Circuits of voltage source DC/AC converter with LCCL or LCC filter and other modified forms, and operation of microgrid with such circuits

Abstract

This invention presents a new circuit topology formed by passive filter LCCL or LCC and voltage source DC/AC converter, which is named as fundamental forming unit. Compared with conventional LCL filter based DC/AC converter, the new converter circuits can handle wider range of power without suffering from disturbance by harmonic voltages and currents. For high voltage and high power application, circuits with multiple stages and multiple parallel branches are developed based on multiple fundamental forming units. Such circuits can be for general purpose application. They can also be for microgrid applications. Furthermore a new series of multistage DC/AC converters with LCL filter have also been developed to handle high power conversion at high voltage and high current levels. By applying such circuits to acting as grid-forming, grid-supporting and grid-feeding generators in a microgrid operating at constant frequency, the microgrid system can handle much higher power and can adapt to drastic change of renewable energy generation and load change. Such microgrid is operated using newly invented methods described in this disclosure.

Claims

1. A method for operating a microgrid, the method comprising a grid-forming generator producing its reference voltage with a constant system frequency either 50 Hz or 60 Hz or other fundamental frequency; and the grid-forming generator producing its output real power reference based on its terminal voltage's variation from its rated value or other predetermined voltage value or producing fixed real and reactive power references; and the grid-supporting generators taking the voltages at their respective coupling points with the microgrid as references; and the grid-supporting generators producing their respective real power references based on their respective terminal voltages' variation from their respective rated values or other pre-determined values, and each of the grid-supporting generators having its respective upper limit for output real power reference; and dynamic reactive power compensations or power factor corrections being adopted at different locations in the microgrid to make the power factor close to one at each of major buses or at each of major loads or groups of loads or groups of equivalent loads.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of transferring, by the grid-forming generator, a system-demanded reactive power to and from accompanying or remotely located reactive power compensators and outputting a nearly-zero or other small amount of reactive power.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising steps to include domains of conventional generators, wherein conventional generators such as hydro-electric power generations and diesel-engine generations are adopted to power loads in the microgrid in the form of domains, wherein one or multiple such generations are contained in each domain to power loads in that domain; and each domain is interconnected at its every joining point with other parts of the microgrid through back-to-back converters or through other AC power to AC power converters; and through which power is exchanged between each domain and other parts of the microgrid.

4. The method as claimed in claim 3, further comprising steps to store extra energy in the microgrid in gravitational heavy mass potential energy storage systems, wherein the heavy masses are transported from low gravitational level or low lands or low platforms to high gravitational level or high lands or high platforms by operating electric machines as electric motors, when there is an extra energy in the microgrid; and the heavy masses are transported from high gravitational platforms or high lands to low platforms or low lands by operating the electric machines as electric generators to feed the electricity to the microgrid when the microgrid is short of real power.

5. A method to manage inter-connected microgrids operating in island-mode, wherein back-to-back converters or other AC power to AC power converters are adopted to interconnect any two neighbouring microgrids; and each microgrid is operated using the method as claimed in claim 1; in each microgrid, conventional generators such as hydro-electric power generations and diesel-engine generations are adopted to power loads in the microgrid in the form of domains, wherein each domain may contain one or multiple such generators to power loads in the domain; and each domain is interconnected at its every joining point with other parts of the microgrid through back-to-back converters or through other AC power to AC power converters; and through which power is exchanged between each domain and other parts of the microgrid.

6. The method as claimed in claim 5, further comprising steps to store extra energy in the microgrid in gravitational heavy mass potential energy storage systems, wherein the heavy masses are transported from low gravitational level or low lands or low platforms to high gravitational level or high lands or high platforms by operating electric machines as electric motors, when there is an extra energy in the microgrid; and the heavy masses are transported from high gravitational platforms or high lands to low platforms or low lands by operating the electric machines as electric generators to feed the electricity to the microgrid when the microgrid is short of real power.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, a preferred embodiment/preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 shows circuit diagram of a sample microgrid:

(3) FIG. 2A shows a three-phase grid-tied DC/AC converter with an LCCL filter as disclosed herein either as inverter or rectifier:

(4) FIG. 2B shows a three-phase grid-tied DC/AC converter with an LCL filter either as inverter or rectifier;

(5) FIG. 2C shows a single-phase grid-tied DC/AC converter with an LCCL filter as disclosed herein either as inverter or rectifier;

(6) FIG. 2D shows a single-phase grid-tied DC/AC converter with an LCL filter either as inverter or rectifier;

(7) FIG. 3 shows simplification of an RLC circuit to an RL circuit;

(8) FIG. 4A shows an LCCL filter for three-phase application as disclosed herein;

