Solid state lamp with light directing optics and diffuser

Abstract

Lamps and bulbs are disclosed generally comprising different combinations and arrangements of a light source, a reflective optical element, and a separate diffusing layer. This arrangement allows for the fabrication of lamps and bulbs that are efficient, reliable and cost effective and can provide an essentially omni-directional emission pattern, even with a light source comprised of an arrangement of LEDs. The lamps according to the present invention can also comprise thermal management features that provide for efficient dissipation of heat from the LEDs, which in turn allows the LEDs to operate at lower temperatures. The lamps can also comprise optical elements to help change the emission pattern from the generally directional pattern of the LEDs to a more omni-directional pattern.

Claims

1. A solid state lamp, comprising: an array of solid state emitters on a carrier; a three-dimensional reflective optical element modifying the emission pattern of said array to produce a more omni-directional lamp emission pattern, said optical element comprising a bottom section and a top section comprising a reflective top outer surface, wherein a portion of said bottom section is adjacent to said carrier, wherein said reflective top outer surface spreads from said bottom section over said array of solid state emitters; wherein said reflective top outer surface comprises a specular reflector and is not configured to operate by total internal reflection on light from said array; and wherein said reflective top outer surface comprises two or more sections separated by at least one space, such that light from said array of solid state emitters can pass through said at least one space.

2. The lamp of claim 1, wherein at least some light emitting from said array reflects off of said reflective top outer surface.

3. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said optical element comprises a cavity.

4. The lamp of claim 3, wherein said cavity extends through a length of said optical element.

5. The lamp of claim 3, wherein said array comprises at least one solid state emitter in said cavity.

6. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said array comprises more than one solid state emitter around a base of said optical element.

7. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said bottom section comprises a reflective bottom outer surface that is solid.

8. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said optical element is on said carrier.

9. The lamp of claim 1, wherein at least one of said solid state emitters is coated with phosphor.

10. The lamp of claim 9, wherein all of said solid state emitters are coated with phosphor.

11. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said array comprises red and BSY solid state emitters.

12. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said array of solid state emitters is planar.

13. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said optical element comprises a frustoconical top portion.

14. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said bottom section is cylindrical.

15. The lamp of claim 13, wherein the outer surface of said frustoconical top portion curves outward.

16. The lamp of claim 1, further comprising a diffuser; wherein said diffuser comprises a bottom opening; and wherein the largest diameter of said optical element is equal to or smaller than the diameter of said bottom opening.

17. The lamp of claim 1, further comprising a diffuser surrounding said optical element; wherein said optical element is within a bottom half of said diffuser.

18. The lamp of claim 13, wherein said frustoconical top portion is angled at approximately 45 from vertical.

19. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said optical element comprises three or more of said sections.

20. The lamp of claim 1, further comprising a diffuser around said optical element.

21. The lamp of claim 13, wherein said diffuser reflects at least some of said array light; and wherein said reflected light provides forward light emission for said lamp emission pattern.

22. The lamp of claim 20, wherein said diffuser is frustospherical.

23. The lamp of claim 22, wherein said diffuser is oblong.

24. The lamp of claim 20, wherein said diffuser is coated uniformly with diffusing particles or scattering particles.

25. The lamp of claim 24, wherein said diffuser is coated using a fill-and-dump method.

26. The lamp of claim 20, wherein a coating of diffusing particles or scattering particles on said diffuser is non-uniform.

27. The lamp of claim 26, wherein a lower portion of said diffuser is coated with more diffusing particles or scattering particles than an upper portion of said diffuser.

28. The lamp of claim 20, wherein said diffuser comprises a roughened surface.

29. The lamp of claim 1, wherein at least some of said solid state emitters are on a perimeter of said carrier.

30. The lamp of claim 1, wherein at least one of said solid state emitters is in a cavity of said optical element and on said carrier; and wherein the rest of said solid state emitters are on a perimeter of said carrier.

31. The lamp of claim 1, wherein at least one of said solid state emitters is in a cavity of said optical element and on said carrier; and wherein the rest of said solid state emitters form a ring around said optical element.

32. The lamp of claim 1, wherein at least some of said solid state emitters are directly below said reflective top outer surface.

33. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said array comprises eight solid state emitters.

34. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said array comprises ten solid state emitters.

35. The lamp of claim 1, wherein each of said solid state emitters has an emission profile broader than a Lambertian emission profile.

36. The lamp of claim 1, wherein each of said solid state emitters has a Lambertian emission profile.

37. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said top section comprises a top inner surface, and wherein said reflective top outer surface is more reflective than said top inner surface.

38. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said reflective top outer surface is white.

39. The lamp of claim 38, wherein said reflective top outer surface comprises white plastic sheets.

40. The lamp of claim 38, wherein said reflective top outer surface comprises white paper.

41. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said optical element is flower shaped.

42. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said top section comprises one or more reflective blades over said array with light from said array reflecting from said one or more reflective blades.

43. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said at least one space in said reflective top outer surface comprises a slot.

44. The lamp of claim 3, further comprising a phosphor carrier in said cavity.

45. The lamp of claim 3, further comprising a phosphor carrier over said optical element.

46. The lamp of claim 3, further comprising a phosphor carrier outside said optical element.

47. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said lamp fits within an A19 envelope.

48. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said lamp emits an emission pattern that is Energy Star compliant.

49. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said carrier is on a heat sink; wherein said heat sink comprises a plurality of fins.

50. The lamp of claim 49, wherein said fins comprise an angled upper portion.

51. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said optical element is partially transmissive.

52. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said array comprises at least two different types of solid state emitters.

53. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said array comprises solid state emitters that emit at least two different wavelengths of light.

54. The lamp of claim 5, wherein said at least one solid state emitter in said cavity is different than the rest of said solid state emitters in said array.

55. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said optical element is thermally conductive.

56. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said reflective top outer surface comprises a diffuse reflector.

57. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said optical element comprises at least one surface that is a diffuse reflector.

58. A three-dimensional optical element for use in a solid state lamp, said optical element comprising: a top section comprising a reflective top outer surface; and a bottom section, wherein said reflective top outer surface spreads from said bottom section such that said optical element has a tapered outer profile, and wherein said reflective top outer surface comprises an opaque material to reflect light from a solid state emitter; and wherein said reflective top outer surface comprises two or more sections separated by at least one space, such that light can pass through said at least one space.

59. The optical element of claim 58, further comprising a reflective inner surface.

60. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said optical element comprises a frustoconical top portion.

61. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said bottom section is cylindrical.

62. The optical element of claim 60, wherein the outer surface of said frustoconical top portion curves outward.

63. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said frustoconical top portion is angled at approximately 45 from vertical.

64. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said optical element comprises a first surface that is more reflective than a second surface.

65. The optical element of claim 64, wherein said first surface is an outer surface of a frustoconical top section.

66. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said material is white.

67. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said material comprises white plastic sheets.

68. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said material comprises white paper.

69. A three-dimensional optical element for use in a solid state lamp, said optical element comprising: a bottom section, and a top section integral with said bottom section and spreading from said bottom section, said top section comprising a series of blades with open spaces between and through adjacent ones of said blades, an outside surface of each of said blades being reflective.

70. The optical element of claim 69, wherein said bottom section is substantially cylindrical, and wherein said blades curve from said bottom section.

71. The optical element of claim 69, wherein said blades increase in width moving up the optical element.

72. The optical element of claim 69, wherein the outside surface of each of said blades is opaque.

73. The optical element of claim 69, wherein the outside surface of each of said blades does not operate by total internal reflection.

74. The optical element of claim 69, wherein the outside surface of each of said blades is non-transmissive.

75. The optical element of claim 69, wherein the outside surface of each of said blades comprises a specular reflector.

76. The optical element of claim 69, wherein the outside surface of each of said blades comprises a diffuse reflector.

77. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said material is a specular reflector.

78. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said top outer surface comprises a plurality of said spaces each separating two of said sections of said top outer surface.

79. The optical element of claim 58, wherein said material is non-transmissive.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows a sectional view of one embodiment of a prior art LED lamp;

(2) FIG. 2 shows a sectional view of another embodiment of a prior art LED lamp;

(3) FIG. 3 shows the size specifications for an A19 replacement bulb;

(4) FIG. 4 is a sectional view of one embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention;

(5) FIG. 5 is a sectional view of one embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention;

(6) FIG. 6-9 are sectional views of different embodiments of a phosphor carrier according to the present invention;

(7) FIG. 10 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention;

(8) FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the lamp shown in FIG. 10;

(9) FIG. 12 is an exploded view of the lamp shown in FIG. 10;

(10) FIG. 13 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention;

(11) FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the lamp in FIG. 13 with a phosphor carrier;

(12) FIG. 15 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention;

(13) FIG. 16 is a sectional view of the top portion of the lamp shown in FIG. 15;

(14) FIG. 17 is an exploded view of the lamp shown in FIG. 15;

(15) FIG. 18 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention;

(16) FIG. 19 is a top view of the optical element shown in FIG. 18;

(17) FIG. 20 is a side view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention;

(18) FIG. 21A is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element; FIG. 21B is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 21A with exemplary dimensions;

(19) FIG. 22 is a cross sectional view of a diffuser according to the present invention;

(20) FIG. 23 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention;

(21) FIG. 24 is a side view of the lamp shown in FIG. 23;

(22) FIG. 25 is a cross sectional view of the lamp shown in FIG. 23;

(23) FIG. 26 is a top view of an LED array according to the present invention;

(24) FIG. 27 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention;

(25) FIG. 28 is a cross sectional view of a section of the lamp shown in FIG. 27;

(26) FIG. 29 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention;

(27) FIG. 30 is a cross sectional view of the lamp shown in FIG. 29;

(28) FIG. 31 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention.

