VIRTUALIZED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OFFERING VIRTUAL PRODUCTS OR SERVICES

Abstract

In a virtualized distribution system for offering virtual products or services to clients over a distributed network a service provider manages physical resources. One or more orchestration servers having access to the physical resources run cloud management software that maintain a service providers portal to permit the service provider to manage the physical resources and accounts for distribution partners, a partner portal to permit the distribution partners to create virtual products or services using the available physical resources and establish a virtual presence on said distributed network, and a client portal for offering to clients the virtual products or services created by the distribution partners through their virtual presence. In this way product distribution can be offered as a service, which emulates the manner in which real products and services are distributed through a traditional distribution chain.

Claims

1. A method comprising: providing a plurality of physical computing resources connected to a communications network managed by a service provider; providing upon a remote server connected to the communications network a cloud software application supporting a plurality of portals, each portal supporting a plurality of activities with each activity relating to an aspect of provisioning computing resources relating to the plurality of physical computing resources; providing a user of a plurality of users with access to a predetermined portal of the plurality of portals within a graphical user interface upon a first computer system connected to the communications network; receiving from the user of the plurality of users one or more inputs via a user interface of the first computer relating to a predetermined activity of the plurality of activities associated with the predetermined portal of the plurality of portals; transmitting the one or more inputs made by the user via the user interface of the first computer to the remote server; performing upon the remote server the predetermined activity of the plurality of activities; and automatically managing with the cloud software application upon the remote server the plurality of physical computing resources in dependence upon the inputs from the plurality of users within the plurality of portals relating to the plurality of activities.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein each portal of the plurality of portals relates to managing at least one of the plurality of activities within a predetermined subset of the plurality portals and the predetermined subset of the plurality of portals; wherein a first predetermined subset of the plurality of users have access to the portal of the plurality of portals; and a second predetermined subset of the plurality of users have access to the predetermined subset of the plurality of portals.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein each portal of the plurality of portals is associated with a predetermined tier of a plurality of tiers within a hierarchy; each portal within the predetermined tier of the plurality of tiers allows a predetermined subset of the users associated the portal to configure an aspect of the plurality of physical computing resources; and only one predetermined tier of the plurality of tiers directly configures the plurality of physical computing resources.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein each portal of the plurality of portals is associated with a predetermined tier of a plurality of tiers within a hierarchy; the lowermost tier of plurality of tiers within the hierarchy directly manages the plurality of physical computing resources; and a predetermined subset of the plurality of users manage the portals in each other tier of the plurality of tiers within the hierarchy; each user within the predetermined subset of the plurality of users managing portals provision through their portals a plurality of services supported by the plurality of physical resources; and each service of the plurality of services provisioned by each user within the predetermined subset of the plurality of users is only accessible to users within the next tier up in the hierarchy.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein each portal of the plurality of portals is associated with a predetermined tier of a plurality of tiers within a hierarchy; the lowermost tier of plurality of tiers within the hierarchy directly manages the plurality of physical computing resources; the uppermost tier of plurality of tiers within the hierarchy purchase computing resources.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein a user of the plurality of users associated with a tier below the uppermost tier of the plurality of tiers can provision a total computing resource relating to the plurality of physical computing resources available to all users in higher tiers who are customers of the user of the plurality of users.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein each portal of the plurality of portals is associated with a predetermined tier of a plurality of tiers within a hierarchy; and each portal of the plurality of portals within the predetermined tier of the plurality of tiers provides: a partner portal allowing the user to configure at least one of a virtual service and a virtual product to be offered to partners; a client portal allowing partners to purchase the at least one of a virtual service and a virtual product offered by the user; and a provider portal allowing the user to configure at least one of a virtual server and a virtual product offered by a user within the tier below the user.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein provisioning computing resources relating to the plurality of physical computing resources comprises provisioning instantiations of a virtual computing machines within the plurality of physical resources.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein each portal of the plurality of portals is associated with a predetermined tier of a plurality of tiers within a hierarchy; each tier of the plurality of tiers is associated with provisioning instantiations of a virtual computing machines within the plurality of physical resources; and the lowermost tier manages the instantiations of a virtual computing machines within the plurality of physical resources according to at least one of guaranteed service levels and guaranteed configurations for the instantiations of the virtual computing machines.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein a portal allows a user to configure at least one of a virtual service and a virtual product offered by the user to other users of the plurality of users; each purchased at least one of a virtual service and a virtual product is implemented as a virtual computing machine; and the virtual computing machine has at least one of a guaranteed service level and a guaranteed configuration.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more inputs via a user interface of the first computer received from the user of the plurality of users relate to creating a customized storefront for the user of the plurality of users accessible through either the predetermined portal of the plurality of portals or another predetermined portal of the plurality of portals.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cloud software application upon the remote server prioritizes implementation of a plurality of virtual machines; wherein each virtual machine associated with a purchased instance of at least one of a virtual service and a virtual product by another user of the plurality of users offered by the user of the plurality of users.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cloud software application upon the remote server prioritizes performance of tasks associated with a plurality of virtual machines; wherein each virtual machine associated with a purchased instance of at least one of a virtual service and a virtual product by another user of the plurality of users offered by the user of the plurality of users; and each task is associated with the another user of the plurality of users.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein each portal of the plurality of portals is associated with a predetermined tier of a plurality of tiers within a hierarchy and a plurality of instance of virtual machines associated with purchases made by users of the plurality of users via the portal of the plurality of portals; and the cloud software application upon the remote server prioritizes performance of tasks associated with a plurality of instances of virtual machines associated with the purchases made by users of the plurality of users via the portal of the plurality of portals in dependence upon at least one of a virtual service and a virtual product purchased by a user of the plurality of users associated with the portal of the plurality of portals.