(9) FIG. 4B shows an LCL filter for three-phase application;

(10) FIG. 5A shows a first example topology for application of an LCCL filter to a multi-stage converter;

(11) FIG. 5B shows an LCC structure;

(12) FIG. 6 shows a second example topology for application of an LCCL filter to a multi-stage converter;

(13) FIG. 7 shows a third example topology for application of LCCL filter to a multi-stage converter;

(14) FIG. 8A shows application of LCCL filter to a multi-stage converter with multiple identical parallel branches with shared inductor L.sub.2;

(15) FIG. 8B shows application of LCCL filter to a multi-stage converter with multiple identical parallel branches with individual inductor L.sub.2 in each branch;

(16) FIG. 9A shows application of modified LCCL filter to circuit topology with multiple identical parallel branches;

(17) FIG. 9B shows a circuit topology equivalent to that in FIG. 9A;

(18) FIG. 10A shows a multi-stage converter formed by multiple identical units from the circuit in FIG. 9A;

(19) FIG. 10B shows a circuit topology equivalent to that in FIG. 10A;

(20) FIG. 11 shows LCC filter;

(21) FIG. 12 shows a multistage single-phase DC/AC converter with LCL filter and with multiple identical parallel branches;

(22) FIG. 13 shows an LC structure;

(23) FIG. 14 illustrates a method for operating a microgrid in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DEFINITIONS

(24) The following definitions are provided as general definitions and should in no way limit the scope of the present invention to those terms alone, but are put forth for a better understanding of the following description.

(25) Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. For the purposes of the present invention, additional terms are defined below. Furthermore, all definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms unless there is doubt as to the meaning of a particular term, in which case the common dictionary definition and/or common usage of the term will prevail.

(26) All of the publications cited in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by cross-reference.

(27) For the purposes of the present invention, the following terms are defined below.

(28) The articles a and an are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, an element refers to one element or more than one element.

(29) The term about is used herein to refer to quantities that vary by as much as 30%, preferably by as much as 20%, and more preferably by as much as 10% to a reference quantity. The use of the word about to qualify a number is merely an express indication that the number is not to be construed as a precise value.

(30) Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the words comprise, comprises and comprising will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated step or element or group of steps or elements but not the exclusion of any other step or element or group of steps or elements.

(31) Any one of the terms: including or which includes or that includes as used herein is also an open term that also means including at least the elements/features that follow the term, but not excluding others. Thus, including is synonymous with and means comprising.

(32) The term, real-time, for example displaying real-time data, refers to the display of the data without intentional delay, given the processing limitations of the system and the time required to accurately measure the data.

(33) The term. near-real-time, for example obtaining real-time or near-real-time data refers to the obtaining of data either without intentional delay (real-time) or as close to real-time as practically possible (i.e. with a small, but minimal, amount of delay whether intentional or not within the constraints and processing limitations of the of the system for obtaining and recording or transmitting the data.

(34) Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, preferred methods and materials are described. It will be appreciated that the methods, apparatus and systems described herein may be implemented in a variety of ways and for a variety of purposes. The description here is by way of example only.

(35) As used herein, the term exemplary is used in the sense of providing examples, as opposed to indicating quality. That is, an exemplary embodiment is an embodiment provided as an example, as opposed to necessarily being an embodiment of exemplary quality for example serving as a desirable model or representing the best of its kind.

(36) Also, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

(37) The phrase and/or, as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean either or both of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with and/or should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., one or more of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the and/or clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to A and/or B, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as comprising can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

(38) As used herein in the specification and in the claims, or should be understood to have the same meaning as and/or as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, or or and/or shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as only one of or exactly one of, or, when used in the claims, consisting of will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term or as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. one or the other but not both) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as either, one of, only one of, or exactly one of. Consisting essentially of, when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

(39) As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase at least one, in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase at least one refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, at least one of A and B (or, equivalently, at least one of A or B, or, equivalently at least one of A and/or B) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

(40) In the claims, as well as in the summary above and the description below, all transitional phrases such as comprising, including, carrying, having, containing, involving, holding, composed of, and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases consisting of and consisting essentially of alone shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively.

(41) For the purpose of this specification, where method steps are described in sequence, the sequence does not necessarily mean that the steps are to be carried out in chronological order in that sequence, unless there is no other logical manner of interpreting the sequence.

(42) In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognise that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

(43) PQ Control Method

(44) PQ control method referred in this invention denotes real and reactive power control based on either stationary reference frame or natural reference frame or synchronous reference frame. Detailed description of the PQ control method can be found from Erika Twining, and Donald Grahame Holmes, Grid Current Regulation of a Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter with an LCL Input Filter, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 18, No. 3, May 2003, pp. 888-895, incorporated herein in its entirety by cross-reference, and other journal and conference papers.

