Abstract
Two versions of an isolated single stage converter AC/DC Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter topology have been invented. One is with a full bridge rectifier at its input and the other is a True Bridgeless version. The two versions of the topology feature new configurations and circuitry including a simplified damper circuit and a clamp capacitor flipping circuit and control methods that allow them to realize improved single stage isolated power factor converters which are suitable for high power operation, features Zero Voltage Switching to maximize conversion efficiency and to minimize Electro-Magnetic Interference generation, does not need an additional circuit to limit the inrush current, achieves reasonably low input current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), and is easy to control. The second version provides a true bridgeless single stage isolated power factor converter with even higher efficiency and lower input current THD.
Claims
1. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter without an input bridge rectifier, a first terminal of an input inductor being connected to a first terminal of an AC input source, a power transformer with primary and secondary windings, the said primary winding is connected in series with a resonant inductor, whose value is small compared to the input inductor, the series combination of said primary winding and said resonant inductor being connected between a second terminal of the input inductor and a first terminal of a input capacitor, a second terminal of the input capacitor being connected to a second terminal of the AC input source, a damper circuit comprising of a series connection of a resistor and a high frequency blocking inductor being connected between the first terminal of the input capacitor and the first terminal of the AC input source, main switches comprising of two controlled semiconductor switches and anti-parallel diodes connected in series back to back are connected between the second terminal of the input inductor and the second terminal of the AC input source, an active clamp circuit comprising of a series connection of clamp capacitor and a second set of two controlled semiconductor switches and anti-parallel diodes connected in series back to back being connected in parallel with the main switches.
2. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 1 wherein the main and active clamp semiconductor switches are silicon or silicon carbide MOSFETs with integral anti-parallel diodes or MOSFETs or other controllable semiconductor switching devices with separate diodes connected in anti-parallel.
3. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 1 wherein the second set of two controlled semiconductor switches are MOSFET(s) and a diode is also connected in series with the second set of two controlled semiconductor switches and a diode is connected in anti-parallel to that series combination to prevent the MOSFETs integral anti-parallel diode from conducting.
4. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 1 with a flipping circuit comprising of a series combination of a bidirectional switch and an inductor connected in parallel with the clamp capacitor to flip the polarity of the voltage of the clamp capacitor at the zero voltage crossing time of the AC input voltage.
5. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 4 wherein the bi-directional switch is realized with elements selected from the group comprising: a. back to back MOSFETs b. back to back IGBTs with co-packaged or discrete anti-parallel diodes c. anti-parallel SCRs with series diodes d. anti-parallel SCRs without series diodes e. a Triac.
6. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 1 wherein the secondary winding of the power transformer is connected in series with an output DC blocking capacitor, the first end of the series combination being connected to a center tap of a set of two series connected output rectifying diodes the first end of said set of two series connected output rectifying diodes is connected to the first end of a parallel connection of a output capacitor and the load, the second end of the parallel connection of output capacitor and the load is connected to the second end of the set of two series connected output rectifying diodes and the second end of the series combination of the secondary winding of the power transformer and output DC blocking capacitor.
7. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 1 wherein the secondary winding of the power transformer is connected in series with an output DC blocking capacitor, the first end of said series combination of said secondary winding and said blocking capacitor being connected to the center tap of a first set of two series connected output rectifying diodes, the first end of said set of two series connected output rectifying diodes are connected to a parallel connection of output capacitor and the load, the second end of said series combination of said secondary winding and said blocking capacitor being connected to the center tap of a second set of two series connected output rectifying diodes, the first end of said second set of two series connected output rectifying diodes are connected to the said first end of the parallel connection of output capacitor and the load, the second end of the parallel connection of output capacitor and the load is connected to the second ends of said two sets of series connected output rectifying diodes.
8. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 1 wherein a bipolar output is derived by using two DC blocking capacitors and two sets of series connected diode rectifiers, the first terminal of both DC blocking capacitor being connected to the first end of the transformer secondary winding, the second terminal of the first DC blocking capacitor being connected to the center tap of a first series connection of output rectifying diodes, the first end of said first second set of two series connected rectifier diodes are connected to a parallel connection of the first output capacitor and the first loads, the second terminal of the second DC blocking capacitor being connected to the center tap of a second set of two series connected rectifier diodes, the first end of the said second set of two series connected rectifier diodes is connected to the second end of the first set of two series connected rectifier diodes and the second end of the first parallel connection of output capacitor and load and the first end of the second set of paralleled output capacitor and load, the second end of the said second set of parallel connection of output capacitor and load is connected to the second end of the said second two series connected output rectifying diodes.
9. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 1 wherein two separate outputs are derived from the converter by using two secondary windings each with a series connected DC blocking capacitor, the first end of the first series combination of said first secondary winding and said first blocking capacitor being connected to the center tap of a first set of two series connected output rectifying diodes, the first end of said first set of two series connected output rectifying diodes are connected to a parallel connection of first output capacitor and the first load, the second end of said series combination of said first secondary winding and said first blocking capacitor being connected to the center tap of a second set of two series connected output rectifying diodes, the first end of said second set of two series connected output rectifying diodes are connected to the said first end of the parallel connection of said first output capacitor and the first load, the second end of the parallel connection of said first output capacitor and load is connected to the second ends of said first and second sets of series connected output rectifying, the first end of the second series combination of second secondary winding and second DC blocking capacitor being connected to the center tap of a third set of two series connected output rectifying diodes, the first end of said third set of two series connected output rectifying diodes is connected to a parallel connection of a second output capacitor and the second load, the second end of said series combination of said second secondary winding and said second blocking capacitor being connected to the center tap of a fourth set of two series connected output rectifying diodes, the first end of said fourth set of two series connected output rectifying diodes is connected to the said second end of the parallel connection of said second output capacitor and the second load, the second end of the parallel connection of said second output capacitor and load is connected to the second ends of said third and fourth sets of two series connected output rectifying diodes.
10. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 1 wherein the semiconductor switches are MOSFETs with separate diodes connected in anti-parallel and a diode connected in series with the MOSFET to prevent its integral anti-parallel diode from conducting.
11. A single stage isolated Power Factor Corrected (PFC) converter as in claim 2 wherein the second set of two controlled semiconductor switches are MOSFET(s) and a diode is also connected in series with the second set of two controlled semiconductor switches and a diode is connected in anti-parallel to that series combination to prevent the MOSFETs integral anti-parallel diode from conducting.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) At least one mode for carrying out the invention in terms of one or more examples will be described by reference to the drawings thereof in which:
(2) FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a practical realization of the first aspect of the invention with a full bridge input rectifier including an EMI filter and output filter and input and output voltage sensing and input current sensing components.
(3) FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a practical realization of the second aspect of the invention having no input bridge rectifier and including the polarity flipping circuit, an EMI filter and output filter and input and output voltage sensing and input current sensing components.
(4) FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the prior art Davidson converter.
(5) FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of the prior art Davidson converter with an active clamp circuit.
(6) FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of the half bridge capacitor secondary circuit of the prior art Davidson converter.
(7) FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of the first aspect of the invention with a half bridge output rectifier.
(8) FIG. 6A is a circuit diagram of the circuit shown in FIG. 6 but including separate diodes placed anti-parallel to the MOSFETs;
(9) FIG. 6B is a circuit diagram of the circuit shown in FIG. 6 but including separate diodes placed anti-parallel to the MOSFETs and a diode also connected in series with the active clamp MOSFET;
(10) FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of the second aspect of the invention, having no input rectifier with a half bridge secondary rectifier circuit.
(11) FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of the second aspect of the invention with the polarity flipping circuit.
(12) FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of the alternate full bridge secondary rectifier circuit.
(13) FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of the alternate bipolar output secondary rectifier circuit.
(14) FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of an alternate configuration with two secondary windings and rectifier circuits.
(15) FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of a practical primary side control circuit to implement the method of control of the converter.
(16) FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of practical secondary side control circuitry to implement the method of control of the converter.
(17) FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram of additional primary side control logic circuitry to implement additional methods of control of the second aspect of the invention.
(18) FIG. 15 is voltage waveforms details of the first and second aspects of the invention at nominal line voltage, peak of the input voltage waveform.
(19) FIG. 16 is current waveforms details of the first and second aspects of the invention at nominal line voltage, peak of the input voltage waveform.
(20) FIG. 17 is circuit voltage waveforms of the first aspect of the invention at nominal line input voltage over one and a half line cycles.
(21) FIG. 18 is circuit current waveforms of the first aspect of the invention at nominal line input voltage over one and a half line cycles.
