Abstract
An axial piston pump having several pistons has a magnetic encoder (5), which is arranged on a swash plate, and a magnetic field sensor, which is arranged in such a way that it faces towards the magnetic encoder (5). The magnetic encoder (5) has at least two permanent magnets (2, 3) and a plate (4) which consists of a ferromagnetic material. The permanent magnets (2, 3) are arranged on the plate (4) in such a way that they each faces a magnetic pole towards the plate (4), and this pole is at least partially covered by the plate (4) in each case.
Claims
1. An axial piston pump (6) having several pistons (64), having a magnetic encoder (5) arranged on a swash plate (65), and a magnetic field sensor (7) which is arranged in such a way that it faces towards the magnetic encoder (5), characterised in that the magnetic encoder (5) has a housing made of a non-ferromagnetic material, which has at least two recesses (121, 122) in which at least two permanent magnets (2, 3) are arranged and a plate (4) which consists of a ferromagnetic material, where the at least two recesses are covered by the plate, and wherein the at least two permanent magnets (2, 3) are arranged on the plate (4) in such a way that they each face a magnetic pole (21, 31) towards the plate (4), and each pole (21, 31) is at least partially covered by the plate (4) in each case, and where all surfaces of the permanent magnets (2, 3) which do not contact the plate (4) are surrounded by at least one non-ferromagnetic material.
2. The axial piston pump (6) according to claim 1, characterised in that a first of the least two permanent magnets (2) faces its south pole (21) towards the plate (4), and a second of the at least two permanent magnet (3) faces its north pole (31) towards the plate (4).
3. The axial piston pump (6) according to claim 1, characterised in that a distance between the at least two permanent magnets (2, 3) and the plate (4) is in each case a maximum of 500 μm.
4. The axial piston pump (6) according to claim 1, characterised in that the plate (4) has a thickness in the range of from 0.5 mm to 1.2 mm.
5. The axial piston pump (6) according to claim 1, characterised in that the housing (1) has at least one fastening element (111, 112) for fastening to the swash plate (65), wherein the fastening element (111, 112) is arranged on the same side of the housing (1) as the plate (4).
6. The axial piston pump (6) according to claim 1, characterised in that the plate (4) is arranged between the magnetic field sensor (7) and the pistons (64) in such a way that the plate (4) faces the pistons (64) and the at least two permanent magnets (2, 3) face the magnetic field sensor (7).
7. The axial piston pump (6) according to claim 1, characterised in that the plate (4) is arranged, in one position of the swash plate (65), parallel to the pistons (64).
8. The axial piston pump (6) according to claim 1, characterised in that the longitudinal axes of both of the at least two permanent magnets (2, 3) are arranged, in one position of the swash plate (65), parallel to pistons (64).
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) Exemplary embodiments of the invention are depicted in the drawings and explained in more detail in the following description.
(2) FIGS. 1a and 1b each show an isometric view of a housing of a magnetic encoder according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
(3) FIG. 2 shows an isometric view of a magnetic encoder according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention having a removed plate.
(4) FIG. 3 shows an isometric view of a magnetic encoder according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
(5) FIG. 4 shows a schematic sectional view of a magnetic encoder according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
(6) FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of elements of an axial piston pump.
(7) FIG. 6 shows, in a schematic sectional view, the arrangement of a magnetic encoder in an axial piston pump in an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
(8) FIG. 7 shows a schematic sectional view of a magnetic encoder which is not in accordance with the invention.
(9) FIGS. 8a and 8b show, in diagrams, changes in linearity in the event of maladjustment of a magnetic encoder on a swash plate.
