COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR SUPPLEMENTING THE DIET

Abstract

Various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to compositions that can be used to increase physical and mental energy, reduce the sensation of hunger. At least some of the composition disclosed herein can be used to obviate or moderate some of the discomfort which may be associated with initiating or maintaining reduced calorie and/or ketogenic diets.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: at least one beta-hydroxybutyrate salt in an amount from about 0.1 g to about 5 g; and at least one agent comprising D-Ribose.

2. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof in an amount from about 0.1 g to about 10 g.

3. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one compound comprising malic acid, caffeine, theacrine, L-theanine, L-tryptophan, cannabidiol, or a combination thereof.

4. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof comprises medium chain triglycerides, coconut oil, coconut milk powder, fractionated coconut oil, palm kernel oil, isolated hexanoic acid, isolated octanoic acid, isolated decanoic acid, ethoxylated triglyceride, enone triglyceride derivatives thereof, aldehyde triglyceride derivatives thereof, monoglyceride derivatives thereof, diglyceride derivatives thereof, triglyceride derivatives thereof, or an alkyl ester thereof.

5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one beta-hydroxybutyrate salt comprises sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, arginine beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate, lithium beta-hydroxybutyrate, lysine beta-hydroxybutyrate, histidine beta-hydroxybutyrate, omithine beta-hydroxybutyrate, creatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, agmatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, and/or citrulline beta-hydroxybutyrate.

6. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof is present in an amount from about 1 g to about 5 g, from about 1 g to about 4 g, or from about 1 g to about 3 g.

7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one beta-hydroxybutyrate salt is presented in an amount from about 0.5 g to about 4 g, from about 1 g to about 3 g, or from about 1 g to about 2 g.

8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises caffeine, and wherein the caffeine is presented in an amount from about 1 mg to about 250 mg, from about 1 mg to about 100 mg, from about 10 mg to about 100 mg, from about 50 mg to about 100 mg, from about 50 mg to about 80 mg, or from about 60 mg to about 80 mg.

9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises theacrine, and wherein the theacrine is presented in an amount from about 1 mg to about 150 mg, from about 1 mg to about 100 mg, from about 10 mg to about 100 mg, from about 20 mg to about 80 mg, from about 30 mg to about 70 mg, or from about 40 mg to about 60 mg.

10. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises: from about 1 g to about 3 g sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate; from about 1 g to about 3 g potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate; from about 0.5 g to about 2 g magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate; from about 100 mg to about 200 mg caffeine; from about 50 mg to about 200 mg malic acid; and from about 0.5 g to about 5 g D-Ribose.

11. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the composition comprises: from about 2 g to about 4 g medium chain triglycerides having greater than 90% octanoic acid and less than 10% decanoic acid; from about 1 g to about 3 g calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate; from about 1 g to about 3 g sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate; from about 1 g to about 3 g magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate; from about 50 mg to about 90 mg caffeine; from about 30 mg to about 70 mg theacrine; from about 1 mg to about 500 mg malic acid; and from about 0.5 g to about 5 g D-Ribose.

12. Use of the composition according to claim 1 for reducing food consumption and/or body weight in a subject who is on a diet naturally rich in MCT.

13. A dietary supplement, comprising: from about 1 mg to about 250 mg caffeine; from about 1 mg to about 150 mg theacrine; and/or from about 0.5 g to about 5 g D-Ribose; wherein the dietary supplement is used in conjunction with a composition comprising at least one medium chain fatty acid and/or at least one beta-hydroxybutyrate salt.

14. The dietary supplement according to claim 13, wherein the caffeine is presented in an amount from about 5 mg to about 100 mg, from about 10 mg to about 100 mg, from about 50 mg to about 100 mg, from about 50 mg to about 80 mg, or from about 60 mg to about 80 mg.

15. The dietary supplement according to claim 13, wherein the theacrine is presented in an amount from about 5 mg to about 100 mg, from about 10 mg to about 100 mg, from about 20 mg to about 80 mg, from about 30 mg to about 70 mg, or from about 40 mg to about 60 mg.

16. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one flavorant and/or at least one preservative.

17. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is formulated into a liquid, and/or wherein the composition reduces food consumption in a subject.

18. A method of altering diet in a subject, comprising: administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of the composition according to claim 1.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the composition is administered to the subject once, twice, or three times per day.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the subject is not on a ketogenic diet and/or wherein the subject is on a diet naturally rich in MCT.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0040] FIG. 1. Graph illustrating the effect of Composition A administered to human subjects on indicated variables at indicated days after the treatment.

[0041] FIG. 2. Graph illustrating the effect of a Placebo administered to human subjects on indicated variables at indicated days after the treatment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the novel technology, reference will now be made to the preferred embodiments thereof, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the novel technology is thereby intended, such alterations, modifications, and further applications of the principles of the novel technology being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the novel technology relates are within the scope of this disclosure and the claims.

[0043] As used herein, unless explicitly stated otherwise or clearly implied otherwise the term about refers to a range of values plus or minus 10 percent (10%), e.g. about 1.0 encompasses values from 0.9 to 1.1.

