] As shown in FIGS. 7A-B, the bottom 141 of the sub sill 109 can be attached to the front top surface 117 of the upper starter track 105 via a screw 608, and the connection can be sealed. If the seal on the screw 608 is compromised, the lengthwise hollow area 123 of the upper starter track 105 can collect water from the inside of the sub sill 109 to prevent this water from reaching an interior of the building.

[0168] The primary window wall substrate 601 can be connected to an inside of the building using a threaded rod 605 and two T-nuts 607. A back end of the threaded rod 605 can be used to attach the primary window wall substrate 601 to an inside of the building such that there is a space between the bottom of the primary window substrate 601 and a top surface of the bottom 141 of the sub sill 109. The primary window wall substrate 601 can be metal, wood, stone, brick, or an insulating material. In some embodiments of the invention, the primary window wall substrate 601 can be a structurally insulated panel. For example, the primary window wall substrate 601 can be a layer of foam sandwiched between two sheets, such as two thin sheets of metal. The insulation layer can be mineral wool, foam, a vacuum insulated panel, or any other type of insulating layer.

[0169] In contrast, typical window wall systems have aluminum extrusions which span from an inside to an exterior of the building. Aluminum extrusions create thermal bridging that increases the heat flow to the exterior and causing the interior surface temperatures to drop below the dew point. Similarly, aluminum frame shapes designed for use in exterior building envelope enclosures readily allow energy, both heat and vibrations, to pass through it. This can increase the risk of condensation on an interior dry side of the system. One solution to this problem is to design the aluminum extrusions with a thicker interior to act as a heat sink, e.g., to design the aluminum shapes with increased mass on the interior to act as a sink for both heat and vibration, energy. Another solution is to use thermal breaks, which are heat insulating material such as reinforced polyamide plastic, urethane and the like. However, thermal breaks typically provide only a modest benefit, are difficult to value for long term structural integrity, and have unpredictable life spans. Some embodiments of the present invention may reduce energy, both heat and/or vibrations, from impacting performance of the exterior building envelope enclosure, e.g., by thermal bridging, including the risk of condensation on an interior dry side of the assembly by connecting the primary window wall substrate 601 to an interior dry side of the system by using intermittingly/sporadically placed threaded rods 605.

[0170] A horizontal spacer 609 can be located between the primary window wall substrate 601 and an exterior window panel 611. Sealant 650 can be applied between the exterior window panel 611, the primary window wall substrate 601, the horizontal spacer 609, and an outside of the building. A front end of the threaded rod 605 can be used to attach the primary window wall substrate 601 to the sealant 650 of exterior window panel 611. By connecting the front end of the threaded rod 605 to the sealant 650, the threaded rod 605 further reduces thermal bridging from the outside of the building and the inside of the building.

[0171] Sealant 613 can be applied between an upper inside portion of the back wall 139 of the sub sill 109 and an outside back portion of the primary window wall substrate 601 in order to create an air and water seal. Sealant 613 can be silicone, for example DOW 121 silicone, or some other suitable sealant.

[0172] A bottom of a structural support beam 615 can be connected to the back top surface 116 of the upper starter track 105. A top (not shown) of the structural support beam 615 can be attached to a bottom surface of a lower starter track (not shown) attached to an upper floor slab (not shown) above floor slab 101. The shadow box panel 501 can be connected to the exterior spandrel panel 103 via an upper horizontal spacer 617. Sealant 650, such as silicone, can be located between the shadow box panel 501, the front wall 137 of the sub sill 109, the upper horizontal spacer 617, and the outside of the building. The sealant 650 can be attached to an outside surface of the front wall 137 of the sub sill 109 via acrylic adhesive tape 675.

[0173] As shown in FIG. 7B, at least one shim 780 can be located between the bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105 and an upper surface of the floor slab 101, which shim 780 can be compressed when the upper starter track 105 is attached to the floor slab 101.

[0174] The upper starter track 105 can be attached to the floor slab 101 by inserting at least one anchor 127 downward through the back top surface 116 and bottom surface 119 of the upper starter track 105, and into an upper surface of the floor slab 101. The at least one anchor 127 can be inserted into a washer 125.

[0175] At least two threaded rods 605 can be attached to the primary window wall substrate 601. A back end of the two threaded rods 605 can be attached to a leveling block 690. The back end of the two threaded rods 605 can be attached to the leveling block 690 via a bracket 790. In some embodiments of the invention, there is no leveling block 690, and the back end of the two threaded rods 605 can be attached to the bracket 790. A front end of the two threaded rods 605 can be connected to the exterior window panel 611 via sealant 650.

[0176] Reference is made to FIGS. 8A and 8B, which are cutaway perspective and side views of the water draining spandrel assembly 100 of a window wall system of a building showing a lower primary window wall substrate 701.

[0177] As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, lower starter track 107 can be attached to the floor slab 101 by inserting at least one anchor 703 upward through a bottom surface 133 and a top surface 134 of the base 130 of the lower starter track 107, and into a bottom surface of the floor slab 101. Sealant 709 can be applied along the lengthwise direction of the lower starter track 107 between a top edge of the top surface 134 of the base 130 and the bottom surface of the floor slab 101 to provide an air, water, fire, and smoke seal between floors of the building. The sealant can be silicone, such as DOW 795, or any other suitable sealant.

