Optical imaging device and imaging method for microscopy

Abstract

An optical zoom device for setting an imaging scale of an imaging device, which is configured for imaging an object on an image plane of an image recording device using a microscope objective, comprising an optical element arrangement is disclosed. The optical element arrangement includes an object-side zoom entrance for optical connection to an objective exit, in particular a collimated objective exit, of the microscope objective and includes an image-side zoom exit for optical connection to an image recording entrance of the image recording device. The optical element arrangement includes a tele arrangement designed according to the teleobjective principle, which includes a first optical element group with negative refractive power and a second optical element group with positive refractive power, assigned to the first optical element group for setting the imaging scale, wherein the first optical element group is arranged at the zoom exit and the second optical element group is arranged on the objective side of the first optical element group.

Claims

1. An optical zoom device configured to set an imaging scale of an imaging device, the imaging device configured to image an object onto an image plane of an image recording device via a microscope objective, the optical zoom device comprising: an optical element arrangement comprising: an object-side zoom entrance optically connected to an objective exit of the microscope objective; an image-side zoom exit optically connected to an image recording entrance of the image recording device; a tele arrangement comprising: a first optical element group with negative refractive power, the first optical element group arranged at the image-side zoom exit, an optical element of the first optical element group being a last optical element before the image recording entrance; and a second optical element group with positive refractive power, the second optical element group assigned to the first optical element group to set the imaging scale, the second optical element group arranged on the obj ective side of the first optical element group; and a third optical element group with positive refractive power arranged at the object-side zoom entrance, the third optical element group configured to generate a real intermediate image in the zoom device between the third optical element group and the second optical element group, wherein the first optical element group is displaceable along an optical axis of the optical element arrangement to set the imaging scale.

2. The optical zoom device of claim 1, wherein the objective exit is a corrected objective exit and/or a collimated objective exit.

3. The optical zoom device of claim 1, wherein: the second optical element group is displaceable along the optical axis of the optical element arrangement to set the imaging scale; the first optical element group and the second optical element group are displaceable relative to each other; and/or the third optical element group is displaceable along the optical axis.

4. The optical zoom device of claim 1, wherein the intermediate image is: in a region of the second optical element group; and/or between the second and third optical element groups.

5. The optical zoom device of claim 1, wherein: the first optical element group is arrangeable along an optical axis of the optical element arrangement at a substantially constant distance from the image recording device; and/or the third optical element group is arrangeable along the optical axis of the optical element arrangement at a substantially constant distance from the microscope objective.

6. The optical zoom device of claim 1, wherein: the optical element arrangement comprises a fourth optical element group between the second and third optical element groups; the third optical element group and/or the fourth optical element group is arrangeable along an optical axis of the optical element arrangement at a substantially constant distance from the microscope objective; the first optical element group and/or the second optical element group is displaceable along the optical axis of the optical element arrangement to set the imaging scale; the intermediate image is between the third and fourth optical element groups; and/or the intermediate image is arranged in a region of the fourth optical element group.

7. The optical zoom device of claim 6, wherein the fourth optical element group is configured to at least partially correct a longitudinal chromatic aberration of the intermediate image.

8. The optical zoom device of claim 1, wherein: a Petzval sum for the optical elements of the optical element arrangement is at least approximately equal to zero; at least some of the optical elements of the optical element arrangement comprise refractive optical elements; the optical elements of the optical element arrangement comprise quartz glass; the optical elements of the optical element arrangement comprise fluorspar; an attainable extension when setting the imaging scale is 3 to 10; an attainable focal length range when setting the imaging scale is 1 m to 30 m; and/or the optical element arrangement has an installation length of 1 m to 3 m along an optical axis of the optical element arrangement.

9. The optical zoom device of claim 1, wherein the tele arrangement is designed according to a teleobjective principle.

10. An optical imaging device, comprising: an imaging unit, comprising: a microscope objective; and an optical zoom device according to claim 1; and an image recording device, wherein the imaging unit is configured to image an object onto an image plane of the image recording device.

11. The optical imaging device of claim 10, wherein: the microscope objective is a catadioptric objective; on its object side, the microscope objective has a numerical aperture greater than 0.8; on its object side, the microscope objective has a field radius greater than 0.2 mm; on its object side, the microscope objective has an etendue greater than 0.3; the microscope objective has a further intermediate image; at its objective exit, the microscope objective has an at least substantially collimated optical connection to the optical zoom device; and/or at its objective exit, the microscope objective has an at least substantially corrected optical connection to the optical zoom device or has an uncorrected optical connection to the optical zoom device.