[0044] The term, treating as used herein unless stated or implied otherwise, includes administering to a human or an animal patient at least one dose of a compound, treating includes preventing or lessening the likelihood and/or severity of at least one disease as well as limiting the length of an illness or the severity of an illness, treating may or may not result in a cure of the disease.

[0045] As used herein, unless explicitly stated otherwise or clearly implied otherwise the terms therapeutically effective dose, therapeutically effective amounts, and the like, refer to a portion of a compound that has a net positive effect on health and well-being of a human or other animal. Therapeutic effects may include an improvement in longevity, quality of life and the like these effects also may also include a reduced susceptibility to developing disease or deteriorating health or well-being. The effects may be realized after a single dose and/or treatment or they may be cumulative realized after a series of doses and/or treatments. A therapeutically effective amount in general means the amount that, when administered to a subject or animal for treating a disease, is sufficient to affect the desired degree of treatment for the disease.

[0046] The term, subject as used herein unless stated or implied otherwise, includes, but is not limited to, an animal, a primate, and a human.

[0047] As used herein beta-hydroxybutyrate, also known as HB or BHB, is a carboxylic acid having the general formula CH.sub.3CH.sub.2OHCH.sub.2COOH. Mineral salts of RIB include, but are not limited to, potassium HB, sodium HB, calcium HB, magnesium HB, lithium HB and any other feasible non-toxic mineral salts of HB. Organic salts of HB include, but are not limited to, salts of organic bases such as arginine HB, lysine HB, histidine HB, ornithine HB, creatine HB, agmatine HB, and citrulline HB. The salts may contain the racemic DL-beta hydroxybutyrate or the single isomer R-beta hydroxybutyrate.

[0048] The term medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are molecules having a glycerol backbone attached to three medium chain fatty acids. Medium chain fatty acids range from 6 to 12 carbon atoms in length. Exemplary fatty acids are caprylic acid, also known as octanoic acid, comprising 8 carbon molecules (C8), and capric acid, also known as decanoic acid, comprising 10 carbon molecules (C10). Non-limiting examples and sources of the medium chain fatty acid, or an ester thereof such as a medium chain triglyceride, include coconut oil, coconut milk powder, fractionated coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, caprilic acid, isolated medium chain fatty acids, such as isolated hexanoic acid, isolated octanoic acid, isolated decanoic acid, medium chain triglycerides either purified or in natural form such as coconut oil, and ester derivatives of the medium chain fatty acids ethoxylated triglyceride, enone triglyceride derivatives, aldehyde triglyceride derivatives, monoglyceride derivatives, diglyceride derivatives, and triglyceride derivatives, and salts of the medium chain triglycerides.

[0049] A diet naturally rich in MCT can include foods such as coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and/or dairy products (e.g., milk, yogurt, cheese, and butter).

[0050] Theacrine, also known as 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid, an alkaloid purine similar to caffeine, is relatively rare and only found in a few varieties of tea (kucha tea, genus Camellia), the fruit cupuacu, and other plants related to coffee and cacao (genera Coffea and Theobroma), such as Coffea liberica, Coffea dewevrei, Coffea abeokutae and Theobroma grandiflorum. There have been reports that caffeine and theacrine may induce improved mood, higher energy levels, and a reduced fatigue, increased focus, increased concentration, increased mobility, decreased appetite, and/or increased stamina. However, there have been no reports indicating any effects of either theacrine or caffeine on inducing or sustaining ketosis.

[0051] Ribose is a carbohydrate with the formula C.sub.5H.sub.10O.sub.5. D-Ribose is an enantiomer, which occurs widely in nature. Reports have suggested that D-Ribose can be used to improve athletic performance. However, there have been no reports indicating any effects of D-Ribose on inducing or sustaining ketosis.

[0052] As used herein, the term, ketogenic diet is defined as a low carbohydrate diet, where the body produces ketones in the liver to be used as energy. The ketogenic diet forces the body to burn fatty acids rather than carbohydrates.

[0053] As used herein, the term pharmaceutically acceptable salt is defined as a salt wherein the desired biological activity of the inhibitor is maintained and which exhibits a minimum of undesired toxicological effects. Non-limiting examples of such a salt are (a) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and the like), and salts formed with organic acids (such as e.g. acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalene sulphonic acid, naphthalene disulphonic acid, polygalacturonic acid and the like); (b) base additional salts formed with metal cations such as zinc, calcium, bismuth, barium, magnesium, aluminium, copper, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, sodium, potassium and the like, or with a cation formed from ammonia, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, D-glucosamine, tetraethylammonium or ethylenediamine; or (c) combinations of (a) and (b); e.g. a zinc tannate or the like.