[0178] A top of a structural support beam 721 can be connected to the bottom surface 133 of the base 130 of the lower starter track 107. A bottom (not shown) of the structural support beam 721 can be attached to a top surface of an upper starter track (not shown) attached to a lower floor slab (not shown) below floor slab 101.

[0179] A horizontal spacer 717 can be located between a lower primary window wall substrate 701 and a lower exterior window panel 741. Sealant 750, such as silicone or another suitable sealant, can be applied between the lower exterior window panel 741, the lower window wall substrate 701, the horizontal spacer 717, and an outside of the building.

[0180] The lower primary window wall substrate 701 can be connected to an inside of the building using a threaded rod 711 and two T-nuts 713. A back end of the threaded rod 711 can be used to attach the lower primary window wall substrate 701 to an inside of the building, such that there is a space between the top of the primary window substrate 701 and a bottom surface of the top of the head receptor 111. A front end of the threaded rod 711 can be used to attach the lower primary window wall substrate 701 to the sealant 750 of a lower exterior window panel 741.

[0181] Sealant 719 can be applied between a lower edge of the inside of the back wall 167 located below the gasket 122 of the back wall 167 of the head receptor 111. Sealant 719 can be silicon, for example DOW 121 or some other suitable sealant known in the art.

[0182] The shadow box panel 501 can be connected to the exterior spandrel panel 103 via a lower horizontal spacer 603 and sealant 650. The sealant 650 can be attached to an outside surface of the front wall 165 of the head receptor 111 via acrylic adhesive tape 675.

[0183] Reference is made to FIGS. 9A and 9B, which are views of the water draining spandrel assembly of the window wall system of the building from the inside of the building.

[0184] As shown in FIG. 9A, a back end 901 of each threaded rod 605 can extend out of the primary window wall substrate 601 in a direction towards the inside of the building. A back end 901 of each threaded rod 605 of an adjacent primary window wall substrate 601 can extend out of the adjacent primary window wall substrate 601 in a direction towards the inside of the building. The leveling block 690 can be attached to two or more back ends 901 via a bracket 790, and the leveling block 690 can be attached to two or more back ends 901 via a bracket 790. The primary window wall substrate panel 601 can be attached to the structural support beam 615 via the back ends 901 of the threaded rods 605, and the adjacent primary window wall substrate panel 601 can be attached to the structural support beam 615 via the back ends 901 of the threaded rods 605. The bottoms of structural support beams 615 and 615 can be connected to the back top surface 116 of the upper starter track 105. A top (not shown) of the structural support beams 615 and 615 can be attached to a bottom surface of a lower starter track (not shown) attached to an upper floor slab (not shown) above floor slab 101.

[0185] The structural support beams 615 and 615 do not need to be vertical mullions, and the present system does not need or utilize vertical mullions. Rather, the primary air seals of the present invention can include the primary horizontal air seals 128 and 128, and a primary vertical air seal 903. The vertical air seal 903 can be located at a connection point of two adjacent primary window wall substrates 601 and 601. The vertical seal 903 can extend from the horizontal air seal 128 to a horizontal air seal (not shown) of a lower starter track (not shown) of the upper floor slab (not shown) above floor slab 101. By locating the primary air seals 128, 128 and 903 on an interior side of primary window wall substrates 601 and 601, and not inside vertical mullions, the primary air seals 128, 128 and 903 can be more easily monitored, repaired and/or replaced. The brackets 690 and 691 can be located such that they do not cover the vertical seal 903. The structural support beams 615 and 615 can be located such that they do not cover the vertical seal 903.

[0186] The structural support beams 615 and 615 may be hollow. The structural support beams 615 and 615 can have three walls that form a U-like shape. The structural support beams 615 and 615 can have a plurality of cut out sections 981 in one of the walls of the structural support beams 615 and 615 in order to decrease the weight of the structural support beams 615 and 615 as well as to ensure that nothing but the upper starter track 109, a lower starter track (not shown) of the upper floor slab (not shown) above floor slab 101, and the primary window wall substrate 601 are attached to the structural support beams 615 and 615.

[0187] As shown in FIG. 9B, the structural support beams 615 can have a plurality of cut out sections 981 that are perpendicular to the insulated panel 601 such that air can flow in a direction 999 substantially parallel to insulated panel 601. Sheet rock or some other suitable construction material (not shown) can be installed such that the structural support beams 615 are located between the sheet rock and the primary window wall substrates 601 and 601. The cut out sections 981 assist distribution of heat which radiates through a finished sheet rock wall assembly.

[0188] Reference is made to FIGS. 10A-10J, which are cutaway perspective views of an insulated window wall substrate 1000, according to one embodiment of the invention. The insulated window wall substrate 1000 can include a layer of insulation 1001 sandwiched between a thin exterior metal sheet 1003 and a thin interior metal sheet 1005. The layer of insulation 1001 can be foam, wool, or any other suitable type of insulating layer.

[0189] As can be seen in FIG. 10B, the primary window wall substrate 1000 may include an access hole 1007 that can be bored through the primary window wall substrate 1000.