(29) FIG. 32 is a cross sectional view of the lamp shown in FIG. 31.

(30) FIG. 33 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention;

(31) FIG. 34 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention;

(32) FIG. 35 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention;

(33) FIG. 36 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention; and

(34) FIG. 37 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(35) FIG. 38 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(36) FIG. 39 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(37) FIG. 40 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(38) FIG. 41 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(39) FIG. 42 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(40) FIG. 43 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(41) FIG. 44 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(42) FIG. 45 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(43) FIG. 46 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(44) FIG. 47 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(45) FIG. 48 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(46) FIG. 49 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an optical element according to the present invention.

(47) FIG. 50 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a heat sink according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(48) The present invention is directed to different embodiments of lamp or bulb structures that are efficient, reliable and cost effective, and that in some embodiments can provide an essentially omnidirectional emission pattern from directional emitting light sources, such as forward emitting light sources. The present invention is also directed to lamp structures using solid state emitters with remote conversion materials (or phosphors) and remote diffusing elements or diffusers. In some embodiments, the diffuser not only serves to mask the phosphor from the view by the lamp user, but can also disperse or redistribute the light from the remote phosphor and/or the lamp's light source into a desired emission pattern. In some embodiments the diffuser dome can be arranged to disperse forward directed emission pattern into a more omnidirectional pattern useful for general lighting applications. The diffuser can be used in embodiments having two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional shaped remote conversion materials, with a combination of features capable of transforming forward directed emission from an LED light source into a beam profile comparable with standard incandescent bulbs.

(49) The present invention is described herein with reference to conversion materials, wavelength conversion materials, remote phosphors, phosphors, phosphor layers and related terms. The use of these terms should not be construed as limiting. It is understood that the use of the term remote phosphors, phosphor or phosphor layers is meant to encompass and be equally applicable to all wavelength conversion materials.

(50) Some embodiments of lamps can have a dome-shaped (or frusto-spherical shaped) three dimensional conversion material over and spaced apart from the light source, and a dome-shaped diffuser spaced apart from and over the conversion material, such that the lamp exhibits a double-dome structure. The spaces between the various structure can comprise light mixing chambers that can promote not only dispersion of, but also color uniformity of the lamp emission. The space between the light source and conversion material, as well as the space between the conversion material, can serve as light mixing chambers. Other embodiments can comprise additional conversion materials or diffusers that can form additional mixing chambers. The order of the dome conversion materials and dome shaped diffusers can be different such that some embodiments can have a diffuser inside a conversion material, with the spaces between forming light mixing chambers. These are only a few of the many different conversion materials and diffuser arrangement according to the present invention.

(51) Some lamp embodiments according to the present invention can comprise a light source having a co-planar arrangement of one or more LED chips or packages, with the emitters being mounted on a flat or planar surface. In other embodiments, the LED chips can be non co-planar, such as being on a pedestal or other three-dimensional structure. Co-planar light sources can reduce the complexity of the emitter arrangement, making them both easier and cheaper to manufacture. Co-planar light sources, however, tend to emit primarily in the forward direction such as in a Lambertian emission pattern. In different embodiments it can be desirable to emit a light pattern mimicking that of conventional incandescent light bulbs that can provide a nearly uniform emission intensity and color uniformity at different emission angles. Different embodiments of the present invention can comprise features that can transform the emission pattern from the non-uniform to substantially uniform within a range of viewing angles.

(52) Different embodiments of the lamps can have many different shapes and sizes, with some embodiments having dimensions to fit into standard size envelopes, such as the A19 size envelope 30 as shown in FIG. 3. This makes the lamps particularly useful as replacements for conventional incandescent and fluorescent lamps or bulbs, with lamps according to the present invention experiencing the reduced energy consumption and long life provided from their solid state light sources. The lamps according to the present invention can also fit other types of standard size profiles including but not limited to A21 and A23. The lamp having high efficiency and low manufacturing cost.

(53) The present invention comprises an efficient heat dissipation system that serves to laterally spread heat from the LED chips prior to encountering any dielectric layers. This allows the LEDs to operate at lower temperatures. Some embodiments of a thermally efficient heat dissipation system can comprise many different elements arranged in many different ways. Some embodiments comprise a heat-spreading substrate with high thermal conductivity that serves to laterally spread heat from the LED chips prior to encountering any dielectric layers. The heat dissipation system can also comprise a dielectric layer mounted on a heat dissipation element such as a heat sink or heat pipe. By spreading the LED heat prior to encountering the dielectric layer, the impact of the dielectric layer's thermal resistance is minimized.

(54) An optical element can be included that efficiently guides or reflects light from multiple co-planar LED chips, into a specified beam profile with minimal light loss. The lamps according to the present invention can comprise one or more remotely located phosphors and/or diffusers that can be included over the optical elements with the phosphor carrier converting at least part of the light emitted by the LED chip(s) into light of different wavelength. The phosphor carrier can also be arranged so as to minimize heating and saturation of the phosphor grains in the phosphor carrier. A diffuser can also be included over the phosphor carrier to further disperse light into the desired emission pattern.

(55) In some embodiments the light sources can comprise solid state light sources, such as different types of LEDs, LED chips or LED packages. In some embodiments a single LED chip or package can be used, while in others multiple LED chips or packages can be arranged in different types of arrays. By having the phosphor thermally isolated from LED chips and with good thermal dissipation, the LED chips can be driven by higher current levels without causing detrimental effects to the conversion efficiency of the phosphor and its long term reliability. This can allow for the flexibility to overdrive the LED chips to lower the number of LEDs needed to produce the desired luminous flux. This in turn can reduce the cost on complexity of the lamps. These LED packages can comprise LEDs encapsulated with a material that can withstand the elevated luminous flux or can comprise unencapsulated LEDs.

(56) The present invention is also directed to lamp structures which comprise one or more optical elements and one or more remote diffusing elements or diffusers. In some embodiments, the LED chips or packages used in the lamp emit white light, and as such no remote phosphor is necessary. In some embodiments these chips or packages have an emission pattern that is broader than the standard Lambertian pattern. In some embodiments the optical element is reflective and is centered on a carrier such as a submount, and in some embodiments the optical element has a cavity to accommodate the placement of one or more light emitting elements such as LEDs. In addition, some embodiments have a ring of LEDs on the carrier surrounding the optical element. The optical element, the diffuser, or the combination of the two can then shape the forward-emitted light from the LEDs into a more omnidirectional pattern.

(57) While in some embodiments the optical element is shaped such that it is over one or more of the LEDs, these LEDs can still contribute to the forward emission of the lamp (along with, if present, a chip or package in an optical element cavity that is forward-facing). In some embodiments this is achieved by reflecting light emitted from these LEDs off of the reflective element and toward the diffuser; the diffuser then re-reflects or scatters this light such that some of the light contributes to the forward emission of the lamp. In embodiments that do not use white emitting chips or packages, a remote phosphor can also be included, such as a remote phosphor on the diffuser, on a heat sink and over the optical element, or over the optical element cavity.

(58) The present invention is described herein with reference to certain embodiments, but it is understood that the invention can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. In particular, the present invention is described below in regards to certain lamps having one or multiple LEDs or LED chips or LED packages in different configurations, but it is understood that the present invention can be used for many other lamps having many different configurations. Examples of different lamps arranged in different ways according to the present invention are described below and in U.S. Provisional Patent application Ser. No. 61/435,759, to Le et al., entitled Solid State Lamp, filed on Jan. 24, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.

(59) The embodiments below are described with reference to LED of LEDs, but it is understood that this is meant to encompass LED chips and LED packages. The components can have different shapes and sizes beyond those shown and different numbers of LEDs can be included. It is also understood that the embodiments described below are utilize co-planar light sources, but it is understood that non co-planar light sources can also be used. It is also understood that the lamp's LED light source may be comprised of one or multiple LEDs, and in embodiments with more than one LED, the LEDs may have different emission wavelengths. Similarly, some LEDs may have adjacent or contacting phosphor layers or regions, while others may have either adjacent phosphor layers of different composition or no phosphor layer at all.

(60) The present invention is described herein with reference to conversion materials, phosphor layers and phosphor carriers and diffusers being remote to one another. Remote in this context refers being spaced apart from and/or to not being on or in direct thermal contact.

(61) It is also understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being on another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. Furthermore, relative terms such as inner, outer, upper, above, lower, beneath, and below, and similar terms, may be used herein to describe a relationship of one layer or another region. It is understood that these terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures.

(62) Although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention.

(63) Embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to cross-sectional view illustrations that are schematic illustrations of embodiments of the invention. As such, the actual thickness of the layers can be different, and variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances are expected. Embodiments of the invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of the regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. A region illustrated or described as square or rectangular will typically have rounded or curved features due to normal manufacturing tolerances. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

(64) The different embodiments of the present invention described herein can be used as a basis for the manufacture and production of efficient, low cost LED-based solid state lamps. One example that can be enabled by the present invention can be the large scale replacement of conventional tungsten based omni-directional light bulbs (also known as A-lamps) with more efficient, longer lasting LED based lamps or bulbs. The general concept and innovations described herein can also be applied to the replacement of a variety of similar tungsten/halogen based lamps or bulbs with corresponding LED based lamps or bulbs.