[0054] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of compounds of the invention that are safe and effective for use in mammals and that possess a desired therapeutic activity. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of acidic or basic groups present in compounds of the invention. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include, but are not limited to, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, citrate, tartrate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzensulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and pamoate (i.e., 1,1-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts. Certain compounds of the invention may form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with various amino acids. Suitable base salts include, but are not limited to, aluminium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and diethanolamine salts. For additional information on some pharmaceutically acceptable salts that can be used to practice the invention please reviews such as Berge, et al., 66 J. PHARM. SCI. 1-19 (1977), Haynes, et al, J. Pharma. Sci., Vol. 94, No. 10, October 2005, pgs. 2111-2120 and See, e.g., P. Stahl, et al., HANDBOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL SALTS: PROPERTIES, SELECTION AND USE, (VCHA/Wiley-VCH, 2002); S. M. Berge, et al., Pharmaceutical Salts, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 66, No. 1, January 1977.

[0055] Dietary supplements and/or pharmaceutical formulation: The compounds of the invention and their salts may be formulated as dietary supplements or as pharmaceutical compositions for administration. Such compositions and processes for making the same are known in the art for both humans and non-human mammals. See, e.g., REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, (A. Gennaro, et al., eds., 19.sup.th ed., Mack Publishing Co., 1995). Formulations can be administered through various means, including oral administration, parenteral administration such as injection (intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal and/or the like); transdermal administration such as dipping, spray, bathing, washing, pouring-on and spotting-on, and dusting, or the like. Additional active ingredients may be included in the formulation comprising compounds of the invention or a salt or salts thereof.

[0056] The formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular and intravenous) and rectal administration. The formulations may be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient, i.e., the compound or salt of the present invention, with the carrier. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with a liquid carrier or, a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, forming the associated mixture into the desired formulation.

[0057] The formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as a capsule, cachet, tablet, or lozenge, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid such as a syrup, elixir or a draught, or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The formulation may also be a bolus, electuary or paste. Some of the compositions are formulated for use in low liquid volumes such as 2 ounces or less than 2 ounces by volume.

[0058] The formulations of the present invention include formulations suitable for parenteral administration and include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions, and may also include an antioxidant, buffer, a bacteriostat and a solution which renders the composition isotonic with the blood of the recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may contain, for example, a suspending agent and a thickening agent. The formulations may be presented in a single unit-dose or multi-dose containers, and may be stored in a lyophilized condition requiring the addition of a sterile liquid carrier prior to use.

[0059] Acceptable carriers include, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or carriers categorized as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS). Unless stated or implied otherwise, the term carrier is used herein to describe any ingredient other than the active component(s) that maybe included in a formulation. The choice of carrier will to a large extent depend on factors such as the particular mode of administration, the effect of the carrier on solubility and stability, and the nature of the dosage form.

[0060] A tablet may be made by compressing or moulding the active ingredient with the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form, such as a powder or granules, in admixture with, for example, a binding agent, an inert diluent, a lubricating agent, a disintegrating and/or a surface active agent. Moulded tablets may be prepared by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered active ingredient moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient.

[0061] Some embodiments include one or more flavorants and/or sweeteners. Characteristically, there are a sufficient number of flavorants and/or sweeteners so that unpalatable tasting components will be masked. Such masking is particularly necessary for caffeine. In certain embodiments, the flavorants are present in an amount from about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight. Consistent with these embodiments, the flavorants are present in an amount from about 0.05% to about 0.2% by weight. Stevia is an example of a sweetener that may be used in the present embodiment. Other embodiments, Stevia is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 0.15% by weight. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) may also be included in the present embodiment to improve flavor. The composition can also include one or more fruit flavorants. Such fruit flavorants include, but are not limited to lemon flavors, lime flavors, orange flavors, berry flavors, high fructose corn syrup, raspberry juice concentrates, berry juice concentrates and the like. Some embodiments include one or more preservatives. A preservative is a substance or a chemical that can be added to a composition in order to prevent or reduce decomposition, for example, by microbial growth or undesirable chemical changes. Some embodiments include at least one all-natural flavor enhancer and/or anti-microbial agent including, but is not limited to, cultured dextrose, cultrued wheat, wheat flour, cultured whey, organic wheat flour, lactic acid, silicon dioxide, canola oil, fumaric acid, acetic acid, or any combination thereof, in an amount from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight, from about 1% to about 5% by weight, from about 2% to about 4% by weight, and/or about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by weight, or any combination thereof. All-natural flavor enhancers and/or anti-microbial agents are available and can be purchased, for example, from MESSONIFOODS NATURAL SOLUTIONS.

[0062] In one embodiment, the preferred route of administration of the composition is oral. The composition may be delivered as a powdered mixture, as a ready-to-drink liquid, in hard or soft gelatin caps, as hard-pressed tablets, concentrated gels, or any other dosage form known to those trained in the art. The composition is preferably delivered in the form of a ready-to-drink formula comprising a mixture of sodium and potassium HB and MCT oil along with caffeine and theacrine. The drink may be pH adjusted with at least one acid includes, but is not limited to, citric, tartaric, phosphoric and/or malic acid, and artificial sweetener and flavoring can be added. The drink is homogenized and pasteurized.