(45) De-Coupled PQ Control

(46) De-coupled PQ control referred in this invention denotes that a grid-forming generator formed by a voltage source inverter separates real power and reactive power control in a microgrid operation. It produces its own reference voltage at constant frequency, generates its real power reference based on the deviation of its terminal voltage from its rated value or other specified value and sets reactive power reference to zero or a very small value. Hence it only outputs real power demanded by the microgrid and outputs nearly zero reactive power. It could also serve as a reactive power sensor by sensing the output of reactive power at its terminal, and transfers system-demanded reactive power to and from separate reactive power compensators. By doing so, the output real power from the grid-forming generator can follow its reference accurately.

(47) Grid-Supporting Generator

(48) Grid-supporting generator referred here in this invention denotes a generator in a microgrid which takes its terminal voltage as reference, use PQ control with real power reference produced based on deviation of its terminal voltage from its rated value or other specified values and its reactive power reference set to either zero or very small value. By doing so, its output real power can follow its reference very accurately. It may have pre-set lower and upper limits of real power reference.

(49) Grid-Feeding Generator

(50) Grid-feeding generator referred here in this invention denotes a generator which takes its terminal voltage as reference, and use PQ control method. They can be mainly used for harnessing renewable energy with maximum power point tracking. They can be for other general use as well.

(51) Grid-Forming Generator

(52) Grid-forming generator referred here in this invention denotes a generator which produces fundamental voltage reference for a whole microgrid. It produces reference voltage with constant frequency by itself and generates real power reference based on the deviation of its terminal voltage from its rated value or other specified values with the reactive power reference set to zero or to a very small value. It could serve as a reactive power sensor as well by sensing the output of reactive power at its terminal and transfers the reactive power demanded by the system to and from other reactive power compensators.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(53) It should be noted in the following description that like or the same reference numerals in different embodiments denote the same or similar features.

(54) Disclosed herein are new passive filter topologies integrated with single-stage or multistage DC/AC converters, either rectifiers or inverters. Such converters with passive filters can be for general usage. They can also be applied for the formation and operation of a microgrid to provide capability to cope with rapid and/or large changes in the power output from grid-forming, grid-supporting and grid-feeding generators or in the loads.

(55) FIG. 1 shows overall circuit of a sample microgrid 100, where DG1 101 acts as grid-forming distributed generator (DG) and is powered by a DC source 190; DG2 102 is a grid-supporting generator while DG3 103 is a grid-feeding generator. Both are powered by DC sources 190. DG4 104 is a conventional generator, which could be diesel-engine powered generator or others. DG4 104 supplies power to its local load 155 and may import or export some power from other parts of the grid through the back-to-back converter 115. The microgrid 100 is connected with the main grid through point of common coupling (PCC). Other components in the microgrid in FIG. 1 include four transformers Trx1 191, Trx2 192, Trx3 193. Trx4 194, and four lines Line1 172, Line2 174, Line3 176, Line4 178, and five breakers 181, 182, 183, 184, 185. In a practical microgrid, there must be at least one grid-forming generator while there could be multiple grid-supporting and grid-feeding generators. The DC sources 190 in the microgrid 100 in FIG. 1 could be replaced by other converter based sources as would be appreciated by the skilled addressee. Each of DG1 101, DG2 102 and DG3 103 is formed by a voltage source inverter (VSI) 110 with an LCCL filter 120 as shown in FIG. 2A, where there are two sides for the DC/AC converter, one being the DC side 110a connected with a DC source 190 and the other being the AC side 110b, and the switches can be IGBT, MOSFET or other alternative switches as would be appreciated by the skilled addressee. The DC source 190 in FIG. 2A could be two capacitors with split neutral for three-phase four-wire application, where two capacitors are charged by other DC sources. When the converter works as a rectifier, then the DC source is replaced by a DC load or an equivalent DC load. FIG. 2B is the voltage source inverter with LCL filter 130. FIG. 2C shows the single-phase DC/AC converter 110C with LCCL filter 120B, where there are two sides for the DC/AC converter, one being the DC side 110a and the other being the AC side 110b. FIG. 2D shows the single-phase DC/AC convener 110C with LCL filter 130B.