(65) The present invention is also directed to particular independent LED lamp related devices such as LED substrates and optical elements. These can be provided to lamp designers and manufactures to incorporate into many different lamp or bulb designs beyond those described herein, with those lamps or bulbs operating pursuant to the innovations described herein. Combinations of the different inventive features could also be provided as light engines that can be utilized in different lighting designs. For example, a compact, single chip lamp incorporating an LED, heat spreading substrate, optional optical element, optional dielectric layer, and remote phosphor carrier could be provided as a unit to be incorporated into other lighting designs, all of which would operate pursuant to the innovations described herein.

(66) FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of lamp 100 according to the present invention that comprises an optical cavity 102 within a heat sink structure 105. Like the embodiments above, the lamp 100 can also be provided without a lamp cavity, with the LEDs mounted on a surface of the heat sink or on a three dimensional or pedestal structures having different shapes. A planar LED based light source 104 is mounted to the platform 106, and a phosphor carrier 108 is mounted to the top opening of the cavity 102, with the phosphor carrier 108 having any of the features of those described above. In the embodiment shown, the phosphor carrier 108 can be in a flat disk shape and comprises a thermally conductive transparent material and a phosphor layer. It can be mounted to the cavity with a thermally conductive material or device as described above. The cavity 102 can have reflective surfaces to enhance the emission efficiency as described above.

(67) Light from the light source 104 passes through the phosphor carrier 108 where a portion of it is converted to a different wavelength of light by the phosphor in the phosphor carrier 108. In one embodiment the light source 104 can comprise blue emitting LEDs and the phosphor carrier 108 can comprise a yellow phosphor as described above that absorbs a portion of the blue light and re-emits yellow light. The lamp 100 emits a white light combination of LED light and yellow phosphor light. Like above, the light source 104 can also comprise many different LEDs emitting different colors of light and the phosphor carrier can comprise other phosphors to generate light with the desired color temperature and rendering.

(68) The lamp 100 also comprises a shaped diffuser dome 110 mounted over the cavity 102 that includes diffusing or scattering particles such as those listed above. The scattering particles can be provided in a curable binder that is formed in the general shape of dome. In the embodiment shown, the dome 110 is mounted to the heat sink structure 105 and has an enlarged portion at the end opposite the heat sink structure 105. Different binder materials can be used as discussed above such as silicones, epoxies, glass, inorganic glass, dielectrics, BOB, polymides, polymers and hybrids thereof. In some embodiments white scattering particles can be used with the dome having a white color that hides the color of the phosphor in the phosphor carrier 108 in the optical cavity. This gives the overall lamp 100 a white appearance that is generally more visually acceptable or appealing to consumers than the color of the phosphor. In one embodiment the diffuser can include white titanium dioxide particles that can give the diffuser dome 110 its overall white appearance.

(69) The diffuser dome 110 can provide the added advantage of distributing the light emitting from the optical cavity in a more uniform pattern. As discussed above, light from the light source in the optical cavity can be emitted in a generally Lambertian pattern and the shape of the dome 110 along with the scattering properties of the scattering particles causes light to emit from the dome in a more omnidirectional emission pattern. An engineered dome can have scattering particles in different concentrations in different regions or can be shaped to a specific emission pattern. In some embodiments, including those described below, the dome can be engineered so that the emission pattern from the lamp complies with the Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Star defined omnidirectional distribution criteria. One requirement of this standard met by the lamps herein is that the emission uniformity must be within 20% of mean value from 0 to 133 viewing and; >5% of total flux from the lamp must be emitted in the 135-180 emission zone, with the measurements taken at 0, 45, 90 azimuthal angles. As mentioned above, the different lamp embodiments described herein can also comprise A-type retrofit LED bulbs that meet the DOE Energy Star standards. The present invention provides lamps that are efficient, reliable and cost effective. In some embodiments, the entire lamp can comprise five components that can be quickly and easily assembled.

(70) Like the embodiments above, the lamp 100 can comprise a mounting mechanism 112 of the type to fit in conventional electrical receptacles. In the embodiment shown, the lamp 100 includes a screw-threaded portion 112 for mounting to a standard Edison socket. Like the embodiments above, the lamp 100 can include standard plug and the electrical receptacle can be a standard outlet, or can comprise a GU24 base unit, or it can be a clip and the electrical receptacle can be a receptacle which receives and retains the clip (e.g., as used in many fluorescent lights).

(71) As mentioned above, the space between some of the features of the lamp 100 can be considered mixing chambers, with the space between the light source 106 and the phosphor carrier 108 comprising a first light mixing chamber. The space between the phosphor carrier 108 and the diffuser 110 can comprise a second light mixing chamber, with the mixing chamber promoting uniform color and intensity emission for the lamp. The same can apply to the embodiments below having different shaped phosphor carriers and diffusers. In other embodiments, additional diffusers and/or phosphor carriers can be included forming additional mixing chambers, and the diffusers and/or phosphor carriers can be arranged in different orders.

(72) Different lamp embodiments according to the present invention can have many different shapes and sizes. FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of a lamp 120 according to the present invention that is similar to the lamp 100 and similarly comprises an optical cavity 122 in a heat sink structure 125 with a light source 124 mounted to the platform 126 in the optical cavity 122. Like above, the heat sink structure need not have an optical cavity, and the light sources can be provided on other structures beyond a heat sink structure. These can include planar surfaces or pedestals having the light source. A phosphor carrier 128 is mounted over the cavity opening with a thermal connection. The lamp 120 also comprises a diffuser dome 130 mounted to the heat sink structure 125, over the optical cavity. The diffuser dome can be made of the same materials as diffuser dome 110 described above, but in this embodiment the dome 130 is oval or egg shaped to provide a different lamp emission pattern while still masking the color from the phosphor in the phosphor carrier 128. It is also noted that the heat sink structure 125 and the platform 126 are thermally de-coupled. That is, there is a space between the platform 126 and the heat sink structure such that they do not share a thermal path for dissipating heat. As mentioned above, this can provide improved heat dissipation from the phosphor carrier compared to lamps not having de-coupled heat paths. The lamp 120 also comprises a screw-threaded portion 132 for mounting to an Edison socket.

(73) In the embodiments above, the phosphor carriers are two dimensional (or flat/planar) with the LEDs in the light source being co-planer. It is understood, however, that in other lamp embodiments the phosphor carriers can take many different shapes including different three-dimensional shapes. The term three-dimensional is meant to mean any shape other than planar as shown in the above embodiments. FIGS. 6 through 9 show different embodiments of three-dimensional phosphor carriers according to the present invention, but it is understood that they can also take many other shapes. As discussed above, when the phosphor absorbs and re-emits light, it is re-emitted in an isotropic fashion, such that the 3-dimensional phosphor carrier serves to convert and also disperse light from the light source. Like the diffusers described above, the different shapes of the 3-dimensional carrier layers can emit light in emission patterns having different characteristics that depends partially on the emission pattern of the light source. The diffuser can then be matched with the emission of the phosphor carrier to provide the desired lamp emission pattern.

(74) FIG. 6 shows a hemispheric shaped phosphor carrier 154 comprising a hemispheric carrier 155 and phosphor layer 156. The hemispheric carrier 155 can be made of the same materials as the carrier layers described above, and the phosphor layer can be made of the same materials as the phosphor layer described above, and scattering particles can be included in the carrier and phosphor layer as described above.

(75) In this embodiment the phosphor layer 156 is shown on the outside surface of the carrier 155 although it is understood that the phosphor layer can be on the carrier's inside layer, mixed in with the carrier, or any combination of the three. In some embodiments, having the phosphor layer on the outside surface may minimize emission losses. When emitter light is absorbed by the phosphor layer 156 it is emitted omnidirectionally and some of the light can emit backwards and be absorbed by the lamp elements such as the LEDs. The phosphor layer 156 can also have an index of refraction that is different from the hemispheric carrier 355 such that light emitting forward from the phosphor layer can be reflected back from the inside surface of the carrier 355. This light can also be lost due to absorption by the lamp elements. With the phosphor layer 156 on the outside surface of the carrier 155, light emitted forward does not need to pass through the carrier 155 and will not be lost to reflection. Light that is emitted back will encounter the top of the carrier where at least some of it will reflect back. This arrangement results in a reduction of light from the phosphor layer 156 that emits back into the carrier where it can be absorbed.

(76) The phosphor layer 156 can be deposited using many of the same methods described above. In some instances the three-dimensional shape of the carrier 155 may require additional steps or other processes to provide the necessary coverage. In the embodiments where a solvent-phosphor-binder mixture is sprayed and the carrier can be heated as described above and multiple spray nozzles may be needed to provide the desired coverage over the carrier, such as approximate uniform coverage. In other embodiments, fewer spray nozzles can be used while spinning the carrier to provide the desired coverage. Like above, the heat from the carrier 155 can evaporate the solvent and helps cure the binder.

