Pulsed non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma processing system

Abstract

A system for generating and delivering a low temperature, wide, partially ionized tunable plasma stream is described. The system employs a fast rising, repetitive high voltage pulse generator, flowing gas, and a plasma head to produce the described atmospheric pressure plasma stream and its associated active species. The plasma head may have an exit slit with a relatively wide dimension to produce a relative wide plasma stream. Electrodes may be located proximate the exit slit, for example one in an interior of the plasma head via with gas flows toward the exit slit, and the other exterior to the plasma head and offset from the exit slit. The plasma may include baffle material to enhance a uniformity of flow through and across the exit slit. Plasma heads with having exit slit with different widths may be provided as a kit.

Claims

1. A system to produce and deliver a wide beam of non-thermal, atmospheric pressure, partially ionized tunable plasma comprising: at least one plasma head, the at least one plasma head including an exit slit and two electrodes spaced apart from one another at least proximate the exit slit and which apply a high voltage pulse across a flowing gas, wherein the exit slit has a width that extends transversely to a flow of the flowing gas and a height that extends transversely to the flow of the flowing gas and that is perpendicular to the width of the exit slit, the height of the exit slit being smaller than the width of the exit slit, a first one of the electrodes is positioned in an interior of the at least one plasma head, and a second one of the electrodes is positioned externally from the interior of the at least one plasma head, and wherein the first one of the electrodes comprises a plate that has a width that spans the width of the exit slit and that has a leading edge and a trailing edge, the trailing edge spaced downstream in the flow of the flowing gas with respect to the leading edge and the flowing gas physical contacts a surface the first one of the electrodes as the flowing gas transits from the leading edge to the trailing edge; and at least one fast rising repetitive pulse generator coupled to drive the electrodes of at least one plasma head.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein the plasma head includes a gas input to receive a flow of gas, and a flow path within the plasma head that extends between the gas input and the exit slit.

3. The system of claim 2, further comprising a gas supply fluidly coupleable to the gas input and which is variably operable both in composition and flow rate in order to achieve a set of desired plasma characteristics.

4. The system of claim 2 wherein the first one of the electrodes is positioned in an interior of the exit slit, and the second one of the electrodes is positioned externally from the interior of the exist slit.

5. The system of claim 4 wherein the trailing edge of the first one of the electrodes is positioned spaced relatively upstream of a leading edge of the second one of the electrodes with respect to a direction of flow long the flow path.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein the plasma head further includes a baffle positioned along the flow path between the gas input and the exit slit.

7. The system of claim 1 wherein the baffle comprises a baffle material without an ordered structure.

8. The system of claim 1 wherein the first one of the electrodes is a high voltage electrode, and a second one of the electrodes is ground electrode.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the fast rising repetitive pulse generator is operable to generate high voltage pulses with rises at a rate greater than 100 V/ns, with a duration less than 100 nanoseconds, and repeatable at a user-selected frequency greater than 100 Hz.

10. A plasma head to produce in a wide beam of non-thermal, atmospheric pressure, partially ionized tunable plasma, the plasma head comprising: a body having an interior and an exterior, a flow path, and an exit slit, the exit slit having a width and a height, the width greater than the height; a first electrode carried by the body at least proximate the exit slit; a second electrode carried by the body at least proximate the exit slit and spaced from the first electrode, wherein a first one of the two conductive electrodes is in the interior of the body and has a width that extends across an entirety of the width of the exit slit and has a leading edge and a trailing edge, the trailing edge spaced downstream in the flow of the flowing gas with respect to the leading edge and is in physical contact with the gas flow, and wherein the second one of the two conductive electrodes is exterior to the interior of the body and is not in physical contact with the gas flow; at least one terminal to electrical couple at least one of the first and the second electrodes a pulse generator to receive high voltage DC voltage pulses; at least one gas input port to fluidly couple the flow path to a source of gas; a baffle in the flow path between the at least one gas input port and the exit slit to mix an input gas flow.