(56) Inductor coil L.sub.1p 122 and capacitor C.sub.1 123 in LCCL filter 120 are combined in FIG. 3 as an equivalent inductor L.sub.1 124, where R.sub.1 121 is the resultant copper resistance of inductor L.sub.1p 122 and capacitor C.sub.1 123, and could be ignored as it is negligible. The basic relationship for L.sub.1 124, L.sub.1p 122, and C.sub.1 123, are given by Equations (1), (2) and (3):

(57) $\begin{array}{cc}{}_0{L}_{1p}-\frac{1}{{}_0{C}_1}={}_0{L}_1& \left(1\right)\\ L_{1p}=k_{\mathrm{coeff}}.Math.L_1& \left(2\right)\\ C_1=\frac{1}{{}_0^2\left(k_{\mathrm{coeff}}-1\right).Math.L_1}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$
where k.sub.coeff depends on the targeted harmonic containment in the operation with output of a fraction of rated power. The lower the fraction, the higher the k.sub.coeff. The range is k.sub.coeff>1. .sub.0 is the fundamental angular frequency of the microgrid system 100 shown in FIG. 1.

(58) The LCCL filter 120 in FIG. 4A can be reduced to an equivalent LCL filter 130 in FIG. 4B by combining L.sub.1p 122 with C.sub.1 123 as shown in FIG. 3. Then the values of L.sub.1 124 in FIG. 3, C 126 in FIG. 4A, and L.sub.2 125 in FIG. 4A can be chosen at rated power by using the method described in Daming Zhang, and R. Dutta, Application of Partial Direct-Pole-Placement and Differential Evolution Algorithm to Optimize Controller and LCL Filter Design for Grid-tied Inverter, AUPEC 2014, Perth, Australia, pp. 1-6, incorporated herein in its entirety by cross-reference, or other methods to meet the requirement of total harmonic distortion of current into the grid at the rated power of the converter. Then L.sub.1p 122 and C.sub.1 123 in FIG. 4A can be determined from Equations (2) and (3) for a chosen k.sub.coeff.

(59) The overall effect of L.sub.1p 122 and C.sub.1 123 in series in FIG. 4A at the fundamental frequency is an inductor and is equivalent to one inductor L.sub.1 124. At higher-orders, overall effect of L.sub.1p 122 and C.sub.1 123 in series is close to L.sub.1p 122 when k.sub.coeff is high enough, say 9. Hence the LCCL filter 120 has very good effect to block harmonic current. By following proper design procedure as described in the last paragraph, even if the converter circuit works at a small percentage of rated power, the LCCL filter 120 still can effectively contain harmonic currents.

(60) One may adopt the PQ control method referred above to control grid-tied voltage source DC/AC converters. One of such possible controls is illustrated here, which is based on PQ control with a natural or abc reference frame. The open-loop transfer function of the voltage source DC/AC inverter 110 with LCL filter 130 in FIG. 2B with such control is given by Equation (4). The proportional-resonant controller is given in Equation (5). The coefficients K, K.sub.p and K.sub.i in Equations (4) and (5) are controller parameters and can be determined by using the method described in Darning Zhang, and R. Dutta, Application of Partial Direct-Pole-Placement and Differential Evolution Algorithm to Optimize Controller and LCL Filter Design for Grid-tied Inverter, AUPEC 2014, Perth, Australia, pp. 1-6, incorporated herein in its entirety by cross-reference, or other methods as would be appreciated by the skilled addressee. The small series coil resistances for both inductor L.sub.1 and inductor L.sub.2 in LCL filter 130 in FIG. 2B are ignored in Equation (4) as in practice, they are negligible. Although these control parameters are designed for the DC/AC converter with LCL filter 130 in FIG. 2B or FIG. 2D, they are equally applicable to LCCL filter 120 based DC/AC converter in FIG. 2A or FIG. 2C as the series inductor L.sub.1p 122 and capacitor C.sub.1 123 in the LCCL filter 120 can be combined as one equivalent inductor L.sub.1 124.

(61) $\begin{array}{cc}{G}_{\mathrm{ol}}\left(s\right)=\frac{G_c\left(s\right).Math.K}{L_{1}S.Math.L_{2}s.Math.\mathrm{Cs}+K.Math.\mathrm{Cs}.Math.L_{2}s+\left(L_{1}S\right)+\left(L_{2}s\right)}& \left(4\right)\\ G_c\left(s\right)=K_p+\frac{K_{1}s}{s^2+{}_0^2}& \left(5\right)\\ G_{\mathrm{cl}}\left(s\right)=\frac{G_{\mathrm{ol}}\left(s\right)}{1+G_{\mathrm{ol}}\left(s\right)}& \left(6\right)\end{array}$