(77) In still other embodiments, the phosphor layer can be formed through an emersion process whereby the phosphor layer can be formed on the inside or outside surface of the carrier 155, but is particularly applicable to forming on the inside surface. The carrier 155 can be at least partially filled with, or otherwise brought into contact with, a phosphor mixture that adheres to the surface of the carrier. The mixture can then be drained from the carrier leaving behind a layer of the phosphor mixture on the surface, which can then be cured. In one embodiment, the mixture can comprise polyethylen oxide (PEO) and a phosphor. The carrier can be filled and then drained, leaving behind a layer of the PEO-phosphor mixture, which can then be heat cured. The PEO evaporates or is driven off by the heat leaving behind a phosphor layer. In some embodiments, a binder can be applied to further fix the phosphor layer, while in other embodiments the phosphor can remain without a binder.

(78) Like the processes used to coat the planar carrier layer, these processes can be utilized in three-dimensional carriers to apply multiple phosphor layers that can have the same or different phosphor materials. The phosphor layers can also be applied both on the inside and outside of the carrier, and can have different types having different thickness in different regions of the carrier. In still other embodiments different processes can be used such as coating the carrier with a sheet of phosphor material that can be thermally formed to the carrier.

(79) In lamps utilizing the carrier 155, an emitter can be arranged at the base of the carrier so that light from the emitters emits up and passes through the carrier 155. In some embodiments the emitters can emit light in a generally Lambertian pattern, and the carrier can help disperse the light in a more uniform pattern.

(80) FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of a three dimensional phosphor carrier 157 according to the present invention comprising a bullet-shaped carrier 158 and a phosphor layer 159 on the outside surface of the carrier. The carrier 158 and phosphor layer 159 can be formed of the same materials using the same methods as described above. The different shaped phosphor carrier can be used with a different emitter to provide the overall desired lamp emission pattern. FIG. 8 shows still another embodiment of a three dimensional phosphor carrier 160 according to the present invention comprising a globe-shaped carrier 161 and a phosphor layer 162 on the outside surface of the carrier. The carrier 161 and phosphor layer 162 can be formed of the same materials using the same methods as described above.

(81) FIG. 9 shows still another embodiment phosphor carrier 163 according to the present invention having a generally globe shaped carrier 164 with a narrow neck portion 165. Like the embodiments above, the phosphor carrier 163 includes a phosphor layer 166 on the outside surface of the carrier 164 made of the same materials and formed using the same methods as those described above. In some embodiments, phosphor carriers having a shape similar to the carrier 164 can be more efficient in converting emitter light and re-emitting light from a Lambertian pattern from the light source, to a more uniform emission pattern.

(82) FIGS. 10 through 12 show another embodiment of a lamp 170 according to the present invention having a heat sink structure 172, optical cavity 174, light source 176, diffuser dome 178 and a screw-threaded portion 180. This embodiment also comprises a three-dimensional phosphor carrier 182 that includes a thermally conductive transparent material and one phosphor layer. It is also mounted to the heat sink structure 172 with a thermal connection. In this embodiment, however, the phosphor carrier 182 is hemispheric shaped and the emitters are arranged so that light from the light source passes through the phosphor carrier 182 where at least some of it is converted.

(83) The three dimensional shape of the phosphor carrier 182 provides natural separation between it and the light source 176. Accordingly, the light source 176 is not mounted in a recess in the heat sink that forms the optical cavity. Instead, the light source 176 is mounted on the top surface of the heat sink structure 172, with the optical cavity 174 formed by the space between the phosphor carrier 182 and the top of the heat sink structure 172. This arrangement can allow for a less Lambertian emission from the optical cavity 174 because there are no optical cavity side surfaces to block and redirect sideways emission.

(84) In embodiments of the lamp 170 utilizing blue emitting LEDs for the light source 176 and yellow and red phosphor combination in the phosphor carrier. This can cause the phosphor carrier 182 to appear yellow or orange, and the diffuser dome 178 masks this color while dispersing the lamp light into the desired emission pattern. In lamp 170, the conductive paths for the platform and heat sink structure are coupled, but it is understood that in other embodiments they can be de-coupled.

(85) FIG. 13 shows one embodiment of a lamp 190 according to the present invention comprising a eight LED light source 192 mounted on a heat sink 194 as described above. The emitters can comprise many different types of LEDs that can be coupled together in many different ways and in the embodiment shown are serially connected. In other embodiments, the LEDs can be interconnected in different series and parallel interconnect combinations. It is noted that in this embodiment the emitters are not mounted in a optical cavity, but are instead mounted on top planar surface of the heat sink 194. FIG. 15 shows the lamp 190 shown in FIG. 13 with a dome-shaped phosphor carrier 196 mounted over the light source 192 shown in FIG. 13. The lamp 190 shown in FIG. 14 can be combined with the diffuser 198 as described above to form a lamp with dispersed light emission.

(86) As discussed above, lamps according to the present invention can also comprise thermal dissipation features to allow the LEDs to operate at lower temperatures and optical elements to change the emission pattern of the LEDs chips into a desired emission pattern. In some embodiments that can comprise an substantially omni-directional emission pattern.

(87) FIGS. 15 through 17 show another embodiment of a lamp 200 according to the present invention having a heat sink structure 202, light source 204, phosphor carrier 206 and a screw-threaded portion 208, as described above. The phosphor carrier is three-dimensional and can include a thermally conductive transparent material and a layer of phosphor material as described above. It is also mounted to the heat sink structure 202, suitably with a thermal connection. The light source 204 comprises a one or a plurality of LED chips mounted on the top surface of the heat sink structure 202. It is understood that the lamps according to the present invention can also comprise other heat dissipation elements beyond a heat sink, such as heat pipes.

(88) The lamp 200 also comprises a lateral spreading heat dissipation structure 210 below the LEDs to provide for improved thermal management of the heat generated by the LEDs. In conventional lamp arrangements the LEDs can be mounted on dielectric substrates (such as Al.sub.2O.sub.3), and heat from the LEDs can encounter the thermally resistant dielectric materials prior to having the opportunity to spread laterally. The different dissipation structures according to the present invention are arranged to laterally spread heat from the LEDs prior to the heat encountering the thermally resistant dielectric layer.

(89) As mentioned above, the lamp 200 can also comprise remote phosphor carrier 206 that can have the feature and materials similar to those described above. In other embodiments, the lamp 200 can also comprise a diffuser, also as described above. By separating the phosphor material from the LEDs by arranging the phosphor in a remote phosphor carrier, improvements in light conversion efficiency and color uniformity can be obtained. For example, this arrangement allows for the use of a more disperse or dilute phosphor concentration, thereby reducing local heating of the phosphor particles, which reduces that impact that heat has on efficiency of the phosphor particles. The phosphor carrier 206 can comprise a thermally conductive material as described above to allow efficient flow of heat generated by the light conversion process from the phosphor material to the surrounding environment or to the heat sink 202.

(90) By shaping the phosphor carrier 206 into a three-dimensional dome-shape, and illuminating the phosphor carrier with, for example, blue light from the LEDs 216 via the optical element, it is possible to ensure nearly identical path lengths through the phosphor carrier 206 for each light ray emitted from the LED. The probability of light conversion by the phosphor material in phosphor carrier 206 is generally proportional to the path length of light through the phosphor material (assuming substantially uniform phosphor concentrations), uniform color emission can be achieved with the mixture of direct and downconverted LED light, over a broad range of beam angles.

(91) Another advantage of the lamp arrangements according to the present invention having an optical element 220 and remotely located phosphor carrier 206 (or scattering layer) is that the arrangement serves to reduce the amount of light absorbed in the during operation of the lamp 200, thereby increasing the over efficacy of the lamp 200. In a typical LED lamp that incorporates one or more phosphors in combination with an LED, the phosphor is located in close proximity to the LED chip. Thus, a significant portion of the light that is emitted by or scattered by the phosphor is directed back towards the LED chip and/or other absorbing surfaces surrounding the chip. This can lead to light absorption and light loss at these surfaces. The lamps embodiments described herein can reduce this light loss in that light emitted or scattered by the remote phosphor carrier 206 (or diffuser) has reduced chance of being directed into the LED chip surface or adjacent absorbing regions due to the optical design of the optical element. It some embodiments, a low-loss scattering or reflective material can be placed on the interior surfaces of the lamp 200 (such as the surface of the dielectric layer or heat sink) to further limit the absorption of light emitted or scattered by the remote phosphor carrier.

(92) The lamp 200 shown in FIG. 15 through 18 comprises a simple and inexpensive arrangement for achieving physical and thermal contact between the heat spreading substrate 212 and the heat sink 202. The optical element 220 can comprise a central opening or hole 232 through which a fastener or clamping connector (such as a screw or clip) 234 can pass and be mounted to the heat sink 202. This connector 234 can serve to clamp or press the optical element 220, heat spreading substrate 212, dielectric layer 214, and heat sink 202 together. This serves to attach these portions of the lamp 200 together, as well as pressing the heat spreading substrate 212 to the heat sink 202 with a dielectric layer 214 between the two. This can eliminate the need for an adhesive or solder joint layer between these elements that can add expense, manufacturing complexity, and can inhibit heat flow between the LED chip 216 and the ambient.

