Method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand

Abstract

A method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand can include mixing white sand with H.sub.2SO.sub.4 and H.sub.3PO.sub.4 to form a mixture. The mixture can be stirred in an ice bath. KMnO.sub.4 can then be added to the mixture while maintaining the temperature of the mixture below 5 C. The resulting suspension can be reacted for about 3 hours to about 5 hours on ice. The suspension is stirred in an ice bath and then maintained in a water bath at a temperature of 40 C. for about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes. Afterwards, the temperature is adjusted to and maintained at 98 C. for another period of about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes while adding water. H.sub.2O.sub.2 can be added to the suspension after adding the water to produce a reaction product with a precipitate. The reaction product can then be dried and calcinated to provide the silica nanoparticles.

Claims

1. A method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand comprising: mixing sand with H.sub.2SO.sub.4 and H.sub.3PO.sub.4 to provide a mixture; adding KMnO.sub.4 to the mixture under ice cooling conditions to provide a suspension; stirring the suspension for a first period of time under the cooling conditions; stirring the mixture for a second period of time under warming conditions while adding water; adding H.sub.2O.sub.2 to the mixture to produce a precipitate; isolating the precipitate; and drying and calcining the isolated precipitate to obtain the silica nanoparticles.

2. The method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the the H.sub.2SO.sub.4 and the H.sub.3PO.sub.4 is 9:1.

3. The method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand according to claim 1, wherein the cooling conditions include temperatures below 5 C.

4. The method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand according to claim 1, wherein the warming conditions include temperatures ranging from about 40 C. to about 98 C.

5. The method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand according to claim 1, wherein the step of isolating comprises centrifuging the mixture and rinsing the precipitate with water and HCl solution.

6. The method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand according to claim 1, wherein the step of drying and calcinating comprises drying at about 80 C. and calcinating at about 400 C.

7. The method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand according to claim 1, wherein the first period of time and the second period of time ranges from about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows the particle size distribution of sand silica nanoparticles produced according to an embodiment of the present specification.

(2) FIG. 2 shows an X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern of the sand silica nanoparticles.

(3) FIG. 3A-D shows Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) images of the sand silica nanoparticles at 4 different scales.

(4) FIG. 4 shows an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the elements content in the prepared sand silica nanoparticles sample.

(5) FIG. 5 shows the relative permittivity as a function of applied frequency for the sand silica nanoparticles.

(6) FIG. 6 shows the electrical conductivity () of the sand silica nanoparticles as a function of applied frequency.

(7) FIG. 7 shows the loss factor (tan ) of the sand silica nanoparticles as a function of applied frequency.

(8) Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(9) A method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand can include mixing white sand with H.sub.2SO.sub.4 and H.sub.3PO.sub.4 to form a mixture. In an embodiment, a ratio of the H.sub.2SO.sub.4 to the H.sub.3PO.sub.4 in the mixture is 9:1. The mixture can be stirred in an ice bath. KMnO.sub.4 can then be added to the mixture while maintaining the temperature of the mixture below 5 C. In an embodiment, about 5 grams of white sand is mixed with about 108 mL H.sub.2SO.sub.4 and about 12 mL H.sub.3PO.sub.4 to form the mixture and the mixture is stirred in the ice bath for about 15 min prior to adding about 15 grams of KMnO.sub.4. After adding the KMnO.sub.4, the resulting suspension can be reacted for about 3 hours to about 5 hours on ice, e.g., 3 hours. The suspension can be stirred in the ice bath and then maintained in a water bath at a temperature of 40 C. Preferably, the suspension is stirred in the 40 C. water bath for about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes. Afterwards, the temperature is adjusted to and maintained at 98 C. for another period of about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes while adding water. Water, e.g., about 120 mL to about 150 mL deionized water, can be added to the suspension continuously during this time. H.sub.2O.sub.2, e.g., about 15 mL to about 20 mL of 30% H.sub.2O.sub.2, can be added to the suspension after adding the water to produce a reaction product with a precipitate. The reaction product can be centrifuged and washed with deionized water and 5% HCl solution one or more times. The reaction product can then be dried at 80 C. and calcinated at 400 C., to provide the silica nanoparticles.