(62) The closed-loop transfer function for this PQ control method with natural or abc reference frame is given by Equation (6). For either three-phase or single-phase application, one can use a phase-locked loop or other methods as would be appreciated by the skilled addressee to obtain magnitude and angle of reference voltage. For three-phase application, one can transform from abc-frame to dq-frame to obtain voltage references v.sub.gd and v.sub.gq, then use Equation (7) to produce reference currents. After that, one may use inverse Park transformation to convert dq currents into abc currents. For the single-phase application, one can use Equations (8) and (9) to produce reference current instead. After that, L.sub.1p 122 and C.sub.1 123 can be treated as one equivalent inductor L.sub.1 124 and then one can use the same general procedure in PQ control method as for LCL filter based voltage source DC/AC converter to generate gating signals for either three-phase or single-phase applications. Such procedure is described in Erika Twining, and Donald Grahame Holmes, Grid Current Regulation of a Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter with an LCL Input Filter, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 18, No. 3, May 2003, pp. 888-895, incorporated herein in its entirety by cross-reference, and other journal and conference papers.

(63) $\begin{array}{cc}\left[\begin{array}{c}{i}_d^{*}\\ i_q^{*}\end{array}\right]=\frac{1}{v_{\mathrm{gd}}^2+v_{\mathrm{gq}}^2}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{v}_{\mathrm{gd}}& -v_{\mathrm{gq}}\\ v_{\mathrm{gq}}& v_{\mathrm{gd}}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{P}_{\mathrm{ref}}\\ Q_{\mathrm{ref}}\end{array}\right]& \left(7\right)\\ i_2\left(t\right)=\sqrt{2}\left(\sqrt{P_{\mathrm{ref}}^2+Q_{\mathrm{ref}}^2}\text{/}{V}_{\mathrm{rms}}\right)\sin \left({}_{0}t+{}_I\right)& \left(8\right)\\ {}_I={}_V-{\tan }^{-1}\left(Q_{\mathrm{ref}}\text{/}{P}_{\mathrm{ref}}\right)& \left(9\right)\end{array}$

(64) FIG. 5A shows the application of a modified LCCL filter 120 (which contains an LCC filter 225 and a shared inductor L.sub.2 125) to multi-stage converters either rectifier or inverter in a Y-connection configuration. The controller signal for each stage in each phase in FIG. 5A is the same and produced by using the PQ control method with the reference voltage being the total voltage across each phase (phase voltage of the source for Y-connection) divided by the number of stages in each phase. The one-phase circuit shown in FIG. 5A can also be used for single-phase application.

(65) The circuit in FIG. 6 is equivalent to that in FIG. 5A. Its control signal is produced in the same way as that for the circuit in FIG. 5A.

(66) FIG. 7 shows the application of a modified LCCL filter 120, which contains LCC filter 225 and a shared inductor L.sub.2 125 to multi-stage converter (either rectifier or inverter) which is in delta-connection configuration. The controller signal for each stage in each phase in FIG. 7 is the same and produced by using the PQ control method with the reference voltage being the total voltage across each phase (line-line voltage of the source for delta connection) divided by the number of stages in each phase. One-phase circuit shown in FIG. 7 can also be used for single-phase application.

(67) FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B show the application of a modified LCCL filter 120, which contains LCC filter 225 and a shared inductor L.sub.2 125 to single-phase converter topologies with multiple identical parallel branches, each of which contains multi-stage identical single-phase DC/AC converter with LCC filter 225 with shared and individual inductor L.sub.2 125 respectively, where each of the DC voltage sources 190 could be replaced by DC-link capacitors with other converters. The controller signals for each stage and each parallel branch in the circuit as shown in either FIG. 8A or 8B are the same and are produced by using the PQ control method with reference voltage being total voltage between Terminals X and Y in either FIG. 8A or 8B divided by the number of stages in each parallel branch.

(68) FIG. 9A shows a new DC/AC converter circuit topology which contains multiple identical parallel branches 400, each of which is formed by a single-phase voltage source DC/AC converter, series R.sub.1 121, series inductor L.sub.1p 122 and series capacitor C.sub.1 123. All the parallel branches are joined through the shunt capacitor C 126. In the circuit, each of the DC sources 190 could be replaced by DC-link capacitor and other converters as would be appreciated by the skilled addressee. The circuit topology in FIG. 9B is equivalent to that in FIG. 9A. The controller signals for each parallel branch 400 in the circuit in FIG. 9A are the same and are produced by using the PQ control method with reference voltage being the voltage between Terminals X 411 and Y 412. The controller signals for each parallel branch 410 in the circuit in FIG. 9B are the same and are produced by using the PQ control method with reference voltage being the voltage between Terminals X 411 and Y 412.