(10) FIG. 9 shows an isometric view of another magnetic encoder which is not in accordance with the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
(11) In FIGS. 1a and 1b, a housing 1 of a magnetic encoder according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention is depicted. This housing 1 consists of zinc and can be produced by means of die casting. It is divided into a first section 11 and a second section 12, which are integrally connected to each other. The housing 1 is shown in FIG. 1a from its upper side and in FIG. 1b from its underside. The first section 11 is thinner than the second section 12, wherein the second section 12 protrudes towards the upper side of the housing 1 in relation to the first section 11. The first section 11 has two fastening elements 111, 112 in the form of pins on the underside. These serve to precisely adjust the position of the magnetic encoder on a swash plate. The second section 12 is open towards the underside. It has two substantially cuboid recesses 121, 122, whose longitudinal axes run in parallel and extend towards the first section 11. These two recesses 121, 122 are designed to accommodate permanent magnets. A third recess 123, which is not provided to accommodate a permanent magnet, is arranged between the first two recesses 121, 122. It is used for manufacturing the housing 1 in a die casting process. Four pins 124 to 127 are arranged in the second section and extend away from the underside. They serve to connect the housing 1 to a plate which closes the first two recesses 121, 122.
(12) In FIG. 2, it is depicted how two permanent magnets 2, 3 can be arranged in the two recesses 121, 122 of the housing 1. Furthermore, a plate 4, which consists of steel, is depicted. This has four openings whose positions correspond to the positions of the pins 124 to 127. The housing 1, the two permanent magnets 2, 3 and the plate 4 together form a magnetic encoder 5 according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
(13) In FIG. 3, the magnetic encoder 5 is depicted in its assembled state. The plate 4 now covers all recesses 121 to 123 in the second section 12 of the housing 1. It is pressed with the pins 124 to 127 in such a way that it rests without gaps on the two permanent magnets 2, 3. Here, it completely covers the two permanent magnets 2, 3 and also extends beyond the rectangular surface area spanned by the permanent magnets 2, 3.
(14) A sectional view of the magnetic encoder 5 transverse to the longitudinal axis of the permanent magnets 2, 3 is depicted in FIG. 4. The permanent magnets 2, 3 are each polarised in such a way that one of their poles faces towards the plate 4 and contacts it, whereas the other pole faces away from the plate 4 and contacts the housing 1. Here, the south pole 21 of the first permanent magnet 2 faces towards the plate 4 and its north pole 22 faces away from it. The north pole 31 of the second permanent magnet 3 faces towards the plate 4 and its south pole 32 faces away from it. Except of the underside of the magnetic encoder 5, on which the permanent magnets 2, 3 contact the plate 4, the permanent magnets 2, 3 are surrounded by zinc of the housing 1.
(15) FIG. 5 shows the construction of a conventional axial piston pump 6, which is designed as a swash plate pump. A rotatable drum 62 is arranged on a control disk 61, which can be set in rotation via a pump shaft 63. This has six pistons 64, which are each mounted on an inclined swash plate 65.
(16) FIG. 6 shows how the magnetic encoder 5 can be arranged on the swash plate 65 according to the above-described exemplary embodiment. It is fastened to the swash plate 65 with its fastening elements 111, 112 in such a way that the underside of its second section 12 and thus the plate 4 faces towards the pistons 64. The pump housing 66, which encloses the elements of the axial piston pump 6, has an opening in the area of the magnetic encoder 5, through which a magnetic field sensor 7 in the form of a Hall-effect sensor is guided. This allows movements of the permanent magnets 2, 3 in the magnetic encoder 5 to be detected and the angle of the swash plate 65 in relation to the pump shaft 63 to thus be deduced. The pistons 64, which consist of ferromagnetic steel, only minimally disturb the magnetic field of the two permanent magnets 2, 3 during their movement, since they are shielded from the pistons 64 by the plate 4. In addition, the longitudinal axes of the permanent magnets 2, 3 in the magnetic encoder 5 run in parallel to the longitudinal axes of the pistons 64.
