Method and device for joining elements to components

Abstract

A method for joining by welding or gluing joining elements to components, with the following steps: preparation of a joining element, which comprises a first joining surface, and preparation of a component, which comprises a second joining surface; preparation of the first or second joining surface; and carrying out the joining process, in which the joining element is joined to the component; wherein the preparatory step comprises at least one of the following cleaning methods for cleaning the first or second joining surface: a TIG arc method, a plasma gas cleaning method, and a snow jet method.

Claims

1. A joining method for joining by welding joining elements to a component, the method comprising the following steps: providing a joining element, which includes a first joining surface, and providing a component, which includes a second joining surface; preparing one of the first or second joining surface, using a plasma gas cleaning method including the cleaning steps of: generating a non-transferable arc between a tungsten electrode and an anode surrounding the tungsten electrode; generating with the non-transferable arc a plasma from a plasma gas; directing the plasma onto at least one of the first joining surface or the second joining surface; generating an ignition tip on the one of the first joining surface or the second joining surface, wherein the plasma used in the cleaning process is also used to generate the ignition tip, the plasma locally melting the one of the first joining surface or the second joining surface and forming the ignition tip; and joining the joining element to the component by welding.

2. The joining method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma gas is conducted under pressure through an intermediate space between the tungsten electrode and the anode, and the plasma is discharged from the intermediate space towards the one of the first joining surface or the second joining surface.

3. The joining method according to claim 2, wherein the anode is connected to a plasma gas nozzle located downstream in the direction of a plasma gas discharge direction, and the nozzle focuses the plasma emerging from the intermediate space.

4. The joining method according to claim 3, wherein the cleaning steps further include at least one of the steps of: adjusting a distance between the plasma gas nozzle and the joining surface in a range from 2 mm to 25 mm; adjusting a ratio between a nozzle diameter (D.sub.D) of the plasma gas nozzle and a distance (A) between the plasma gas nozzle and the one of the first joining surface or the second joining surface in a range from 1:4 to 1:1; and cooling the anode or the plasma gas nozzle with a cooling device.

5. The joining method according to claim 2, wherein the cleaning step of generating a plasma further includes the step of applying between the tungsten electrode and the anode at least one of: an electric voltage (U) ranging from 5 Volts to 400 Volts; and an electric current (I) ranging from 10 kilo-amperes to 300 kilo-amperes.

6. The joining method according to claim 1, wherein the ignition tip is formed on the second joining surface.

7. The joining method according to claim 6, wherein the joining step whereby the joining element is joined to the component includes an arc welding process with drawn-arc ignition; the arc welding process including the steps of: placing the first joining surface adjacent the ignition tip of the second joining surface and switching on an electric pilot current; lifting the joining element away from the component; flowing a welding current through the arc in such a manner that the first joining surface and second joining surface start to melt; lowering the joining element onto the component, wherein the melts of the first and second joining surfaces mix; and switching off the welding current so that the entire melt solidifies to join the joining element and the component.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings and explained in greater detail in the following description. These drawings are as follows:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a joining device according to an embodiment of the invention.

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a plasma gas cleaning device.

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a snow jet cleaning device.

(5) FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a TIG arc cleaning device.

(6) FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view of a joining surface.

(7) FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of a joining device according to the invention from the side.

(8) FIG. 7 shows the joining device in FIG. 6 from the front.

(9) FIG. 8A to 8E show different steps of a joining method with a plasma cleaning method and the generation of an ignition point on the joining surface.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(10) FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a joining device for joining joining elements to components, generally referred to as 10.

(11) The joining device 10 comprises a joining head 12, which can be moved freely in the space by means of a robot 14, said joining head 12 preferably being mounted on one arm 16 of the robot 14 in this case.

(12) A carriage 18 can preferably be moved along a joining axis 20 on the joining head 12. The maximum stroke of the carriage 18 is preferably larger than a maximum joining stroke.

(13) A retaining device 22 to retain a joining element 24 is arranged on the carriage 18. The joining element 24 may, for example, be designed as a stud, with a shaft portion which is not shown in greater detail, and a flange portion which is not shown in greater detail, a first joining surface 26 being formed on one side of the flange portion facing away from the shaft portion. The joining element 24 is preferably made from aluminum or aluminum alloy.

(14) The joining element 24 can be joined to a component 28 such as a plate by means of the joining device 10, the component 28 preferably also being made from aluminum or an aluminum alloy.

