Methods and materials for treating cancer

Abstract

This document provides methods and materials for treating cancer. For example, methods and materials for treating cancer using combinations of antigens are provided. For example, VSV vectors designed to express a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen can be used to reduce the number of cancer cells (e.g., uveal melanoma cells) within a mammal (e.g., a human). In some cases, VSV vectors designed to express a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-11a antigen, and a YB-I antigen can be used to reduce the number of cancer cells (e.g., skin melanoma cells) within a mammal (e.g., a human). The composition can comprise less than 50 separate nucleic acid molecules.

Claims

1. A composition comprising one or more viral vectors comprising nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic acid of said composition encodes a combination of tumor antigens, wherein said combination of tumor antigens consists of a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen, and wherein said GNAQ antigen, said TYRP1 antigen, and said N-RAS antigen are expressed from said viral vectors.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises a first viral vector encoding said GNAQ antigen, a second viral vector encoding said TYRP1 antigen, and a third viral vector encoding said N-RAS antigen.

3. A method of treating cancer within a mammal, wherein said method comprises administering to said mammal a composition comprising one or more viral vectors comprising nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic acid of said composition encodes a combination of tumor antigens, wherein said combination of tumor antigens consists of a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen, and wherein said GNAQ antigen, said TYRP1 antigen, and said N-RAS antigen are expressed from said viral vectors.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said cancer is a melanoma.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein said mammal is a human.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein said composition comprises a first viral vector encoding said GNAQ antigen, a second viral vector encoding said TYRP1 antigen, and a third viral vector encoding said N-RAS antigen.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a graph plotting the percent survival of mice from B16 recurrences that escaped frontline ganciclovir (GCV) treatment. The mice were treated with the indicated combinations of VSV vectors.

(2) FIG. 2. Intracranial tumors of different histology express a HIF-2Hi phenotype. Tumors established in the brains of C57BL/6 (B16, GL261 or TC2 cells) or C3H (K1735) mice were dissected upon sacrifice (tumor explants), and tumor cells were seeded at 110.sup.5 per well. 110.sup.5 cells of each cell line cultured in vitro (cult.) were also plated. HIF-2 was measured by ELISA after 24 hours. Error bars are expressed as standard deviation (SD).

(3) FIG. 3. Brain derived CD11b.sup.+ cells impose a HIF-2Hi phenotype on in vitro cultured GL261, in part through TGF-. HIF-2 expression was measured by ELISA from: 110.sup.5 GL261 cells cultured in vitro for 24 hours (lane 1); GL261 i.c. tumors, dissected from the brain upon sacrifice, and plated at 110.sup.5 cells per well for 24 hours (lane 2); 110.sup.5 GL261 cells co-cultured for 24 hours with 110.sup.6 CD11b.sup.+ cells purified from normal splenocytes of C57B1/6 mice (lane 3); 110.sup.5 GL261 cells co-cultured for 24 hours with 110.sup.6 CD11b.sup.+ cells purified from normal brains of C57B1/6 mice (lane 4). Cultures of lanes 3 and 4 were repeated in the presence of recombinant TGF- RII Fc chimera at 10 ng/mL (lane 5 and 6). Results are representative of three separate measurements. Error bars are expressed as standard deviation (SD).

(4) FIG. 4. Human brain tumor explants express a HIF-2Hi phenotype which diminishes with time. Human brain tumor explants were recovered from surgery and depleted of CD11b.sup.+ cells. Tumor cells were plated at 110.sup.4 per well either alone (24 hours CD11b) or with 510.sup.3 CD11b.sup.+ cells (24 hours CD11b.sup.+). HIF-2 expression was measured at 24 hours. In cultures from which tumor cells survived more than a week, HIF-2 was measured from 110.sup.4 tumor cells after 2 weeks, by which time CD11b.sup.+ cells had been washed away/died (2 week CD11b.sup.). HIF-2 also was measured from 110.sup.3 separated CD11b.sup.+ cells 24 hours after explant. Results are representative of three separate measurements. Error bars are expressed as standard deviation (SD).

(5) FIG. 5. VSV-TAA therapy of intracranial GL261 tumors. C57BL/6 mice bearing 5 day established i.c. GL261 tumors were treated intravenously with a total of 510.sup.6 pfu of (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC); (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-GFP); (VSV-N-RAS, VSV-CYT-C, and VSV-TYRP-1), or (VSV-GFP) on days 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, and 31. Survival with time is shown.

(6) FIG. 6. Checkpoint inhibition uncovers a repressed anti-tumor Th1 IFN- response. A. C57BL/6 mice bearing 5 day established i.c. GL261 tumors were treated intravenously with a total of 510.sup.6 pfu of (VSV-GFP); (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC), or PBS on days 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, and 24. On days 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, and 24, these groups were treated intravenously with either PBS, control IgG antibody, or anti-PD1 antibody at 10 mg/kg/mouse as shown. Survival with time is shown. B-D. Splenocytes and lymph nodes were pooled from 3 C57BL/6 mice per group bearing 5 day established i.c. GL261 tumors treated with either (PBS/PBS); (VSV-GFP+anti-PD1 antibody); (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC+IgG), or (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC+anti-PD1 antibody). Cells were plated at 110.sup.6 cells per well and re-stimulated in vitro 3 times at 24 hour intervals with 110.sup.5 cells of freeze thaw lysates of GL261 tumors recovered from mice bearing i.c. GL261 tumors (B and D) or with freeze thaw lysates of in vitro cultured GL261 (C and E). 48 hours later, supernatants were assayed for IFN- (B and C) or IL-17 (D and E) by ELISA. F. Splenocytes and lymph nodes also were re-stimulated with the VSV-N protein derived epitope at 5 g/mL, 3 times for 24 hours. 48 hours later, supernatants were assayed for IFN-. Each result is representative of 3 separate measurements. Error bars are expressed as standard deviation (SD).

(7) FIG. 7. Anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibition uncovers a Th1 IFN- anti-tumor response. A. Splenocytes and lymph nodes were pooled from 3 C57BL/6 mice per group bearing 5 day established i.c. GL261 tumors treated with either (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC+IgG) or (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC+anti-PD1 antibody). Cells were plated at 110.sup.6 cells per well and re-stimulated in vitro 3 times at 24 hour intervals with 110.sup.5 cells of freeze thaw lysates of GL261 tumors recovered from mice bearing i.c. GL261 tumors (lanes 1 and 2, and 3 and 4). The same experiment also was carried out with splenocytes and lymph node cells depleted of Treg cells (lanes 5 and 6, and 7 and 8). Following 48 hours of culture, supernatants were assayed for IFN- (A) or IL-17 (B) by ELISA. Results are representative of 3 separate measurements. Error bars are expressed as standard deviation (SD).

(8) FIG. 8. Double checkpoint inhibition therapy enhances treatment with VSV-antigens. A. C57BL/6 mice bearing 5 day established i.c. GL261 tumors were treated intravenously with a total dose of 510.sup.6 pfu of (VSV-GFP); (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC) or PBS on days 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, and 17. On days 13, 15, and 17, these groups also were treated with either anti-PD1 antibody, anti-CTLA4 antibody, anti-PD1 antibody plus anti-CTLA4 antibody, or PBS as shown. Survival with time is shown. B-D. Splenocytes and lymph nodes were pooled from 3 C57BL/6 mice per group bearing 5 day established i.c. GL261 tumors treated with either (VSV-GFP+anti-PD1+anti-CTLA4); (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC+anti-PD1 antibody+anti-CTLA4 antibody); (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC+PBS); (PBS+PBS); (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC+anti-PD1 antibody); or (VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC+anti-CTLA4 antibody). Cells were plated at 110.sup.6 cells per well and re-stimulated in vitro 3 times at 24 hour intervals with 110.sup.5 cells of freeze thaw lysates of GL261 tumors recovered from mice bearing i.c. GL261 tumors (B and D) or with freeze thaw lysates of in vitro cultured GL261 (C and E). 48 hours later, supernatants were assayed for IFN- (B and C) or IL-17 (D and E) by ELISA.

(9) FIG. 9 is a graph plotting the percent survival of mice having s.c. B16 tumors and treated with PBS or the indicated combinations of VSV vectors.

(10) FIG. 10 is a schematic of an in vitro assay designed to determine which specific antigens are presented by which antigen presenting cell subtypes in order to reconstitute a Th17 response.