[0063] Certain embodiments are useful for weight loss and the treatment of high blood glucose or type II diabetes and can improve the user's general health in a short period of time. In another embodiment, the composition is used to facilitate weight loss, as a brain tonic, to enhance athletic performance, to help prevent diseases related to metabolic dysfunction, mitochondrial defect, and insulin resistance, as an adjunct to a ketogenic diet, as an anti-aging supplement, and other uses associated with improved metabolic health. In some embodiments, compositions are optionally administered once per day, twice per day, or three times per day to a subject desiring to reduce (and/or sustain) appetite and/or food consumption.

[0064] A recent rise in the consciousness amongst physicians and the public on obesity and obesity related diseases, overeating, and refined carbohydrate consumption has led to many people to diets that are low to very low carbohydrates. Such low and ultra-low carbohydrate diets include Very Low Carbohydrate Diets VLCD (Ketogenic), Low Carbohydrate Diets (LCD), Paleolithic Diets (PD), Calorie Restriction (CR), Intermittent Fasting (IF) and many others.

[0065] Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood in which the cells of the body metabolize ketone bodies produced in the liver by the breakdown on medium chain fatty acids, in contrast to the state of glycolysis in which blood glucose provides most of energy required by the cells of the body and the nervous system. Ketone bodies are alternative energy substrates for both peripheral tissues and cells of the central nervous system. Briefly, during ketosis, fat stores in the body are utilized to create water soluble ketone bodies such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (HB) and acetoacetate (also known as acetylacetonate), the main ketone bodies used for energy. Longer-term ketosis may result from ketogenic diets, calorie restriction, therapeutic fasting and/or supplementation with ketogenic precursors.

[0066] Producing a ketogenic metabolic state requires eliminating substantially all sugars and carbohydrates from the diet. For individuals who derive pleasure from eating carbohydrates (e.g., cakes, candies, breads, etc.), and other non-ketogenic foods, the necessary modifications to their diets can pose an additional hurdle to attaining and/or sustaining nutritional ketosis. Maintaining a ketogenic diet in social settings such as dining in restaurants is a major challenge for people seeking to maintain a ketogenic state. Similarly, frequent travelers may find it difficult to find the types of foods required to maintain a ketogenic diet. Many such travelers find it necessary to carry the appropriate food with them in order to maintain a ketogenic diet in a setting where few, if any, ketogenic foods are available. Some versions of the formulations disclosed herein, especially those formulated in low liquid volume amounts, or as powders, are readily available for use in these situations and can help individuals to adhere to their dietary regimes.

EXAMPLES

[0067] A double blind placebo controlled study is carried out. The study includes a total of 34 volunteer participants (i.e., 34 subjects). Prior to beginning the study all participants complete an online survey including demographic information, and undergo Body Composition Analysis (BCA) Participants are randomly selected and assigned to either the Placebo group or Treatment group. Eighteen participants are placed in the Treatment group and 16 participants are placed in the Placebo group.

[0068] No dietary changes were discussed or encouraged during the study and one 2 oz. portion of either Composition A (Table 1) or Placebo (Table 2) was included in daily to diets of the participants for 21 consecutive days. The participants complete follow up surveys at Day 0, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21. The surveys include questions such as, Amount of Food Consumed, Appetite, Fullness, Hunger, and Thoughts of Food. Participants complete the questionnaire and score on a scale of 0-10 at indicated days after the treatment (e.g., Day 0, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21). The participants exiting the study undergo a final BCA.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Composition A Ingredients Amounts (10%) MCT Oil: 90% octanoic acid (C8), 10% decanoic 3 g acid (C10) Ca HB: Calcium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 2 g Na HB: Sodium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 2 g Mg HB: Magnesium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 1 g Malic Acid 150 mg Caffeine 75 mg Theacrine 50 mg D-Ribose 1 g Sweeneter 0.15% Flavorant 0.2% Preservative 1% Masking agent 1% Defoamer 1% 2 oz. total

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Composition B Ingredients Amounts (10%) MCT Oil: 90% octanoic acid (C8), 10% decanoic 3 g acid (C10) Ca HB: Calcium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 2 g Na HB: Sodium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 2 g Mg HB: Magnesium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 1 g Malic Acid 200 mg Caffeine 75 mg Theacrine 50 mg D-Ribose 1 g Preservative 1% Sweeneter 0.75% Bitter Blocker 0.4% Flavorant 0.25% Defoamer 1% 2 oz. total

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Composition C Ingredients Amounts (10%) MCT Oil: 90% octanoic acid (C8), 10% decanoic acid 0.5 g-10 g (C10) Ca HB: Calcium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.5 g-5 g Na HB: Sodium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.5 g-5 g Mg HB: Magnesium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.5 g-5 g Malic Acid 1 mg-500 mg Caffeine 1 mg-250 mg Theacrine 1 mg-150 mg D-Ribose 0.5 g-5 g Preservative 0.1%-4% Sweetener 0.25%-1% Bitter Blocker 0.1%-0.5% Flavorant 0.1%-2.5% Defoamer 0.1%-1% 2 oz. total