11. The plasma head of claim 10, wherein a first one of the two conductive electrodes comprises a surface positioned in the interior of the body and the surface is defined by the width of the first one of the two conductive electrodes and by the leading and trailing edges of the first one of the two conductive electrodes, the surface in physical contact with the gas flow.

12. The plasma head of claim 11 wherein the second one of the two conductive electrodes has a leading edge spaced 2 mm to 5 mm downstream from a trailing edge of the first one of the two conductive electrodes which is in the interior of the body.

13. The plasma head of claim 12 wherein the second one of the two conductive electrodes which is exterior to the interior of the body has a trailing edge that is spaced at least 2 mm upstream from exit slit of the plasma head.

14. The plasma head of claim 10 wherein a first one of the two conductive electrodes is positioned spaced relatively upstream of a second one of the two conductive electrodes with respect to a direction of gas flow long the flow path.

15. The plasma head of claim 14 wherein the first one of the two conductive electrodes is positioned from 5 mm to 10 mm upstream from the exit slit with respect to the gas flow along the flow path.

16. The plasma head of claim 10 wherein the first electrode is a high voltage electrode positioned in an interior of the plasma head, and the second electrode is a ground electrode positioned externally from the interior of the plasma head.

17. The plasma head of claim 10 wherein the baffle comprises a baffle material without an ordered structure.

18. The plasma head of claim 10, further comprising an electrically insulating material that physically separates the second electrode from the gas flow along the gas flow path.

19. The plasma head of claim 10 wherein the surface is a rectangular surface which is exposed to the gas flow in the gas flow path.

20. The plasma head of claim 10 wherein an electric field generated by the first and the second electrodes is predominately in a direction of the flow of the flowing gas along the flow path.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not necessarily drawn to scale, and some of these elements are arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn, are not necessarily intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and have been solely selected for ease of recognition in the drawings.

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a plasma treatment system, operable to generate low temperature plasma according to at least one illustrated implementation.

(3) FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a drive circuit suitable for inclusion in the fast rising pulse generator of FIG. 1, according to at least one illustrated implementation, the illustrated drive circuit operable to generate the repetitive, high voltage, nanosecond duration electrical pulses used to generate the plasma.

(4) FIG. 3A is a top plan view of a plasma head, according to at least one illustrated implementation.

(5) FIG. 3B is a top plan view of the plasma head of FIG. 3A.

(6) FIG. 3C is a sectional view of the plasma head of FIG. 3A

(7) FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing lap-shear strength evaluation results from EPDM material, with (right) and without (left) plasma treatment.

(8) FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing 180° peel strength evaluation results from silicone material, with and without plasma treatment.

(9) FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing a comparison of water contact angle (WCA) and peel strength over time after silicone surface activation treatment by the subject plasma treatment system.

(10) FIG. 7 is a line graph showing a WCA (Water Contact Angle) of a substrate treated by the subject plasma treatment system.

(11) FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing a surface free energy measured after plasma treatment at various distances.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(12) In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosed implementations and embodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognize that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures associated with plasma generation and gas delivery systems have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the implementations and embodiments.

(13) Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.”

(14) Reference throughout this specification to “one implementation” or “an implementation” or “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the implementation or embodiment is included in at least one implementation or embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “one implementation” or “an implementation” or “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same implementation or embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more implementations or embodiments.

(15) As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

(16) The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the implementations or embodiments.

(17) The present disclosure relates to means of generating a low temperature (less than 50 degrees Celsius) wide plasma stream.

(18) FIG. 1 shows a plasma treatment system 100 according to at least one illustrated implementation, operable to generate a low temperature wide plasma stream 102 by using a repetitive, fast rising, pulsed voltage generator 104, a source of gas 106, and a plasma head 108.

(19) The pulsed voltage generator 104 of plasma treatment system 100 includes a power supply 200 (FIG. 2) operable to generate fast rising high voltage pulses. The voltage pulses are delivered to the plasma head 108, preferably by the coaxial cable 110.