(11) FIG. 11 is a bar graph plotting IL-17 levels (pg/mL) for the indicated conditions. None/none indicates no depletion of any cells; Ly6G/Ly-V-CYT-C indicates depletion of neutrophils and the reinfection with VSV-cytochrome C; Ly6G/Ly-V-N-RAS: indicates depletion of neutrophils and reinfection with VSV-N-RAS; Ly6G/Ly-V-TYRP-1 indicates depletion of neutrophils and reinfection with VSV-TYRP-1; Ly6G/Ly-VSVGFP indicates depletion of neutrophils and the reinfection with VSV-GFP; pDC/pDC-V-CYT-C indicates depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the reinfection with VSV-cytochrome C; pDC/pDC-V-N-RAS indicates depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the reinfection with VSV-N-RAS; pDC/pDC-V-TYRP-1 indicates depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and reinfection with VSV-TYRP-1; pDC/pDC-V-GFP indicates depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and reinfection with VSV-GFP; 11B/11B-V-CYTC indicates depletion of CD11b.sup.+ cells and reinfection with VSV-Cytochrome C; 11B/11B-V-N-RAS indicates depletion of CD11b.sup.+ cells and reinfection with VSV-N-RAS; 11B/11B-V-TYRP-1 indicates depletion of CD11b.sup.+ cells and reinfection with VSV-TYRP-1; and 11B/11B-V-GFP indicates depletion of CD11b.sup.+ and reinfection with VSV-GFP.

(12) FIG. 12 is a bar graph plotting IL-17 levels (pg/mL) for the indicated conditions. None/none indicates no depletion of any cells; Ly6G/Ly-V-TGF indicates depletion of neutrophils and the reinfection with VSV-TGF; Ly6G/Ly-V-KDR2 indicates depletion of neutrophils and reinfection with VSV-KDR2; Ly6G/Ly-V-Pglyco indicates depletion of neutrophils and reinfection with VSV-P Glyc; Ly6G/Ly-VTYRP-1 indicates depletion of neutrophils and the reinfection with VSV-TYRP-1; pDC/pDC-V-TGF indicates depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the reinfection with VSV-TGF; pDC/pDC-V-KDR2 indicates depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the reinfection with VSV-KDR2; pDC/pDC-V P Glyc indicates depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and reinfection with VSV-P Glyc; pDC/pDC-V-TYRP-1 indicates depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and reinfection with VSV-TYRP-1; 11B/11B-V-TGF indicates depletion of CD11b.sup.+ cells and reinfection with VSV-TGF; 11B/11B-V-KDR2 indicates depletion of CD11b.sup.+ cells and reinfection with VSV-KDR2; 11B/11B-V-Pglyc indicates depletion of CD11b.sup.+ cells and reinfection with VSV-P Glyc; and 11B/11B-V-TYRP-1 indicates depletion of CD11b.sup.+ and reinfection with VSV-TYRP-1.

(13) FIG. 13 is a proposed model of antigen presentation.

(14) FIG. 14 is contains sequence information for a truncated VSV-N-RAS virus recovered from an ASMEL.

(15) FIG. 15 is contains sequence information for a truncated VSV-CYT-C virus recovered from an ASMEL.

(16) FIG. 16 is contains sequence information for a truncated VSV-TYRP-1 virus recovered from an ASMEL.

(17) FIG. 17 is a graph plotting the percent survival of mice having s.c. B16 tumors and treated with the indicated VSV vectors.

(18) FIG. 18 is a schematic of the indicated VSV vectors.

(19) FIG. 19 is a bar graph plotting IFN- levels (pg/mL) for cells obtained from mice treated as indicated and stimulated with the indicated polypeptides.

(20) FIG. 20 is a schematic of an in vivo assay for assessing VSV vectors expressing IFN- polypeptides.

(21) FIG. 21 is a graph plotting the percent survival of mice having B16 tumors and treated with the indicated VSV vectors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(22) This document provides methods and materials for treating cancer. For example, this document provides combinations of antigens having the ability to reduce the number of cancer cells within a mammal (e.g., a human). As described herein, combinations of antigens that include a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen, that include a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen, that include a TGF- antigen, a MDR1 antigen, a TYRP-1 antigen, and a KDR2 antigen, that include a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a BRAF antigen, that include a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a CD44 antigen, that include a TOPOII antigen and an ABCB5 antigen, that include an ABCB5 antigen, a CYT-C antigen, a N-RAS antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen, or that include a TGF- antigen, a KDR2 antigen, a P glycoprotein (P Glyc) antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen can be used to treat cancer. In some cases, combinations of antigens that include a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen, that include a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen, that include a TGF- antigen, a MDR1 antigen, a TYRP-1 antigen, and a KDR2 antigen, that include a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a BRAF antigen, that include a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a CD44 antigen, that include a TOPOII antigen and an ABCB5 antigen, that include an ABCB5 antigen, a CYT-C antigen, a N-RAS antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen, or that include a TGF- antigen, a KDR2 antigen, a P Glyc antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen can be used to reduce the number of cancer cells present within a mammal.

(23) The methods and materials provided herein can be used to treat cancer or to reduce the number of cancer cells present within any appropriate mammal such as humans, monkeys, horses, cows, sheep, dogs, cats, mice, or rats. In addition, the methods and materials provided herein can be used to treat any appropriate cancer or to reduce the number of appropriate type of cancer cells present within a mammal. For example, the methods and materials provided herein can be used to treat melanoma (e.g., skin melanoma or uveal melanoma), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, brain tumors, papillary thyroid carcinoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma of the lung or can be used to reduce the number of melanoma (e.g., skin melanoma or uveal melanoma), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, brain tumor, papillary thyroid carcinoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma of the lung cancer cells present within a mammal.

(24) In some cases, a combination of a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma such as uveal melanoma). In some cases, one or more viral vectors (e.g., vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors) designed to express a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma such as uveal melanoma). For example, VSV vectors designed to express a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen can be administered to a mammal (e.g., a human) with uveal melanoma to reduce the size or to prevent the additional growth of that melanoma.

(25) In some cases, a combination of a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma such as skin melanoma). In some cases, one or more viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma such as skin melanoma). For example, VSV vectors designed to express a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen can be administered to a mammal (e.g., a human) with skin melanoma to reduce the size or to prevent the additional growth of that melanoma.

(26) In some cases, a combination of a TGF- antigen, a MDR1 antigen, a TYRP-1 antigen, and a KDR2 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma). In some cases, one or more viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a TGF- antigen, a MDR1 antigen, a TYRP-1 antigen, and a KDR2 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma).

(27) In some cases, a combination of a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a BRAF antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, or breast cancer). In some cases, one or more viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a BRAF antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, or breast cancer).

(28) In some cases, a combination of a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a CD44 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma or prostate cancer). In some cases, one or more viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a CD44 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma or prostate cancer).

(29) In some cases, a combination of a TOPOII antigen and an ABCB5 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma). In some cases, one or more viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a TOPOII antigen and an ABCB5 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma).

(30) In some cases, a combination of an ABCB5 antigen, a CYT-C antigen, an N-RAS antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma). In some cases, one or more viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express an ABCB5 antigen, a CYT-C antigen, a NRAS antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma).

(31) In some cases, a combination of a TGF- antigen, a KDR2 antigen, a P glycoprotein (P Glyc) antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma). In some cases, one or more viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a TGF- antigen, a KDR2 antigen, a P glycoprotein (P Glyc) antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen can be used to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma).

(32) A GNAQ (guanine nucleotide binding protein, q polypeptide) antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. AF493896.1 (GI No. 20147684) or U40038.1 (GI No. 1181670), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(33) A TYRP1 (tyrosinase-related protein 1) antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. CAG28611 (GI No. 47115303), NM_000550.2 (GI No. 169881242), CR407683.1 (GI No. 47115302), XM_005251574.1 (GI No. 530390132), or X51420.1 (GI No. 37512), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 527 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 527 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 527 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 527 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 527 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 527 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 200 amino acid residues) in length.

(34) An N-RAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. AAB29640 (GI No. 544859), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 400 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 400 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 400 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 400 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 400 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 400 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 200 amino acid residues) in length. In some cases, an N-RAS antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NM_002524.4 (GI No. 334688826) or AF493919.1 (GI No. 20147730), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 400 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 400 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 400 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 400 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 400 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 400 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 200 amino acid residues) in length.

