Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use

Abstract

An aviation gasoline composition comprising an impure iso-octane fraction, at least one xylene and at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane, wherein the impure iso-octane fraction in said composition is a fraction comprising at least 90 mol % iso-octane and having a final boiling point of at least 180 C. and is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 30 to 80 vol. % based on the composition, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds, the composition has a motor octane number of at least 94 and the composition has a final boiling point of at most 170 C. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together an impure iso-octane fraction, xylene, at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane, optionally ethyl tertiary butyl ether, and optionally methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine, either alone or in combination with methanol or a methanol and water mixture.

Claims

1. An aviation gasoline composition comprising: an impure iso-octane fraction comprising at least 90 mol % iso-octane, wherein the impure iso-octane fraction has a final boiling point of at least 180 C., and wherein the impure iso-octane fraction is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 30 to 80 vol. % based on the composition; at least one xylene; and at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane; wherein the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds, wherein the composition has a motor octane number of at least 94, and wherein a combination of the impure iso-octane fraction and the at least one xylene are present in an amount such that the composition has a final boiling point of at most 170 C.

2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the composition has a MON of at least 95 and preferably of at least 96.

3. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the distillation of the composition has a T10 of at most 75 C., a T40 of at least 75 C., a T50 of at most 105 C., and a T90 of at most 135 C.

4. The composition according to claim 1 in which the impure iso-octane fraction is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 40 vol. % to 70 vol. % based on the composition.

5. The composition according to claim 1 in which the at least one xylene is present in an amount in the range of from 0.5 vol. % to 30 vol. % based on the composition.

6. The composition according to claim 1 in which the at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane is an iso-pentane.

7. The composition according to claim 1 in which the xylene is meta-xylene or para-xylene.

8. The composition according to claim 1 in which the impure iso-octane fraction is obtained from the fractionation of an alkylate stream obtained from an alkylation unit.

9. The composition according to claim 8 in which the impure iso-octane fraction comprises iso-octane in an amount in the range of from 90 vol. % to 98 vol. % and additionally contains at least one other iso-alkane having between 6 and 12 carbon atoms.

10. The composition according to claim 1 in which the impure iso-octane fraction is obtained from the dimerization of iso-butylene compositions followed by hydrogenation of the dimerization product stream.

11. The composition according to claim 10 in which the impure iso-octane fraction comprises iso-octane in an amount in the range of from 90 vol. % to 98 vol. % and additionally contains at least one other iso-alkene having between 8 and 12 carbon atoms.

12. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the aviation gasoline composition additionally comprises ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE).

13. The composition according claim 12 in which the ethyl tertiary butyl ether is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 1 vol. % to 50 vol. % based on the composition.

14. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the aviation gasoline composition additionally comprises methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT).

15. The composition according to claim 14 in which the methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 1 mgMn/1 to 250 mgMn/1.

16. The composition according to claim 12 in which the composition has a MON of at least 98.

17. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in which methanol or a mixture of water and methanol, is combined with the aviation gasoline composition at the point of delivery into the engine induction system.

18. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the composition comprises a dye.

19. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the composition comprises at least one anti-oxidants such as hindered phenols.

20. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the composition comprises at least one lubricity improvers such as acids, esters and/or amides.

21. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the composition comprises at least one conductivity improvers such as nitrogen and/or sulphur containing polymeric compounds.

22. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the composition comprises at least one biofuels.

23. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the composition comprises at least one additives to reduce valve seat recession, such as phosphorus, potassium or sodium based valve seat recession additives.

24. The composition according to claim 5 in which the at least one xylene is present in an amount in the range of from 1 vol. % to 25 vol. % based on the composition.

25. The composition according to claim 24 in which the at least one xylene is present in an amount in the range of from 2 vol. % to 20 vol. % based on the composition.

26. The composition according claim 13 in which the ethyl tertiary butyl ether is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 5 vol. % to 35 vol. % based on the composition.

27. The composition according to claim 15 in which the methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 10 mgMn/1 to 200 mgMn/1.

28. The composition according to claim 27 in which the methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 20 mgMn/1 to 100 mgMn/1.

29. The composition according to claim 16 in which the composition has a MON of at least 99.

30. The composition according to claim 1 in which the composition comprises at least one fuel system icing inhibitor.

31. The composition according to claim 1 in which the at least one xylene is present in an amount in the range of up to 30 vol. % based on the composition.