15. The method according to claim 1, further comprising an application programming interface (API) supported by the cloud software application upon the remote server; wherein the API allows a user of the plurality of users to implement a software application interfacing to the cloud software application.

16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cloud software application tracks actual computing resources utilised upon the plurality of physical computing resources; the utilised computing resources associated with a virtual machine instantiated upon the plurality of computing resources by the cloud software application; and the virtual machine is associated with a purchased instance of at least one of a virtual service and a virtual product.

17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cloud software application tracks actual computing resources utilised upon the plurality of physical computing resources associated with a virtual machine instantiated in dependence upon a purchased instance of at least one of a virtual service and a virtual product; and the cloud software application tracks actual computing resources and bills a predetermined subset of the plurality of users in dependence upon the actual computing resources and contact terms associated with the purchased instance of at least one of the virtual service and the virtual product.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein each user of the predetermined subset of the plurality of users is associated with a predetermined tier of a plurality of tiers within a hierarchy; and the actual computing resources utilised are associated with of at least one of a tier virtual service and a tier virtual product purchased by each user of the predetermined subset of the plurality of users in each tier of the plurality of tiers within the hierarchy; wherein the actual computing resource is virtually sold multiple times, each sale associated with a tier of the plurality of tiers within the hierarchy.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] The invention will now be described in more detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0038] FIG. 1A shows the tiers of the system.

[0039] FIG. 1b shows a possible arrangement of servers connected via the LAN or WAN running software to manage the system or provide services to the system;

[0040] FIG. 2 shows the cloud management software in more detail;

[0041] FIG. 3 illustrates the job/task management software in more detail;

[0042] FIG. 4 illustrates the notification management software in more detail;

[0043] FIG. 5 illustrates the billing management software in more detail;

[0044] FIG. 6 illustrates the web application software in more detail;

[0045] FIGS. 7 to 34 show a sequence of possible user interfaces that show the process of creating a new partner, allowing them access to the system, and then having them create a new client, and some of the screens associated with managing the new client.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] Although the invention will be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to those particular embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalent arrangements as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0047] Service providers have virtual resources that they wish to sell to a client through a sales channel. Embodiments of the invention provide a means of distributing these resources to clients through a business stack that is not available in the prior art. The embodiment provides a method by which a service provider can offer to partners a means to create a cloud based product or service with much greater ease and much less knowledge of the underlying systems. The service can be offered multiple partners, organized in tiers.