(35) A BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NM_004333.4 (GI No. 187608632), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length. In some cases, a GNAQ antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. XM_005250045.1 (GI No. 530387105), XM_005250046.1 (GI No. 530387107), or XM_005250047.1 (GI No. 530387109), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(36) A TOPO-II (DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha) antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NM_001067.3 (GI No. 300193028), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(37) A YB-1 (Y box binding protein 1) antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NM_004559.3 (GI No. 109134359), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length. In some cases, a GNAQ antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. BC071708.1 (GI No. 47940505) or XM_005270904.1 (GI No. 530362706), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(38) A TGF- antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. X02812 or J05114 (GI No. 37092), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(39) A MDR1 antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. X58723 or X59732 (GI No. 34522), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(40) A KDR2 antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. AF063658 (GI No. 3132832), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(41) A CYT-C antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NP_061820 (GI No. 11128019), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(42) An ABCB5 antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession Nos. NM_029961, XM_001002680, or XM_906632 (GI No. 255708374), NM_001163941.1 (GI No. 255708476), NM_178559.5 (GI No. 255708475), NM_001163942.1 (GI No. 255708370), or NM_001163993.2 (GI No. 574957217), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(43) A CDC7 kinase antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NM_009863 (GI No. 409168309), NM_001134420.1 (GI No. 197313666), NM_003503.3 (GI No. 197313663), or NM_001134419.1 (GI No. 197313664), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(44) A CD44 antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NM_001177787 (GI No. 295293147), AY101193.1 (GI No. 21429240), or AY101192.1 (GI No. 21429238), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(45) A P Glyc (P glycoprotein) antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. M23234.1 (GI No. 187501), AY234788.1 (GI No. 34539754), AY425006.1 (GI No. 40795902), AF399931.1 (GI No. 33307711), or EU854148.1 (GI No. 194740429), or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is between about 7 and 150 amino acid residues (e.g., between about 10 and 100 amino acid residues, between about 15 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 20 and 75 amino acid residues, between about 25 and 50 amino acid residues, between about 30 and 60 amino acid residues, or between about 30 and 50 amino acid residues) in length.

(46) In some cases, a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen can have the amino acid sequence set forth in one of the GenBank Accession numbers indicated above or a fragment of such an amino acid sequence that is immunogenic and induces a robust IL-17 response. In some cases, such an antigen can include one or more mutations within the sequence provided in GenBank provided that the mutant antigen induces a robust IL-17 response. In some cases, a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen can have the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form. For example, a GNAQ antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have one or more of the following mutations: GNAQ (209) or GNAQ (R183). A TYRP1 antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have one or more of the following mutations: 1-BP DEL of 368A (condition: albinism, oculocutaneous, type III), SER166TER (dbSNP: rs104894130), ARG373TER, ARG356GLU, 1-BP DEL of 106T, 4-BP DEL of 1057AACA, or ARG93CYS (condition: albinism, oculocutaneous, type III). An N-RAS antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have one or more of the following mutations: Q61 (dbSNP: rs11554290), GLY13ASP (dbSNP: rs121434596), GLY13ARG (dbSNP: rs121434595), THRSOILE, GLY60GLU (condition: Noonen syndrome 6), PRO34LEU, or GLY12ASP (condition: epidermal nevus, somatic). A BRAF antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have the following mutation: V600 (dbSNP: rs113488022). A TOPO-II antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have the following mutation: ARG486LYS (condition: resistance to inhibition of or by amsacrine). A YB-1 antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have the following mutation: YB-1 (S102). A MDR1 antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have one or more of the following mutations: G2677T, C3435T (dbSNP: rs1045642), GLY185VAL (dbSNP: rs1128501; condition: colchicine resistance), or ALA893SER/THR (condition: inflammatory bowel disease). A KDR2 antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have one or more of the following mutations: D717V, T771R, PRO1147SER (condition: hemangioma, capillary infantile, somatic), or CYS482ARG (dbSNP: rs34231037; condition susceptibility to hemangioma or capillary infantile). An ABCB5 antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have one or more of the following mutations: G347R, M521L, P580S, or A687S. A CDC7 kinase antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have the following mutation: L2101. A CD44 antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have the following mutation: ARG46PRO (dbSNP: rs121909545; condition: Indian blood group system polymorphism). A TGF- antigen having the amino acid sequence (or a fragment thereof) as found in a naturally-occurring mutated form can have one or more of the following mutations: CYS225ARG (dbSNP: rs104894719), ARG218HIS (dbSNP: rs104894720), ARG218CYS (dbSNP: rs104894721), TYR81HIS (dbSNP: rs111033611), CYS223ARG (dbSNP: rs104894722), CYS223GLY (dbSNP: rs104894722; condition: camurati-engelmann disease), or LEU10PRO (conditions: cystic fibrosis lung disease, modifier of invasive breast cancer, or susceptibilities thereto).

(47) In some cases, a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen can have an amino acid sequence that is truncated at the C terminus. For example, a GNAQ antigen can include the N-terminal sequence of a full length GNAQ polypeptide, while lacking a portion of the C-terminal sequence of a full length GNAQ polypeptide. In some cases, the length of the missing C-terminal sequence of a truncated antigen (e.g., a truncated GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen) can be from 1 to about 300 (e.g., 1 to 275, 1 to 250, 1 to 225, 1 to 200, 1 to 175, 1 to 150, 1 to 125, 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 50, 1 to 25, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 5 to 275, 5 to 250, 5 to 225, 5 to 200, 5 to 175, 5 to 150, 5 to 125, 5 to 100, 5 to 75, 5 to 50, 5 to 25, 5 to 20, 5 to 15, 5 to 10, 10 to 275, 10 to 250, 10 to 225, 10 to 200, 10 to 175, 10 to 150, 10 to 125, 10 to 100, 10 to 75, 10 to 50, 10 to 25, 10 to 20, or 10 to 15) amino acid residues. In some cases, the length of the missing C-terminal sequence of a truncated antigen (e.g., a truncated GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen) can be between about 0.01 percent to about 85 percent (e.g., about 0.01 percent to about 85 percent, about 0.01 percent to about 75 percent, about 0.01 percent to about 65 percent, about 0.01 percent to about 55 percent, about 0.01 percent to about 45 percent, about 0.01 percent to about 35 percent, about 0.01 percent to about 25 percent, about 0.01 percent to about 15 percent, about 0.01 percent to about 10 percent, about 0.01 percent to about 5 percent, about 0.1 percent to about 85 percent, about 1 percent to about 85 percent, about 5 percent to about 85 percent, about 5 percent to about 85 percent, about 5 percent to about 75 percent, about 5 percent to about 65 percent, about 5 percent to about 55 percent, about 5 percent to about 45 percent, about 5 percent to about 35 percent, about 5 percent to about 25 percent, about 5 percent to about 15 percent, about 5 percent to about 10 percent) of the length of the full length polypeptide.

(48) In some cases, the combination of antigens used to treat cancer or reduce the number of cancer cells within a mammal (e.g., a human) can be antigens of another species (e.g., mouse, rat, pig, monkey, sheep, cow, dog, or cat). For example, a combination of mouse, rat, or monkey antigens can be used to treat cancer or reduce the number of cancer cells within a human. Examples of GNAQ sequences from mouse are set forth in GenBank Accession Nos. NM_008139.5 (GI No. 145966786) and BC057583.1 (GI No. 34785834). Examples of TYRP-1 sequences from mouse are set forth in GenBank Accession Nos. NM_001282014.1 (GI No. 530537243), NM_031202.3 (GI No. 530537240), and NM_001282015.1 (GI No. 530537245). Examples of N-RAS sequences from mouse are set forth in GenBank Accession Nos. NM_010937.2, NC_000069.6 (GI No. 372099107), and AC_000025.1 (GI No. 83280973). An example of a BRAF sequence from mouse is set forth in GenBank Accession No. NM_139294.5 (GI No. 153791903). An example of a TOPO-II sequence from mouse is set forth in GenBank Accession No. NM011623. An example of a YB-1 sequence from mouse is set forth in GenBank Accession No. M62867 (GI No. 199820). An example of a TGF- sequence from mouse is set forth in GenBank Accession No. M13177.1 (GI No. 201952). An example of a MDR1 sequence from mouse is set forth in GenBank Accession No. NM_011075 (GI No. 161169006). An example of a KDR2 sequence from mouse is set forth in GenBank Accession No. EU884114.1 (GI No. 215400615). An example of a YB-1 sequence from mouse is set forth in GenBank Accession No. X57621.1 (GI No. 55450), C061634.1 (GI No. 38197294), or NM_011732.2 (GI No. 113205058). An example of a P Glyc sequence from mouse is set forth in GenBank Accession No. M33581.1 (GI No. 199104), JQ655148.1 (GI No. 406817019), M24417.1 (GI No. 2000329), or AY864315.1 (GI No. 57791235).