(17) As a comparative example, FIG. 7 schematically depicts the construction of a magnetic encoder 8 which is not in accordance with the invention. This has a single permanent magnet 81 having two poles 811, 812. Here, the north pole 811 is located on one end of the longitudinal axis of the permanent magnet 81 and its south pole 822 is located on the other end of its longitudinal axis. While one side surface of the permanent magnet 81 is exposed, its other side surfaces are surrounded by a non-ferromagnetic plastic 82. This in turn is surrounded by a metal housing 83. Orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of the permanent magnet 81, this is distanced by 4 mm from the metal housing 83 by means of the plastic material 82.
(18) Changes in the linearity L of the magnetic encoder 5 according to the invention and the magnetic encoder 8 not according to the invention when arranged in an axial piston pump 6 in the manner depicted in FIG. 6 are depicted in FIGS. 8a and 8b for different maladjustments of the magnetic encoders 5, 8. Here, FIG. 8a shows the influence of maladjustments d.sub.x along the plane of the magnetic encoder 5, 8, and FIG. 8b shows the influence of maladjustments d.sub.z of the magnetic encoder 5, 8 along an axis between the piston 64 and the magnetic field sensor 7. Since the magnetic encoder 5 according to the invention has two permanent magnets 2, 3, the changes in the linearity L.sub.2, L.sub.3 are set out for the two permanent magnets 2, 3, while for the magnetic encoder 8 which is not in accordance with the invention, only the change in linearity L.sub.81 of its individual permanent magnet 81 is depicted. It can be seen that a radial maladjustment d.sub.x of the magnetic encoder 5 according to the invention leads to considerably fewer non-linearities than with the magnetic encoder 8 not in accordance with the invention. In addition, the magnetic encoder 5 according to the invention is substantially insensitive to an offset between the piston 64 and the magnetic field sensor 7, while the magnetic encoder 8 not in accordance with the invention also reacts to this with considerable non-linearities.
(19) As a further comparative example, FIG. 9 depicts the design of a magnetic encoder 9 not in accordance with the invention according to DE 20 2009 008 372 U1. This has two parallel permanent magnets 91, 92 each having two poles 911, 912, 921, 922. Here, the north pole 911 of the first permanent magnet 91 is located on a first end of the longitudinal axis of the first permanent magnet 91, and its south pole 912 is located on the second end of its longitudinal axis. The south pole 921 of the second permanent magnet 92 is located on the first end of the longitudinal axis of the second permanent magnet 921 and its north pole 922 is located on the second end of its longitudinal axis. Thus both permanent magnets 91, 92 are oppositely polarised. The permanent magnets 91, 92 are arranged on a plate 93 made of sheet steel.
(20) In order to compare the magnetic encoder 5 according to the invention with the magnetic encoder 9 according to DE 20 2009 008 372 U1, simulations of two magnetic encoders were carried out, which each have two cuboid permanent magnets having a length of 16.25 mm in the x-direction, a width of 6.6 mm in the y-direction and a height of 4.5 mm in the z-direction. These are arranged at a distance of 6.5 mm from each other in the y-direction and each have a nominal remanence of 1.1 T. A polarisation of the permanent magnets was assumed in the z-direction for the magnetic encoder according to the invention, and in the x-direction for the magnetic encoder not according to the invention, wherein the two permanent magnets were polarised in opposite directions. At a distance of 6 mm in the z-direction, it resulted in a magnetic flux density of 50 mT for the magnetic encoder according to the invention, and a magnetic flux density of 1.1 μT for the magnetic encoder not according to the invention. A distance of 6 mm is structurally necessary in the arrangement according to FIG. 6 between the magnetic encoder 5 and the magnetic field sensor 7. For the function of the magnetic field sensor 7, a magnetic flux density in the range of from 30 mT to 90 mT at the magnetic field sensor 7 is recommended. This shows that the magnetic encoder 9 not in accordance with the invention, unlike the magnetic encoder 5 according to the invention, is not suitable for monitoring an axial piston pump 6 by attaching it to a swash plate 65.