(20) The source of gas 106 of the plasma treatment system 100 may take a variety of forms that provide one a flow or flows of one or more gases to, or at least proximate, the plasma head 108. The source of gas 106 may, for example take the form of one or more reservoirs of compressed gas(es) and one or more compressors operable and fluidly coupled to increase a pressure of gas(es) in the reservoir(s), Alternatively or additionally, the source of gas 106 may include one or more fans, blowers or air movers operable to produce a stream or flow of gas(es). In at least some implementations, the plasma treatment system 100 may include one or more conduits 112 (e.g., hollow tubing) to deliver one or more gases (e.g., compressed gases) to the plasma head 108.

(21) The supplied gas can be a noble gas (such as helium or argon) or compressed air and is provided at flow rates from 0.5 to 50 standard liters per minute (typically 5 SLPM). The flow rate should be high enough to provide a fast-moving gas channel that helps extend the plasma out from the plasma head 108 and into open air, but excessively high flow rates result in turbulent flow that causes the flow to quickly mix with ambient air upon exiting the plasma head 108 thereby quenching the plasma 102. Excessively small flow rates prevent the plasma 102 from extending past the plasma head 108 which limits the ability of the plasma 102 to reach and treat surfaces. The gas may include small amounts (1-5%) of reactive gases (such as oxygen or nitrogen) to encourage desired activation, cleaning, etching or disinfection chemistry in and around the plasma stream 102. Alternatively, the gas may include precursor chemicals that, after being mixed and energized in the plasma stream 102, are subsequently deposited on a substrate to form a desired coating. These precursor chemicals can be destroyed by the plasma 102 if it is too energetic, or they may fail to coat properly if the plasma 102 is not sufficiently energetic. It is important advantage of the described approach to be able to tune the plasma 102 properties in order to achieve the desired coating characteristics.

(22) The plasma head 108 of the plasma treatment system 100 applies the incoming voltage pulses to the stream of moving gas. The electric field created by the voltage pulse is sufficient to ionize a small portion of the gas. The energetic free electrons drive reactions which create excited and reactive species from the surrounding air. The gas then exits the plasma head 108 via a wide exit slit 114 as a combination of charged and neutral particles that includes excited and reactive species.

(23) FIG. 2 shows a drive circuit 200 that is operable to generate a fast rising high voltage pulse to drive a plasma treatment system 100 (FIG. 1), for example the system illustrated in FIG. 1. A series of inductively coupled switching stages 202a, 202b, 202c, 202d (only four shown, collectively 202) discharge capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4 in series to achieve voltage multiplication. The discharge capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4 are charged via a capacitor charger 204. The switching stages 202 each include a respective transformer T, T2, T3, T4, inductor L1, L2, L3, L4, operating switches M1, M2, M3, M4, and are coupled to ground via respective diodes D5, D6, D7, D8. Operating switches M1, M2, M3, M4 causes energy to flow from these capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4 to energize a drift step recovery diode D9, which rapidly interrupts energy stored by a charge circuit inductor L5 to produce a high power, high voltage electrical pulse, which is transmitted via coaxial cable 110 to electrodes of the plasma head 108.

(24) The output of the pulse generator 104 may be of variable amplitude between 1 and 20 kV, but typically operates near 10 kV. The pulse generator 104 generates pulses that are less than 100 nanoseconds in duration, typically between 5 and 20 ns. These pulses repeat at a frequency between single shot up to 100 kHz, but typically in the range of 1 kHz. The average electrical power delivered to the electrodes of the plasma head 108 can range from a few Watts (for narrow plasma heads or mild plasma treatments) to 250 Watts (for wider plasma heads or more intense plasma streams). This approach is in contrast to available AC-driven plasma sources which typically require higher power, generate higher temperatures, and result in more narrow plasma streams with narrower windows of operation for the plasma parameters. By adjusting a combination of the applied voltage, the pulse repetition rate and the gas flow, the plasma stream can achieve various levels of strength with respect to numbers and types of reactive species (e.g., ozone, OH, excited oxygen, excited nitrogen). Thus, this plasma treatment system 100 (FIG. 1) is capable of providing gentle treatments on sensitive substrates as well as intense treatments for more robust substrates. This plasma treatment system 100 is also capable of gently depositing complex precursor chemicals without breaking desired bonds or the plasma can be tuned to dissociate the precursor chemicals so that the nature of the coating is quite different chemically from the precursor material.