(49) Any appropriate vector (e.g. a viral vector) can be used to deliver nucleic acid encoding a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen (or combination thereof) to cells of a mammal to treat cancer as described herein. For example, viral vectors for administering nucleic acids (e.g., a nucleic acid encoding a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen (or combination thereof)) to a mammal can be prepared using standard materials (e.g., packaging cell lines, helper viruses, and vector constructs). See, for example, Gene Therapy Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine), edited by Jeffrey R. Morgan, Humana Press, Totowa, N.J. (2002) and Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Methods and Protocols, edited by Curtis A. Machida, Humana Press, Totowa, N.J. (2003). A viral vector for delivering nucleic acid encoding a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen (or combination thereof) can be derived from, for example, animal viruses such as adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, vaccinia viruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes viruses, maraba virus, or papilloma viruses. In some cases, lentiviral vectors, vesicular stomatitis viral vectors, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, or maraba viral vectors can be used to deliver nucleic acid encoding a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen (or combination thereof) to cells of a mammal to treat cancer as described herein. In some cases, VSV-IFN (e.g., human interferon) viral vectors such as those described elsewhere (Obuchi et al., J. Virol., 77(16):8843-56 (2003) and Jenks et al., Hum. Gene Ther., 21(4):451-62 (2010)) can be used to deliver nucleic acid encoding a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen (or combination thereof) to cells of a mammal to treat cancer.

(50) Any appropriate method can be used to insert nucleic acid encoding a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen into a viral vector (e.g., a VSV vector). For example, the methods and materials described elsewhere (Kottke et al., Nature Med., 17:854-9 (2011); and Pulido et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 30:337-43 (2012)) can be used to insert nucleic acid encoding a GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen into a VSV vector such that the antigen (e.g., the GNAQ, TYRP1, N-RAS, BRAF, TOPO-II, YB-1, MDR1, KDR2, CYT-C, ABCB5, P Glyc, CDC7 kinase, CD44, or TGF- antigen) is expressed in mammalian cells. Once obtained, a combination of VSV vectors having the ability to express a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen, a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen, a TGF- antigen, a MDR1 antigen, a TYRP-1 antigen, and a KDR2 antigen, a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a BRAF antigen, a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a CD44 antigen, a TOPOII antigen and an ABCB5 antigen, a TGF- antigen, a KDR2 antigen, a P Glyc antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen, or an ABCB5 antigen, a CYT-C antigen, a N-RAS antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen (e.g., a combination of VSV-GNAQ, VSV-TYRP1, and VSV-N-RAS vectors, a combination of VSV-BRAF, VSV-TOPO-II, and VSV-YB-1 vectors, a combination of VSV-TGF-, VSV-MDR1, VSV-TYRP-1, and VSV-KDR2 vectors, a combination of VSV-TOPOII, VSV-YB-1, VSV-CDC7 kinase, and VSV-BRAF vectors, a combination of VSV-TOPOII, VSV-YB-1, VSV-CDC7 kinase, and VSV-CD44 vectors, a combination of VSV-TOPOII and VSV-ABCB5 vectors, a combination of VSV-TGF-, VSV-KDR2, VSV-PGlyc, and VSV-TYRP-1 vectors, or a combination of VSV-ABCB5, VSV-CYT-C, VSV-N-RAS, and VSV-TYRP-1 vectors) can be administered to a mammal to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma such as uveal melanoma) or to reduce the number of cancer cells (e.g., melanoma cells such as uveal melanoma cells) present within a mammal. For example, once obtained, a combination of VSV vectors having the ability to express a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen (e.g., a combination of VSV-BRAF, VSV-TOPO-II, and VSV-YB-1 vectors) can be administered to a mammal to treat cancer (e.g., melanoma such as skin melanoma) or to reduce the number of cancer cells (e.g., melanoma cells such as skin melanoma cells) present within a mammal.

(51) Any appropriate method can be used to administer viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen, a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen, a TGF- antigen, a MDR1 antigen, a TYRP-1 antigen, and a KDR2 antigen, a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a BRAF antigen, a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a CD44 antigen, a TOPOII antigen and an ABCB5 antigen, a TGF- antigen, a KDR2 antigen, a P Glyc antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen, or an ABCB5 antigen, a CYT-C antigen, a N-RAS antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen to a mammal having cancer. For example, intratumoral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intradermal administrations can be used to administer viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen to a mammal having cancer (e.g., uveal melanoma) or viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen to a mammal having cancer (e.g., skin melanoma). Once the viral vectors are administered to a mammal, the mammal can be monitored to confirm a reduction in the number of cancer cells present within the mammal. For example, imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans can be used to confirm that the number of cancer cells present within the mammal is reduced following administration of the viral vectors. In some cases, the following examination criteria can be used. A non-nodal lesion is considered measurable if its longest diameter can be accurately measured as 2.0 cm with chest x-ray, or as =1.0 cm with CT scan or MRI. A superficial non-nodal lesion is measurable if its longest diameter is =1.0 cm in diameter as assessed using calipers (e.g., skin nodules) or imaging. In the case of skin lesions, documentation by color photography, including a ruler to estimate the size of the lesion, can be used. A malignant lymph node is considered measurable if its short axis is >1.5 cm when assessed by CT scan (CT scan slice thickness recommended to be no greater than 5 mm) In physical examinations for superficial non-nodal lesions, physical examination is acceptable, but imaging is preferable. In the case of skin lesions, documentation by color photography, including a ruler to estimate the size of the lesion, can be used.

(52) In some cases, a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen, a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen, a TGF- antigen, a MDR1 antigen, a TYRP-1 antigen, and a KDR2 antigen, a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a BRAF antigen, a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a CD44 antigen, a TOPOII antigen and an ABCB5 antigen, a TGF- antigen, a KDR2 antigen, a P Glyc antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen, or an ABCB5 antigen, a CYT-C antigen, a N-RAS antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen can be administered as a combination in the form of polypeptides. For example, a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen (each in the form of polypeptides) can be formulated with an adjuvant such as alum, monophosphoryl lipid A, liposomes, QS21, MF-59, or immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS) and administered to a mammal having cancer (e.g., uveal melanoma). Following this administration, the number of cancer cells present within the mammal can be reduced. In some cases, a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen can be administered as a combination in the form of polypeptides to a mammal having cancer (e.g., skin melanoma). Following this administration, the number of cancer cells present within the mammal can be reduced.

(53) In some cases, therapy with a combination of antigens provided herein can include the use of radiation. For example, when treating cutaneous melanoma, a patient can be treated with both radiation and a combination of antigens provided herein.

(54) In some cases, therapy with a combination of antigens provided herein can include the administration of one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors. For example, a combination of viral vectors (e.g., VSV vectors) designed to express a GNAQ antigen, a TYRP1 antigen, and an N-RAS antigen, a BRAF antigen, a TOPO-II antigen, and a YB-1 antigen, a TGF- antigen, a MDR1 antigen, a TYRP-1 antigen, and a KDR2 antigen, a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a BRAF antigen, a TOPOII antigen, a YB-1 antigen, a CDC7 kinase antigen, and a CD44 antigen, a TOPOII antigen and an ABCB5 antigen, a TGF- antigen, a KDR2 antigen, a P Glyc antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen, or an ABCB5 antigen, a CYT-C antigen, a N-RAS antigen, and a TYRP-1 antigen can be administered in combination with one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat a mammal having cancer. Examples of immune checkpoint inhibitors include, without limitation, anti-PD1 antibodies, anti-CTLA4 antibodies, anti-PDL1 antibodies, anti-PDL2 antibodies, anti-CD40 ligand antibodies, and anti-KIR antibodies.