(69) FIG. 10A shows a new multistage DC/AC converter circuit topology. The first stage is the same as that in FIG. 9A while all the subsequent stages are identical and modified from that in FIG. 9A by removing the series inductor L.sub.2 125. All the stages are connected in series through the shunt capacitor C 126 of each stage and share a common inductor L.sub.2 125 from the first stage. The controller signals for each stage in each parallel branch in the circuit as shown in FIG. 10A are the same and are produced by using the PQ control method with reference voltage being total voltage between Terminals X and Y divided by the number of stages between Terminals X and Y. Circuit in FIG. 10B is equivalent to that in FIG. 10A.

(70) FIG. 11 shows a LCC filter which contains series-connected L.sub.1p 122 and C.sub.1 123 at converter side, and shunt connected C 126 at grid side. By removing L.sub.2 125 at the AC grid or AC load side in the circuits in FIGS. 2A, 4A, 5A, 6, 7, 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B, 10A, and 10B, a new series of circuits are formed.

(71) All the circuit topologies in FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B, 10A and 10B can be duplicated for three-phase or multiple phase applications.

(72) FIG. 12 shows a voltage source DC/AC converter developed from that in FIG. 8B.

(73) In the circuit in FIG. 12, only one physical inductor L.sub.1 124 is adopted to replace the series-connected R.sub.1 121, L.sub.1p 122 and C.sub.1 123 in FIG. 8B. The circuit part 535 in FIG. 12 is shown in FIG. 13 and it contains only one series inductor L.sub.1 124 and one shunt capacitor C 126. Similarly modifications can be done to the circuits in FIGS. 5A, 6, 7, 8A, 9A, 9B, 10A and 10B by replacing the series-connected R.sub.1 121, L.sub.1, 122 and C.sub.1 123 by only one series inductor L.sub.1 124. All the modified circuits in the single-phase form can be duplicated for three-phase and multiple-phase applications. Then a new series of circuit topologies of voltage source DC/AC converters with passive filters are developed.

(74) By incorporating voltage source converters with the LCCL or LCC or LCL filter working as inverters as disclosed herein with methods for controlling grid-forming generator, grid-supporting generators and grid-feeding generators in a microgrid as described in Daming Zhang and Eliathamby Ambikairajah, De-coupled PQ Control for Operation of Islanded Microgrid, 28-30 September. AUPEC 2015, Wollongong, Australia, pp. 1-6, incorporated herein in its entirety by cross-reference, and Daming Zhang, Integration of Renewable Energy Generation with Conventional Diesel-engine Powered Generation in a Microgrid, IEEE APPEEC 2015, 15-18 Nov., Brisbane, Australia, pp. 1-5, incorporated herein in its entirety by cross-reference, the islanded microgrid is able to cope with drastic change of renewable energy generation and load changes and operates at high power level and at constant frequency, and also can overcome the drawbacks of conventional control methods as described in the paragraph [0009]. Such method for operating microgrid is defined as constant frequency method for operation of microgrid, which is described in detail in the following paragraphs.

(75) Constant Frequency Method for Operation of Microgrid

(76) The procedures of such method are shown in FIG. 14 in steps of 910 through 950 and described in detail in the following paragraphs.

(77) The microgrid is formed by multiple sources, which are usually classified as grid-forming, grid-supporting and grid-feeding generators, a broad scope of loads and some energy storage systems. For the proper operation of an islanded microgrid, there must be a grid-forming generator, such as DG1 101 in the sample microgrid as shown in FIG. 1. In this technology, constant frequency method for operation of microgrid is adopted. The essence of this method is to de-couple PQ control for the grid-forming generator, which produces its own reference voltage with constant frequency either 50 Hz or 60 Hz or other fundamental frequency, for example v.sub.ref(t)=V.sub.m*sin(2**50*t+) with V.sub.m being the rated peak voltage or a value with small deviation from the rated peak voltage and being initial angle, generates its real power reference based on the deviation of its terminal voltage such as DG1 101's terminal voltage at P1 140 in FIG. 1 from its rated value or other predetermined value, and sets its reactive power reference to a small value or zero. The grid-forming generator DG1 101 could also serve as a reactive power sensor by sensing the output of reactive power at its terminal, and transfers system-demanded reactive power to and from separate reactive power compensators, such as the local reactive power compensator 160 in FIG. 1. The reactive power compensators could be located remotely. Then they should have communication links with the grid forming generator.

(78) Both grid-supporting and grid-feeding generators take their respective terminal voltage as reference voltage for their controller, and they take PQ control method. In the sample microgrid 100 in FIG. 1, DG2 102 is assumed as a grid-supporting generator while DG3 103 is assumed as a grid-feeding generator. So the voltage at terminal P2 is taken as DG2 102's reference voltage for its controller while the voltage at terminal P3 is taken as DG3 103's reference voltage for its controller. For effective real power control by the grid-supporting generators, their reactive power output references should be set to either zero or a very small value while their real power references with pre-set lower and upper limits are produced based on the deviation of their respective terminal voltages from their respective rated values or other specified values.