(15) A second joining surface 30 is formed on the component 28, said surface having a diameter D.sub.FB, which approximately corresponds to the diameter of the flange portion of the joining element 24.

(16) A coating 32 may be formed on the joining surface 30, said coating being formed of release agents or waxes, oils, polysiloxanes, hydrocarbons, polymers, etc.

(17) The joining device 10 is in particular designed as a stud welding device, but may also be in the form of a stud bonding/stud gluing device.

(18) The joining device 10 comprises a cleaning device 34, by means of which the second joining surface 30 can be cleaned before carrying out the joining process. The cleaning device 34 is preferably designed to direct a cleaning medium onto the second joining surface 30, and specifically along a longitudinal axis 36, which is oriented at an angle a with respect to the second joining surface 30. The angle α may, for example, range from 30° to 90°, and particularly from 30° to 85°.

(19) In an embodiment (not shown in the figures), the first joining surface can be cleaned before carrying out the joining process by the joining device 10. In another embodiment, the first and second joining surfaces might be cleaned simultaneously and/or both surfaces might be cleaned by the cleaning device 34.

(20) As illustrated, the cleaning device 34 is attached to the joining head 12, but may also be designed to be independent from the joining head 12.

(21) Furthermore, the joining device 10 may comprise a recording device 38, which is able to record the status of the second joining surface 30 and/or a surface coating on the second joining surface 30. In particular, the recording device 38 is designed to record a characteristic variable of the component 28.

(22) In this case the cleaning device 38 is attached to the joining head 12, but may also be designed to be independent from said joining head 12.

(23) In order to provide high quality joints, and especially to provide consistent joints, it is preferable for each joining surface 30 to be first processed by the recording device 38 before carrying out a joining process on said surface, after which the characteristic variable thus recorded is evaluated. A decision can be made on the basis of this variable whether a joining process can be performed immediately afterwards, or whether it is desirable or necessary to perform a cleaning process using the cleaning device 34 beforehand.

(24) FIG. 2 shows a cleaning device 34-1 in the form of a plasma gas cleaning device.

(25) The plasma gas cleaning device 34-1 comprises an elongated tungsten electrode 40, which preferably extends coaxially in relation to a joining axis 20 or cleaning axis 20.

(26) The cleaning device 34-1 also comprises an anode sleeve 42, an annular intermediate space 44 being formed between the tungsten electrode 40 and the anode sleeve 42.

(27) A plasma gas 45 is admitted to the intermediate space 44. An arc voltage U is applied between the tungsten electrode 40 and the anode sleeve 42, causing a corresponding current I to flow.

(28) Plasma 49 is generated between the tungsten electrode 40 and the anode sleeve 42 from the plasma gas 45 as a result of this arc voltage U and the current I, said plasma emerging from a plasma gas nozzle 46 arranged at one downstream end of the anode sleeve 42.

(29) As a result, a kind of plasma arc (or plasma jet) is generated from the plasma gas nozzle 46 towards the second joining surface 30, this arc being a non-transmitted arc (or non-transferable arc), and preferably not undergoing any magnetic deflection due to ground effects.

(30) The space A between the plasma gas nozzle 46 and the second joining surface 30 may, for example, range from 2 mm to 25 mm. The internal diameter D.sub.D of the plasma gas nozzle may, for example, range from 2 mm to 15 mm.

(31) FIG. 2 also shows that the arrangement of the tungsten electrode 40 and the anode sleeve 42 may be cooled by a cooling device 50, for example by water cooling. As a result, this arrangement can be made more thermally stable.

(32) As a general rule, it is not necessary to supply an inert gas around the plasma arc 48, as is known from TIG welding, for example. If this is still necessary for specific reasons, an inert gas sleeve 52 may be arranged around the outside of the anode sleeve 42 such that an inert gas 54 can be supplied between the inert gas sleeve 52 and the anode sleeve 42.

(33) FIG. 3 shows a snow jet cleaning device 34-2 in which a gas 60 such as CO.sub.2 and compressed air are passed into a snow jet nozzle 64 from a compressed air generator 62. In this process the gas 60 is first compressed and then expanded in the snow jet nozzle such as to produce snow or ice crystals 66 in the snow jet nozzle 64.

(34) The internal diameter D.sub.D′ of the snow jet nozzle may, for example, range from 1 mm to 5 mm.

(35) The snow crystals 66 carried by the compressed air flow impact on and break up a coating 32, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 3.

(36) In the snow jet cleaning device 34-2, it may be preferable if a joining or cleaning axis 20 is oriented at an angle a in relation to the joining surface 30, said angle ranging from 30° to 85°.