(55) The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES

Example 1Treating Melanoma Using VSV Vectors Designed to Express BRAF, TOPO-II, and YB-1 Antigens

(56) C57BL/6 mice seeded with B16tk tumors 5 days previously were treated with GCV i.p. at 50 mg/mL for 5 consecutive days, followed by 2 days' rest, followed by 5 further consecutive injections of GCV (days 6-10 and days 13-17). Mice were injected i.v. with combinations of VSV expressing different cDNAs starting on day 20, by which time primary tumors had regressed. Subsequent i.v. injections were given on days 22, 24, 27, 29, and 31. Survival of mice (n=7/8 per group) treated sequentially with GCV, then with combinations of VSV-cDNA with i.v. injections of VSV-BRAF+VSV-YB-1+VSV-GFP; VSV-TOPOII+VSV-BRAF+VSV-GFP; VSV-TOPOII+VSV-YB-1+VSV-GFP; or VSV-BRAF+VSV-TOPOII+VSV-YB-1 (310.sup.6 pfu/virus/injection).

(57) The combination of VSV expressing BRAF, TOPOII, and YB-1 generated significant survival benefit over any of the other combinations (FIG. 1).

Example 2Treating Uveal Melanoma Patients Using VSV Vectors Designed to Express GNAQ, TYRP1, and N-RAS Antigens

(58) Human uveal melanoma patients are administered a combination of three VSV vectors: (a) a VSV vector designed to express a GNAQ antigen, (b) a VSV vector designed to express a TYRP1 antigen, and (c) a VSV vector designed to express a N-RAS antigen. VSV-IFN- with N-RAS, GNAQ, or TYRP1 is administered in one single tumor location using a 21- or 22-gauge needle, whose length may range between 15 to 20 cm under CT or ultrasound guidance. Volume of injection (Vi)=(a.sup.2)(b)(0.5) [where a=the shorter diameter and b=the longer diameter] of injectable product. A maximum volume of 15 cc is used to prepare the investigational product. The three forms of VSV-hIFN- (i.e., VSV-IFN-N-RAS, VSV-IFN-GNAQ, and VVS-IFN-TYRP1) are mixed together in a 1:1:1 dilution. The combination of three VSV vectors is administered as a mixture via a single intratumoral injection. The injection occurs slowly. If the tumor size is over 2 cm, this may require multiple injections. These injection sites are at least 2 cm apart from one another. Depending on the size and location of the tumor, it is estimated that the procedure will take anywhere from 30 to 60 minutes in duration.

(59) The concentration (pfus) for each of the three VSV vectors in the mixture is between 10.sup.5 and 10.sup.9. The injection is given on day 1, and the length of the study is 28 days.

(60) Follow-up tumor measurements are repeated every 8 weeks, or as deemed appropriate by the investigator, through the observation period. Tissue specimens are collected and submitted on days 1, 2, and 8 on patients that allow for another biopsy.

Example 3Treating Skin Melanoma Patients Using VSV Vectors Designed to Express BRAF, TOPO-II, and YB-1 Antigens

(61) Human skin melanoma patients with stage II and III melanoma are administered adjuvantly and stage IV melanoma patients with oligometastatic melanoma (1-5 metastatic deposits) are administered a combination of three VSV vectors: (a) a VSV vector designed to express a BRAF antigen, (b) a VSV vector designed to express a TOPO-II antigen, and (c) a VSV vector designed to express a YB-1 antigen. Patients with stage IV melanoma receive VSV (i.e., VSV-BRAF, VSV YB-1, and VSV-TOPO-II) in combination with ablative radiation. VSV-BRAF, VSV-YB-1, and VSV-TOPO-II are administered intratumorly or intravenously or subcutaneously using a 21- or 22-gauge needle, whose length may range between 15 to 20 cm under CT or ultrasound guidance. Volume of injection (Vi)=(a.sup.2)(b)(0.5) [where a=the shorter diameter and b=the longer diameter] of injectable product. The three forms of VSV (i.e., VSV-BRAF, VSV-YB-1, and VSV-TOPO-II) are mixed together in a 1:1:1 dilution. The combination of three VSV vectors is administered as a mixture via a single injection.

Example 4Combination Viroimmunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibition to Treat Glioma

(62) Cell Lines

(63) Murine B16 cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.) were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Life technologies) and L-glutamine (Life technologies). Murine GL261 cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.) were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS. TRAMP-C2 (TC2) cells, derived from a prostate tumor that arose in a TRAMP mouse, were characterized as described elsewhere (Kottke et al., Cancer Res., 67:11970-9 (2007)) and were routinely grown as tumors in C57BL/6 mice in an androgen-independent manner. The K1735 melanoma cell line (Chong et al., Hum. Gene Ther., 7:1771-9 (1996)) was derived from H-2k C3H/He mice.

(64) Mice

(65) C57BL/6 and C3H mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.) at 6-8 weeks of age.

(66) Virus

(67) The ASMEL VSV-cDNA library was generated as described elsewhere (Kottke et al., Nature Med., 2011:854-9 (2011); Pulido et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 30:337-43 (2012); and Alonso-Camino et al., Mol. Ther., 22:1936-48 (2014)). Individual viral clones (VSV expressing N-RAS, CYT-C, TYRP-1, HIF-2, SOX-10, or c-MYC) were isolated by limiting dilution as described elsewhere (Pulido et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 30:337-43 (2012); and Alonso-Camino et al., Mol. Ther., 22:1936-48 (2014)). These were expanded in BHK cells and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. VSV-GFP was manufactured by cloning the cDNA for GFP into the plasmid pVSV-XN2 as described elsewhere (Fernandez et al., J. Virol., 76:895-904 (2002)). Monoclonal VSV-GFP was obtained by plaque purification on BHK-21 cells and concentrated by sucrose-gradient centrifugation.

(68) Measurement of HIF-2 Polypeptide in i.c. Explants and In Vitro Cultures

(69) To establish i.c. tumors, 110.sup.4 cells in 2 L, PBS were stereotactically injected into the brain (1 mm anterior, and 2 mm lateral to the bregma) of C57B1/6 (B16, GL261, or TC2 cells) or C3H (K1735 cells) mice. Mice were sacrificed upon sign of distress, and single-cell suspensions of brain tumor explants or in vitro cultured cells (B16, GL261, TC2 or K1735) were plated at 110.sup.5 per well in DMEM+10% FCS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Cell-free supernatants were harvested, and HIF-2 polypeptide expression was measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer's instructions (USCN Life Sciences, Houston Tex.). 110.sup.5 cells of each cell line (B16, GL261, TC2, K1735) from in vitro cultures also were plated and measured for HIF-2 polypeptide expression.

(70) Measurement of HIF-2 Polypeptide in Co-Cultures of GL261 and Splenic/Brain-Derived CD11b.sup.+ Cells

(71) CD11b.sup.+ cells were purified from brain-cell suspensions of multiple brains, or from the spleens of C57B1/6 mice (re-suspended in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM; Gibco, Grand Island, N.Y.)+5% FCS+1% penicillin-streptomycin+40 mol/12-ME) using CD11b microbeads according to the manufacturer's instructions (Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, Calif.). 110.sup.6 CD11b.sup.+ cells were co-cultured in DMEM+10% FCS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin with (110.sup.5) GL261 cells. After 24 hours of co-culture, cell-free supernatants were harvested, and HIF-2 polypeptide levels were measured by ELISA. HIF-2 polypeptide also was evaluated following co-culture of GL261 cells with brain- or spleen-derived CD11b.sup.+ cells, in the presence of 10 ng/mL recombinant TGF- RH Fc Chimera 341-BR (R&D systems, MN).

(72) Human Tumor Explants

(73) Human primary glioblastoma brain tumor tissue was obtained following surgery. Within three hours of surgical resection, explants were depleted of CD11b.sup.+ cells using CD11b microbeads. Tumor cells were then seeded at 110.sup.4 cells per well in DMEM+10% FCS+1% penicillin-streptomycinisolated autologous CD11b.sup.+ cells (510.sup.3 per well). HIF-2 polypeptide levels in cell-free supernatants were evaluated at 24 hours and again following 2 week's culture. HIF-2 polypeptide also was evaluated in cell-free supernatants from 110.sup.3 isolated CD11b.sup.+ cells, 24 hours after explant.

(74) In Vivo Studies

(75) To establish i.c. tumors, 110.sup.4 GL261 cells in 2 L PBS were stereotactically injected using a syringe bearing a 26G needle into the brain (1 mm anterior, and 2 mm lateral to the bregma) of C57BL/6 mice (7-9 mice per treatment group unless otherwise stated). Virus, drug, or PBS control (100 L) was administered intravenously following 5 days tumor establishment and occurred as dictated by each specific study. Mice were examined daily for overall health and, survival with time was documented.