(22) FIG. 19 is circuit voltage waveforms of the second aspect of the invention at nominal line input voltage over one and a half line cycles.
(23) FIG. 20 is circuit current waveforms of the second aspect of the invention at nominal line input voltage over one and a half line cycles.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED AND OTHER ASPECTS AND EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
(24) The basic schematic of one aspect of the invention is shown in FIG. 6. The converter is connected to an AC source by its input terminals. Four diodes Dp1, Dp2, Dp3, and Dp4 form a full bridge rectifier to rectify the AC source voltage to create a unipolar rectified sine wave voltage. A Power Factor Correction (PFC) inductor Lp is connected to one output of the bridge rectifier. A power transformer T has magnetization inductance Lm, primary winding Np and secondary winding Ns. Its primary winding is connected in series with a small valued resonant inductor Lr and they are then connected to the PFC inductor and a DC blocking capacitor Cp. A damper circuit consisting of a series connection of a resistor Rd and high frequency blocking inductor Ld is connected between the first the blocking capacitor Cp and the first output terminal of the full bridge rectifier. The damper circuit dampens the resonance of the transformer magnetizing inductance with the effective series capacitance of the input and output DC blocking capacitors, while its high frequency blocking inductor minimizes the switching frequency current through the damper resistor. The damper could instead be connected across Cp but an extra DC blocking capacitor with a value greater than that of Cp would be needed to be connected in series with the damper to block the DC voltage of Cp so connecting the damper as shown in the diagram is much preferred.
(25) A main switch consisting of a controlled semiconductor switch Q1 with an anti-parallel diode is connected to the second terminal of the PFC inductor. If the semiconductor switch is a MOSFET then its integral drain-source diode can function as the anti-parallel diode. An active clamp circuit consisting of a series connection of clamp capacitor Cclamp and a second controlled semiconductor switch Q2 with an anti-parallel diode is connected in parallel with the main switch. The polarity of the second switch Q2 is opposite to that of the first switch Q1. The switch Q1 and the clamp capacitor can be in either order and if the clamp capacitor is connected to the power factor inductor then Q2 can be realized by a P channel MOSFET to enable a low side drive circuit. However for high voltage applications P channel MOSFETs are hard to come by so Q2 will most likely be realized with an N channel MOSFET and a floating drive signal will be needed regardless. The main and clamp switches are driven to be on or off by complementary drive waveforms D and 1-D respectively, which are developed by a suitable control circuit.
(26) With the relative position of the clamp capacitor and clamp switch being as in FIG. 6 the clamp capacitor can instead be connected to the other end of series blocking capacitor without changing the operation of the circuit significantly as the voltage across the DC blocking capacitor has only a small amount of voltage ripple.
(27) The secondary winding of the power transformer is connected in series with an output DC blocking capacitor Cs. A center tap of a series connection of output rectifying diodes Ds1 and Ds2 rectifies the transformer secondary waveform and creates a DC voltage equal to the peak-peak voltage of the transformer secondary winding across the output capacitor CL which is in parallel with the output terminals. An output load, which is powered by the converter, is typically connected to the output terminals of the converter.
(28) FIG. 1 represents a practical full embodiment embodying the principles and features of the first aspect of the invention described above.
(29) A schematic of a second aspect of the invention is shown in FIG. 7. The converter is connected to an AC source at its input terminals. A PFC inductor Lp is connected to one input terminal of the converter. A power transformer T has magnetization inductance Lm, primary winding Np and secondary winding Ns. Its primary winding is connected in series with a small valued resonant inductor Lr and they are then connected to the PFC inductor and a DC blocking capacitor Cp. A damper circuit consisting of a series connection of a resistor Rd and high frequency blocking inductor Ld is connected between the first the blocking capacitor Cp and the first input terminal of the converter. Again the damper could instead be connected across Cp but an extra blocking capacitor with a value greater than that of Cp would be needed to be connected in series with the damper to block the DC voltage of Cp so connecting the damper as shown in the diagram is much preferred.