[0190] As can be seen in FIGS. 10C and 10D, a first part of a fastener 1009 can be inserted into the access hole 1007. The first part of the fastener 1009 may be a T-nut. The first part of the fastener 1009 can include a shaft 1011 extending into the access hole 1007. The access hole 1007 may have a lateral dimension large enough to allow the shaft 1011 to fit within the access hole 1007, but small enough to prevent the shaft 1011 from easily falling out of the access hole 1007 or loosely moving therein.

[0191] The first part of the fastener 1009 may have a hidden first thread 1013. The first part of the fastener 1009 may have a section 1015 with a larger lateral dimension than the radius of the shaft 1011 and larger than the radius of the access hole 1007. The section 1015 may be circular, square, rectangular, or any other shape as long as the surface area of section 1015 is large enough to resist deformation of the thin exterior metal sheet 1003 and the thin interior metal sheet 1005.

[0192] The first part of the fastener 1009 may have a section 1017 extending away from section 1015 in the direction opposite to the access hole 1007. The section 1017 may have threads for reglazing and/or supporting architectural fascia shear loads. The threaded section 1017, which is interior to adhesive 1022, may serve to resist separation of the insulated panel 1001, 1003, 1005 and exterior architectural facie panel 1023 as a result of shear forces and gravity loads. The first part of the fastener 1009 may be pressed into the access hole 1007, for example using force, such as via a rubber mallet.

[0193] In a specific embodiment as shown in FIG. 10F, a first fastener 1015 abutting exterior side 1003 of insulated panel 1000, includes a lateral flange with a diameter dimension that is greater than the at least one hole, and an inner section of the first fastener 1015 has a hollow having a threading therein. Rod 1009 with threading 1017 connecting a nut and washer assembly 1030. The area may be surrounded with adhesive 1022.

[0194] In a specific embodiment as shown in FIG. 10G, a first fastener 1015 abutting exterior side 1003 of insulated panel 1000, has a lateral flange with a diameter dimension that is greater than the at least one hole, and an inner section of the first fastener has a hollow 1032 with a threading therein with adhesive 1022 located therein. Adhesive 1022 in this area not shown for clarity.

[0195] In a specific embodiment as shown in FIG. 10H, a first fastener 1015 abutting exterior side 1003 of insulated panel 1000, includes a lateral flange with a diameter dimension that is greater than the at least one hole, and an inner section of the first fastener has a hollow having threading therein. Rod 1009 with threading 1017 with additional 1015 placed thereupon to increase adhesive mechanical connection. The area is surrounded with adhesive 1022 which is positioned between threaded wing 1034 and the lateral flange of the first fastener 1015. This gives additional surface area for additional structural integrity thereby imparting less stress to the adhesive connection between layer of insulation 1001 and thin exterior metal sheet 1003.

[0196] In a specific embodiment as shown in FIG. 10I, a first fastener 1015 abutting exterior side 1003 of insulated panel 1000, includes a lateral flange with a diameter dimension that is greater than the at least one hole, and an inner section of the first fastener 1015 has a hollow with a threading therein. A cylindrical extension 1036 without threading to assure adhesive connection. The area is surrounded with adhesive 1022.

[0197] In a specific embodiment as shown in FIG. 10J, a first fastener 1015 abutting exterior side 1003 of insulated panel 1000, includes a lateral flange with a diameter dimension that is greater than the at least one hole, and an inner section of the first fastener has a hollow with threading therein with threaded rod 1009 and 1017 joining to it with a surface in plane with adhesive 1022.

[0198] A spacer 1019 can be attached to an outside surface of the thin exterior metal sheet 1003. The spacer may have a moisture vapor inhibitor 1021 on the surface of the spacer 109 which abuts the outside surface of the thin exterior metal sheet 1003. The moisture vapor inhibitor 1021 may be polyisobutylene (PIB) or any other suitable material.

[0199] Adhesive 1022 can be used to attach an exterior architectural facie panel 1023 to the spacer 1019, the outside surface of the thin exterior metal sheet 1003, and sections 1015 and 1017 of the first part of the fastener 1009. The adhesive 1022 can be silicone or any other suitable material. The adhesive 1022 may be fireproof, which protects the first part of the fastener 1009 from fire, and may help with heat loss.

[0200] The exterior architectural facie panel 1023 may be glass. When the exterior architectural facie panel 1023 is made of a material such as glass, the glass may further protect the thin exterior metal sheet 1003 from the effects of fire. When the insulated window wall substrate 1000 is connected to the exterior architectural facie panel 1023 by the adhesive 1022, the combination of the insulated window wall substrate 1000 and exterior architectural facie panel 1023 may exhibit improved structural integrity, reduced energy transfer, and improved acoustic dampening.

[0201] The spacer may also have moisture vapor inhibitor 1021 on the surface of the spacer 1019, which surface is opposite the surface of the spacer 1019 that abuts an inside surface of the exterior architectural facie panel 1023.

[0202] The exterior architectural facie panel 1023 acts as a structural diaphragm, and, when connected to insulated window wall substrate 1000, as shown in FIGS. 10C and 10D, is a structural insulated panel. The exterior architectural facie panel 1023 connected to insulated window wall substrate 1000, as shown in FIGS. 10C and 10D, may also be manufactured on an automated insulated glass line, and may be quickly and easily installed from the inside of a building.