(76) For the therapeutic study evaluating the effect of anti-PD1 antibody in combination with virus treatment, control ChromPure rat IgG antibody (Jackson Immunochemicals, West Grove, Pa.) or anti-PD1 antibody were injected intravenously at 225 g/mouse/injection (Clone RMP 1-14, Bioxcell West Lebanon, N.H.). For therapy evaluating the use of two checkpoint inhibitors, intravenous anti-PD1 was administered at 225 g/mouse/injection and anti-CTLA4 at 0.1 mg/mouse/injection (Bioxcell West Lebanon, N.H.).

(77) In Vitro Splenic/Lymph Node T-Cell Reactivation and ELISA for IFN-/IL-17

(78) Spleens and lymph nodes were harvested from euthanized mice and dissociated into single-cell suspensions by crushing through a 100 m filter. Red blood cells were lysed with ACK lysis buffer (sterile distilled H.sub.2O containing 0.15 M NH.sub.4Cl, 1.0 mM KHCO.sub.3 and 0.1 mM EDTA adjusted to pH 7.2-7.4) for 2 minutes. Cells were re-suspended at 110.sup.6 cells/mL in IMDM+5% FCS+1% penicillin-streptomycin+40 mol/12-ME. Pooled cells (110.sup.6 per well) were stimulated with freeze thaw lysates (equivalent to 110.sup.5 cells) of either GL261 tumors recovered from mice bearing i.c. GL261 tumors or in vitro cultured GL261 cells, every 24 hours for 3 days. Following 48 hours of culture, cell-free supernatants were collected and assayed by ELISA for IFN- (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) or IL-17 (R&D systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). Re-stimulation also was carried out with splenocytes and lymph node cells depleted of Treg cells using Miltenyi CD4.sup.+/CD25.sup.+ beads (Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, Calif.). Splenocyte and lymph node single cell isolates also were stimulated as described herein with the VSV-N protein derived epitope peptide (VSV-N52-59:RGYVYQG at 5 g/mL) (synthesized at a core facility) and supernatants were evaluated for IFN- and IL-17 response by ELISA.

(79) Statistics

(80) Survival data from animal experiments were analyzed using the log rank test with Graph Pad Prism 6 (Graph Pad software, La Jolla, Calif.). A two-sample, unequal variance Students t-test was used to evaluate in vitro data. Statistical significance was determined at the level of P<0.05.

(81) Results

(82) Intra-cranial tumors of different histologies express a similar HIF-2Hi phenotype. It was hypothesized that the intra-cranial microenvironment imposes a HIF-2Hi phenotype upon different types of tumors, which is distinct from that expressed by the same tumor cells growing in culture. Consistent with this hypothesis, freshly resected i.c. tumors of different histological types, including K1735 melanoma (in C3H mice), as well as B16 melanoma, GL261 glioma, and TC2 prostate cancer (C57B1/6 mice), all expressed a HIF-2Hi phenotype. In contrast, the same cell lines grown in culture, from which the tumors were initially derived by i.c. implantation, expressed low or undetectable levels of HIF-2 (FIG. 2).

(83) CD11b.sup.+ cells in intact brain homogenate impose a HIF-2Hi phenotype on GL261 cells in vitro in part through TGF-. The HIF-2Hi phenotype of i.c. B16-ova tumors was imposed by brain-associated, but not spleen-derived, CD11b.sup.+ cells. In vitro co-culture of GL261 cells with CD11b.sup.+ cells purified from intact brain homogenate, mediated a similar HIF-2Lo to HIF-2Hi phenotypic transition (FIG. 3). As for the B16 model, splenic CD11b.sup.+ cells were unable to impose a HIF-2Hi phenotype on in vitro cultured glioma cells (FIG. 3). Whilst neutralization of neither TNF-, VEGF, nor interferon- prevented induction of the HIF-2Hi phenotype in GL261 and brain-associated CD11b.sup.+ cell co-cultures, blocking TGF- significantly reduced HIF-2 expression (p=0.000173) (FIG. 3). These results demonstrate that CD11b.sup.+ cells of the brain micro-environment impose the HIF-2Hi phenotype upon tumors growing i.c., mediated, at least in part, through TGF-.

(84) Human tumor explants express a HIF-2Hi phenotype, which is reduced over time. To investigate how the murine model might reflect the patient situation, the HIF-2 phenotype of primary human brain tumor samples was studied. Freshly resected tumors cultured with their own autologous CD11b.sup.+ cells exhibited a HIF-2Hi phenotype, although levels of HIF-2 were consistently lower than in resected murine tumors (FIG. 4). Brain tumor explants depleted of CD11b.sup.+ cells expressed lower levels of HIF-2 after 24 hours of culture, although this did not reach statistical significance (p=0.101) (FIG. 4). The CD11b.sup.+ cells themselves did not express significant levels of HIF-2 (FIG. 4). After 2 weeks, CD11b.sup.+ cells within these co-cultures were lost, and the level of tumor cell associated HIF-2 was significantly reduced compared to levels seen at 24 hours post explant (p=0.017) (FIG. 4). Therefore, human brain tumors also express a HIF-2Hi phenotype, which is maintained, at least in part, by immune cells within the brain microenvironment.

(85) Intracranial GL261 can be Treated with VSV-Tumor-Associated Antigen Therapy and Enhanced by Addition of Checkpoint Inhibitors

(86) Although mice bearing s.c. B16 tumors were treated successfully with a combination of VSV-expressed N-RAS, CYT-C, and TYRP-1, i.c. B16 tumors were only successfully treated with a combination of VSV expressed HIF-2, SOX-10, c-MYC, and TYRP-1. The hypothesis that effective immunotherapy of an i.c. tumor of a different histological type could be targeted against this common i.c. tumor phenotype imposed by the brain microenvironment was tested further. Consistent with this, systemic delivery of VSV expressed HIF-2, SOX-10, and c-MYC generated significant therapy over control treatment (p=0.0001) (FIG. 4). Although a combination of just two of the VSV-antigen gave significant therapy compared to control treatment (p=0.0001), optimal therapy required the combination of all three (HIF-2, SOX-10, c-MYC) antigens ((VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC) versus (VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10+VSV-GFP) p=0.0414). Unlike in the B16 i.c. model, addition of the VSV-TYRP-1 virus gave no added therapeutic benefit to treatment with VSV-expressed HIF-2, SOX-10, and c-MYC (data not shown). Consistent with our previous data with B16 i.c., as opposed to s.c. tumors, the combination of VSV expressed N-RAS, CYT-C and TYRP-1 was ineffective against i.c. GL261 tumors and offered no significant therapeutic advantage over control therapy (p=0.1432) (FIG. 4).

(87) To investigate whether the viroimmunotherapy associated with VSV-antigen therapy of i.c. GL261 could be enhanced through combination with immune checkpoint inhibition, mice bearing i.c. GL261 tumors were treated with 9 (instead of the 12 of FIG. 5) systemic injections of VSV expressed HIF-2, SOX-10, and c-MYC plus the checkpoint inhibitor antibody anti-PD1. Addition of anti-PD1 antibody significantly extended survival compared to the virus combination alone (p=0.0006) (FIG. 6A).

(88) Taken together, these results demonstrate that the brain micro-environment-imposed antigenic signature of HIF-2, SOX-10, and c-MYC can be immunologically targeted to treat i.c tumors of different histologies (glioma and melanoma) and that effective immunotherapy of tumors should take into account immunological profiles imposed upon tumors by their anatomical location.

(89) Anti-PD-1 antibody uncovers a Th1 response against intra-cranial GL261. The therapeutic anti-tumor response to self antigens induced by VSV-cDNA library treatment is Th17 CD4.sup.+ T cell mediated and no Th1 IFN- T cell responses could be detected. Mixed splenocytes and lymph node cultures from mice bearing i.c. GL261 tumors following treatment with VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC did not secrete IFN- in response to challenge with freeze/thaw lysates of explanted i.c. GL261 tumors (FIG. 6B). In contrast, similar mixed cultures from mice treated with the same VSV-HIF-2, VSV-SOX-10, and VSV-c-MYC plus anti-PD1 antibody, secreted significant levels of IFN- (p<0.05), suggesting that checkpoint inhibition through the PD1 axis uncovered a Th1 response to poorly immunogenic self antigens (FIG. 6B). Consistent with the distinct antigenic nature of GL261 cells growing in situ in the brain, compared to the same cells growing in culture (FIGS. 2 and 3), splenocyte and lymph node cultures from mice treated with VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC+anti-PD1 did not secrete IFN- in response to challenge with freeze/thaw lysates derived from GL261 cells cultured in vitro (FIG. 6C). These results demonstrate that a Th1 response to a unique antigenic profile associated with i.c. GL261 tumors is generated following VSV-antigen viroimmunotherapy, but that it is suppressed in vivo and can be de-repressed upon checkpoint inhibition.