(30) A main switch consisting of two back to back series connected controlled semiconductor switches Q1 and Q3 with anti-parallel diodes are connected to the second terminal of the PFC inductor. If the semiconductor switches are MOSFETs then their integral drain-source diode can function as the anti-parallel diodes. An active clamp circuit consisting of a series connection of a clamp capacitor Cclamp and two controlled semiconductor switches Q2 and Q4 with anti-parallel diodes are connected in parallel with the main switch. The clamp capacitor and back-back active clamp switches can be in either order. Common source connection of both sets of back-back switches will reduce the complexity of the needed floating gate drive circuits. The main switch Q1 and clamp switch Q2 are driven to be on or off by complementary drive waveforms D and 1-D respectively during the positive half cycle of the AC line voltage while the main switch Q3 and clamp switch Q4 are driven to be continuously on. The main switch Q3 and clamp switch Q4 are driven to be on or off by complementary drive waveforms D and (1-D) respectively during the negative half cycle of the AC line voltage while the main switch Q1 and clamp switch Q2 are driven to be continuously on.
(31) The secondary circuitry shown for this version converter is identical to the first aspect of the invention so will not be described again.
(32) The schematic of a second embodiment of this aspect of the invention is shown in FIG. 8. This embodiment is identical to the previous version except with the addition of a flipping circuit consisting of a series combination of a bidirectional switch Sflip and an inductor Lflip connected across the clamp capacitor to flip the polarity of the voltage on the clamp capacitor at the zero voltage crossing time of the AC input. As the switching frequency of the flipping switch is only two times that of the input AC line frequency, the bi-directional switch can be realized with back to back MOSFETs, or back to back IGBTs with co-packaged or discrete anti-parallel diodes or by anti-parallel SCRs with or without series diodes or by a Triac. The flipping switch is driven to be on or off for a short period at the zero voltage crossing time by a signal Dfs developed by the control circuit. This circuit relieves the rest of the primary circuitry from the burden of flipping the polarity of the voltage on the clamp capacitor thus improving the performance of the converter. The voltage of the input DC blocking capacitor varies naturally to be the same as the input AC voltage and there is no need to flip the voltage of this capacitor. The converter still has to flip the voltage across the secondary DC blocking capacitor after the zero cross time, and a similar circuit could be employed to do so, but it turns out the converter can do this quite easily without an additional circuit.
(33) FIG. 2 represents a practical full embodiment of the second aspect of the invention.
(34) The schematic of an alternate secondary circuit with full bridge rectification for both above described aspects of the invention is shown in FIG. 9. The secondary winding of the power transformer is connected in series with an output DC blocking capacitor Cs. A full bridge of output rectifying diodes Ds1, Ds2, DS3 and Ds4 rectifies the transformer secondary waveform and creates a DC voltage equal to the peak-peak voltage of the transformer secondary winding across the output capacitor CL which is in parallel with the output terminals. This embodiment has the advantage of lower ripple current in the output capacitor but requires more diodes.
(35) The schematic of an alternate secondary circuit with two outputs of opposite polarity using a single output winding for both above described aspects of the invention is shown in FIG. 10. The transformer has a secondary winding with two DC blocking capacitors Cs1 and Cs2 and two half wave diode rectifier circuits Ds1, Ds2 and Ds3, Ds4 and output capacitors CL1 and CL2. This allows developing power for two loads which are of opposite polarity to each other. The output voltages will track each other over a range of loads and regulated output voltages.
(36) The schematic of an alternate secondary circuit with two separate outputs for both above described aspects of the invention is shown in FIG. 11. The transformer has two secondary windings Ns1 and Ns2 each with a DC blocking capacitor Cs1 and Cs2 and full wave diode rectifier circuit Ds1, Ds2, Ds3, Ds4 and Ds5, Ds6, Ds7, Ds8 and each has an output capacitor CL1 and CL2. This allows developing power for two loads which could be connected in series or parallel or could be galvanically isolated from each other. The output voltages will be the same if the number of turns of the two secondary's are identical or can be different if the number of turns are different. If the resonant inductor is in series with the primary winding and the leakage inductance between the two secondary windings is low the voltage of the two outputs will track each other over a range of loads and regulated output voltages.
(37) The resonant inductance can instead be connected in series with the secondary windings, be created by the leakage inductance between the primary and secondary windings or be a combination of the leakage inductance and a discrete inductor. Also any configuration of rectifying circuit consisting of diodes and capacitors can be used as long as the circuit blocks the DC voltage from the secondary winding and creates an output voltage that is equal to, or an integral multiple of, the peak-peak voltage of the transformer secondary winding. Also multiple secondary windings or tapped secondary windings and rectification circuits can be employed to create more than one output of the same or different voltages and polarity.