[0203] As shown in FIG. 10E, a second part of a fastener 1025 can be inserted into the access hole 1007 and a second thread of the second part of a fastener 1025 can be connected to the first thread 1013 of the first part of the fastener 1009. The shaft 1011 of the first part of the fastener 1009 can be long enough such that, when the first part 1009 and the second part 1025 of the fastener are connected, any force exerted on the connection of the first part 1009 and the second part 1025 of the fastener is not directly on the thin exterior metal sheet 1003. The shaft 1011 of the first part of the fastener 1009 can be short enough such that, when the first part 1009 and the second part 1025 of the fastener are connected, any force exerted on the connection of the first part 1009 and the second part 1025 of the fastener is not directly on the thin interior metal sheet 1005.

[0204] The second part of the fastener 1025 can have a threaded rod 1027 that has the second thread (not shown). The second part of the fastener 1025 can have a section 1029 with a larger lateral dimension than the radius of the threaded rod 1027 and larger than the radius of the access hole 1007. The second part of the fastener 1025 can have a section 1031 extending away from section 1029 in the opposite direction of the access hole 1007. The section 1031 may have threads and may be connectable to the inside of a building. The second part of the fastener 1025 may be hand tightened to the first part of the fastener 1009 to avoid damaging the insulated window wall substrate 1000.

[0205] Reference is made to FIG. 11 which is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a structural insulated panel, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0206] In operation 1101, an access hole (e.g., the access hole 1007 from FIGS. 10A-E) can be bored through an insulated window wall substrate (e.g., the insulated window wall substrate 1000 from FIGS. 10A-E). In operation 1103, a shaft of a first part of a fastener (e.g., first part of the fastener 1009 from FIGS. 10C-E) may be inserted through the access hole. The shaft of first part of the fastener may be pressed into the access hole 1007, e.g., by hammering the first part of the fastener using a rubber mallet. In operation 1105, a spacer (e.g., the spacer 1019 from FIGS. 10C-E) can be attached to an outside surface of the insulated window wall substrate, such that a portion of the first part of a fastener extending away from the insulated window wall substrate is on the same side of the insulated window wall substrate as the spacer.

[0207] In operation 1107, an exterior architectural facade panel (e.g., the exterior architectural facie panel 1023 from FIGS. 10C-E) may be positioned along an outside surface of the spacer opposite to the surface of the spacer attached to the insulated window wall substrate. In operation 1109, the insulated window wall substrate, the first part of the fastener, the spacer, and architectural facade panel are connected to each other with a volume of an adhesive (e.g., sealant 1022 from FIGS. 10C-E).

[0208] Reference is made to FIG. 12A which is a cutaway perspective view of a spandrel assembly 200 of a exterior wall system of a building, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0209] The spandrel assembly 200 may be located in between two floors of the building and attached to a floor slab 201, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/961,856, entitled WATER DRAINING SPANDREL ASSEMBLY AND INSULATED PANEL EXTERIOR WALLS, which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0210] The spandrel assembly 200 may protect the floor slab 201 from the exterior of the building. The floor slab 201 can be made from concrete, steel, or any other suitable material, or any combination thereof. The spandrel assembly 200 may include a sub sill receptor 203, a head receptor 205, an architectural fascia 207 attached to an exterior spandrel panel unit, and at least one layer of insulation located between the architectural fascia 207 and the floor slab 201.

[0211] The at least one layer of insulation, located between the exterior spandrel panel unit 207 and the floor slab 201 may include a first layer of insulation 209 located in between a second layer of insulation 210, and the exterior spandrel panel unit 207. In some embodiments of the invention, the second layer of insulation 210 is a vacuum insulated panel.

[0212] In embodiments where the second layer of insulation 210 is a vacuum insulated panel, the first layer of insulation 209 may help prevent the vacuum insulated panel 210 from overheating due to heat transfer from the outside of the building through the exterior spandrel panel unit 207. This is especially true when the exterior spandrel panel unit 207 is made from glass. The spandrel assembly 200 may have a metal sheet 222 located between the vacuum insulated panel 210 and the floor slab 201 to help prevent structural damage to the vacuum insulated panel 210.

[0213] The spandrel assembly 200 may include a third layer of insulation 224 between the floor slab 201 and the vacuum insulated panel 210 or the metal sheet 222. The third layer of insulation 224 may be safing, such as mineral wool, to provide fire protection. There may be a space 299 between the floor slab 201 and the third layer of insulation 224 and/or sheet of metal 222 for concrete tolerance.

[0214] In some embodiments, when the architectural fascia 207 is transparent, the first layer of insulation 209 may be replaced by a shadow box. In such embodiments, only the third layer of insulation 224 may be a vacuum insulated panel. The second layer of insulation 210 may be made of a material designed to protect the vacuum insulated panel 224 from overheating from light that has traveled through the transparent architectural fascia 207.

[0215] When the architectural fascia 207 is opaque (e.g., no shadow box), the at least one layer of insulation located between the architectural fascia 207 and the floor slab 201 may include a first layer of insulation 209 located in between a second layer of insulation 210, and the architectural fascia 207. In these embodiments of the invention, the second layer of insulation 210 and/or third lawyer of insulation 224 may be a vacuum insulated panel.