12. The optical imaging device of claim 11, wherein: the first optical element group is the last optical element group upstream of the image recording device; and at least one of the following holds: the first optical element group is the last optical element group upstream of the image plane of the image recording device; and an image detector surface of an image detector of the image recording device is in a region of the image plane of the image recording device.

13. The optical imaging device of claim 10, wherein: the imaging unit is corrected for aberrations over a bandwidth of at least 40 nm; the imaging unit is corrected for aberrations in an operational wavelength range from 180 nm to 400 nm; and/or the imaging unit has an imaging scale of 40 to 1000.

14. A method, comprising: providing the optical zoom device of claim 1; and generating the intermediate image between the second and third optical element groups.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: displacing the first optical element group and/or the second optical element group along an optical axis of the optical arrangement to set the imaging scale; displacing the first optical element group relative to the second optical element group; displacing the third optical element group along the optical axis of the optical arrangement; arranging the intermediate image in a region of the second optical element group; arranging the intermediate image between the second and third optical element groups with a substantially constant distance ratio; arranging the first optical element group along the optical axis of the optical element arrangement at a substantially constant distance from the image recording device; and/or arranging the third optical element group along the optical axis of the optical element arrangement at a substantially constant distance from the microscope objective.

16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: arranging a fourth optical element group of the optical element arrangement between the second and third optical element groups; arranging the third optical element group and/or the fourth optical element group along an optical axis of the optical element arrangement at a substantially constant distance from the microscope objective; displacing the first optical element group and/or the second optical element group along the optical axis of the optical element arrangement to set the imaging scale; arranging the intermediate image between the third and fourth optical element groups; and/or arranging the intermediate image in a region of the fourth optical element group.

17. The method of claim 14, further comprising generating an image of an object onto an image plane of an image recording device via a microscope objective and an associated optical element arrangement.

18. A device, comprising: an optical element arrangement comprising: an object-side zoom entrance configured to be optically connected to an objective exit of a microscope objective; an image-side zoom exit configured to be optically connected to an image recording entrance of an image recording device; a tele arrangement comprising: a first optical element group with negative refractive power, the first optical element group arranged at the image-side zoom exit, an optical element of the first optical element group being a last optical element before the image recording entrance; and a second optical element group with positive refractive power, the second optical element group assigned to the first optical element group to set an imaging scale of the image recording device, the second optical element group arranged on the objective side of the first optical element group; and a third optical element group with positive refractive power arranged at the object-side zoom entrance, the third optical element group configured to generate a real intermediate image in the zoom device between the third optical element group and the second optical element group, wherein the device is an optical zoom device configured to image an object onto an image plane of the image recording device via the microscope objective, and the first optical element group is displaceable along an optical axis of the optical element arrangement to set the imaging scale.

19. An optical imaging device, comprising: an image recording device; and an imaging unit, comprising: a microscope objective; and an optical zoom device, comprising: an optical element arrangement comprising: an object-side zoom entrance optically connected to an objective exit of the microscope objective; an image-side zoom exit configured to be optically connected to an image recording entrance of the image recording device; a tele arrangement comprising: a first optical element group with negative refractive power, the first optical element group arranged at the image-side zoom exit, an optical element of the first optical element group being a last optical element before the image recording entrance; and a second optical element group with positive refractive power, the second optical element group assigned to the first optical element group to set an imaging scale of the image recording device, the second optical element group arranged on the objective side of the first optical element group; and a third optical element group with positive refractive power arranged at the object-side zoom entrance, the third optical element group configured to generate a real intermediate image in the zoom device between the third optical element group and the second optical element group, wherein the first optical element group is displaceable along an optical axis of the optical element arrangement to set the imaging scale.

20. A method, comprising: providing the optical imaging device of claim 19; and generating the intermediate image between the second and third optical element groups.