[0048] Referring to FIG. 1a, a service provider 170 has resources 180 which includes base servers 105 and SANs (Storage Area Networks) 106. The service provider wants to provide these resources 180 to partners 113, arranged in tiers, so as to allow the partners 113 to provide services to the tier above them. The final tier is the client tier 192, which provides products or services to clients 140.

[0049] The service provider 170 has orchestration servers 101 to host the software and to manage this. The tiers between the service provider tier 181 and the client tier 192 are known as partner tiers 182. The example given here shows the service provider tier 181, and two partner tiers 182, the distributor tier 190, the service vendor tier 191, and the client tier 192. Each tier has a portal that lets the appropriate user configure the tiers above it using various web pages. In this example, the service provider portal 196 can create and manage 197 the distributor tier 190, the service vendor tier 191 and the client tier 192. The partner portal 194 for the distribution tier 190 can create and manage 198 the service vendor tier 191 and the client tier 192. The partner portal 194 for the service vendor tier 191 can create and manage the client tier 192.

[0050] Referring to FIG. 1b, there is a LAN/WAN 100 made up of switches and routers 108 which provide an API 111 that lets software gather statistics like traffic usage, and allows for network and IP configurations for service vendors Attached to the LAN/WAN 100 are one or more orchestration servers 101 which hold the cloud management software module 116, the entity responsible for implementing this embodiment of the invention.

[0051] Within the cloud management software module 116, there is database 130 for holding many forms of information and the web application 115, which is responsible for providing web pages 118 to the web page viewer 114. The cloud management software module communicates with the switches and routers using API 111, the payment applications 104 using API 109 and the virtualization software 107 (for example VMWare) via API 110 and third party providers 120 using API 117.

[0052] The cloud management software module 116 is also responsible for providing various (programmable) notifications to service vendors 113 via for example email 119. Other forms of communication could also be used like SMS or twitter. Its uses notification manger 160 to do this. The web application 115 manages the web pages 118 in the web page viewer 114 in a standard way. Also connected to the LAN/WAN 100 are base servers 105, which run virtualization software 107.

[0053] The cloud management software module 116 communicates with the virtualization software via API 110. The virtualization software 107 also manages the SAN (Storage Area Network) 106 through API 110. The partner app or service 112 resides on the base server 105 using the virtualization software 107 to run. Service vendor 113 uses web page viewer 114 which communicate in a standard way with web application 115 to set up and deploy the partner app or service 112 to clients 140. Clients 140 use a web page viewer 114, which communicates in a standard way with web application 115 to buy apps or services 112 from the partner 113. Attached to the LAN/WAN 100 are one or more payment servers 103 containing payment applications 104.

[0054] The cloud management software module 116 communicates using an API 109 with the payment applications 104. A third party provider 120 may use API 117 to access all the functionality provided by the cloud management software 116 that a partner 113 has access to via the web page viewer 114. API manager 150 handles this. The service provider has ownership 131 of the orchestration servers 101, the base servers 105, the SAN 106 and parts of the LAN/WAN 100 and switches and routers 108.

[0055] FIG. 2 shows more detail on the cloud management software 116. The job/task management software 202 is responsible for workflow and automation. For example, customer orders could be a job that is made up of many tasks. The job/task management software 202 would be responsible for making sure all the tasks within the job are done. It uses API 110, API 111 for accomplishing some of the tasks. It also allows a third party provider 120 (shown in FIG. 1B) through the API manager 150 the ability to manage, change, access and configure the jobs and tasks via API 117.

[0056] The notification manager 160 is responsible for notifying partners 113 (shown in FIG. 1B) via for example email 119 whenever an event takes place that the partner 113 is interested in. An example of this could be when a credit card has been processed for payment. The billing management software 201 is responsible for invoices, billing hourly/monthly/quarterly transactions and payment processing. It uses payment applications 104 (shown in FIG. 1B) to do this via API 109. The database 130 used to hold all the information necessary to manage the partner 113 can further be broken into different categories for functions provided by the embodiment. This database 130 is used by the web application 115 (shown in FIG. 1B) for: [0057] filling in the data displayed to the partner 113 via the web page viewer 114 (shown in FIG. 1B), [0058] the billing management software 201, [0059] the notification manager 160 for retrieving event notification information and partner 113 addresses, and [0060] the job/task management software 202.