[0216] In these embodiments where the second layer of insulation 210 is a vacuum insulated panel, the first layer of insulation 209 may help prevent the vacuum insulated panel 210 from overheating due to heat transfer from the outside of the building through the architectural fascia 207. The spandrel assembly 200 may have a metal sheet 222 located between the vacuum insulated panel 210 and the floor slab 201 to help prevent structural damage to the vacuum insulated panel 210.

[0217] In some embodiments, when the architectural fascia 207 is transparent, the first layer of insulation 209 may be replaced by a shadow box. In such embodiments, only the third layer of insulation 224 may be a vacuum insulated panel. The second layer of insulation 210 may protect the vacuum insulated panel 224 from overheating from light that has traveled through the transparent architectural fascia 207. In such embodiments, a metal sheet may be located between the second layer of insulation 210 and third layer of insulation 224.

[0218] The sub sill 203 can be a lengthwise metal extrusion, such as a steel extrusion or an aluminum extrusion. The sub sill 203 may include an outer metal section, which may include a base 211, a vertical attachment leg 219, and an outer wall 213; an inner metal section, which may include an inner wall 215 and a second vertical attachment leg 220; and a thermal break 217. The thermal break 217 may be made of plastic. In some embodiments of the invention, thermal break 217 is made from polyamide.

[0219] The thermal break 217 may be connected to the vertical attachment leg 219 of the outer metal section of the sub sill 203 and connected to the vertical attachment leg 220 of the inner metal section of the sub sill 203. The thermal break 217 may extend in the lengthwise direction and separate the outer metal section and the inner metal section of the sub sill 203 to reduce heat transfer between the inner metal section and outer metal section of the sub sill 203.

[0220] Intermittent metal transverse supports (not shown) may be connected to the vertical attachment legs 219 and 220 and extend through thermal break in a direction perpendicular to the lengthwise direction, such that the plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports assist in preventing the inner metal section or the outer metal section of the sub sill 203 from separating from the thermal break 217. The amount or size of the intermittent metal transverse supports may be such that thermal conductivity between the inner metal section and outer metal section of the sub sill 203 having the thermal break and intermittent metal transverse supports is less than the thermal conductivity between the inner metal section and outer metal section of the sub sill 203 if the inner metal section and outer metal section were not separated by the thermal break and there were no intermittent metal transverse supports.

[0221] The vacuum insulated panel 210 and/or the first layer of insulation 209 may help prevent heat transfer from the outside of the building to the vertical attachment leg 219, which helps prevent heat transfer to the intermittent metal transverse supports (not shown) and/or the thermal break 217 itself.

[0222] The base 211, outer wall 213, inner wall 215, and thermal break 217 form a U or trough-like shape for collecting water that has entered from an outside of the building. The sub sill 203 can be configured to accept and hold, between the inner wall 215 and outer wall 213, a bottom of a primary exterior wall substrate (not shown) for the floor above the floor slab 201. The inner wall 215 and outer wall 213 of the sub sill 203 can brace the ends of the insulated panel.

[0223] The inside of the inner wall 215 and inside of the outer wall 213 of the sub sill 203 may include a track or groove 250 extending in the lengthwise direction configured to accept to accept a plurality of rollers (not shown). The rollers may be configured to assist in inserting a primary exterior wall substrate into the sub sill 203. The rollers may be configured to allow the primary exterior wall substrate to sit on top of the rollers, such that there is space between the rollers and the thermal break 217, and the weight of the panel on the rollers is at least partially diverted from a top of the thermal break to the inner wall 215 or outer wall 213.

[0224] In one embodiment of the invention, the rollers may extend from the inner wall 215 to the outer wall 213 and further assist in preventing the inner metal section or the outer metal section of the sub sill 203 from separating from the thermal break 217. The amount or size of the intermittent metal transverse supports and an amount size, or material of the rollers is such that thermal conductivity between the inner wall 215 and outer wall 213 of the sub sill 203 including the thermal break 217, the intermittent metal transverse supports, and the rollers is less than thermal conductivity between the inner wall 215 and outer wall 213 if the inner metal section and outer metal section of the sub sill 203 were not separated by the thermal break 217 and there were no intermittent metal transverse supports and no rollers.

[0225] In another embodiment of the invention, at least one roller is connected to the outer wall 213 but not the inner wall 215, and at least one roller is connected to the inner wall 215 and not outer wall 213.

[0226] The head receptor 205 can be a lengthwise metal extrusion, such as a steel extrusion or an aluminum extrusion. The head receptor 205 may include an outer metal section, which may include a base 221, an outer wall 223, and a vertical attachment leg 239; an inner section, which may include an inner wall 225 and a vertical attachment leg 240; and a thermal break 227.

[0227] The thermal break 227 may be connected to the vertical attachment leg 239 of the outer metal section of the head receptor 205 and the vertical attachment leg 240 of the inner metal section of the head receptor 250. The thermal break 227 may extend in the lengthwise direction and separate the outer metal section and the inner metal section of the head receptor 205 to reduce heat transfer between the inner metal section and outer metal section of the sub sill 203.