21. An optical zoom device configured to set an imaging scale of an imaging device, the imaging device configured to image an object onto an image plane of an image recording device via a microscope objective, the optical zoom device comprising: an optical element arrangement comprising: an object-side zoom entrance optically connected to an objective exit of the microscope objective; an image-side zoom exit optically connected to an image recording entrance of the image recording device; a tele arrangement comprising: a first optical element group with negative refractive power, the first optical element group arranged at the image-side zoom exit, an optical element of the first optical element group being a last optical element having refractive power before the image recording entrance; and a second optical element group with positive refractive power, the second optical element group assigned to the first optical element group to set the imaging scale, the second optical element group arranged on the objective side of the first optical element group; and a third optical element group with positive refractive power arranged at the object-side zoom entrance, the third optical element group configured to generate a real intermediate image in the zoom device between the third optical element group and the second optical element group, wherein the first optical element group is displaceable along an optical axis of the optical element arrangement to set the imaging scale.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of an optical imaging device according to the disclosure, comprising a preferred embodiment of the optical zoom device according to the disclosure, by which a preferred embodiment of the imaging method according to the disclosure can be performed using the zoom method according to the disclosure.

(2) FIG. 2 is a schematic view of part of the microscope objective of the optical imaging device from FIG. 1.

(3) FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the imaging method according to the disclosure, which can be performed using a preferred embodiment of the zoom method according to the disclosure using the imaging device from FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the zoom device from FIG. 1.

(5) FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a preferred specific realization of the zoom device from FIG. 4.

(6) FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a further preferred specific realization of the zoom device from FIG. 4.

(7) FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a further preferred specific realization of the zoom device from FIG. 4.

(8) FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a further preferred embodiment of the zoom device according to the disclosure.

(9) FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a preferred specific realization of the zoom device from FIG. 8.

(10) FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a further preferred embodiment of the zoom device according to the disclosure.

(11) FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a preferred specific realization of the zoom device from FIG. 10.

(12) FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of a further preferred specific realization of the zoom device from FIG. 10.

(13) FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a further preferred specific realization of the zoom device from FIG. 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

First Embodiment

(14) With reference to FIGS. 1 to 5, the following text describes a first preferred embodiment of an optical imaging device according to the disclosure, in the form of a microscope 101, comprising a preferred embodiment of the optical zoom device according to the disclosure, by which a preferred embodiment of the imaging method according to the disclosure can be performed using the zoom method according to the disclosure.

(15) In order to understand the following explanations more easily, an orthogonal xyz-coordinate system has been introduced in the figures, in which the z-coordinate coincides with the direction of gravity. However, it is understood that any other alignment of the components of the imaging device may be selected in other variants of the disclosure.

(16) In the present example, the microscope 101 is used for inspecting the structures (which, for example, were produced by an optical process) formed on a substrate 103.1. However, it is understood that, in other variants of the disclosure, the microscope according to the disclosure can be used for an imaging process in conjunction with any other application, in particular in conjunction with inspecting any other bodies, substrates, surfaces or liquids, etc.

(17) FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of the microscope 101, which comprises an optical imaging unit 102 (with an optical axis 102.1 and an illumination system 102.2), a substrate device 103 and an image recording device 104. The illumination system 102.2 illuminates (by way of an optical waveguide device not shown in any more detail) the substrate 103.1, which is arranged on a substrate stage 103.2 of the substrate device 103, using an imaging light beam (not depicted here). The imaging unit 102 comprises a microscope objective 105 and a zoom device 106 according to the disclosure adjoining the latter.

(18) Structures to be inspected are situated in a so-called object plane 103.3 on the surface of the substrate 103.1 facing the imaging unit 102, which structures to be inspected, via the imaging light beam, are imaged on an image plane 107.1 of an image sensor 107 of the image recording device 104 via the optical elements of the microscope objective 105 and of the zoom device 106 arranged in the imaging unit 102. The data obtained from the signals from the image sensor 107 are then used in a conventional manner for inspecting the surface of the substrate 103.1.

(19) The microscope 101 is a broadband-corrected imaging device which is corrected in an operational wavelength range from 190 nm to 260 nm, that is to say, consequently, over a bandwidth of approximately 60 nm. The imaging scale MOB of the microscope 101 (from the object plane 103.3 to the image plane 107.1) can be varied from MOB=100 to MOB=800 in this case. Consequently, an 8-fold extension (i.e. D=8) of the imaging can therefore be obtained in the present example.

(20) In the present example, the microscope objective 105 is a catadioptric high aperture objective which, on the object side, has a numerical aperture of NA=0.9. Furthermore, the microscope objective 105, on the object side, has a field radius FR which, in the present example, is FR=0.5 mm, and so an etendue E (i.e. a product of the numerical aperture NA and field radius FR) of E=0.45 emerges. The microscope objective 105 has a pupil-obscured optical system 105.1 corrected in respect of the aberrations and with a real intermediate image 105.2, which images the object plane 103.3 at infinity. Consequently, the microscope objective 105 therefore provides a corrected and collimated optical interface at its objective exit 105.3.