(93) Another advantage with this arrangement is that it allows for convenient re-working of the lamp during manufacturing by allowing for the easy removal of defective lamp components without the danger of damage to surrounding components. This feature can also provide for lifetime cost reduction in that failing components (such as the LED package assembly) could be removed and replaced without replacing the entire lamp assemble (heat sink, bulb enclosure, etc. which typically have very long lifetimes). Further, this component-based assembly could help reduce manufacturing costs since different color point lamps could be achieved simply by replacing the bulb enclosure/phosphor carrier, allowing for uniform manufacture of the remainder of the assembly across color points. As an added benefit, multiple bulb enclosures with different phosphor combinations could be provided to the customer to allow flexible in-service changing of the color/hue of the lamp by the customer.

(94) It is understood that many different optical elements can be arranged in many different ways according to the present invention. They can have many different shapes, made of many different materials, and can have many different properties. FIGS. 18 through 20 show an embodiment of an optical element 250 according to the present invention that can utilize specular and/or scattering reflections to redirect the light from the LED sources into larger beam angles or preferred directions. Optical element 250 is generally flower shaped and is particularly applicable to redirecting light from co-planar solid state light sources such as co-planar LEDs. The optical element comprises a narrow bottom or stem section 252 that can be mounted to the co-planar light source. In the embodiment shown, the bottom section comprises a hollow tube section, but it is understood that it can comprise many different shapes and may not be hollow.

(95) The optical element also comprises an upper reflective section 254 that spreads from bottom section 252 moving up the optical element. The upper section 254 comprises a series of reflective blades or petals 256 that are over the LEDs 258 (best shown in FIG. 20) so that light from the LEDs 258 strikes the bottom surface of the blades 256 and is reflected. In the embodiment shown, the width of the blades 256 increase moving up the optical element 250 to reflect more LED light at the top, but it is understood that the in other embodiments the blades can have the same or decreasing width moving up the optical element. It is also understood that different ones of the blades can have different widths or can have widths increase or decrease in different ways moving up the optical element.

(96) The reflection of LED light from the blades 256 helps disperse the light from the LEDs 258 to the desired emission pattern. The blades 256 can be angled or curved from the bottom section, and depending on the desired emission pattern, the blades can have different curves or angles. There can be different curves or angles in different portions of the blades 256 and different ones of the blades can have different angles and curves. Referring now to FIG. 20, a increased curvature blade 260 is shown, with the increased curvature causing reflection at higher beam angles. The light reflected from the high curvature blade 260 emits in more of a downward direction. This can result in an overall lamp emission with a portion of emission at higher beam angles that is particularly useful in embodiments where omni-directional emission is desired (e.g. Energy Star emission).

(97) There can also be a space 262 between the blades 256 that allows light from the LEDs 258 to pass. The light passing the blades 256 can provide forward emitting light from the LEDs, which can also be useful in embodiments where omni-directional emission is desired. Different embodiments can have different numbers and sizes of blades 256 and spaces 262 depending on the desired emission pattern. In some embodiments, the space 262 between the blades 256 can include a conversion or disperser material that can convert or disperse the LED light as it passes through the space.

(98) Optical element 250 can provide certain advantages in that the dispersing element can be light-weight and fabricated inexpensively from tube or horn-shaped foils or reflective polymer elements. In other embodiments the optical element 250 can simply comprise reflective paper or plastic. Further, by relying on specular and/or scattering reflection, the size of the element may be reduced relative to elements utilizing TIR since TIR surfaces may only reflect the incident light up to a maximum angle determined primarily by the difference in index of refraction between the element and the surrounding ambient.

(99) It is understood that the specular and/or scattering optical elements can have many different shapes and sizes and can be arranged in many different ways. In some embodiments, the spaces between the blades can comprise different shapes such as holes or slots, and the spaces can be in many different locations. It is also understood that the optical element can be mounted in lamps in many different ways beyond mounting to the light source. In some embodiments it can be mounted to a phosphor carrier or diffuser. Other optical element embodiments may include a combinations of TIR, specular reflection and scattering to achieve the desired beam dispersion.

(100) The optical element 250 can be used in lamp also comprising a phosphor carrier 264 (best shown in FIG. 20). The phosphor carrier 264 can have the same features as those described above and can be made of the same materials. The phosphor carrier 264 can have a dome-shape over the optical element 250 and LEDs 258 and comprise a conversion material, such as a phosphor, that converts at least a portion of the LED light passing through it. The phosphor carrier 264 can also disperse the light thereby smoothing out emission intensity variations to the blocked or reflected light from the optical element 250. Other embodiments can also comprise a diffuser (not shown) over the phosphor carrier to further disperse the light into a desired emission pattern. The diffuser can have the same features and can be made of the same materials as the diffusers described above.

(101) The LED arrays according to the present invention can be coupled together in many different serial and parallel combinations. In one embodiment, the red and blue LEDs can be interconnected in different groups that can comprise their own various series and parallel combinations. By having separate strings, the current applied to each can be controlled to produce the desired lamp color temperature, such as 3000K.

(102) Some LED lamps according to the present invention can have a correlated color temperature (CCT) from about 1200K to 3500K, with a color rendering index of 80 or more. Other lamp embodiments can emit light with a luminous intensity distribution that varies by not more than 10% from 0 to 150 degrees from the top of the lamp. In other embodiments, lamps can emit light with a luminous intensity distribution that varies by not more than 20% from 0 to 135 degrees. In some embodiments, at least 5% of the total flux from the lamps is in the 135-180 degree zone. Other embodiments can emit light having a luminous intensity distribution that varies by not more than 30% from 0 to 120 degrees. In some embodiments, the LED lamp has a color spatial uniformity of such that chromaticity with change in viewing angle varies by no more than 0.004 from a weighted average point. Other lamps can conform to the operational requirements for luminous efficacy, color spatial uniformity, light distribution, color rendering index, dimensions and base type for a 60-watt incandescent replacement bulb.

(103) The lamps according to the present invention can emit light with a high color rendering index (CRI), such as 80 or higher in some embodiments. In some other embodiments, the lamps can emit light with CRI of 90 or higher. The lamps can also produce light having a correlated color temperature (CCT) from 2500K to 3500K. In other embodiments, the light can have a CCT from 2700K to 3300K. In still other embodiments, the light can have a COT from about 2725K to about 3045K. In some embodiments, the light can have a CCT of about 2700K or about 3000K. In still other embodiments, where the light is dimmable, the CCT may be reduced with dimming. In such a case, the CCT may be reduced to as low as 1500K or even 1200K. In some embodiments, the CCT can be increased with dimming. Depending on the embodiment, other output spectral characteristics can be changed based on dimming.

(104) Embodiments of the present invention can comprise many different shapes and sizes of optical elements that are arranged in many different ways. FIGS. 21A and 21B show another embodiment of an optical element 300 according to the present invention that can utilize specular and/or scattering reflections to redirect the light from the LED sources into larger beam angles or preferred directions using one or more surfaces. The optical element 300 is generally funnel shaped and has a frustoconical top portion 302 and a cylindrical bottom portion 304. The top portion has a top outer surface 308 and a top inner surface 310, while the bottom portion has a bottom outer surface 312 and a bottom inner surface 314. In the embodiment shown, these surfaces are all solid. The optical element 300 can be used to redirect light from solid state light sources such as co-planar LEDs, or in some embodiments LEDs that are not co-planar. In preferred embodiments the optical element 300 has a cavity 306. In the embodiment shown, the optical element 300 is completely hollow.

(105) FIG. 21B shows the dimensions of one embodiment of an optical element 300 that can be used in a solid state lamp and, in some embodiments, aid in making the lamp emission more omnidirectional, although many other shapes and sizes are possible. The frustoconical top portion 302 has an outer diameter of 39 mm and an inner diameter of 16 mm, and rises at an angle of 45 from vertical. The top portion 302 has a height of 11.5 mm, while the cylindrical bottom portion 304 has a height of 7.5 mm, for a total optical element 300 height of 19 mm. The wall thickness of the optical element 300 is 0.2 mm. While the optical element 300 has these dimensions, many other embodiments of optical elements have different dimensions, and the dimensions of the optical element 300 are only exemplary and are in no way meant to be limiting. For example, the angle of the frustoconical top portion 302 can be less than or greater than 45 from vertical; further, an optical element can have an angled portion that is 90 from vertical such that it is flat, or can have no angled portion at all so that the optical element is simply cylindrical. The measurements of the optical element 300 are limited only by the bulb in which it is placed; for instance, an optical element can be as tall as a bulb, and even connect to the top of a bulb, and could also be as wide as the bulb.

(106) The size and shape of the optical element 300 can vary based on many different factors. One factor is the desired lamp emission profile. For example, if broader emission is desired, then the optical element can have an angled portion that is flatter, such as 60 from vertical. Another such factor is the type of solid state emitter used in a lamp comprising the optical element 300. For example, if an emitter has a Lambertian emission pattern, then the optical element 300 can have a portion that is flatter and/or curves outward so as to reflect more light to higher angles. If an emitter already emits a broad emission pattern broader than a Lambertian pattern, then the optical element 300 might sometimes not need such a flat angled surface since it does not need to redirect light as much. Another factor that can be considered when designing the optical element 300 is the placement of the solid state emitters in relation to the optical element and the rest of the lamp. For example, if the emitters are placed close to the optical element, the optical element can have an angled portion that begins below a height of 7.5 mm so that more light emitted from a closer emitter encounters the angled surface; in some instances the optical element could only consist of a frustoconical portion without a bottom portion. The dimensions of the optical element can also depend on, for example, the type of diffuser used. For example, if a lamp comprises a diffuser with a high concentration of diffusing/scattering particles, then the optical element will not need to redirect as much light as when a diffuser with a low concentration of diffusing/scattering particles is used, and the optical element's design will therefore change accordingly. Many different factors such as desired lamp emission profile, chip or package type, chip or package placement, diffuser type, and remote phosphor type (if present), among others, should be considered in the design of the optical element 300.