[0228] Intermittent metal transverse supports (not shown) may be connected to the vertical attachment legs 239 and 240 and extend through thermal break in a direction perpendicular to the lengthwise direction, such that the plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports assist in preventing the inner metal section or the outer metal section of the head receptor 205 from separating from the thermal break 227. The amount or size of the intermittent metal transverse supports may be such that thermal conductivity between the inner metal section and outer metal section of the head receptor 205 having the thermal break and intermittent metal transverse supports is less than the thermal conductivity between the inner metal section and outer metal section of the head receptor 205 if the inner metal section and outer metal section were not separated by the thermal break and there were no intermittent metal transverse supports.

[0229] The base 221, outer wall 223, inner wall 225, and thermal break 227 form a U or trough-like shape. The head receptor 205 can be configured to accept and hold, between the inner wall 225 and outer wall 223, a top of a primary exterior wall substrate (not shown) for the floor below the floor slab 201. The inner wall 225 and outer wall 223 of the head receptor 205 can brace the ends of the insulated panel.

[0230] The outer wall 213 of the sub sill 203 and/or the outer wall 223 of the head receptor 205 may have a cylindrical roller connection 290 configured to contact an outer surface of a primary exterior wall substrate (not shown) and roll in a groove when the outer surface of the primary exterior wall substrate is pressed against it do to shear forces. By allowing the cylindrical roller 290 to spin in its groove, the cylindrical roller connection 290 can dissipate a portion of a portion of the shear force which could travel from the outer wall 213 and/or 223 to the base 211 and/or 221 and negatively impact the connection between the thermal break 217 and/or 227. The cylindrical roller connection 290 may be made from a hard plastic instead of rubber such that the cylindrical roller connection 290 does not deform and develop a friction surface against a primary exterior wall substrate which would prevent the cylindrical roller connection 290 from spinning in place when a outer surface of a primary window all substrate pushes up against it (e.g., live load deflection). Alternatively, cylindrical roller connection 290 can be made from any material that would not be compressed based on the forces that a primary exterior wall substrate can place on the cylindrical roller connection 290 and which has a higher stability of expansion/contraction coefficients than a metal framing of the spandrel assembly 200 (e.g., the metal parts of the sub sill 203 and head receptor 205 or supports 252 in FIG. 12C).

[0231] The cylindrical roller connection 290 can be seen better in FIG. 12B which is a cutaway perspective view of a sub sill of the spandrel assembly, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0232] The primary exterior wall substrate may be an insulated panel as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/961,856, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0233] The architectural fascia 207 may be separated from an outside surface of the outer wall 21.3 of the sub sill 203 by an adhesive sealant 260. The sealant 260 may be thermally insulated sealant, such as silicone, to reduce heat transfer between the architectural fascia 207 and the outer wall 213 of the sub sill 203. The sealant 260 can be protected and/or accessed by a flap 204 connected to outer wall 213 of the sub sill 203.

[0234] The shadow box panel 231 of architectural fascia 207 may also be separated from the architectural fascia 207 by a spacer 202.

[0235] Reference is made to FIG. 12C, which is a view of the spandrel assembly 200 from the inside of the building, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0236] The spandrel assembly 200 may include a framing which includes vertical supports 252 and 253 connected to the bottom surface of base 211 of sub sill 203 and to the top surface of base 221 of head receptor 205. The vertical supports 252 and 253 may be made from structural material, such as metal or fiberglass. The first layer of insulation 209 (not shown) and the vacuum insulated panel 210 may be located between the vertical supports 252 and 253.

[0237] Reference is made to FIG. 13 which is a side view of an inner metal section 300 and an outer metal section 350 of a window receptor (e.g., the sub sill 203 or head receptor 205 of FIG. 12). The inner metal section 300 may include a vertical attachment leg 220 extending away from a bottom of a base 311 of the inner metal section 300. The vertical attachment leg 220 may extend from a portion of the bottom of the base 311 which is furthest from inner wall 215. The vertical attachment leg 220 may be substantially perpendicular to the base 211. The vertical attachment leg 220 may be substantially parallel to the inner wall 215

[0238] The outer metal section 300 may include a vertical attachment leg 219 extending away from a bottom of the base 211. The vertical attachment leg 219 may extend from a portion of the bottom of the base 211 which is furthest from outer wall 213. The vertical attachment leg 219 may be substantially perpendicular to the base 211. The vertical attachment leg 219 may be substantially parallel to the outer wall 213. The vertical attachment leg 219 may be substantially parallel to the vertical attachment leg 220.

[0239] The vertical attachment legs 219 and 220 may each have a plurality of clips 288 and 289, extending away from the vertical attachment legs 219 and 220 configured to grasp a thermal break (not shown). Clips 289 may have a single position. Clips 288 may have a fixed position (not shown) configured to accept a portion of a thermal break (not shown) and unfixed position configured to lock in a portion of the thermal break (not shown). FIG. 13 depicts clips 288 in the unfixed position. In the unfixed position, clips 288 may be angled away from clips 289.

[0240] Reference is made to FIG. 14 which is a cut-away side view of a window receptor (e.g., the sub sill 203 or head receptor 205 of FIG. 12).