(21) The optical zoom device 106 with the object-side zoom entrance 106.1 thereof is connected to this collimated optical interface at the objective exit 105.3. Here, the zoom device 106 serves for setting an imaging scale M of the imaging device 102, as will still be explained in more detail below. The image recording entrance 107.2 of the image recording device 107 is optically connected to the image-side zoom exit 106.2 the zoom device 106.

(22) As can be seen, in particular, from FIG. 4 (which shows a paraxial optical equivalent diagram of the optical system of the zoom device 106), the zoom device 106 comprises an optical element arrangement 108. The optical element arrangement 108 comprises a tele arrangement 109, which is designed according to the teleobjective principle and which comprises a first optical element group 108.1 with negative refractive power and a second optical element group 108.2 with positive refractive power.

(23) The first optical element group 108.1 and the second optical element group 108.2 are assigned to one another for setting the imaging scale MOB, wherein the first optical element group 108.1 is arranged at the zoom exit 106.2 of the zoom device 106 and the second optical element group 108.2 is arranged on the objective side of the first optical element group 108.1. The optical element arrangement 108 furthermore comprises a third optical element group 108.3 with positive refractive power arranged at the zoom entrance 106.1, which third optical element group is configured to generate a real intermediate image 111 in the zoom device 106.

(24) Via the third optical element group 108.3 disposed upstream of the first optical element group 108.1 and of the second optical element group 108.2, it is advantageously possible to correct the Petzval sum PS of the zoom device 106, i.e. let it equal zero for the whole zoom device 106 (i.e. PS=0) eventually, such that the optical connection to the aberration-free and collimated microscope objective 105 is readily possible and leads to a plane image field in the region of the image plane 107.1, respectively.

(25) The design of the first and second optical element groups 108.1, 108.2 as a tele arrangement 109 moreover, in a simple manner, enables the realization of large maximum focal lengths at a compact design. Therefore, high magnifications MOB and high extensions D of the imaging scale can be realized in a simple manner. In the present example, the focal length range of the zoom device 106 is 2.5 m to 20 m, wherein the maximum axial length LZ of the zoom device 106 (along the optical axis 102.1) is LZ=2 m.

(26) As can be seen from FIG. 4, which in parts A to E thereof respectively shows different settings for five different imaging scales increasing from A (MOB=100) to E (MOB=800), from the collimated light beam 112 of the microscope objective 105 and by the stationary third optical element group 108.3, the intermediate image 111 is generated in the present example, which is imaged by the tele arrangement 109 on the image plane 107.1 of the image sensor 107. The imaging scale MOZ from the object plane 103.3 to the intermediate image 111 is constant in this case due to the stationary third optical element group 108.3.

(27) In the present example, the imaging scale MOB from the object plane 103.3 to the image plane 107.1 is set by an axial displacement (in the z-direction) of both the first optical element group 108.1 and the second optical element group 108.2 along the optical axis 102.1.

(28) Here, a movement of the second optical element group 108.2 relative to the intermediate image 111 leads to a variable post-magnification of the intermediate image 111 in a further intermediate image, which is then picked up by the first optical element group 108.1 and, in turn, imaged, with post-magnification again, on the image plane 107.1 of the image recording device 104.

(29) As can be seen from FIG. 4, in the present example, the distance between the first optical element group 108.1 and the image plane 107.1 is fixedly selected in a pairing of these components, and so the imaging scale MOB setting is obtained by varying this pairing and the second optical element group 108.2 along the optical axis 102.1. Here, substantially the whole extension (D=8) of the system is achieved by variation of the second optical element group 108.2, which is arranged in the vicinity of the intermediate image 111, wherein the intermediate image 111 in the present example is arranged on the object side of the second optical element group 108.2.

(30) The substantially axially fixed arrangement of the third optical element group 108.3, and therefore of the intermediate image 111, is advantageous in that manipulations can be undertaken and/or additional beam paths can be coupled-in or coupled-out in the region of the intermediate image 111. Thus, as a result, it is possible, for example, to integrate an autofocus system into the beam path and/or to implement measuring devices for exposure monitoring.