(107) Similar to the optical element 220 in FIG. 15 and the optical element 250 in FIG. 18, the optical element 300 can be made of material and can have a shape that allows for efficient alteration of the emission profile with minimal light loss. In a preferred embodiment, the optical element 300 can comprise a reflective material such that one or more of the surfaces 308, 310, 312, and 314 are reflective, although in some embodiments the optical element can be either fully or translucent partially transmissive or transparent. In some embodiments these surfaces can be white. In some embodiments the optical element 300 comprises a white plastic, such as white plastic sheet(s) or one or more layers of microcellular polyethylene terephthalate (MCPET), and in some embodiments the optical element 300 comprises white paper. The surfaces can be Lambertian or diffuse reflectors. Embodiments with diffuse reflector surfaces can have a broader lamp emission profile. In some embodiments the optical element 300 and/or the surfaces 308, 310, 312, and 314 can have a white film, such as White97 Film available from WhiteOptics, LLC, of New Castle, Del. In other embodiments they can comprise metal, including but not limited to WhiteOptics Metal, available from WhiteOptics, LLC, or similar. In some embodiments, the optical element 300 can be a plastic or metal device that is coated with a reflective material. Materials can also include specular reflectors which can help directly control the angle of redirected light rays, Lambertian reflectors, combination specular/Lambertian reflectors, and even partially translucent reflectors.

(108) In one embodiment the surfaces 308, 310, 312, and 314 are of equal reflectivity. However in other embodiments, one or more surfaces can have a higher reflectivity than one or more of the other surfaces. For example, in one embodiment the top outer surface 308 is more reflective than the top inner surface 310. In another embodiment the top outer surface 308 is more reflective than the bottom outer surface 312. In yet another embodiment, the bottom outer surface 312 is more reflective than the bottom inner surface 314. Many different combinations of surface reflectivity are possible. Further, the surfaces 308, 310, 312, and 314 can themselves each have different sections of reflectivity, including but not limited to a top portion having more reflectivity than a bottom portion, a bottom portion having more reflectivity than a top portion, or a gradient of reflectivity from top to bottom or bottom to top.

(109) The surfaces 308, 310, 312, and 314 can also exhibit different kinds of reflectivity. For example, in one embodiment the outer surfaces 308 and 312 are diffuse reflectors, while the inner surfaces 310 and 314 are specular reflectors, and vice versa. Further, in some embodiments the top surfaces 308 and 310 are a first type of reflector, while the bottom surfaces 312 and 314 are another type of reflector. These embodiments are only exemplary, as many different combinations of surface reflector types are possible.

(110) FIG. 22 is a cross sectional view of one embodiment of a diffuser 350 according to the present invention. In the FIG. 22 embodiment the diffuser has an oblong frustospherical shape; that is to say, the horizontal diameter is larger than the vertical diameter. Many other diffuser shapes, such as frustospherical, hemispherical, or a shape similar to that of the diffuser dome 110 of FIG. 4, among others, are possible. In the embodiment shown, the diffuser 350 is a single continuous piece, although in other embodiments it can comprise two or more pieces which can be bonded together. The diffuser 350 can have a bottom opening 352. The inner or outer surfaces of the diffuser can be roughened in order to increase light extraction and/or increase scattering.

(111) The diffuser 350 can include diffusing or scattering particles (used interchangeably herein) comprising many different materials such as:

(112) silica gel;

(113) zinc oxide (ZnO);

(114) yttrium oxide (Y.sub.2O.sub.3);

(115) titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2);

(116) barium sulfate (BaSO.sub.4);

(117) alumina (Al.sub.2O.sub.3);

(118) fused silica (SiO.sub.2);

(119) fumed silica (SiO.sub.2);

(120) aluminum nitride;

(121) glass beads;

(122) zirconium dioxide (ZrO.sub.2);

(123) silicon carbide (SiC);

(124) tantalum oxide (TaO.sub.5);

(125) silicon nitride (Si.sub.3N.sub.4);

(126) niobium oxide (Nb.sub.2O.sub.5);

(127) boron nitride (BN); or

(128) phosphor particles (e.g., YAG:Ce, BOSE)

(129) Other materials not listed can also be used. Various combinations of materials or combinations of different forms of the same material can be used to achieve a particular scattering effect. For example, in one embodiment some scattering particles can comprise alumina and other scattering particles can comprise titanium dioxide. It is understood that the diffuser 350 can also comprise mixtures of scattering particles made of different materials. Scattering particles can be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed on one or more surfaces of the diffuser 478. Further, different regions of the diffuser 478 can include different types and/or concentrations of scattering particles; some regions can contain no scattering particles. In one embodiment, the lower half of the diffuser 478 has a higher concentration of scattering or diffusing particles than the upper half. Scattering particles can be on the inside of the diffuser, the outside of the diffuser, within the diffuser material, or combinations thereof. Many different types of diffusers and/or scattering particles that can be included in a device according to the present application are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/901,405 to Tong et al. entitled Non-Uniform Diffuser to Scatter Light into Uniform Emission Pattern, including but not limited to a generally asymmetric squat shape, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/498,253 to Le Toquin entitled LED Packages with Scattering Particle Regions, the figures and descriptions of both of which are hereby fully incorporated by reference herein.

(130) One method of coating the inside surface of a diffuser is the fill-and-dump method. In the fill and dump method, the diffuser is turned upside down and filled with a liquid containing scattering or diffusing particles. The liquid is allowed to remain for a certain period of time. Then the diffuser is turned right-side-up and the liquid is removed from the inside of the diffuser. This method of coating can result in a substantially uniform coating of scattering or diffusing particles.

(131) FIGS. 23-25 show perspective, side, and cross sectional views of an embodiment of a lamp 400 according to the present invention. The lamp comprises the optical element 300, an array of solid state emitters 402 and 404, a carrier 406, a heat sink structure 472 comprising vertical fins 474, and a diffuser 478 around the optical element 300. In the FIGS. 23-25 embodiment, the optical element 300 is below the equator 490 of the frustospherical diffuser 478. In another embodiment an optical element is in the lower half of a diffuser. In yet another embodiment the optical element is in the lower and upper halves of the diffuser 478. In yet another embodiment, the top surface of an optical element is at or below the equator 490 of the diffuser 478.

(132) In the embodiment shown, the lamp 400 comprises 7 outer solid state emitters 402 and one inner solid state emitter 404, which can be a central solid state emitter, for a total of eight solid state emitters. This layout is best seen in FIG. 26. This is but one embodiment of a chip layout according to the present invention, as many other chip layouts are possible. Other embodiments can have more or less outer solid state emitters 402 and/or more than one inner solid state emitter 404; one embodiment comprises nine outer solid state emitters 402 and one inner solid state emitter 404 for a total of ten solid state emitters. In the embodiment shown, the solid state emitters 402 and 404 and the optical element 300 are mounted on the carrier 406. Examples of carriers can include, but are not limited to, a printed circuit board (PCB) carrier, substrate or submount. The carrier can be reflective to increase the overall output of the lamp. The carrier 406 and the diffuser 478 are mounted on the heat sink 472, as shown in FIGS. 23-25. In other embodiments the diffuser 478 can be mounted on the carrier 406. In a preferred embodiment the diffuser 478 is similar to or the same as the diffuser 350.

(133) The lamp 400 comprises an inner solid state emitter 404 in the cavity 306. Because the optical element 300 is completely hollow (i.e., the cavity extends through the entire optical element and extends to the outer walls of the optical element 300), the inner solid state emitter 404 is mounted on the carrier 406. In this embodiment the inner solid state emitter 404 is mounted in the center of the carrier 406, although other embodiments are possible. In other embodiments the cavity 306 may not extend all the way through the optical element 300, and can only extend through either part of the top portion 302 or through the top portion 302 and part of the bottom portion 304, thus forming a bottom floor of the cavity 306. In such a case, the inner solid state emitter 404 can be mounted on the optical element 300 inside the cavity 306. The optical element 300 can be thermally conductive in order to transfer heat away from the inner solid state emitter 404.

(134) The array of solid state emitters 402 and 404 can be arranged in many ways. In the embodiment of FIGS. 23-25, all of the solid state emitters 402 and 404 are mounted on the carrier, and all of the solid state emitters 402 and 404 are coplanar and form a planar array, as shown in FIG. 26. The outer solid state emitters 402 are arranged in a ring around the base 318 of the optical element 300. The optical element 300 is over the solid state emitters 402 and 404; in some embodiments, the top section 302 can be over one or more of the outer solid state emitters 402. In one such embodiment, the top edge 316 of the optical element 300 is over one or more of the outer solid state emitters 402. The outer solid state emitters 402 are equidistant from the base 318 and equidistant from one another. In the embodiment shown, the emitters 402 are near the perimeter of the carrier 406; in other embodiments, the emitters 402 can actually be on the perimeter of the carrier 406, or can be closer to the base 318. Placing the outer solid state emitters 402 on or near the perimeter of the carrier 406 can result in a more omnidirectional lamp emission due to the angles at which the light emitted from the emitters can reflect off of the optical element 300.