[0061] Included in the database 130 is: [0062] Billing data 207 used by billing management 201, [0063] Catalogue management data 205 which is used to manage the partner's 113 raw apps and services 112 (shown in FIG. 1B) and the service provider's ownership 131 (shown in FIG. 1B) of raw underlying services used by the partner 113 to create a catalogue, [0064] Authentication data 205 used to authenticate partners 113, [0065] Resource management data 204 used to manage switches and routers 108 (shown in FIG. 1B) and virtualization software 107 resources, [0066] Storefront management data 203 used to partner 113 branding, settings and storefront and [0067] Product management data 200 which includes marketing material, pricing, and configuration used to manage partner's 113 product which is built around one or more catalogues. [0068] Job and task data 209, which is used to define the jobs and tasks in the system. [0069] Notification data 210, which is used for notifications.

[0070] FIG. 3 shows task management 202 in more detail. Many jobs are defined in the system and stored in the job data 300. Any time a service provider 170, a partner 113 or client 140 commits on a web page (see FIGS. 7 to 34) the web application 115 adds a job 304 to the job queue 306. The job queues 306 are prioritized depending on the web page adding them, since some jobs 304 are more important or real time sensitive than others. Billing management 201 can also add jobs 304 to the job queue 306. Through API 117 third party providers 120 (shown in FIG. 1B) can add jobs 304 to the job queue 306.

[0071] The job manager 302 is responsible for managing the job queues 306 and the jobs 304 based on the job data 300. Jobs 304 defined by job data 300 are made up of 307 tasks 305 which are defined by task data 301. The job manager 302 builds the tasks 305 associated to the job 304. When the job manager 302 runs a job 304, it adds the tasks 305 that make up the job 304 to the task queues 308.

[0072] The task manager 303 is responsible for running all the tasks 305 in the task queues 306. Each type of task 305 has its own queue. Each task 305 knows how to communicate with external resources through APIs 110 and 111 in order to get the task 305 done. The job manager 302 and task manager 303 are multi-threaded. Because the tasks 305 are abstracted, if they need to change, or if new tasks 305 are added to the system, then the changes are isolated to the job manager 302 and task manager 303, the rest of the system is not affected.

[0073] FIG. 4 shows how the notification manager 160 works. The notification data 210 is made up of notification templates 400 which define the notifications 401 sent out, and notifications 401 which are instances of 405 notification templates 400. The task manager 303 and billing management 201 both add notifications 402 to the notification data 210. They do this by using a template 402 and filing it with data. The notification manager 160 monitors 406 the notification data 210, and when a new notification 401 is added it is responsible for sending it out (for example and email 119). Other forms of notification are also possible, for example SMS messages or Twitter tweets. The web application 115 manages 404 the notification templates 400 through web pages 118 (shown in FIG. 1B).

[0074] FIG. 5 further expands billing management 201. Billing management 201 is made up of the timed billing transaction manager 500, the automatic credit card payment manager 501 the balance notification manager 502 and the account suspension manager 503.

[0075] The timed billing transaction manager 500 gathers a list of partners 113 and subsequent clients 140 (shown in FIG. 1B) from the billing data 207. From that it gets a list of active products, the usage figures and the cost per unit of usage for each from the product management data 200 (which uses the catalogue management data 206 and resource management data 204 to get the information). The timed billing transaction manager 500 then computes the price per active product by multiplying the usage figure times the cost per unit and creates a transaction in the billing data 207 for the client 140. It also keeps a running total of all resources used by the clients 140 for the partner 113 which is stored as a transaction for the partner 113 in the billing data 207. It uses the notification manager 160 to add a notification 402 to send to the clients 140 and partners 113.

[0076] The client 140 can set up an automatic balance top up, for automatic payment for services, in which they pick a threshold for the balance, which when reached adds a programmable amount of money to their account. The automatic credit card payment manager 501 manages this and uses the notification manager 160 to add a notification 402 to send to the clients 140.