(79) In some microgrids, there could exist conventional generators such as diesel engine based generations. Then in such systems back-to-back converters could be adopted to interface the conventional generators with the microgrid. When they act as grid-feeding or grid-supporting generators, their grid-side converters take the voltage at common coupling point as reference for their controller. In the sample microgrid 100 in FIG. 1, DG4 104 is assumed as a conventional generator. Then the back-to-back converter 115 is adopted, where 115B is the grid-side converter. If the conventional generators act as grid-forming generators, then their grid-side converters 115B need to work in the same way as the grid-forming generator DG1 101 described in paragraph 0104. In a practical microgrid system, there could be one grid-forming generator or multiple grid-forming generators. When there are multiple grid-forming generators, they could work side-by-side or are remotely located with some in active mode and others in stand-by mode with communication link.

(80) For both grid-forming and grid-supporting generators, it is necessary to produce the real power reference based on the deviation of their respective terminal voltage from their respective rated value or other specified value. One solution is described here to achieve this purpose, and other methods could be adopted as well based on the deviation of their respective terminal voltage from their respective rated value or other specified value.

(81) In Equation (10), V.sub.ref is rms value of the rated voltage at the terminal of DC/AC inverter such as at P1 140 in FIG. 1. It could be also equal to a value with small deviation from the rated value. V.sub.mag is the rms value of the fundamental component of real-time voltage at the terminal of either grid-forming or grid supporting generator such as at P1 140 in FIG. 1. .sub.V is the angle of fundamental component of real-time phase-A-to-reference-ground voltage at the terminal such as at terminal P1 140 in FIG. 1, while .sub.I is the angle of fundamental component of real-time phase-A current out of either grid-forming or grid-supporting generator such as the current through the breaker 181 in FIG. 1.
XY.sub.1=(V.sub.refV.sub.mag)cos(.sub.V.sub.1)(10)

(82) Equation (11) is to produce a multiplying factor based on V.sub.ref and V.sub.mag with the range of F.sub.1 being greater than 1.
XY.sub.2=F.sub.1[(V.sub.ref/V.sub.mag)1]+1(11)

(83) The output XY.sub.1 from Equation (10) is fed into a proportional integral controller, whose output is fed into a low-pass filter. Finally the output from the low-pass filter is multiplied by the factor XY.sub.2 as given by Equation (11) to produce the real power reference for either grid-forming generator or grid-supporting generators. The produced real power reference is bounded by the upper-limit to address the generation capability of each of the grid-forming and grid-supporting generators.

(84) In a relatively large microgrid which includes several grid-supporting generators, the grid-forming generator may just serve the purpose of providing reference voltage with constant frequency either 50 Hz or 60 Hz, and just output fixed real and reactive powers. In this case, the grid-supporting generators act to sustain the voltages at different nodes or buses.

(85) By controlling the grid-forming generator, grid-supporting generators and grid-feeding generators using the methods described in paragraphs 0104 to 0111, the whole microgrid system operates at constant frequency. Furthermore local reactive power compensation could be dynamically implemented for all major power loads at various locations in a microgrid to ensure overall power factor of each major load close to one, such as compensating power factor of each of Load2 152, Load3 153, and Load4 154 to one in the sample microgrid 100 in FIG. 1.

(86) The grid-forming generator could coordinate the real and reactive power balance between generation and load power consumption in the microgrid with other grid-supporting and grid-feeding generators, energy storage units and other reactive power compensators via communication link. The sample energy storage 170 in FIG. 1 could be in different forms, such as battery, vertical heavy mass potential energy storage, compressed hydrogen plus fuel cell etc.

(87) Heavy mass gravitational potential energy storage system can be adopted in a microgrid to store extra energy when the renewable energy generation is in abundance, such as being due to stronger wind. The heavy masses could be stones or metals or other heavy masses, placed in boxes or other solid enclosures or containers. Multiple such enclosures or containers with heavy masses are produced to allow more potential energy storage. Such storage systems are based on the working mechanism by transporting heavy masses from low platforms or low lands to high platforms or high lands. Transporting the boxes or containers with heavy masses from low platforms to high platforms can be achieved by operating electric machines as electric motors. By doing so, the extra electricity produced in the microgrid is converted into potential energy stored in the heavy masses placed to high platforms. When there is a shortage of energy generation in the microgrid, heavy masses are transported from high platforms to low platforms by operating electric machines as electric generators. By doing so, the potential energy stored in heavy masses is converted into electricity which is fed into the microgrid through the electric generators. The interface between driving electric machines and microgrid can be back-to-back converters or other solid-state transformer based bidirectional AC/AC converters if the machines are AC ones. DC machine could also be used. In this case, bidirectional AC/DC converters are adopted to control the machines.