(10) The present method of synthesizing silica nanoparticles can provide silica nanoparticles with predictable properties and in scalable quantities. The silica nanoparticles can include crystalline silica and can have an average size of approximately 266.2 nm. The silica nanoparticles morphologies can vary, ranging from near spherical to highly irregular in shape. The silica nanoparticles can have high purity. The method for producing silica nanoparticles can be useful in many fields, such as controlled release application, sensor devices, electronics, catalysis, and dielectric materials. As sand is an abundant resource, the present methods are particularly desirable for synthesizing silica nanoparticles.

(11) It should be understood that the amounts of materials for the methods described herein are exemplary, and appropriate scaling of the amounts are encompassed by the present subject matter, as long as the relative ratios of materials are maintained. As used herein, the term about, when used to modify a numerical value, means within ten percent of that numerical value. The present teachings are illustrated by the following examples.

Example 1

Silica Nanoparticle Synthesis

(12) Commercial white sand was collected from a fire extinguishing sand pail. 5 g of the white sand was mixed with 108 mL H.sub.2SO.sub.4 and 12 mL H.sub.3PO.sub.4 to form a mixture. The mixture was stirred in an ice bath for 15 min. 15 g of KMnO.sub.4 was then slowly added to the mixture while maintaining the temperature of the mixture below 5 C. The resulting suspension was then reacted for 3 h in an ice bath, stirred for 90 min on ice, and then stirred in a 40 C. water bath for an additional 90 min. The temperature of the mixture was adjusted to a constant 98 C. for a further 90 min, while water was added continuously. Deionized water was further added to achieve a suspension volume of 400 mL. 15 mL of H.sub.2O.sub.2 was added 5 min after the deionized water, producing a reaction product with a precipitate. The reaction product was centrifuged and washed with deionized water and 5% HCl solution repeatedly. Finally, the reaction product was dried at 80 C. and then calcinated at 400 C., resulting in exemplary silica nanoparticles.

Example 2

Silica Nanoparticle Characterization

(13) The size distribution of the exemplary silica nanoparticles was measured by a Zetasizer (Nano-series, HT Laser, ZEN3600; Molvern Instrument, UK), as shown in FIG. 1. The average size of the exemplary silica nanoparticles was found to be 266.2 nm.

(14) Results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) (X'Pert PRO PANalytical) analysis are shown in FIG. 2. The XRD pattern of the exemplary silica nanoparticles shows a typical silica characteristic of a sharp peak at 2=26, which confirms that the sample is crystalline silica.

(15) The exemplary silica nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEM-2100F). TEM images of exemplary silica nanoparticles are shown in FIGS. 3A-3D. The exemplary silica nanoparticles morphologies are variable, ranging from near spherical to highly irregular in shape.

(16) Elemental analysis was performed on exemplary silica nanoparticles using Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). FIG. 4 shows peaks consistent with that of silicon and oxygen.

(17) FIGS. 5-7 show the variation of electrical permittivity and conductivity with a frequency range of 20 Hz to 3 MHz at room temperature for SiO.sub.2. FIG. 5 shows the relative permittivity as a function of applied frequency for the sand silica nanoparticles. FIG. 6 shows the electrical conductivity () of the sand silica nanoparticles as a function of applied frequency. FIG. 7 shows the loss factor (tan ) of the sand silica nanoparticles as a function of applied frequency. The dielectric data indicates that the exemplary SiO.sub.2 nanoparticles have strong dielectric dispersion corresponding to the alpha relaxation region in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 100 kHz, which appears as an anomalous frequency dispersion.

(18) A rapid decrease in the dielectric constant may be attributed to the tendency of dipoles in the SiO.sub.2 to orient themselves in the direction of the applied field in the low frequency range. However, in the high-frequency range, the dipoles are less easily oriented in the direction of the applied field. Hence, the value of the dielectric constant is nearly constant at the high-frequency range. The measured conductivity values increase monotonically with increasing frequency.

(19) Moreover, at high frequencies, the conductivity values rapidly increase for the exemplary silica nanoparticles. The variation of loss factor as a function of frequency for the exemplary silica nanoparticles is shown in FIG. 7, which shows a relaxation process. The relaxation time was found to increase with increase in frequency until a maximum value of tan loss is obtained. A fall in loss factor tan occurs with further increase in frequency.

(20) It is to be understood that the method of producing silica nanoparticles is not limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.