[0077] The balance notification manager 502 uses the notification manager to add a notification 402 about service time remaining to send to the clients 140.

[0078] The account suspension manager 503 monitors all the client 140 accounts, and if the $ amount goes below a certain threshold, then it suspends all services by adding a job 504 to the job/task management 202. It uses the notification manager 160 to add a notification 402 to send to the clients 140. It uses API 109 to process credit cards through the payment applications 104.

[0079] FIG. 6 shows how the web application 215 works. The database 130 is managed, viewed and consumed via software implementing three portals, the service provider portal software 600, the partner portal software 601 and the client portal software 602. The database stores a model vanilla storefront with configurable parameters so that it can be customized to the needs of individual partners. The storefront can be customized to show a partner's logo, types of products and services etc. By setting values of the configurable parameters the storefront can be fully customized to have the look and feel of a custom-designed website.

[0080] Web pages 118 are populated from the database 130 and viewed by a web page viewer 114. Users of the web page viewer 114 cause data to be written into database 130. The service provider 170 creates or assigns resources for the partner 113 to use via the service provider portal software 600, which causes jobs 304 to be sent to the job manager 302. The service provider 170 can also manage jobs 304 and tasks 305 through the service provider portal software 600. The partner 113 creates or assigns resources for the client 140 to use via the partner portal software 601, which causes jobs 304 to be sent to the job manager 302. The client 140 uses the client software portal 602 to buy a partner app or service 112.

[0081] FIGS. 7 to 34 show a step-by-step process of creating a new partner 113, allowing them access to the system, and then having them create a new client 140, and some of the screens associated with managing the new client 140.

[0082] FIG. 7 shows the service provider 170 portal 196 web page 118 for creating a partner account for Company Y. The service provider 170 fills in all the data and once they commit the form, a job 304 (shown in FIG. 3) is sent to create a new partner 113 and their data is stored in the database 130.

[0083] FIG. 8 shows an example email sent to the new partner 113 that gives them all the credentials for logging in and managing their new account and for example creating a new storefront.

[0084] FIG. 9 shows the partner portal 194 web page 118 for logging in to their new account.

[0085] Once they log in FIG. 10 shows the next web page 118 in the partner portal 194. They click on store 1000 to create the catalogue of sellable apps or services 112.

[0086] FIG. 11 shows the web page 118 for the partner 113 to configure their store through the partner portal 194. They add their online payment gateway settings, which are provided by the third party payment application 104 (shown in FIG. 1B) in the payment server 103 (shown in FIG. 1B) via API 109 (shown in FIG. 1B) (an example would be an Internet Payment Merchant like PayPal). Once this form is committed, the data is stored in database 130 and a job 304 is sent to configure the store and add their payment settings.

[0087] FIG. 12 shows more of the web page 118 for the partner 113 to configure their store. After configuring the online payment gateway the partner 113 also sets their store branding preferences. This allows the partner 113 to make the hosted storefront appear as if it is their own and hosted from their own site (see FIG. 21). Once this form is committed, the data is stored in database 130 and a job 304 is sent to set up the store branding.

[0088] The partner 113 then wants to add a new product to the store. FIG. 13 shows the web page 118 in partner portal 194 to do this. They click on the products button 1300 to do this.

[0089] In FIG. 14 they click on add product 1301 to add products and build a catalogue.

[0090] FIG. 15 shows the add product web page 118 which is part of the partner portal 194. They can create the product using an online template 1500, or they can build their own product by filling in the appropriate data 1501 (which then uses for example VMware OVF and OVA files).

[0091] FIG. 16 now shows that the product has been created 1600 and is part of the catalogue.

[0092] FIG. 17 shows that next the partner 113 wants to add clients 140 (shown in FIG. 1B). They go back to the partner portal 194 web page 118 where they can click on the client's button 1700 to add clients 140.

[0093] FIG. 18 shows the client management web page 118 in the partner portal 194. The partner 113 adds clients 140 by clicking on the add client button 1800.

[0094] FIG. 19 shows the client 140 configuration web page 118 for the partner portal 194. When committed, it adds the information to database 130 and starts a job 304 to create the client account. Details including login information are emailed to client 140 via the notification manager 160.