(88) Battery-powered DC/AC converters which act as grid-supporting generators could absorb real power as well when the microgrid has extra power than that consumed by loads. Under such condition, the DC/AC converters work in rectifier mode, and output negative real power into the microgrid or just absorb some real power from the microgrid to charge the batteries. The converters still take the grid-supporting role by reducing possible voltage rise due to extra renewable energy generation and keeping the voltage around rated voltage at each point of coupling between each such DC/AC converter and the microgrid.

(89) A microgrid could be operated in an islanded mode or grid-connected mode. When operating in the grid-connected mode, it is usually connected with a main grid. For practical applications in the future smart grid systems, there could be two or more microgrids neighboring to each other. Then the back-to-back converters can be adopted to interconnect two neighboring microgrids at the coupling point such as at the one as shown in FIG. 1 after breaker 185 and before the joining point with the main grid. Instead of using back-to-back converters to join two neighboring microgrids, other AC power to AC power converters with or without high-frequency link transformer could be adopted too as described in X. She, A. Q. Huang and Rolando Burgos, Review of solid state transformer technologies and their application in power distribution systems, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Vol. 1, No. 3, September, 2013, pp. 186-198. Such converters for joining two microgrids can be designed to be bidirectional. This is to facilitate mutual assistance of neighboring microgrids under the condition that one microgrid is short of power while the other has extra.

(90) Interpretation

(91) In Accordance with:

(92) As described herein, in accordance with may also mean as a function of and is not necessarily limited to the integers specified in relation thereto.

Embodiments

(93) Reference throughout this specification to one embodiment, an embodiment, one arrangement or an arrangement means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment/arrangement is included in at least one embodiment/arrangement of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases in one embodiment/arrangement or in an embodiment/arrangement in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment/arrangement, but may. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure, in one or more emxbodiments/arrangements.

(94) Similarly it should be appreciated that in the above description of example embodiments/arrangements of the invention, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment/arrangement, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment/arrangement. Thus, the claims following the Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment/arrangement of this invention.

(95) Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those in the art. For example, in the following claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

(96) Specific Details

(97) In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.

Terminology

(98) In describing the preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar technical purpose. Terms such as forward, rearward, radially, peripherally, upwardly, downwardly, and the like are used as words of convenience to provide reference points and are not to be construed as limiting terms.

(99) Different Instances of Objects

(100) As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives first, second, third, etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

(101) Comprising and Including:

(102) In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word comprise or variations such as comprises or comprising are used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention.

(103) Any one of the terms: including or which includes or that includes as used herein is also an open term that also means including at least the elements/features that follow the term, but not excluding others. Thus, including is synonymous with and means comprising.

Scope of Invention

(104) Thus, while there has been described what are believed to be the preferred arrangements of the invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention. Functionality may be added or deleted from the block diagrams and operations may be interchanged among functional blocks. Steps may be added or deleted to methods described within the scope of the present invention.

(105) Although the invention has been described with reference to specific examples, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in many other forms.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

(106) It is apparent from the above, that the arrangements described are applicable to electric power industries.

(107) It will be appreciated that the methods/apparatus/devices/systems described/illustrated above at least substantially provide improved filter circuit topologies and in particular to application of new passive LCCL or LCC filter circuit or their modified topologies to both single-stage and three-phase voltage source DC/AC converters, and applications of these filters to a new series of multistage voltage source DC/AC converters for high voltage and large power applications.

(108) The invented control method for operating microgrid makes its operation more reliable and insusceptible to sharp load change. It can also resist the impact from the drastic change of renewable energy generation. Furthermore such a microgrid system adopts heavy mass energy storage which is more advantageous over battery based storage system when the energy to be stored is tremendous. Hence it has a good potential of applications in power engineering field.

(109) The systems described herein, and/or shown in the drawings, are presented by way of example only and are not limiting as to the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise specifically stated, individual aspects and components of the systems described herein may be modified, or may have been substituted therefore known equivalents, or as yet unknown substitutes such as may be developed in the future or such as may be found to be acceptable substitutes in the future. The systems described herein may also be modified for a variety of applications while remaining within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention, since the range of potential applications is great, and since it is intended that the present systems described herein be adaptable to many such variations.