(90) Anti-PD1 antibody therapy does not enhance the Th17 response against intra-cranial GL261. Interestingly, despite enhancing therapeutic efficacy in vivo (FIG. 6A), checkpoint inhibition with anti-PD1 did not significantly enhance the Th17 response generated by VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC treatment (p=0.674) (against either i.c. explanted, or cultured, GL261 freeze thaw lysates), however, addition of anti-PD-1 enhanced a robust Th1, IFN- response (FIGS. 6D and 6E). A robust immune response of both Th1 IFN-, and Th17, anti-i.c. GL261 responses were only induced when VSV expressed tumor antigens VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC, as opposed to VSV-GFP, (FIGS. 6B and 6D, respectively), indicating that virally-mediated expression of tumor antigens was required for an effective immune response.

(91) Anti-PD1 antibody enhances the Th1 response against VSV. VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC treatment reproducibly induced a Th1 response against VSV antigens (FIG. 6F). This anti-VSV Th1 response also was significantly enhanced in mice treated with checkpoint inhibition compared with VSV-antigen treatment alone (p=0.00375) (FIG. 6F).

(92) Taken together, these results demonstrate that combination of VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC viroimmunotherapy with anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibition de-represses an anti-tumor Th1 IFN- T cell response against both self antigens and against foreign viral antigens, but has no significant effect on the anti-tumor Th17 response.

(93) Anti-PD1 Checkpoint Inhibition Mimics Depletion of Treg

(94) As before (FIG. 6B), the addition of anti-PD1 to VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC therapy uncovered an anti-tumor Th1 response (lane 1 and 2 compared to 3 and 4, FIG. 7A). In vitro depletion of Treg from the mixed splenocyte/LN cultures prior to re-stimulation with freeze/thaw lysates also de-repressed the Th1 IFN- T cell response against i.c. GL261, compared to Treg-intact cultures (lanes 1 and 2 compared to 5 and 6, FIG. 7A). However, Treg depletion from splenocyte/LN cultures of mice treated with VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC+anti-PD1 did not further enhance the Th1 IFN- T cell response already uncovered by anti-PD1 therapy (lanes 3 and 4 compared to 7 and 8, FIG. 7A). Neither anti-PD1, nor in vitro Treg depletion, enhanced IL-17 responses generated by VSV-antigen therapy (FIG. 7B). These results demonstrate that anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibition may operate in vivo, to de-repress an anti-tumor Th1 IFN- T cell response and that this may be effected, at least in part, by affecting Treg function.

(95) Combination Checkpoint Inhibition Further Improves VSV-Antigen Therapy

(96) Given the success with enhancing VSV-antigen (e.g., VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC) therapy with single checkpoint inhibitor therapy, a combination of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibition to target separate stages of the T cell activation/repression pathway was tested in combination with VSV-antigen (e.g., VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC) therapy. As before, anti-PD1 treatment resulted in a significant improvement in survival in combination with VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC therapy (FIG. 8A), in mice treated with a sub-optimal dose of 6 injections of VSV-VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC (as opposed to the 12 of FIG. 5, and 9 of FIG. 6A). In contrast, anti-CTLA4 as a mono-supportive therapy for VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC gave no added therapeutic benefit to VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC alone (FIG. 8A). However, when used together, anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 significantly improved VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC therapy alone (p=0.0015) and also was more effective than VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC+anti-PD1 (p=0.0184) or anti-CTLA4 (p=0.0016) alone.

(97) As before (FIG. 6), addition of anti-PD1 therapy to VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC uncovered a Th1 IFN- T cell response to i.c. GL261 explants that was not detected from mice treated with VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC alone (FIG. 8B). This also was true of anti-CTLA4 therapy in combination with VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC, although to a lesser extent than with anti-PD1 (FIG. 8B). However, splenocyte/LN cultures from mice treated with VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC and both anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 checkpoint inhibition displayed enhanced Th1 IFN- T cell response against i.c. GL261 compared to VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC therapy in combination with either checkpoint inhibitor alone, although this only reached statistical significance when compared to the anti-CTLA4 treatment group (p=0.0282) (FIG. 8B).

(98) With respect to the Th-17 recall response, VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC therapy in combination with anti-CTLA4 exhibited a strong trend to enhancing the Th17 response to i.c. GL261 responses (FIG. 8D) compared to VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC therapy alone, or in combination with anti-PD1. Interestingly, splenocyte/LN cultures from mice treated with VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC therapy combined with both anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 therapy generated the strongest Th17 recall responses against i.c GL261 (FIG. 8D).

(99) Taken together, these results demonstrate that addition of checkpoint inhibitors, either singly or in combination, can enhance therapeutic responses to VSV-antigen (e.g., VSV-HIF-2/SOX-10/c-MYC) treatment and that these increases in therapy are associated with the de-repression of an anti-tumor Th1 IFN- T cell response (anti-PD1, anti-CTLA4, or both) and of the anti-tumor Th17 response (anti-PD 1 plus anti-CTLA4).

Example 5Treating Melanoma Using VSV Vectors Designed to Express TGF-, KDR2, P-Glycoprotein, and TYRP-1 Antigens

(100) In a first experiment, C3H mice bearing 7 day established s.c. B16 tumors were treated i.v. with three cycles (9 doses total) of (1) VSV-TGF-+VSV-KDR2+VSV-P Glyc+VSV TYRP-1 (510.sup.6 pfu/100 L), (2) VSV-NRAS+VSV-TYRP-1+VSV-CYT-C, or (3) PBS (days 7, 10, 12). Survival of tumor-bearing C3H mice (n=8 mice per group) was determined. The VSV-combination (VSV-TGF-+VSV-KDR2+VSV-P Glyc+VSV TYRP-1) cured 6/6 mice which did not experience toxicities associated with i.v. VSV treatment (FIG. 9). Two of the 8 mice treated died of hind limb paralysis, associated with a high i.v. dose (210.sup.7 pfu/injection; 9 injections) of the VSV combination.

(101) In a repeat experiment, 3/5 mice were cured of K1735 tumors with a lower dose of VSV-combination (VSV-TGF-+VSV-KDR2+VSV-P Glyc+VSV TYRP-1) (510.sup.6 pfu/injection; 9 injections). 5/5 mice were cured with the same dose of the total library (ASMEL). In a control group (mice treated with VSV-GFP), 1 of 5 mice never developed a tumor and 1 mouse developed a tumor which never grew above 0.3 cm in diameter.

(102) In another experiment, an in vitro assay (FIG. 10) was performed where splenocytes were depleted of different types of antigen presenting cells by Miltenyi beads. When re-stimulated with the VSV-combination (VSV-TGF-+VSV-KDR2+VSV-P Glyc+VSV TYRP-1), depletion of certain subsets of APC abrogated IL-17 secretion. Those APC were then infected with a single VSV-TAA (VSV-TGF-, VSV-KDR2, VSV-P Glyc, or VSV TYRP-1) and re-introduced into the antigen presentation assay. The results were used to determine which specific antigens were presented by which APC subtype in order to reconstitute the Th17 response. P-glycoprotein and N-RAS antigens were presented by macrophages; the TGF-, KDR2, and CYT-C antigens were presented by neutrophils; and the KDR2 and TYRP1 antigens were presented by plasmacytoid DC (FIGS. 11-13).

Example 6Treating Melanoma Using VSV Vectors Designed to Express Truncated Antigens

(103) VSV vectors having nucleic acid that encodes truncated versions of antigens were recovered from the ASMEL cDNA library. The nucleic acids were sequenced to identify the location of the 3 truncations. For the truncated version of VSV-N-RAS, the VSV vector contained an N-RAS cDNA that encodes an N-RAS polypeptide lacking the following C-terminus: YRMKKLNSSDDGTQGCMGLPCVVM (SEQ ID NO:1). See, also, FIG. 14. For the truncated version of VSV-CYT-C, the VSV vector contained a CYT-C cDNA that encodes a CYT-C polypeptide lacking the following C-terminus: YTIKRHKWSVLKSRKLAYRPPK (SEQ ID NO:2). See, also, FIG. 15. For the truncated version of VSV-TYRP-1, the VSV vector contained a TYRP-1 cDNA that encodes a TYRP-1 polypeptide lacking the following C-terminus: YQCYAEEYEKLQNPNQSVV (SEQ ID NO:3). See, also, FIG. 16.