(25) As an example of the ability of the described plasma treatment system to perform desired surface activation on a temperature-sensitive substrate, FIG. 4 provides a relative strength of an adhesive bond applied between two pieces of widely used ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. When the surface of the EPDM rubber was treated with the described plasma system prior to applying the adhesive, the bond strength increased by a factor of 4 relative to untreated EPDM rubber. Pulling the two pieces of the plasma treated EPDM rubber apart resulted in a tearing of the EPDM rubber material itself rather than any failure of the adhesive or its bond to the EPDM rubber. This result also clearly demonstrates that treatment of the EPDM rubber by the described plasma treatment system did not cause any thermal damage to the surface of the EPDM rubber due to excessive heat.

(26) The surface of silicone is notoriously difficult to modify for adhesive applications. Even when silicone is successfully activated, the effect typically decays within minutes or even within seconds. The effectiveness of treatment with the described plasma treatment system for improving the strength of an adhesive bond between two pieces of silicone is shown in FIG. 5, and a time stability of the treatment of silicone with the described plasma treatment system is shown in FIG. 6.

(27) In particular, FIG. 5 shows 180° peel strength evaluation results from silicone material, with and without plasma treatment.

(28) In particular, FIG. 6 shows a comparison of water contact angle (WCA) and peel strength over time after silicone surface activation treatment by the subject plasma treatment system. A time window of five minutes appears sufficient to accomplish a bonding process resulting in higher bonding strength. Even after 60 minutes the surface activation effect was still visible, albeit slightly diminished.

(29) FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C show the plasma head 108 of the plasma treatment system 100, according to at least one illustrated implementation.

(30) The plasma head 108 includes a housing or body 300, a high voltage (HV) electrode PH1 carried by the housing or body 300, and a ground electrode PH2 carried by the housing or body 300 and spaced from the HV electrode PH1, as described below. The plasma head 108 includes a high voltage input, terminal or node 302 to electrically couple a high voltage to the HV electrode PH1, for example from a pulse generator 104 (FIG. 1) driven by a drive circuit 200 (FIG. 2). A ground input, terminal or node (not shown) electrically couples the ground electrode PH2 to a ground, for example from a pulse generator 104 (FIG. 1) driven by a drive circuit 200 (FIG. 2). The plasma head 108 preferably includes electrical insulation PH 4, to electrically insulate the HV electrode PH1 from the ground electrode PH2, as described below.

(31) As previously discussed, the plasma head 108 includes an exit slit 114, via which gas and/or plasma 102 (FIG. 1) is dispensed or ejected from the plasma head 108. The plasma head 108 include a gas input port 304 (e.g., coupler, quick disconnect coupler, fitting) to fluidly couple a flow of gas to the plasma head 108 from a source of gas 106 (FIG. 1), for example via a hollow tube 112 (FIG. 1) with a complementary fitting at the end thereof. The plasma head 108 includes a fluid flow path in an interior 306 of the housing or body 300 that extends between the gas input port 304 and the exit slit 114, to guide a flow of gas toward the exit slit 114. The fluid flow path may be formed or defined by one or more structures, for example the housing or body 300 of the plasma head 108, a lid PH5 of the plasma head, and/or a baffle (e.g., vanes, screens, baffle material for instance nonwoven fibrous material without an ordered structure) PH3 of the plasma head 108.