(31) In the present example, the optical element groups 108.1, 108.2 and 108.3 are respectively made up of a plurality of lens elements, i.e. refractive optical elements. In this case, all optical elements of the optical element groups 108.1, 108.2 and 108.3 are manufactured from quartz glass (SiO.sub.2) or fluorspar (CaF.sub.2). However, it is understood that, in other variants of the disclosure, any other types (reflective, diffractive) of optical elements and arbitrary combinations of optical elements of different types can be used additionally or alternatively.

(32) FIG. 5 shows a specific, slightly modified realization of the paraxial design of the imaging unit 102 from FIG. 4. The modification consists in that (compared to the pure paraxial approach in FIG. 4) the distance between the first optical element group 108.1 and the image plane 107.1 also is configured in a variable manner in order to be able to better correct possible aberrations.

(33) FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of a preferred variant of an imaging method according to the disclosure, which is performed with the microscope 101 using a preferred variant of a zoom method according to the disclosure.

(34) First of all, in step 113.1, the components of the microscope 101 are made available and positioned in a manner as described above.

(35) In step 113.2, the substrate 103.1 is illuminated with the imaging light beam by the illumination device 102 and the corresponding regions on the surface of the substrate 103.1 are then imaged on the sensor surface of the image sensor 110 by the imaging unit 102, as described above. The imaging scale MOB is set before, during or after the imaging in this case, as described in detail above.

(36) In step 113.3, a check is then carried out as to whether a further imaging process is to take place. If this is the case, there is a return to step 113.2. Otherwise, the method process is completed in step 113.4.

Second and Third Embodiment

(37) Further preferred embodiments of the imaging device 101 according to the disclosure with a further preferred embodiment of the zoom device 206 or 306 according to the disclosure, by which the methods according to the disclosure can be realized, are respectively described in the following with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 and 6 and 7, respectively. The zoom device 206 or 306 can in each case be used in the imaging device 101 instead of the zoom device 106. In the basic design and functionality thereof, the respective zoom device 206 and 306 corresponds to the zoom device 106, and so the following text mainly discusses the differences. Similar components are provided here with a reference sign, the value of which has been increased by 100 and 200, respectively. To the extent that no other explanations in relation to the properties and advantages of these components are provided in the following, reference is explicitly made to the aforementioned explanations in respect of the first embodiment.

(38) The difference between the zoom device 206 and the zoom device 106 consists in the field radius FR being reduced; otherwise, the system specifications are identical. This leads to a simplified system design with a reduced number of optical elements in the area of the first optical element group 208.1.

(39) The difference between the zoom device 306 and the zoom device 106 consists in the field radius FR being reduced; otherwise, the system specifications are identical. This leads to a simplified system design with a reduced number of optical elements in the region of the first optical element group 308.1. Moreover, the stop space was also configured in a collimated manner.

Fourth Embodiment

(40) A further preferred embodiment of the imaging device 101 according to the disclosure with a further preferred embodiment of the zoom device 406 according to the disclosure, by which the methods according to the disclosure can be realized, is described in the following with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, 8 and 9. The zoom device 406 can be used in the imaging device 101 instead of the zoom device 106. In the basic design and functionality thereof, the zoom device 406 corresponds to the zoom device 106, and so the following mainly discusses the differences. Similar components are provided with a reference sign, the value of which has been increased by 300. To the extent that no other explanations in relation to the properties and advantages of these components are provided in the following, reference is explicitly made to the aforementioned explanations in respect of the first embodiment.

(41) A substantial difference between the zoom device 406 and the zoom device 106 consists of the fact that the zoom device 406 has a constant overall axial length, i.e. there is advantageously no change in the position of the image plane 107.1 in relation to the object plane 103.3 when varying the imaging scale MOB over the complete extension (D=8).

(42) This is achieved (thanks to the collimated objective exit 105.3) as a result of the adjustment of the imaging scale MOB being brought about by displacing the first optical element group 408.1, the second optical element group 408.2 and the third optical element group 408.3 along the optical axis 102.1 in order to obtain, in this manner, compensation for the focal length change at a constant system length LZ of the apparatus.

(43) The third optical element group 408.3 disposed upstream of the first optical element group 408.1 and of the second optical element group 408.2 advantageously also renders it possible here to correct the Petzval sum of the zoom device 406, i.e. eventually let it equal zero for the whole zoom device 406, such that the optical connection to the aberration-free and collimated microscope objective 105 is readily possible and leads to a plane image field in the region of the image plane 107.1, respectively.