[0095] FIG. 20 shows the client 140 now has a client portal 602 which has a dashboard which shows account activity including additional client self service functions: settings, billing, transaction, credit card processing, payment schedule, active apps or services 112, IP address allocation and amount of bandwidth used.

[0096] FIG. 21 shows the web page 118 seen when a client 140 browses to the store (companyy.cloudhostedservers.com) where they see the products 2100 available for sale which are part of the client portal software 602.

[0097] FIG. 22 shows what happens when the client 140 clicks on a product 2100 available for sale. When the client 140 selects the product 2100 they have some configuration choices available. A real-time cost of the product is shown in amount per hours 2200. Once the client 140 is done they click on add to cart 2201 (see FIG. 24).

[0098] FIG. 23 shows a case (for product 2) where the optional selections may be minimized 2300 to make it simple for client 140 and to guarantee a quality of service that the original app/service 112 developer requires.

[0099] FIG. 24 shows the web page 118 shown once the add to cart 2201 button is pressed. When the client 140 clicks on place order 2400 it goes to the client 140 log in web page 118 (see FIG. 25) or the order is placed if the client 140 is already logged in.

[0100] FIG. 25 shows the client 140 log in web page 118 which authorizes the payment to be made and when successfully logged in 2500, the web application 115 stores the data in database 130 and adds a job 304 to the job manager 302 to process the buying of the new product 2100. New users can do a self-serve sign-up 2501 by clicking the button.

[0101] FIG. 26 shows the web page 118 after the client 140 successfully logs in. Upon client 140 payment completion, the virtual machine on the base server 105 is created using virtualization software 107 and the partner application or service 112 is deployed and associated to client 140. In some cases the service or application 112 is (1) licensed in an automated way via the partner 113 platform or (2) a script is run behind the scenes to provision the service or application 112 or (3) the service or application 112 is loaded and when first run by the client 140 a license must be input.

[0102] FIG. 27 shows that after a time period the virtual machine on the base server 105 which is running the app or service 112 is ready and shown as running 2700. Through this page the client 140 has the ability to add CPU/RAM/HDD resources on the fly via the actions button 2701, which is also unique to this embodiment (see more detail FIG. 29). The client 140 can also pause their instance of the partner app or service 112 in the event it is no longer needed. In this case the pricing model changes (to a nominal amount), the image of the client instance of the partner app or service 112 is kept in storage and can be activated at a moment's notice by pressing the Play button 2702. From this menu the client can also clone the partner app or service 112 to expedite additional images.

[0103] FIG. 28 shows an example of a list 2800 of all active partner apps or services 112 under the client 140 profile. This is seen when the cloud overview button 2801 is clicked. As shown, there can be more than one instance of the same product running.

[0104] FIG. 29 shows the details of the first active partner app or service 112 for the client 140. Clicking on billing summary 2900 gets the client 140 to FIG. 30.

[0105] FIG. 30 is a web page 118 for client portal 602 that shows a timed billing summary for all partner apps or services 112 for the client 140 account (this is also available at a higher level for the service vendor 113).

[0106] FIG. 31 is a web page 118 for client portal 602 that shows bandwidth details for specific or a sum total for all of the client 140 partner apps or services 112.

[0107] FIG. 32 is back at the partner portal 194 after the partner 113 logs in. They click on billing 3200 to see reports on all their clients 140.

[0108] FIG. 33 shows the web page 118 for the partner portal 194 that shows the partner 113 can see all of their clients 140. Billing and revenue details are provided at the highest level for the partner 113.

[0109] FIG. 34 shows the web page 118 for the partner portal 194 that shows the sum total of all the client 140 details.

[0110] It will thus be seen that the invention provides distribution chain whereby the distribution of products and services is performed through distributors operating in a cloud environment.

[0111] It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the invention. For example, a processor may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software. When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared. Moreover, explicit use of the term processor should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, network processor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), read only memory (ROM) for storing software, random access memory (RAM), and non-volatile storage. Other hardware, conventional and/or custom, may also be included. The functional blocks illustrated herein may in practice be implemented in hardware or software.