[0241] FIG. 14 depicts clips 288 in the fixed position. In the fixed position, the distance between clips 288 and 289 are closer than the distance between clips 288 and 289 in the unfixed position. In some embodiments of the invention, clips 288 may each have an outer edge which is substantially parallel to the outside surfaces of the thermal break (e.g., the thermal break 217 of FIG. 12A).

[0242] In some embodiments of the invention, the window receptor includes a layer of insulation 401 located between the tracks 250 and the base of the window receptor (i.e., base 211 and thermal break 217).

[0243] In some embodiments of the invention, the window receptor may include a layer of insulation 403 surrounding an outside of the outer wall 213, base 211 and the vertical attachment leg 219 to help reduce heat transfer between the architectural fascia 207 and the outer metal section 350 of the window receptor.

[0244] Reference is made to FIG. 15 which is a cut-away side view of a window receptor (e.g., the sub sill 203 or head receptor 205 of FIG. 12) having intermittent metal transverse supports, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0245] The window receptor may include a plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports 501 which are connected to the vertical attachment legs 219 and 220 and extend through thermal break 217 in a direction perpendicular to the lengthwise direction, such that the plurality of intermittent metal transverse supports assist in preventing the inner metal section 300 or the outer metal section 350 of the window receptor from separating from the thermal break 217. The intermittent metal transverse supports 501 may include a nut and a bolt. In some embodiments of the invention, the intermittent metal transverse supports 501 may be a mechanical or self-drilling screws.

[0246] Reference is made to FIG. 16 which is a cut-away side view of a window receptor (e.g., the sub sill 203 or head receptor 205 of FIG. 12) having a plurality of rollers extending from the inner and outer wall of the window receptor, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0247] The window receptor may include a plurality of rollers 601 connected to the tract 250 on the inside of the inner wall 215 and inside of the outer wall 213. The rollers 601 extend from the inner wall 215 to the outer wall 213 and further assist in preventing the inner metal section or the outer metal section of the sub sill 203 from separating from the thermal break 217. There may be a space between rollers 601 and layer of insulation 401, base 211, or thermal break 217 such that the rollers 601 can roll when inserting a window panel between inner wall 215 and outer wall 213, and such that the weight on the top of the roller 601 from a window panel is not directly transferred to the layer of insulation 401, base 211, or thermal break 217.

[0248] Reference is made to FIG. 17 which is a cut-away side view of a window receptor (e.g., the sub sill 203 or head receptor 205 of FIG. 12) having a plurality of rollers closer to the inner wall than the outer wall of the window receptor, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0249] In one embodiment of the invention, at least one roller 701 is located closer to the inner wall 215 than the outer wall 213 so that any panel placed on top of rollers 701 has a propensity for the force of weight of the panel to be transferred to the inner wall 215 rather than the outer wall 213.

[0250] The roller 701 may have a threaded rod 703 extending through the roller 701. The threaded rod 703 may be connected between the inner wall 215 and the outer wall 213, and may provide additional structural support for the thermal break 217. The threaded rod 703 may have a connecting piece 705 that connects to groove 250 on the inner wall 215, and may have a connecting piece 707 which connects to groove 250 on the outer wall 213. Connecting pieces 705 and 707 may be washers or may be t-nuts. Connecting piece 705 may lock into place, whereas connecting piece 707 may allow for slight movement within groove 250 on the outer wall 213. Having a connecting piece 707 for the outer wall 213, be looser (allows more movement) than the connecting piece 705 for the inner wall 215, may reduce the amount of force transferred to the outer wall 213 compared to the inner wall 215, which experiences less temperature changes compared to the outer wall 213 which is closer to the architectural fascia panel (e.g., glass) and outside of the building. In some embodiments of the invention, the connecting piece 707 is connected to a second threaded rod (not shown), and a nut 711 may be tightened to connect the threaded rod 703 and the second threaded rod (not shown).

[0251] Reference is made to FIG. 18 which is a cut-away side view of a roller 800 (e.g., the roller 601 of FIG. 16) extending from the inner and outer wall of the window receptor (e.g., the sub sill 203 or head receptor 205 of FIG. 12), according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0252] The roller 800 may include a metal rod 801 surrounded by a cylindrical cover 803 configured to roll around the metal rod 801. The cylindrical cover 803 may be made from metal, plastic, or nylon.

[0253] Washer 809 may sit inside groove 250 in the inside wall 215 of the window receptor. The roller 800 may stay in place by the force of engagement between washer 809 and a flat washer 811 on the groove or track 250. Additionally, the roller 800 may include a jam nut 817 between the washer 811 and washer 819 which can be used to tighten force of engagement or loosen the force of engagement between washer 809 and a flat washer 811.

[0254] Washer 813 may sit inside groove 250 in the outside wall 213 of the window receptor. The roller 800 may stay in place by the force of engagement between washer 813 and a flat washer 815 on the groove or track 250. Additionally, the roller 800 may include a jam nut 821 between the washer 815 and washer 823 which can be used to tighten force of engagement or loosen the force of engagement between washer 813 and a flat washer 815.