(44) The design of the first and second optical element groups 408.1, 408.2 as a tele arrangement 409 moreover, in a simple manner, enables the realization of large maximum focal lengths at a compact design. Therefore, high magnifications MOB and high extensions D of the imaging scale can be realized in a simple manner. In the present example, the focal length range of the zoom device 406 is once again 2.5 m to 20 m, wherein the constant axial length LZ of the zoom device 406 (along the optical axis 102.1) is LZ=2 m.

(45) As can be seen from FIG. 8, which (as paraxial optical equivalent diagram of the optical system of the zoom device 406) in parts A to E thereof respectively shows different settings for five different imaging scales increasing from A (MOB=100) to E (MOB=800), the intermediate image 411, which is imaged by the tele arrangement 409 on the image plane 107.1 of the image sensor 107 and which now is axially displaceable (together with the third optical element group 408.3), is generated by the now also axially displaceable third optical element group 408.3 from the collimated light beam 112 of the microscope objective 105.

(46) The imaging scale MOZ from the object plane 103.3 to the intermediate image 411 is once again constant in this case due to the collimation of the light beam 112.

(47) In the present example, the extension (D=8) is largely provided by the first optical element group 408.1. However, in other variants of the disclosure, it is also possible for the extension D again to be provided by the second optical element group 408.2 and for the first optical element group 408.1 to be arranged at a substantially constant distance from the image plane 107.1.

(48) It is furthermore understood that the relative axial positions of the first, second and third optical element groups 408.1, 408.2, 408.3 relative to one another in the zoom device 406 may, eventually, be configured in a modifiable manner for correcting aberrations.

(49) In FIG. 9, the zoom concept from FIG. 8 is depicted in a specific realization.

Fifth to Seventh Embodiment

(50) Further preferred embodiments of the imaging device 101 according to the disclosure with a further preferred embodiment of the zoom device 506 or 606 or 706, respectively, according to the disclosure, by which the methods according to the disclosure can be realized, are respectively described in the following with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 and 10 and to FIG. 11 or 12 or 13, respectively. The respective zoom device 506 or 606 or 706 can in each case be used in the imaging device 101 instead of the zoom device 106. In the basic design and functionality thereof, the zoom device 506 or 606 or 706, respectively, corresponds to the zoom device 106, and so the following mainly discusses the differences. Similar components are provided with a reference sign, the value of which has been increased by 400 and 500 and 600, respectively. To the extent that no other explanations in relation to the properties and advantages of these components are provided in the following, reference is explicitly made to the aforementioned explanations in respect of the first embodiment.

(51) A substantial difference between the zoom device 506 and the zoom device 106 consists of the fact that the zoom device 506 once again has a constant overall axial length, i.e. there is advantageously no change in the position of the image plane 107.1 in relation to the object plane 103.3 when varying the imaging scale MOB over the complete extension (D=8).

(52) This is achieved by virtue of the optical element arrangement 508 comprising a fourth optical element group 508.4 with positive refractive power, wherein this may eventually also be a single field lens element 508.4. Here, the fourth optical element group 508.4 is arranged between the now axially fixed third optical element group 508.3 and the second optical element group 508.2. Using this, it is once again possible, in a simple manner, to let the intermediate image 411 remain substantially stationary and, once again, to undertake setting of the imaging scale MOB via the first optical element group 508.1 and the second optical element group 508.2.

(53) In the present example, the third optical element group 508.3 and the fourth optical element group 508.4 are arranged along the optical axis 102.1 at a substantially constant distance from the microscope objective 105, wherein the fourth optical element group 508.4 ensures imaging of the system pupil into the actual zoom system of the tele arrangement 509 made up of the first and second optical element groups 508.1, 508.2, which in turn realize the maximum extension (D=8) of the imaging.

(54) In the present example, the intermediate image 511 is arranged between the third optical element group 508.3 and the fourth optical element group 508.4, wherein the intermediate image is arranged, on the object side, in the vicinity of the region of the fourth optical element group 508.4.

(55) However, arranging the fourth optical element group 508.4 between the intermediate image 511 and the image plane 107.1 is not mandatory. In other variants of the disclosure, it is also conceivable for the fourth optical element group 508.4 to be located on the object side of the intermediate image, i.e. between the microscope objective 105 and the intermediate image 511. Optionally, it is even possible to arrange the fourth optical element group 508.4 directly at the intermediate image 511, with this, however, then resulting in increased demands on the cleanliness of the surfaces of the optical elements of the fourth optical element group 508.4.