(38) The schematic of a practical primary side control circuit for the invention is shown in FIG. 12. This circuit implements a method of control of the converter which consists of using a commonly available PFC IC such as TI UC3854B and adding circuitry to develop the two drive signals D and 1-D for the main and active clamp switches respectively with a fixed dead time between the drive signals. The signal for turning the main switches on is the same as the gate drive signal of the UC3854B except with a short fixed delay of the turn on created by a RC time constant R1, C1 and part A of a dual comparator IC. The signal for turning the clamp switch(es) on is the opposite to the gate drive signal of the UC3854B except with a short fixed delay of the turn on of the clamp switch(es) created by a second RC time constant R2, C2 and part B of the dual comparator IC.
(39) The schematic of a practical secondary side control circuit for the invention is shown in FIG. 13. An operational amplifier compares a scaled down representation of the output voltage to a reference voltage and creates an error voltage which is transferred to the primary side via an optical coupler. Feedback frequency compensation components assure a slow voltage loop response to minimize the input current distortion while a secondary side soft start circuit minimizes overshoot of the output voltage when the converter is turned on.
(40) The schematic of additional primary side logic control circuitry that can be used to optimize control of the second aspect of the invention is shown in FIG. 14. This is an important method which prevents overshoot of the switching voltage due to inexact switch drive timing of this converter and other converters using back to back series connected devices to realize bipolar switches. Simulation has shown that for any bipolar converter simply driving bipolar switches with the same drive signal will not work unless the drive timing is absolutely perfect which it will never be in practice. This circuitry implements an additional method of control of the second aspect of the invention. This method involves creating the D, 1-D, D and (1-D) drive signals for the main and clamp switches from the above mentioned comparator outputs using drive control logic so that the first main switch and clamp switch are driven to be on or off by the complementary drive waveforms D and 1-D respectively during the positive half cycle of the AC line voltage while the second main switch and clamp switch are driven to be continuously on. Conversely the second main switch and clamp switch are driven to be on or off by complementary drive waveforms D and (1-D) respectively during the negative half cycle of the AC line voltage while the first main switch and first clamp switch are driven to be continuously on, according to the detected polarity of the input voltage. The input voltage is sensed and scaled down to control voltage level and a polarity detector determines which polarity the input voltage is. In this case its output is high for positive polarity and low for negative polarity. Main and clamp switch logic circuitry allows pulse width modulation of one of the series connected back-back connected switches while keeping the other continually on for each half line cycle depending upon the detected polarity of the input voltage. A zero cross detector senses the time when the input voltage is close to zero, in this case its output is high during the zero cross time and a mono-stable ensures the zero cross pulse is at least a minimum pulse width, in this case 10 uS.
(41) Also shown in FIG. 14 is logic for driving the flipping switch which unlike the main and clamp switches is a bipolar switch that can be driven by a single drive signal. A flipping switch trigger provides a turn on signal for the flipping switch at the zero cross time. The flipping switch current is sensed and the flipping switch signal then turns off the flipping switch once the flipping switch circuit current approaches zero. Alternately the flipping switch can be turned on for a fixed time as long as the values of the clamp capacitor and flipping inductors are well known. Gate drive blanking logic also turns off the drive signals for all the main and active clamp switches during the time that the flipping switch is conducting.
(42) A detail of the circuit waveforms of the first aspect of the invention is shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. The waveforms shown are for the first aspect of the invention for the peak of the AC line voltage. The waveforms of the second aspect of the invention will be the same as shown for the positive peak of the AC line voltage. The top screen of FIG. 15 displays the input voltage which is constant for this duration and the switching voltage across the main switch(es), the second screen shows the switching voltage across the clamp switch(es), the third screen shows the switching voltage across the primary of the transformer, the forth screen shows the switching voltage across the secondary of the transformer, the sixth and seventh screens shows the output diode voltage waveforms, while the last two screens show the output voltage before and after the small output filter. One can see that all the switching voltage waveforms have two states either high or low and that there is controlled dV/dT transition between these two states, there is no ringing or spikes in any of the voltage waveforms which help to improve EMI and conversion efficiency as no lossy snubbers are required. The top screen of FIG. 16 displays the input current which is constant for this duration, the second screen shows the current of the PFC inductor, the third screen shows the current of the clamp switch(es), the fifth screen shows the current waveform through the primary of the transformer (The current through the secondary of the transformer is similar in shape with a little less slope), and sixth and seventh screens shows the output diode current waveforms, while the last screen shows the output current of the converter after the small output filter. It can be seen that the primary side switches are Zero Voltage Switched while the output diodes are turned off with controlled dI/dT. The clamp switch current is much less than the main switch current and the current waveforms are well behaved with no ringing to speak of.