[0255] Reference is made to FIG. 19, which is a bird's eye view of a pair of coupled rollers of a window receptor, according to one embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments of the invention, two or more adjacent rollers 901 (e.g., roller 701 from FIG. 17) and 901 may be coupled together by a coupler 950, which may be connected to a connecting piece (not shown, e.g., connecting piece 707 from FIG. 17) connected to a groove (not shown, e.g., groove 250 of FIG. 12) in outer wall 213 of the window receptor. In such embodiments, there is no threaded rod 703 which connects the inner wall 215 and outer wall 213 and is connected to a roller. In such embodiments, rollers 901 and 901 may have each have a threaded rod 903 and 903, respectively, which connects rollers 901 and 901 to the coupler 950. There may be a space between a bottom surface of the coupler 950 and base 211 such that a force on the top of the coupler 950 is not directly transferred to the base 211.

[0256] The threaded rods 903 and 903 of the at least two rollers 901 and 901 may each be connected to a connecting piece (not shown, e.g., connecting piece 705 from FIG. 17). Once the rollers 901 and 901 have been placed in a desired place along the groove (not shown) in the inner wall 215, the rollers 901 and 901 can be secured in place by tightening nuts 907 and 907, respectively. Similarly, the coupler 950 may have a threaded rod 911 connected to the connecting piece (not shown, e.g., connecting piece 707 from FIG. 17) connected to the groove (not shown, e.g., groove 250 of FIG. 12) in outer wall 213. Once the coupler 950 has been placed in a desired place along the grove (not shown) in the outer wall 213, the coupler 950 can be secured in place by tightening nut 913. By coupling at least two rollers 901 and 901 together, the rollers 901 and 901 which are connected to may further resist moving along the grooves 250 of the inside wall 215. The height of the rollers 901 and 901 may be higher than the height of a top surface of the coupler 950 such that a weight of a panel resting within the inner and outer walls 215 and 213 is diverted more to the inside wall 215 than to the outside wall 213.

[0257] Reference is made to FIG. 20 which is a vertical cross-sectional view of an exterior wall system as known in the art. More specifically as shown in FIG. 20, a cutaway perspective view of an opaque spandrel assembly as it is practiced presently has vertical aluminum framing 11, an exterior extruded gasket 12 and limited opportunity to layer exterior energy absorbing materials

[0258] FIG. 21 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an improved head receptor in accordance with embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 21, structural floor 2 is together with exterior architectural fascia and drainage plane 1. A head receptor with an aluminum exterior profile and aluminum interior profile are joined to a fiberglass reinforced polyamide thermal break 7. Exterior circular spacer 6 manages rotational forces that occur when movements of the floor 2 occur, due to live load deflection or creep and serves to limit rotational forces from transferring to the thermal break connection 8. to the aluminum. The primary exterior wall substrate may be an insulated panel as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/961,856, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0259] As further shown in FIG. 21 a first and outermost layer 1 acts as the drainage plane and architectural fascia, and can present from the exterior as a glass shadow box or other material such as a joining surface for various architectural fascia materials such as conventional siding. Layer 1 protects horizontal aluminum from external energy gain and is mechanically joined to layer 2. Energy gain forces the aluminum framing to expand and thereby compromises the mechanical joining of thermal break and reducing an unwanted condition.

[0260] Continuing with FIG. 21, Layer 2 is flat metal sheet which acts to absorb external energy, spreading it out on the surface and is mechanically joined to the head receptor below and sub sill above. Layer 2 is a metal diaphragm joining the head receptor to sub sill without the need for vertical aluminum framing. Layer 2 protects horizontal aluminum from external energy gain as energy gain forces horizontal aluminum framing to expand and thereby compromises the mechanical joining of thermal break and reducing an unwanted condition. Layer 2 protects horizontal aluminum from external energy gain as energy gain forces horizontal aluminum framing to expand and thereby compromises the mechanical joining of thermal break and thus prevents an unwanted result.

[0261] Layer 3 is an insulation material which reduces thermal convection and acts to absorb external energy. Layer 3 protects horizontal aluminum from external energy gain as energy gain forces horizontal aluminum framing to expand and thereby compromises the mechanical joining of thermal break and thereby reduces an unwanted result.

[0262] As further shown in FIG. 21, layer 4 is an insulation material which reduces thermal convection and acts to absorb external energy. Layer 4 protects horizontal aluminum from external energy gain as energy gain forces horizontal aluminum framing to expand and thereby compromises the mechanical joining of thermal break and reducing an unwanted result. Layer 4 can be a vacuum insulated panel. Vacuum insulated panels provide the highest thermal values, but must be protected from exterior energy. Without aluminum verticals radiating external energy inwards and with multiple horizontal layers including as depicted with layers 1, 2, and 3 we have optimal conditions for the use of vacuum insulated panels.

[0263] Layer 5, as shown in FIG. 21, is a flat metal sheet diaphragm and serves to join a head receptor to a sub sill without the need for vertical aluminum framing. Layer 5 is mechanically joined to horizontal framing. Layer 5 protects layer 4 insulation and absorbs internal energy, and that reduces risks associated with condensation and prevents an unwanted condition.

[0264] One skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration and not limitation. In addition, different embodiments are disclosed herein, and features of certain embodiments may be combined with features of other embodiments, such that certain embodiments maybe combinations of features of multiple embodiments. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.