(56) In the present example, the imaging scale MOB is once again adjusted by displacing the first optical element group 508.1 and the second optical element group 508.2 along the optical axis 102.1. In this manner, compensation of the change in focal length is obtained at a constant system length LZ of the apparatus. Here, the third optical element group 508.3 and the fourth optical element group 508.4 are substantially stationary.

(57) The third optical element group 508.3 and/or the fourth optical element group 508.4 disposed upstream of the first optical element group 508.1 and of the second optical element group 508.2 once again advantageously also render it possible here to correct the Petzval sum of the zoom device 506, i.e. eventually let it equal zero for the whole zoom device 506 and/or the whole imaging unit 502, such that a plane image field emerges in the region of the image plane 107.1.

(58) As can be seen from FIG. 10, which (as paraxial optical equivalent diagram of the optical system of the zoom device 606) in parts A to E thereof respectively shows different settings for five different imaging scales increasing from A (MOB=100) to E (MOB=800), in the present example, the axially stationary third optical element group 508.3, from the collimated light beam 112 of the microscope objective 105, generates the intermediate image 511, which now once again is axially stationary and is imaged by the tele arrangement 509 on the image plane 107.1 of the image sensor 107. The imaging scale MOZ from the object plane 103.3 to the intermediate image 511 is once again constant in this case due to the collimation of the light beam 112.

(59) The substantially axially stationary arrangement of the third optical element group 508.3 and of the fourth optical element group 508.4, and therefore of the intermediate image 511, is advantageous in that, now once again, manipulations can be undertaken and/or additional beam paths can be coupled-in or coupled-out in the region of the intermediate image 511. Thus, as a result of this it is possible, for example, to integrate an autofocus system into the beam path and/or to implement measuring devices for exposure monitoring.

(60) In the present example, the extension (D=8) is largely provided by an axial displacement of the first optical element group 508.1 and of the second optical element group 508.2. However, it is also understood in this case that the relative axial position in the zoom device 506 of the first, second, third and fourth optical element groups 508.1, 508.2, 508.3, 508.4 with respect to one another may eventually be configured to be adjustable for correcting aberrations.

(61) FIG. 11 depicts the zoom concept from FIG. 10 in a specific realization, which has a good broadband correction for a wavelength range from 193 nm to 260 nm.

(62) In addition to the aforementioned imaging of the system pupil, the fourth optical element group 608.4 or 708.4, arranged in the vicinity of the intermediate image, may also assume important tasks when correcting the secondary spectrum of the chromatic focus variation of the optical system in the examples from FIGS. 12 and 13 (which otherwise have a design identical to the examples from FIGS. 10 and 11). Thus, in the examples of FIGS. 12 and 13, it may be the case that the collimated light beam 112 from the microscope objective 105 is imaged into the intermediate image 611 or 711 with strong longitudinal chromatic aberration such that the beam heights of the marginal rays on the fourth optical element group 608.4 or 708.4 vary strongly as a function of the light wavelength.

(63) As was already described at the outset, what can be achieved by such a strong longitudinal chromatic aberration of the intermediate image 611 or 711 is that the marginal ray height at the location of the fourth optical element group 608.4 or 708.4 varies significantly, and so the contribution of the fourth optical element group 608.4 or 708.4 to the longitudinal chromatic aberration is significantly different at different wavelengths. In the present example, this effect can be used by a suitable selection of the optical parameters of the fourth optical element group 608.4 or 708.4 in a targeted manner to correct higher-order chromatic aberrations, in particular to correct the secondary spectrum.

(64) Thanks to abandoning the demand for an aberration-free interface between the catadioptric microscope objective 105 and the zoom device 606 or 706, respectively, a significantly simpler system design results, which can be realized with significantly fewer optical elements. FIG. 12 shows a specific realization of such a zoom system, which no longer has an aberration-free interface between the zoom device 606 and the microscope objective 105 and has significantly fewer lens elements compared to the system from FIG. 11.

(65) The specific realization from FIG. 13 goes beyond the example from FIG. 12 in as much as the stop space once again has a collimated design.

(66) In the preceding, the present disclosure was only described using an example from the field of inspecting a substrate. However, it is understood that the present disclosure can likewise be used for any other applications or imaging methods, in particular with any wavelengths of the light used for imaging.