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Composition D Ingredients Amounts (10%) MCT Oil: 90% octanoic acid (C8), 10% decanoic acid 0.5 g-10 g (C10) Na HB: Sodium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.1 g-10 g K HB: Potassim Beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.1 g-10 g Mg HB: Magnesium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.1 g-10 g Malic Acid 0 mg-500 mg Tartaric acid 0 g-2.0 g Caffeine 0 mg-220 mg Theacrine 0 mg-150 mg D-Ribose 0.1 g-5 g L-theanin 0 mg-300 mg L-tryptophan 0 mg-500 mg Cannabidiol (CBD) 0 mg-30 mg Preservative 0.1%-4% Sweetener 0.25%-1% Bitter Blocker 0.1%-0.5% Flavorant 0.1%-3% Defoamer 0.1%-1% 2 oz. total

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Composition E Ingredients Amounts (10%) Na HB: Sodium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.1 g-10 g K HB: Potassim Beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.1 g-10 g Mg HB: Magnesium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.1 g-10 g Malic Acid 0 mg-500 mg Tartaric acid 0 g-2.0 g Caffeine 0 mg-220 mg Theacrine 0 mg-150 mg D-Ribose 0.1 g-5 g L-theanin 0 mg-300 mg L-tryptophan 0 mg-500 mg Cannabidiol (CBD) 0 mg-30 mg Preservative 0.1%-4% Sweetener 0.25%-1% Bitter Blocker 0.1%-0.5% Flavorant 0.1%-3% Defoamer 0.1%-1% 2 oz. total

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Composition F Ingredients Amounts (10%) Na HB: Sodium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 2 g K HB: Potassim Beta-hydroxybutyrate 2 g Mg HB: Magnesium Beta-hydroxybutyrate 1 g Malic Acid 100 mg-150 mg Tartaric acid 1 g Caffeine 100 mg-150 mg D-Ribose 1 g Cannabidiol (CBD) 0 mg-30 mg Preservative 0.1%-4% Sweetener 0.25%-1% Bitter Blocker 0.1%-0.5% Flavorant 0.1%-3% Defoamer 0.1%-1% 2 oz. total

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Placebo Ingredients Amounts Caffeine 50 mg Sweetener 0.15% Flavorant 0.2% 2 oz. total

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Treatment Group (Day 0) Amount of Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of Food Food Food Food Food Food Think Consumed Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: of Subject (Scale 0-10) Fatty Salty Savory Sweet Snack Appetite Fullness Hunger Food 1 8 3 5 6 2 5 5 8 7 5 2 4 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 4 5 3 7 10 10 6 6 8 6 6 4 7 4 10 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 10 5 5 3 0 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 6 6 1 5 5 7 5 2 7 3 1 7 10 5 7 6 10 7 6 3 6 6 8 6 5 7 6 2 6 6 5 2 5 9 3 3 5 5 8 4 5 3 6 3 10 5 5 7 4 7 4 5 6 5 7 11 5 8 2 7 2 8 5 8 7 7 12 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 13 9 6 6 6 4 5 5 9 6 7 14 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 15 5 5 5 5 1 0 2 5 5 5 16 5 2 3 6 8 5 6 5 7 4 17 5 5 5 0 9 5 0 3 0 2 18 6 1 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 Average 6.333 5 5.22 5.1667 5.444 5.111 4.611 5.5 4.778 5

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Treatment Group (Day 7) Amount of Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of Food Food Food Food Food Food Think Consumed Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: of Subject (Scale 0-10) Fatty Salty Savory Sweet Snack Appetite Fullness Hunger Food 1 8 5 5 5 5 5 6 3 5 6 2 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 3 5 3 5 5 6 7 4 6 4 5 5 6 4 10 9 9 9 8 7 9 7 8 10 5 4 5 0 5 2 4 5 5 5 4 6 4 4 3 4 7 4 4 3 3 3 7 6 6 7 5 2 5 5 5 2 5 8 4 1 1 1 4 1 5 5 5 1 9 4 0 2 3 4 5 3 5 3 5 10 6 5 5 3 6 4 5 5 4 5 11 3 7 0 5 0 2 5 5 5 3 12 5 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 4 2 13 5 5 3 8 3 5 5 9 7 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 15 5 5 5 5 0 0 3 5 5 3 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 17 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 3 0 1 18 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 3 Average 4.278 3.722 3.167 3.9444 3.389 3.056 3.611 4.222 3.611 3

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Treatment Group (Day 14) Amount of Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of Food Food Food Food Food Food Think Consumed Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: of Subject (Scale 0-10) Fatty Salty Savory Sweet Snack Appetite Fullness Hunger Food 1 6 5 4 4 2 3 6 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 7 4 4 8 1 5 3 5 4 7 8 8 8 6 7 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 0 4 1 0 3 0 2 3 6 3 1 1 1 4 4 3 3 2 2 7 4 1 2 2 3 5 3 4 4 5 8 7 6 6 5 1 6 5 5 1 5 9 1 1 1 1 5 4 5 5 1 3 10 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 5 0 1 11 5 5 3 2 6 4 4 4 4 5 12 4 6 1 6 2 5 5 5 6 5 13 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 14 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 3 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 17 2 1 2 3 6 4 3 2 1 2 18 2 2 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 Average 3.444 3 2.333 2.6667 3.056 3.111 2.778 3.556 2.278 3.444