(104) For the truncated version of VSV-TGF-, the VSV vector contained a TGF- cDNA that encodes a TGF- polypeptide lacking the following C-terminus: YYV-GRKPKVEQLSNMIVRSCKCS (SEQ ID NO:4). For the truncated version of VSV-KDR2, the VSV vector contained a KDR2 cDNA that encodes a KDR2 polypeptide lacking the following C-terminus: YSSEEAELLKLIEIGVQTGSTAQILQPD-SGTTLSSPPV (SEQ ID NO:5). For the truncated version of VSV-P-glycoprotein, the VSV vector contained a P-glycoprotein cDNA that encodes a P-glycoprotein polypeptide lacking the following C-terminus: YFSMVSVQAGTKRQ (SEQ ID NO:6).

(105) C57BL/6 mice bearing 7 day established s.c. B16 tumors were treated i.v. with 9 doses of (1) VSV encoding library derived, truncated VSV-N-RAS+VSV-CYT-C+VSV TYRP-1 (510.sup.6 pfu/100 L), (2) VSV encoding full length polypeptides: VSV-NRAS+VSV-TYRP-1+VSV-CYT-C, or (3) VSV-GFP. Survival of tumor-bearing C57BL/6 (n=8 mice per group) was determined. The results were representative of two separate experiments.

(106) The combination of truncated cDNA for Cytochrome C (CYT-C), N-RAS, and TYRP-1 was more immunogenic against B16 tumors than the full length versions, when expressed from VSV (FIG. 17). The full Length VSV-cDNA combination improved survival of C57B1/6 mice with s.c. B16 tumors, and the truncated virus combination appeared to cure the mice.

(107) These results demonstrate that truncated antigens (e.g., antigens lacking a portion of their C terminus) can be used to treat cancer.

Example 7Treating Cancer in Dogs

(108) Dogs (e.g., 5-10 dogs) with a solitary intracranial mass consistent with a gliomas based on MRI that is surgically accessible are recruited. The diagnosis is confirmed as a high-grade (III-IV) glioma by histopathology. The dogs are otherwise in good health and able to undergo anesthesia for surgical excision and virus delivery.

(109) The dogs are treated by surgical removal of the tumor and administration of either single VSV vectors (e.g., VSV-HIF-2 only) or a combination of different VSV vectors (e.g., VSV-HIF-2+VSV-SOX-10+VSV-cMYC). For example, any particular combination of VSV vectors provided herein is administered to a dog having cancer. In some cases, a VSV-cDNA library such as an ASMEL is administered to a dog having cancer.

(110) Toxicities are assessed using a standard veterinary scale of grade I-V events based on owner diaries, serial blood tests, and neurological examinations. Surgical resection of the tumor is performed using the appropriate approach based on MRI. Each dog is administered a standard drug regimen before craniotomy to minimize cerebral edema. After surgical debulking, each dog is administered 510.sup.8 pfu of Reolysin (reovirus) injected in 5-4, aliquots around the resection cavity. A postoperative MRI is performed to assess the extent of resection, and then each dog is allowed to recover from anesthesia and is monitored in an intensive care unit. After surgery, each dog is administered prednisone (1 mg/kg body weight) PO every 12 hours for 2 days, and then the dose is tapered and discontinued over 7 days. Adjustments are made to the dose of steroids depending on the clinical signs, such as changes in mentation or neurological function (i.e., hemiparesis), of each individual dog. The dogs are examined by MRI of the brain performed immediately after surgery and then 4, 8, and 12 months after therapy. The scans are evaluated, and the surgical resection of the tumor is defined as gross total resection (GTR) if there is complete resection of the preoperative fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal abnormality, near total resection (NTR) if a thin (<3 mm) residual fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal abnormality remains around the rim of the resection cavity, or subtotal resection (STR) if there is residual nodular fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal abnormality. The sequential MRI scans are evaluated for volume of tumor in individual dogs to measure response to treatment. Clinical response is considered as complete response (CR) if there is no evidence of the target lesion, partial response (PR) if the tumor is <25% of the original longest diameter of the tumor, progressive disease if there is >25% increase in the original longest diameter of the tumor, or stable disease (SD) if there are small changes that do not meet the previously defined criteria. If a dog develops recurrent or worsening neurologic signs before a scheduled MRI, an unscheduled MRI is performed at that time.

(111) As the immunological boost, each dog is treated with intravenous injections of 510.sup.6 pfu of VSV-TAA (e.g., a single VSV vector such as VSV-HIF-2 only or a combination of different VSV vectors such as VSV-HIF-2+VSV-SOX-10+VSV-cMYC) on days 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, and 360 after surgery, or until tumor recurrence. For example, any particular combination of VSV vectors provided herein is administered to a dog having cancer as an immunological boost. In some cases, a VSV-cDNA library such as an ASMEL is administered to a dog having cancer as an immunological boost.

(112) Dogs are monitored for 30 minutes following each injection for any immediate adverse reactions, such as severe wheals, dyspnea, or other signs of anaphylaxis. Dogs suffering from an acute severe reaction are given dexamethasone (0.01 mg/kg SC) and diphenhydramine (0.5 mg/kg IM). Dogs are followed over a 12-month period by imaging or until euthanasia. Dogs are assessed with complete physical and neurological examinations and quality of life assessments at suture removal and each VSV-TAA injection.

(113) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are collected prior to surgery and on days 10, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 after surgery to determine immunological response by re-stimulating the PBMC in vitro to measure T cell responses against autologous tumor cells by flow cytometry. In some cases, CTL assays and Western blots on serum are performed.

Example 8Treating Cancer Using VSV Designed to Express IFN-

(114) VSV encoding TYRP-1 (full length) and IFN- (VSV-mIFN-mTYRP-1) was generated by inserting mTYRP-1 in the vector backbone containing IFN- (IFN-) located between the M and G genes of VSV (FIG. 18). PCR amplification of mTYRP-1 cDNA was prepared from B16 cells using forward (5-CTCGAGATG-AAATCTTACAACGTCC-3; SEQ ID NO:7) and reverse (5-CTAGCTAGCTCA-GACCATGGAGTGGTTA-3; SEQ ID NO:8) primers. The PCR product was then digested and inserted into the XhoI and NheI site (between genes G and L of VSV) of the VSV-IFN- vector. VSV-mTYRP-1 was generated by inserting TYRP-1 between the G and L genes. Viruses were generated from BHK cells by co-transfection of pVSV-XN2-cDNA library DNA along with plasmids encoding viral genes as described elsewhere (Fernandez et al., J. Virol., 76:895-904 (2002)). Virus was expanded by a single round of infection of BHK cells and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation.

(115) IFN Gamma Assay

(116) Splenocytes/LN from C57BL/6 mice bearing s.c. B16 tumors and treated with PBS alone or with either VSV-GFP, VSV-mTYRP-1, VSV-mIFN--TYRP-1, or VSV-mIFN- were harvested. Splenocytes were re-stimulated in vitro with PBS, VSV N peptide VSV-N52-59 (RGYVYQGL; SEQ ID NO:9) or with synthetic H-2Kb-restricted melanoma peptides: murine TRP-1222-229 (TAYRYHLL, SEQ ID NO:10; or TWYRYHLL SEQ ID NO:11; TAY, TWY, respectively), TRP-2180-188 (SVYDFFVWL, SEQ ID NO:12; TRP2), murine gp100 (EGSRNQDWL, SEQ ID NO:13; mgp100), or human gp10025-33 (KVPRNQDWL, SEQ ID NO:14; hgp100). Forty eight hours later, supernatants were assayed for IFN- by ELISA (FIG. 19).

(117) In Vivo Results

(118) 510.sup.5 B16-ova tumor cells in 100 L of PBS were injected into the flanks of C57BL/6 mice (7 mice per treatment group). Seven days later, mice were treated intra-tumorally (IT) with PBS, VSV encoding antigens, or VSV-GFP at 710.sup.8/50 L for three days every other day (FIG. 20). Survival times were determined (FIG. 21).

(119) These results demonstrate that the combined use of a VSV vector encoding an antigen (e.g., TYRP-1) with IFN- results in prolonged cancer survival and also an enhanced IFN- response.

Other Embodiments

(120) It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.