(32) The plasma head 108 is where the incoming inputs of a voltage pulse and a gas flow are joined to result in the generation of partially ionized plasma 102 (typically less than 1%) that is then delivered through the exit slit 114. Where the plasma head 108 includes a baffle PH3, the incoming gas stream is mixed in the baffle PH3 in order to provide a more uniform flow through and across the exit slit 114. Non-uniformity in the gas flow results in non-uniformity in the plasma stream 102 (FIG. 1) that exits the plasma head 108.

(33) The exit slit 114 of the plasma head 108 has a width W (FIGS. 3A, 3B) that extends transversely to a flow of gas and/or plasma through and out of the plasma head 108. The exit slit 114 also has a height H (FIG. 3A) that extends transversely to a flow of gas and/or plasma through and out of the plasma head 108 and perpendicular to the width W, the height H being the smaller of the dimensions of the exit slit 114 relative to a dimension of the width W. The dimension of the width W of the exit slit 114 may be selected based on the particular application to which the plasma 102 (FIG. 1) will be used, for example to create a wide plasma stream, a relatively wider plasma stream than the wide plasma stream, or an relatively even wider plasma than the wider plasma stream. In at least some implementations, two or more plasma heads 108 with widths having respective dimensions that are different from one another can be provide in the form of a kit, allowing end users to select the a plasma head 108 having a width dimension that is appropriate for a given plasma task or application.

(34) The dimension of the height H (FIG. 3A) of the exit slit 114 is kept relatively small, and may be constant across various dimensions of the width W, Maintaining a relative small height H may serve two purposes: (1) maintaining a gas flow rate sufficient to create a guiding channel for the plasma to follow, and (2) keeping the electrodes PH1, PH2 close enough to one another to generate the high electric field therebetween used to ionize the gas flow. The incoming voltage pulse is applied across the electrodes PH1, PH2 thereby creating a strong electric field between the two electrodes PH1, PH2. In addition to being separated by the gas flow, the conductive electrodes PH1, PH2 are also separated by the electrically insulating material PH5 that helps discourage arcing through the gas.

(35) The electrically insulating material PH5 provides one of the enclosing walls or acts as a lid PH5 along which the gas and plasma flow. (The lid PH5 is shown as transparent in FIG. 3A to better illustrate the interior of the plasma head 108.) The electrodes PH1, PH2 are arranged such the resulting electric field is predominantly in the direction of the gas flow. The electrodes PH1, PH2 are also arranged such that they do not overlap or approach each other except in the region where a plasma discharge is desired. End points and corners of the electrodes PH1, PH2 may be covered with electrically insulating material in order to prevent localized regions of intense plasma generation due to field enhancement at said end points and corners. It is desirable to place the electrodes PH1, PH2 near the exit (e.g., exit slit 114) of the plasma head 108 so that as much of the plasma stream 102 (FIG. 1) as possible can exit the plasma head 108 before the plasma stream 102 relaxes to a neutral state, but one must also prevent a direct discharge or arc between the two electrodes PH1, PH2 which can happen if the plasma channel directly connects the two electrodes PH1, PH2 and is sufficiently conductive. As best illustrated in FIG. 3B, the HV electrode PH1 has a leading edge 308a (edge farthest upstream in the flow of gas along the flow path 310) and a trailing edge 308b (edge farthest downstream in the flow of gas along the flow path 310). Likewise, the ground electrode PH2 has a leading edge 312a (edge farthest upstream in the flow of gas along the flow path 310) and a trailing edge 312b (edge farthest downstream in the flow of gas along the flow path 310).