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Treatment Group (Day 21) Amount of Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of Food Food Food Food Food Food Think Consumed Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: of Subject (Scale 0-10) Fatty Salty Savory Sweet Snack Appetite Fullness Hunger Food 1 4 2 2 5 2 3 3 5 5 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 4 1 7 4 9 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 8 5 5 2 0 5 2 1 2 5 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 4 3 1 2 4 3 7 1 0 1 0 5 0 1 5 0 1 8 6 6 7 5 2 5 6 4 6 4 9 5 0 2 3 7 2 3 3 3 4 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 12 4 7 3 5 1 2 5 5 7 5 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 6 3 16 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 2 17 5 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 18 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 2 Average 3.118 2.176 2 2.6471 2.882 2 2.706 3.412 2.882 3.294

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Placebo Group (Day 0) Amount of Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of Food Food Food Food Food Food Think Consumed Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: of Subject (Scale 0-10) Fatty Salty Savory Sweet Snack Appetite Fullness Hunger Food 1 5 7 5 7 7 5 5 4 6 6 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 5 2 2 2 0 2 5 3 3 3 4 3 2 5 5 5 5 0 3 5 1 5 7 10 4 0 10 5 3 2 4 3 6 5 0 0 0 0 2 5 8 8 4 7 6 7 0 4 7 5 5 6 5 5 8 3 2 2 5 6 5 5 5 3 0 9 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 10 6 7 4 5 4 5 5 1 3 5 11 5 4 6 6 5 5 5 4 6 5 12 10 10 10 9 9 8 10 3 10 7 13 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 14 4 3 4 4 3 2 1 5 2 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 0 1 16 6 5 7 6 3 5 5 5 1 1 Average 5.1 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.4 3.3

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Placebo Group (Day 7) Amount of Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of Food Food Food Food Food Food Think Consumed Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: of Subject (Scale 0-10) Fatty Salty Savory Sweet Snack Appetite Fullness Hunger Food 1 6 6 7 7 8 4 5 5 6 5 2 5 1 1 3 8 8 5 6 7 5 3 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 3 4 2 0 2 0 0 1 4 1 1 2 5 5 8 7 4 0 1 3 2 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 5 0 2 4 5 5 4 5 4 8 4 1 1 1 4 1 5 5 5 1 9 5 5 0 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 10 6 6 0 0 3 0 6 6 2 3 11 6 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 6 5 12 3 2 2 4 1 3 2 2 4 6 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 14 3 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 15 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 5 1 0 16 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 Average 3.6875 2.563 1.813 1.875 2.688 2.5 3.25 3.313 2.875 2.875

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Placebo Group (Day 14) Amount of Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of Food Food Food Food Food Food Think Consumed Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: of Subject (Scale 0-10) Fatty Salty Savory Sweet Snack Appetite Fullness Hunger Food 1 6 5 4 4 2 3 6 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 7 4 4 8 1 5 3 5 4 7 8 8 8 6 7 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 0 4 1 0 3 0 2 3 6 3 1 1 1 4 4 3 3 2 2 7 4 1 2 2 3 5 3 4 4 5 8 7 6 6 5 1 6 5 5 1 5 9 1 1 1 1 5 4 5 5 1 3 10 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 5 0 1 11 5 5 3 2 6 4 4 4 4 5 12 4 6 1 6 2 5 5 5 6 5 13 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 14 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 3 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Average 3.875 3 2.563 2.875 3.063 3.5 3.5625 4 3.125 2.9375

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Placebo Group (Day 21) Amount of Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of Food Food Food Food Food Food Think Consumed Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: Consumed: of Subject (Scale 0-10) Fatty Salty Savory Sweet Snack Appetite Fullness Hunger Food 1 6 5 6 6 7 5 5 6 4 5 2 5 2 2 3 7 6 6 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 4 1 0 3 2 3 5 2 1 3 4 5 1 5 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 5 5 0 2 5 5 5 5 5 4 8 2 0 2 2 2 3 5 5 0 0 9 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 5 5 3 10 5 0 0 0 0 5 4 7 7 3 11 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 8 6 12 7 7 3 7 3 5 4 5 5 5 13 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 14 2 2 2 1 5 2 1 5 0 1 15 2 0 1 1 3 0 2 5 4 2 16 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 5 2 3 Average 3.563 2.563 2.5 2.5625 3.188 3.375 3.25 4.313 3.313 3

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Treatment Group (Summary in Part) Amount of Food Appetite Fullness Hunger Think of Food Consumed (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) Day 0 6.333 4.611 5.5 4.778 5 Day 7 4.278 3.611 4.222 3.611 3 Day 14 3.444 2.778 3.556 2.278 3.444 Day 21 3.118 2.706 3.412 2.882 3.294 % Reduction Day 0 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Day 7 67.55% 78.31% 76.76% 75.58% 60.00% Day 14 54.38% 60.25% 64.65% 47.68% 68.88% Day 21 49.23% 58.69% 62.04% 60.32% 65.88%