(135) Many different types of solid state emitters 402 and 404 can be used in the lamp 400. In some embodiments the solid state emitters are LEDs. Many different LEDs can be used such as those commercially available from Cree Inc., under its DA, EZ, GaN, MB, RT, TR, UT and XT families of LED chips. Further, many different types of LED packages can be used in embodiments of the present invention. Some types of chips and packages are generally described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/463,709 to Donofrio et al., entitled Semiconductor Light Emitting Diodes Having Reflective Structures and Methods of Fabricating Same, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/649,052 to Lowes et al., entitled LED Package with Encapsulant Having Planar Surfaces, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/649,067 to Lowes et al., entitled LED Package with Multiple Element Light Source and Encapsulant Having Planar Surfaces, the descriptions and figures of all three of which are hereby fully incorporated by reference herein. The solid state emitters 402 and 404 can emit many different colors of light, with preferred emitters emitting white light (or chips emitting blue light, part of which is converted to yellow light to form a white light combination). One preferred embodiment of a package that can be used in a lamp according to the present invention comprises a substantially box shaped encapsulant, which results in a package emission that is broader than Lambertian; many of these packages are shown and described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/649,067 to Lowes et al. It is understood that in some embodiments the LED can be provided following removal of its growth substrate. In other embodiment, the LED's growth substrate can remain on the LED, with some of these embodiments having a shaped or textured growth substrate. In some embodiments when the LED's growth substrate remains on the LED, the LED is flip-chip mounted onto the carrier 406.

(136) In other embodiments solid state lasers can used either alone or in combination with one or more LEDs. In some embodiments, the LEDs can comprise a transparent growth substrate such as silicon carbide, sapphire, GaN, GaP, etc. The LED chips can also comprise a three dimensional structure and in some embodiments, the LEDs can have structure comprising entirely or partially oblique facets on one or more surfaces of the chip.

(137) In a preferred embodiment, the emitters 402 and 404 are LED chips and/or packages which can, in some embodiments, have an emission pattern that is broader than Lambertian, such as, for example, those described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/649,052 and 13/649,067. In another embodiment, the emitters 402 and 404 are phosphor-coated LEDs such as, for example, those described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/656,759 and 11/899,790. In one embodiment the emitters these aspects and are phosphor-coated LED chips and/or packages with emission patterns that are broader than Lambertian. In another preferred embodiment, these LEDs emit in the blue spectrum and are covered in a yellow phosphor, resulting in a white emission. In another embodiment the emitters 402 and 404 have a Lambertian emission profile.

(138) In one embodiment all of the emitters 402 and 404 are the same type of solid state emitter, for example, LED packages emitting white light or phosphor coated LEDs that emit a blue/yellow combination of white light. In another embodiment, the inner solid state emitter 404 is different than the outer solid state emitters 402, and the inner solid state emitter 404 can emit more or less light and/or emit a different type of light. In another embodiment, the emitters 402 emit different types of light; in one embodiment, some of the emitters 402 are BSY (blue shifted yellow) LEDs while the rest are red LEDs, resulting in a white lamp emission.

(139) The lamp 400 can also comprise a heat sink element 472 to aid in thermal dissipation, as shown in FIGS. 23-25. Different heat dissipation arrangements and structures are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/339,516, to Tong et al., entitled LED Lamp Incorporating Remote Phosphor With Heat Dissipation Feature, also assigned to Cree, Inc. the descriptions and figures of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. The heat sink 472 can comprise a plurality of fins 474, preferably vertical. Each fin 474 can comprise an angled upper portion 476. In a preferred embodiment, the upper portion 476 is angled such that some light reflected by the optical element 300 is emitted from the lamp 400 at an angle substantially parallel to the angled upper portion 476 as shown by the ray trace 482 in FIG. 25. In another embodiment, the upper portion 476 is angled such that some light reflected by the optical element 300 is emitted from the lamp 400 at an angle slightly above the upper portion 476 such that the light does not encounter the heat sink, as shown by a ray trace 484. The angle of the upper portion 476 can be approximately 135 from vertical, although other angles are possible. The angled upper portion 476 can also be angled such that it is steeper than the perpendicular of an angled optical element surface, or such that the perpendicular of an optical element surface is flatter than the angled upper portion 476. In another embodiment, the heat sink fins 474 are reflective such that light can be reflected off of the heat sink and contribute to the omnidirectional emission pattern of the lamp 400. Further, in a preferred embodiment there are spaces in between the heat sink fins such that light emitted at an angle such that it would intersect a fin can instead pass through the space to emit at large angle, as is shown by the ray trace 486.

(140) The lamp 400 can be designed to have a more omnidirectional emission pattern than a Lambertian pattern. In order to achieve such an emission pattern the lamp can emit more light at higher angles, as shown by the ray traces 482, 484, 485, and 486 in FIG. 25. In the FIGS. 23-25 embodiment, however, the optical element 300 can be over the emitters 402, meaning that the contribution of the emitters 402 to forward emission of the lamp 400 can be limited. In this embodiment, some of the light emitted by the outer solid state emitters 402 can reflect off of the optical element 300 before encountering the diffuser 478. While some of the light will pass through the diffuser 478 as shown by ray traces 482 and 484, some light will actually reflect off the diffuser 478 and remain in the lamp 400 before passing out the top surface of the diffuser 478, as shown by a ray trace 488. Light that passes by the optical element 300 will encounter the diffuser 478. Some light that encounters the diffuser 478 might scatter or diffuse, as shown by the ray traces 483 and 485, or might pass straight through the diffuser 478. Light with a path that is altered by the diffuser 478 can contribute to the high angle emission of the lamp 400 as shown by the ray trace 485, and thus aid the lamp 400 in having a more omnidirectional emission pattern. Light with a path that is altered by the diffuser 478 can also emit to the forward emission of the lamp 400. For example, the inner surface of the top portion 302, shown in FIG. 32, can be reflective, such that both the upper and lower surfaces of the optical element 300 are reflective. As shown by the ray trace 487, light can sometimes reflect off of the diffuser 478 back into the bulb, and then reflect off of the top surface of the optical element 300 and contribute to the forward emission of the lamp 400. In other embodiments the optical element 300 is not directly over the emitters 402 such that the emitters contribute directly to the forward emission of the lamp 400.

(141) The combination of the optical element 300 and the diffuser 478 can provide the added advantage of distributing the light emitting from the optical cavity in a more uniform pattern. As discussed above, light from the light source can be emitted in a pattern generally broader than a Lambertian pattern and the shape of the dome 478 along with the scattering properties of the scattering particles can cause light to emit from the dome in a more omnidirectional emission pattern. An engineered diffuser can have scattering particles in different concentrations in different regions or can be shaped to a specific emission pattern. For example, if an emission pattern with more forward emission was desired, the diffuser could have a higher concentration of scatting particles in its lower portion such that more light passing through the lower portion of the diffuser (and thus probably not contributing to forward emission) could be scattered and/or redirected. In some embodiments, including those described herein, the lamp can be engineered so that the emission pattern from the lamp complies with the Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Star defined omnidirectional distribution criteria. One requirement of this standard met by the lamps herein is that the emission uniformity must be within 20% of mean value from 0 to 135 viewing and >5% of total flux from the lamp must be emitted in the 135-180 emission zone, with the measurements taken at 0, 45, 90 azimuthal angles. As mentioned above, the different lamp embodiments described herein can also comprise A-type retrofit LED bulbs, such as an A19 bulb, that meet the DOE Energy Star standards. The present invention provides lamps that are efficient, reliable and cost effective. In some embodiments, the entire lamp can comprise five components that can be quickly and easily assembled.

(142) A lamp such as lamp 400 from FIGS. 23-25 can be assembled in a number of different ways. In one preferred embodiment, a lamp can comprise the diffuser 350, as shown in FIG. 22. The bottom opening 352 can be approximately the same diameter as, or a slightly larger diameter than, the largest diameter of an optical element, such as the top edge 316 of the optical element 300 in FIG. 21. That is to say that the largest diameter of an optical element can be equal to or smaller than the diameter of a bottom opening of a diffuser. The diffuser 350 can therefore be lowered onto carrier and/or heat sink with an optical element passing through the bottom opening 352; the diffuser 350 can then be bonded to the rest of the lamp.

(143) Other methods of assembly are possible. For example, FIG. 27 shows a lamp 500 with a diffuser 360 that comprises at least two parts: an upper portion 362 and a lower portion 364. A cross sectional view of the diffuser 360 and an optical element 330 is shown in FIG. 28. In the FIGS. 27 and 28 embodiment the upper and lower portions are divided at a bond line 366, in this case the equator of the diffuser 360, although in other embodiments the division can be elsewhere depending upon the desired emission profile. In the FIGS. 27 and 28 embodiment, the widest diameter 332 of the optical element 330 is approximately the same diameter and/or cross-section as the bond line 366. During the assembly of the lamp 500, the lower portion 364 is bonded to the lamp 500. The widest diameter 332 of the optical element 330 and the upper portion 362 of the diffuser can then be bonded onto the lower portion 364 such that the widest diameter 332 of the optical element 330 is sandwiched between the upper portion 362 and lower portion 364 at the bond line 366.