(43) The voltage waveforms of the first aspect of the invention over several AC line cycles at nominal line voltage is shown in FIG. 17. The top screen displays the input voltage, the second screen shows the rectified input voltage, the third screen shows the switching voltage envelope of the main switch (the switching voltage envelope of the auxiliary switch is identical so is not shown), the forth screen shows the voltage waveform envelope across the primary winding of the transformer, the fifth screen shows the voltage waveform envelope across the secondary winding of the transformer, and sixth and seventh screens shows the output diode waveform voltage envelopes, while the last two screens show the output voltage after the small output filter. The current waveforms for the same conditions are shown in FIG. 18. The top screen displays the input current, the second screen shows the PFC inductor current, the third screen shows the switching current envelope of the main switch, the forth screen shows switching current envelope of the auxiliary switch, the fifth screen and the sixth screens show the current waveform envelope of the output diodes, while the last screen show the output current after the small output filter. Excellent power factor and input current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is evident. The input and output switching voltage waveforms have a more or less constant peak value over the line cycles. Zero Voltage Switching is also maintained over the line cycles and for various loads. The peak switching currents however are rather high as the main switch conducts both the input current and the reflected load current and both switches conduct the magnetizing current of the PFC inductor and transformer, however this latter current does not increase the conduction losses substantially. Level 2 Virtual Prototype PSIM simulations with component parasitics included and experimental results demonstrates that 99% power factor, 5% THD, and greater than 95% efficiency is achievable at 3 kW load. This is quite respectable performance. The output voltage contains some twice AC line frequency ripple voltage and the transient response is relatively slow. Also the converter is most suited to higher output voltage applications such as 400V as shown in the previous example. This limits the applications of the converter somewhat however, it is particularly suited to be used as an input PFC and isolation stage for equipment such as programmable AC power sources and high voltage battery chargers.
(44) The voltage waveforms of the second aspect of the invention over a one and a half AC line cycles at nominal line voltage is shown in FIG. 19. The top screen displays the input voltage, the second screen shows the clamp capacitor voltage, the third screen shows the switching voltage envelope of the main switch, the forth screen shows the secondary series capacitor voltage, the fifth and sixth screens shows the output diode waveform voltage envelope, while the last to screens show the output voltage before and after the small output filter. The current waveforms for the same conditions are shown in FIG. 20. The top screen displays the input current, the second screen shows the PFC inductor current, the third screen shows the switching current envelope of the main switch, the forth screen shows switching current envelope of the auxiliary switch, the fifth screen shows the current of the flipping circuit, the sixth and seventh screens show the current waveform envelope of the output diodes, while the last screen show the output current after the small output filter. One can see an interesting dip of the clamp capacitor voltage after it has been flipped and an extra amount of current in the MOSFET switches as a result of them working to flip the voltage on the output DC blocking capacitor. The high frequency switching waveform details are not shown as they are the same for the first aspect of the invention except for the time after zero cross detection. Zero Voltage Switching of all MOSFET switches is maintained over the full line cycle. 99% Power Factor, 3.3% THD, and greater than 96% conversion efficiency has been demonstrated showing that the second aspect of the invention features yet superior performance. This is also better than prior art converters that use an inferior clamp circuit and damping circuit and do not have a clamp capacitor flipping circuit. Indeed simulation of the true bridgeless converter with the clamp capacitor flipping circuit deactivated demonstrated that the converter efficiency reduced by 2% and THD increased indicating it's importance to achieving high converter performance.
(45) It should be mentioned that extra circuitry or components such as capacitors or Resistor-Capacitor snubbers in parallel with the main and clamp switches or output rectifying diodes to limit dV/dT could be added to the invention or that other variations in the details of the embodiments specifically illustrated and described can be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.
(46) In the foregoing description, exemplary modes for carrying out the invention in terms of examples have been described. However, the scope of the claims should not be limited by those examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