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Placebo Group (Summary in Part) Amount of Food Appetite Fullness Hunger Think of Food Consumed (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) Day 0 5.1 4.3 4.5 4.4 3.3 Day 7 3.688 3.25 3.313 2.875 2.875 Day 14 3.875 3.563 4 3.125 2.938 Day 21 3.563 3.25 4.313 3.313 3 % Reduction Day 0 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Day 7 72.31% 75.58% 73.62% 65.34% 87.12% Day 14 75.98% 82.86% 88.89% 71.02% 89.03% Day 21 69.86% 75.58% 95.84% 75.30% 90.91%

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Treatment Group (Day 0) Agitation Anxiety Calmness Depression Happiness Irritability Energy New Info Subject (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) 1 5 3 4 1 2 4 2 2 2 5 5 3 3 N/A 6 2 7 3 4 6 5 2 9 3 8 9 4 7 8 7 6 7 7 6 6 5 5 2 3 1 7 3 5 5 6 2 1 8 0 10 1 10 9 7 5 2 8 0 7 2 3 7 8 5 2 5 1 0 5 2 3 9 2 0 7 0 3 5 5 1 10 5 5 5 2 1 0 7 7 11 3 2 2 0 2 3 5 1 12 1 0 2 0 7 4 6 1 13 5 3 5 0 1 5 3 2 14 0 0 7 0 0 0 5 2 15 5 5 6 1 5 2 5 3 16 1 2 4 1 7 5 6 3 17 1 0 2 0 8 3 N/A 3 18 5 2 1 1 7 2 8 1 Average 3.667 2.667 4.667 1.056 4.882 3.333 5.176 4

TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Treatment Group (Day 7) Agitation Anxiety Calmness Depression Happiness Irritability Energy New Info Subject (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) 1 5 1 3 0 2 5 3 3 2 4 4 5 4 7 3 5 5 3 4 8 2 7 3 5 6 6 4 7 8 3 5 7 6 6 5 5 1 0 3 0 3 3 5 5 6 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 4 1 5 2 8 1 5 7 8 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 3 9 1 0 0 0 7 2 7 1 10 5 5 5 6 5 4 5 4 11 3 3 3 3 6 5 5 2 12 2 3 7 0 8 2 7 7 13 5 5 6 0 2 5 5 2 14 0 0 5 0 7 2 6 3 15 4 3 5 1 6 4 5 6 16 8 2 6 0 8 6 3 3 17 0 1 0 0 7 1 5 2 18 2 1 2 1 5 1 8 7 Average 3.111 2.556 3.389 1.611 5.444 3.111 5 4

TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Treatment Group (Day 14) Agitation Anxiety Calmness Depression Happiness Irritability Energy New Info Subject (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) 1 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 8 6 1 6 4 6 6 4 7 8 7 4 7 7 6 7 5 1 0 2 0 1 5 1 3 6 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 7 1 8 0 5 8 8 5 2 2 1 7 5 6 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 10 1 0 2 4 1 1 3 4 11 7 8 4 9 5 8 3 3 12 4 3 6 5 3 6 5 4 13 1 1 1 0 1 1 5 1 14 5 3 4 0 3 5 5 3 15 0 0 3 0 2 0 5 0 16 1 1 5 2 6 4 5 2 17 3 1 3 2 3 4 7 7 18 0 0 0 0 3 0 5 5 Average 2.833 2.444 3.389 2 3.611 3.278 4.389 3.833

TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Treatment Group (Day 21) Agitation Anxiety Calmness Depression Happiness Irritability Energy New Info Subject (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 5 5 4 5 6 5 5 3 2 3 3 0 2 0 3 3 4 6 6 7 4 7 7 6 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 6 1 0 3 0 2 2 2 2 7 1 1 7 3 6 1 5 6 8 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 9 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 10 2 0 3 3 2 2 7 5 11 12 5 4 4 3 6 5 7 2 13 0 0 1 1 1 5 1 1 14 5 4 5 0 4 3 6 3 15 0 2 2 1 2 0 3 2 16 2 3 3 1 6 3 5 7 17 4 1 2 1 3 3 3 4 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 Average 2.294118 1.9412 2.941176 1.35294118 3 2.7058824 3.8235 3.352941

TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Placebo Group (Day 0) Agitation Anxiety Calmness Depression Happiness Irritability Energy New Info Subject (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) 1 4 5 5 2 8 4 6 6 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 1 2 2 0 6 2 5 4 4 3 5 1 0 6 1 9 4 5 6 7 4 3 2 5 5 1 6 0 0 2 0 0 3 6 0 7 5 3 7 0 7 5 7 3 8 2 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 9 5 2 3 1 3 3 5 0 10 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 11 1 3 2 3 1 2 5 4 12 5 7 4 0 7 3 6 9 13 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 14 8 9 7 7 7 2 8 4 15 8 9 0 1 5 7 7 7 16 3 1 2 0 2 5 2 4 Average 3.8 3.8 3.1 1.5 4 3.2 5.4 3.2

TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 Placebo Group (Day 7) Agitation Anxiety Calmness Depression Happiness Irritability Energy New Info Subject (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) 1 4 4 6 2 7 3 5 6 2 4 5 4 0 8 6 5 4 3 1 1 1 0 3 1 6 6 4 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 2 5 1 2 8 0 10 1 9 1 6 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 2 7 2 5 5 0 7 4 7 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 3 2 3 1 3 3 5 3 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 4 1 1 0 9 0 8 1 12 5 5 5 4 3 5 5 0 13 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 14 3 2 4 3 3 1 5 4 15 3 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 16 2 2 2 0 2 1 1 1 Average 2.375 2.5 3.1875 0.9375 4.0625 2.0625 4.75 2.375

TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 Placebo Group (Day 14) Agitation Anxiety Calmness Depression Happiness Irritability Energy New Info Subject (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) 1 4 4 6 3 7 4 5 5 2 6 4 4 1 8 5 3 4 3 2 2 3 1 3 1 5 5 4 0 2 1 0 2 0 2 4 5 1 4 1 4 1 1 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 7 2 2 7 0 7 2 7 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 2 2 3 1 3 2 5 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 4 1 0 2 0 5 1 12 5 4 5 3 7 5 5 0 13 3 3 5 3 3 5 4 3 14 5 8 1 5 5 2 6 6 15 1 1 2 0 1 4 5 5 16 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 Average 2.0625 2.5 2.5 1.3125 3.125 2 3.9375 2.5

TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 Placebo Group (Day 21) Agitation Anxiety Calmness Depression Happiness Irritability Energy New Info Subject (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) (Scale 0-10) 1 4 4 7 1 7 4 5 5 2 5 2 5 2 2 6 3 3 3 1 1 1 0 4 1 6 7 4 2 2 7 1 8 0 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 1 5 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 7 2 0 7 0 7 2 5 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 2 1 3 1 3 2 5 3 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 3 5 1 1 1 2 4 1 12 5 5 5 1 7 5 5 0 13 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 14 8 7 3 4 8 5 5 6 15 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 16 1 3 1 0 1 1 2 1 Average 2.9375 2.75 3.3125 1.3125 3.5625 2.4375 4.25 2.6875

[0069] Tables 1-6 represent compositions, e.g., Compositions A-F, having the listed ingredients. Table 7 represents a Placebo, having caffeine as the only active ingredient. Caffeine is added to the Placebo because it is known to assist in appetite suppression and is used as a positive control.

[0070] Tables 8-15 represent scores in a scale of 0-10 obtained from each subject participated in the study. In each group, each subject was asked to fill out a follow up survey at Day 0, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21. These surveys included questions such as Amount of Food Consumed, Type of Food Consumed, Appetite, Fullness, Hunger, and Think of Food. Each subject was asked to provide a score in a scale of 0-10 in response to all of the questions at indicated days after the treatment (e.g., Day 0, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21).

[0071] Tables 18-25 represent scores in a scale of 0-10 obtained from each subject participated in the study. In each group, each subject was asked to fill out a follow up survey at Day 0, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21. These surveys included questions such as Agitation, Anxiety, Calmness, Depression, Happiness, Irritability, Energy, and New Info. Each subject was asked to provide a score in a scale of 0-10 in response to all of the questions at indicated days after the treatment (e.g., Day 0, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21). The column heading designated, New Info, summarizes answers to a question posed to the participants as to whether or not the participants experienced any changes either positive or negative in their ability to process new information.

[0072] Referring now to Table 16 and 17, average scores and percent reductions in each category, for example, Amount of Food Consumed, Appetite, Fullness, Hunger, and Think of Food for each group were calculated at indicated days after the treatment (e.g., Day 0, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21).

[0073] Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, percent reductions measured in each category and recorded in Tables 16 and 17 are presented. In the Treatment group, in average, about 51% reduction in food consumption, about 42% reduction in Appetite, about 38% reduction in Fullness, about 40% reduction in Hunger, and about 34% reduction in Think of Food categories were measured after 21 days of daily addition of Composition A. In contrast, in average, about 30% reduction in food consumption, about 24% reduction in Appetite, about 4% reduction in Fullness, 25% reduction in Hunger, and about 9% reduction in Think of Food categories were measured after 21 days of daily addition of Placebo.

[0074] All subjects in both Treatment and Placebo groups exhibited some reduction in appetite during the study. However, subjects in the Treatment group showed higher reductions in all categories tested than subjects in the Placebo group. Although the compositions described herein can assist in VLCD, LCD, PD, and IF, the compositions described herein provide significant benefit regardless of the individual's dietary plant.

[0075] While the novel technology has been illustrated and described in detail in the figures and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the novel technology are desired to be protected. As well, while the novel technology was illustrated using specific examples, theoretical arguments, accounts, and illustrations, these illustrations and the accompanying discussion should by no means be interpreted as limiting the technology. All patents, patent applications, and references to texts, scientific treatises, publications, and the like referenced in this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.