(144) The assembly method described above allows for many different variations of the lamp 500. For example, the lamp can comprise a suspended optical element such as optical element 330 as seen in FIGS. 27 and 28. In a preferred embodiment, a suspended optical element is conical, although many other shapes are possible as described below. The lamp 500 can include a solid state emitter 504 bonded to the center of a carrier 508. In such an embodiment the optical element 330 can be partially translucent such that some light from the solid state emitters, including the solid state emitter 504, emits through the optical element 330. In another embodiment, the suspended optical element can comprise a cavity holding a solid state emitter. In yet another embodiment, one solid state emitter is in the center of a carrier while another solid state emitter is in a cavity of a suspended optical element.

(145) Lamps according to the present invention can also comprise various additional elements. For example, FIGS. 29 and 30 show a perspective view and a cut-away view of a lamp 600 comprising a phosphor carrier. Phosphor carriers are discussed in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/029,068, filed on Feb. 16, 2011, the descriptions of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. In the embodiment shown the phosphor carrier 682 is a generally frustospherical element and matches the shape of the diffuser dome 660. Many other embodiments of phosphor carriers can be used in the lamp 600, including but not limited to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 6-9. Other phosphor carriers are also possible. For example, FIGS. 31 and 32 show a lamp 700 comprising a phosphor carrier 760. The phosphor carrier 760 is placed on top of the optical element 300, which can be thermally conductive to aid in dissipating heat from the phosphor carrier 760. In one embodiment, the phosphor carrier 760 only converts light emitted from the central solid state emitter 704, while light emitted from the solid state emitters 702 remains unconverted. In one such embodiment the central solid state emitter 704 emits blue light, some of which is converted to yellow light by the phosphor carrier 760 for a white light combination, and the solid state emitters 702 emit white light, either individually or in combination. In some embodiments, the diffuser can include phosphor particles, either as a coating on the inside or outside surface of the diffuser or distributed within the diffuser material itself. In some embodiments the phosphor particles also aid in mixing and/or diffusing light.

(146) While the optical element 300 of FIG. 21A has a cylindrical bottom portion and a frustoconical top portion and the optical element 330 shown in FIGS. 27 and 28 is generally conical, many other shapes and designs of the optical element 300 are possible depending upon the desired emission pattern. For example, the optical element 250 of FIG. 18 can be used with an inner solid state emitter 404 if more forward emission is required, since light from the emitters 402 can pass through the openings 262. An optical element 800 shown in FIG. 33 is similar to the optical element 250 with side walls that curve outward, but does not comprise openings such that more light is reflected and emitted at high angles. The optical element 800 also has a flat top and does not comprise a cavity. This can help decrease the insertion loss of the lamp.

(147) An optical element 810 shown in FIG. 34 does not comprise a bottom portion, but is simply frustoconical. An optical element 820 shown in FIG. 35 comprises slits 822 in its outer portion, which could allow more light to pass through the optical element 830 and emit at intermediate angles; although four slits are shown, more or less are possible. Further, horizontal slights are also possible. Some embodiments of an optical element are not hollow like the optical element 300 of FIG. 21. An optical element 840 shown in FIG. 36 has a cylindrical cavity 842 wherein a solid state emitter can be placed. The cavity 842 can extend all the way through the optical element 840, or can only extend through part of the optical element 840 such as to form a cavity floor; in one embodiment, the cavity floor is at the intersection between the upper portion 844 and the bottom portion 846 of the optical element 840. An optical element 850 shown in FIG. 37 does not have a cavity at all; instead, a solid state emitter can be placed on the top surface 852, or can be placed on a platform which is on the top surface 852.

(148) In the FIG. 38 embodiment, the side walls can change angle at distinct points rather than being curved such that the optical element comprises more than two portions. In the FIG. 38 embodiment the optical element 860 comprises a cylindrical bottom portion 866, a frustoconical middle portion 864 with side walls 865, and a top portion 862 with side walls 863 that are flatter than the middle portion side walls. In other embodiments the middle portion's side walls may be flatter than the top portion's side walls. Embodiments with more than three portions are also possible.

(149) FIG. 39 shows an embodiment of an optical element 870. The optical element 870 is frustoconical, but has a very steep outer surface 876. In other embodiments the outer surface can curve outwards so as to form a horn shape. A solid state emitter array 872 is within the interior of the optical element 870. The emitter array 872 is on element 874. Element 874 can be a separate carrier as previously described, or can be integral to the optical element 870 such that the top of element 874 forms the bottom of a cavity 878.

(150) FIG. 40 shows an embodiment of an optical element 880. The optical element 880 is horn shaped, with an outer surface 882 that curves outward. The optical element 880 is completely hollow. An inner solid state emitter 886 is within the interior of the optical element 880 and on a carrier 888. A ring of solid state emitters 884 surrounds the base of the optical element 880. Some embodiments do not have an inner solid state emitter 886.

(151) FIG. 41 shows an embodiment of an optical element 890. The optical element 890, like the optical element 880 of FIG. 40, is horn shaped, however the base 891 of the optical element 890 is wider than that of the optical element 880. The ring of outer solid state emitters 894 also has a larger radius than the ring of outer solid state emitters 884. The FIG. 41 embodiment does not include an inner solid state emitter, although other embodiments do comprise such an emitter.

(152) FIG. 42 shows an embodiment of an optical element 900. The optical element 900 comprises a pointed endcap 902. This endcap can help further distribute any light that reflects off of a diffuser and encounters the pointed endcap 902 in a more omnidirectional emission pattern. Embodiments of optical elements with pointed endcaps can help increase Energy Star compliance.

(153) FIG. 43 shows an embodiment of an optical emitter 910. The optical element 910 is very similar to the optical emitter 300 from FIGS. 21A and 21B; however, the optical element 910 has a much longer cylindrical bottom portion 914 such that the upper portion 912 will sit much higher in a lamp. This can help avoid light reflecting off of the upper portion 912 and hitting the heat sink fins of a lamp, while still allowing light to emit from a lamp at high angles. In one embodiment, the bottom cylindrical portion 914 is approximately 25 mm high.

(154) FIG. 44 shows an embodiment of an optical element 920. The optical element 920 has the same outer shape as the optical element 300 from FIGS. 21A and 21B. The optical element 920 is not, however, completely hollow like the optical element 300. Instead, the top portion 922 comprises a cavity 926 with sides that taper in from the outer surface of the top portion 922. The cavity 926 is connected to a through-hole cavity 928 which is cylindrical in shape. A solid state emitter can be placed at the bottom of the through-hole cavity 928.

(155) FIG. 45 shows an embodiment of yet another optical element 930. The optical element 930 is similar to the optical element 300 of FIGS. 21A and 21B; however, the lower portion 934 has a smaller radius than the lower portion 304. This can allow a ring of solid state emitters to have a smaller radius; in one embodiment, solid state emitters are placed in a ring with a small radius such that each solid state emitter is under the upper portion 932.

(156) FIG. 46 shows an embodiment of yet another optical emitter 940. The optical element 940 comprises a disc shaped top portion 942, a frustoconical middle portion 944, and a cylindrical bottom portion 946. In the embodiment shown, the middle portion 944 has a very flat outer surface. This can help emitter light at very high angles. A similar embodiment may have only a cylindrical bottom portion and a frustoconical top portion with a relatively flat outer surface. Another similar embodiment may have only a cylindrical bottom portion and a disc shaped top portion with a completely flat surface, which can help the emitter emit light at very high angles. In embodiments with a frustoconical portion with a substantially flat outer surface, the outer surface can be angled at between approximately 10 and 20.

(157) FIG. 47 shows an embodiment of yet another optical 950. The optical element 950 comprises an axial cylindrical portion 952 and a frustoconical portion 954. In the embodiment shown the frustoconical portion 954 is hollow, although in other embodiments it is not. The axial cylindrical portion 952 can comprise an axial hole.

(158) FIG. 48 shows an embodiment of yet another optical element 960. The optical element 960 is similar to the optical element 920 of FIG. 44. However, the optical element 960 comprises a donut shaped portion 968 within the hollow portion 966. This donut shaped portion 968 can help light emit in a more omnidirectional pattern from a lamp. FIG. 49 shows another embodiment with a donut shaped portion 978; this donut shaped portion 978 can rise higher than the donut shaped portion 968. In the embodiment shown, the donut shaped portion 978 rises such that it is flush with the top of the frustoconical top portion 972. In some embodiments of the optical elements 960 and 970, the vast majority of light from a solid state emitter placed within the interior of the optical element 960 or 970 can emit at a forward angle; this is more true of the optical element 970, which has a higher donut shaped portion 978.

(159) FIG. 50 shows another embodiment of a heat sink 1000. The heat sink 1000 comprises fins 1074. As opposed to the heat sink 472 where the fins 474 are designed to be below the diffuser dome 478, the fins 474 are designed to wrap around a diffuser dome. This can allow more light to emit at high angles, since the fins 1074 will not block as much high angle light.

(160) Many different optical element shapes are possible, including but not limited to embodiments combining characteristics of the embodiments described above. Further, any optical element shape can be combined with any of the different lamp components previously described in order to tailor the lamp's emission as desired.

(161) Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred configurations thereof, other versions are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the invention should not be limited to the versions described above.