32. The composition according to claim 1 in which the xylene is para-xylene.

33. The composition according to claim 1 in which an amount of lead in the composition is not greater than 0.010 g of lead per liter.

34. The composition according to claim 1 in which an amount of lead in the composition is not greater than 0.003 g of lead per liter.

35. The composition according to claim 22 in which the at least one biofuels is a biofuel formed by combination of ethanol fermented from corn or similar feed-stock with C4 hydrocarbons to form ETBE.

Description

EXAMPLE 1

(1) 69% volume impure iso-octane fraction (having an iso-octane content of greater than 90 mol %) with a boiling point of greater than 180 C. was combined with 13% volume xylene and 18% volume iso-pentane to give an unleaded aviation gasoline of 96.0 MON, Table 2. Final boiling point was 168 C.

(2) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Analysis Units Specification Result Impure Iso-Octane % v/v 69 Xylene 13 Iso-pentane 18 Appearance Visual Clear MON ON 96.0 MON + 36 mgMn/l (MMT) ON Supercharge PN Supercharge + 36 mgMn/l PN (MMT) Lead Content gPb/l 0.013 max Density @ 15 C. kg/m.sup.3 Report 721.1 Distillation Initial Boiling Point C. Report 36.0 10% v/v at C. 75 max 67.2 40% v/v at C. 75 min 100.5 50% v/v at C. 105 max 103.2 90% v/v at C. 135 max 127.9 Final boiling point C. 170 max 168.1 Sum T10% + T50% v/v C. 135 min 170.4 Recovery % v/v 97 min Residue % v/v 1.5 max 1.0 Loss % v/v 1.5 max 0.7 Vapor Pressure @ 38 C. kPa 38.0-49.0 38.2 Freeze Point C. 58 min <80 Sulfur Content % m/m 0.05 max <0.0001 Net Heat of Combustion MJ/kg 43.5 min 43.761 Copper Cu. 2 hrs @ 100 C. Rating No. 1 1a Oxidation stability (5 hrs) Potential gum mg/100 mL 6 <1.0 Water Reaction Volume change mL +/2 0 Interface rating visual 2 max 1 Separation rating visual 1 max 1 Hydrogen content % m/m

EXAMPLE 2

(3) 55% volume impure iso-octane fraction (having an iso-octane content of greater than 90 mol %) with a boiling point of greater than 180 C. was combined with 2% volume xylene, 30% volume ETBE and 13% volume iso-pentane to give an unleaded aviation gasoline of 97.2 MON, Table 3. Addition of 36 mgMn/l MMT additive further improved octane quality to 99.7 MON, >130 PN supercharge, the latter being measured by test method ASTM D909. Final boiling point was 163.5 to 166.5 C.

(4) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Analysis Units Specification 97 UL 100 UL Industrial Iso-Octane % v/v 55 55 Alkylate Xylene 2 2 ETBE 30 30 Iso-pentane 13 13 Appearance Visual Clear Clear MON ON 97.2 MON + 36 mgMn/l ON 99.7 99.7 (MMT) Supercharge PN >130 Supercharge + 36 mgMn/l PN >138.4 (MMT) Lead Content gPb/l 0.013 max 0.0 Density @ 15 C. kg/m.sup.3 Report 708.1 Distillation Initial Boiling Point C. Report 42.0 44.5 10% v/v at C. 75 max 68.5 70.0 40% v/v at C. 75 min 83.5 84.5 50% v/v at C. 105 max 87.5 88.5 90% v/v at C. 135 max 104.0 105.5 Final boiling point C. 170 max 163.5 166.5 Sum T10% + T50% v/v C. 135 min 156.0 158.5 Recovery % v/v 97 min 98.0 98.5 Residue % v/v 1.5 max 1.3 1.2 Loss % v/v 1.5 max 0.7 0.3 Vapor Pressure @ 38 C. kPa 38.0-49.0 41.2 39.8 Freeze Point C. 58 min <70 Sulfur Content % m/m 0.05 max 0.0003 Net Heat of Combustion MJ/kg 43.5 min 41.8 Copper Cu. Rating No. 1 1a 2 hrs @ 100 C. Oxidation stability (5 hrs) Potential gum mg/100 6 4 Water Reaction Volume change mL +/2 0 Interface rating visual 2 max 1b Separation rating visual 1 max 1 Hydrogen content % m/m 15.02