(36) The HV electrode PH1 inside the interior 306 of the plasma head 108 is in physical contact with the gas flow and the HV electrode PH1 ends 5-10 mm from the where the plasma stream 102 (FIG. 1) exits (e.g., exit slit 114) the plasma head 108, while the ground electrode PH2 is advantageously located outside the interior 306 of the plasma head 108 and is placed at least 2 mm back from where the plasma exits (e.g., exit slit 114) the plasma head 108 and does not make contact with the gas flow which reduces the likelihood of an arc or direct discharge of the electrical energy from one electrode PH1, PH2 to the other electrode PH1, PH2, thereby reducing the effectiveness of generating plasma 102 (FIG. 1). Since atmospheric air (and similar gases) require an electric field on the order of 30 kV/cm in order to start an electrical discharge, the distance between the electrodes PH1, PH2 is typically a 2-5 millimeters so that an applied voltage of just a few kV is sufficient for ionizing the gas flow. The flowing gas helps create a channel for the propagation of the plasma stream 102 (FIG. 1). The plasma stream 102 (FIG. 1) is rapidly quenched, however, by the surrounding air as charged particles recombine and excited species relax towards lower energy states by giving energy to the surrounding air. In this implementation, the plasma stream 102 (FIG. 1) may extend outward from the end of the plasma head 108 a distance of 1 to 20 mm (typically 5 mm) before being quenched. This extension of the plasma stream 102 (FIG. 1) outside of the plasma head 108 is particularly advantageous, enabling the plasma stream 102 (FIG. 1) to potentially be used for a variety of surfaces or substrate treatments.

(37) As an example of one of the benefits of the described plasma head geometry and described plasma treatment system, FIG. 7 shows a relative uniformity of surface treatment that can be achieved over a wide (70 mm) section of a substrate. In particular, FIG. 7 shows that a WCA (Water Contact Angle) of a treated substrate is relatively homogeneous across the entire 70 mm width of the plasma head. The reference point was on an untreated part of the substrate. This width is an example, and is neither an upper or lower bound to the available geometries of plasma heads.

(38) Another benefit of this plasma head geometry is the ability to effectively treat over a range of plasma head-to-substrate distances. While some atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment systems are only effective up to distances of 2-4 mm, FIG. 8 shows that the described plasma treatment system is quite effective at significantly raising a surface energy of a substrate at distances up to 6 mm. This feature enables the effective surface treatment of non-uniform or rough substrates over a range of distances that can be maintained easily, whether performed with a hand-held or robotically controlled plasma head.

(39) Various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, schematics, and examples have been set forth herein. Insofar as such block diagrams, schematics, and examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the present subject matter may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more controllers (e.g., microcontrollers) as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure.

(40) When logic is implemented as software and stored in memory, one skilled in the art will appreciate that logic or information, can be stored on any computer readable medium for use by or in connection with any computer and/or processor related system or method. In the context of this document, a memory is a computer readable medium that is an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other another physical device or means that contains or stores a computer and/or processor program. Logic and/or the information can be embodied in any computer readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions associated with logic and/or information. In the context of this specification, a “computer readable medium” can be any means that can store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program associated with logic and/or information for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, and/or device. The computer readable medium can be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette (magnetic, compact flash card, secure digital, or the like), a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM, EEPROM, or Flash memory), an optical fiber, and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM). Note that the computer-readable medium, could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program associated with logic and/or information is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via for instance optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted or otherwise processed in a suitable manner if necessary, and then stored in memory.

(41) In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that certain mechanisms of taught herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media such as floppy disks, hard disk drives, CD ROMs, digital tape, and computer memory; and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links using TDM or IP based communication links (e.g., packet links).

(42) The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, including but not limited to commonly owned: U.S. Pat. No. 10,072,629; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/254,140; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/254,146; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/703,078; U.S. provisional patent application 62/699,475; U.S. provisional patent application 62/844,587, entitled “PULSED NON-THERMAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA PROCESSING SYSTEM” and filed on May 7, 2019 and U.S. provisional patent application 62/844,574, entitled “A METHOD FOR APPLYING A PLASMA RINSE TO FINGERNAILS” and filed on May 7, 2019 are each incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety.

(43) The various embodiments and examples described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the claimed invention, nor the scope of the various embodiments and examples. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize various modifications and changes that may be made to the claimed invention without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the claimed invention, which is set forth in the following claims.