(37) FIG. 4 shows a TIG arc cleaning device 34-3. In this case, an arc voltage is applied between a tungsten electrode 40′ and the component 28 such that a TIG arc 17 is created between the tungsten electrode 40′ and the component 28 in the region of the joining surface 30. If applicable, an inert gas sleeve 52′ may be provided around the tungsten electrode 40′ such that the TIG arc 70 can be surrounded by an inert gas 54.

(38) FIG. 5 shows a plan view of a joining surface 30 of a component 28, said joining surface having a diameter D.sub.FB.

(39) A radius of the joining surface 30 is shown as r.

(40) Various positions on a plasma arc 48 (or a snow jet) directed onto the joining surface 30 are shown as 48.

(41) It is evident that the diameter DR of this plasma arc 48 (or the snow jet) may be greater than or equal to the diameter D.sub.FB, but may also be smaller. An effective overall cleaning surface can be achieved by moving the plasma arc 48 (or the snow jet) in relation to the second joining surface 30, for example on a circular path 74. It is also possible to position the plasma arc 48 (or the snow jet) at an angle in relation to the joining surface 30 such as to produce an overall tumbling motion.

(42) FIGS. 6 and 7 show another embodiment of a joining device 10′ which generally corresponds to the joining device 10 shown in FIG. 1 with regard to its structure and mode of operation. The same components are therefore identified by the same reference numerals.

(43) The joining device 10′ comprises a motor 80, which is fixed to the joining head 12, a cleaning device 34 being able to rotate around an axis of rotation, which is oriented transversely with respect to the joining axis 20. In this case the motor 80 is connected to the cleaning device 34 via an interface 82. The direction of rotation 84 around the axis of rotation is shown in FIG. 7. A displacement measurement device 86 is preferably assigned to the cleaning device 34 and used to record the angle of rotation.

(44) The angle a at which a cleaning medium is directed onto a joining surface 30 of the component 28 can be adjusted by means of the motor 80 as a result.

(45) FIG. 8a to FIG. 8e show different steps of a joining method according to the invention. The cleaning device 34 is for example a cleaning device 34-1 in the form of a plasma gas cleaning device. Eventually the cleaning device 34 is a TIG arc cleaning device 34-3.

(46) As illustrated in FIG. 8a and FIG. 8b, the plasma 49 or a plasma jet is used to clean the joining surface 26, 30, and in particular the second joining surface 30 as described above. The plasma 49 or plasma jet will first clean the joining surface (in particular the second joining surface 30). Any lubricant or contamination provided on the joining surface are removed through the plasma 49 or plasma jet. The plasma jet is in particular generated by a power source. Through the thermal effect of the plasma, the coating 32 (which can be as previously mentioned oils, polymers, contaminations . . . ) is vaporized, burnt and/or removed.

(47) The plasma 49 or plasma jet is further applied in order to create a local melting of the joining surface, as shown in FIG. 8c. The parameters used to generate the plasma during the cleaning step might be modified to provide the melting area. The pressure applied by the plasma on the melting area generates a projection or ignition tip 56. The projection or ignition tip 56 has a circular shape or a circular cross section. For example, the projection or ignition tip 56 has a crater-like shape.

(48) The ignition tip 56 enables a better welding of the joining element on the component, as already known from the prior art. The generation of the joining tip 56 on the component 28 and not on the joining element 24, allows to avoid a pre-forming of the joining element 24. Thus, the shape of the joining element 24 might be randomly chosen and its end face (or joining surface) may not need to be prepared.

(49) More particularly, after forming the ignition tip 56, the joining element 24 may be joined to the component 28 through arc welding, with drawn-arc ignition. In a first step, the first joining surface 26 is placed adjacent the ignition tip of the second joining surface 30. An electric pilot current is switched on. The joining element 24 is then lifted away from the component 28 with the retaining device 22. The welding current flows through the arc in such a manner that the first joining surface 26 and second joining surface 30 start to melt. More particularly, the second joining surface starts to melts from the ignition tip, which allows a better repartition of the melting. The ignition tip 56 allows the arc to remain in a precise location.

(50) The joining element 24 is then lowered onto the component 28, and the melts of the first and second joining surfaces 26, 30 mix. The welding current is switched off and the entire melt solidifies to join the joining element 24 and the component 28, as visible in FIG. 8e. The retaining device 22 can then be moved away from the assembly, for example by following the direction of the arrow shown in FIG. 8e.

(51) Although exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.