Treatment of subterranean formations

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to methods for treating a water zone of a subterranean formation by injecting a mixture including an anionic surfactant and an amine, followed by CO.sub.2, to reduce water production from the formation.

Claims

1. A method of treating a water zone of a subterranean formation, the method comprising: injecting, through a wellbore into the water zone, a mixture comprising an anionic surfactant and an amine and having a viscosity of less than about 0.01 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate from about 0.1 to about 1000 s.sup.?1; and then injecting CO.sub.2 through the wellbore into the water zone to increase a viscosity of the mixture in the water zone, wherein increasing the viscosity of the mixture reduces an influx of water from the water zone into the wellbore, and wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a compound of Formula I, Formula II, or Formula III: ##STR00011## ##STR00012## ##STR00013## wherein: R.sup.1 is ##STR00014## the sum of m and q is an integer from 12 to 22; n is an integer from 0 to 10; p is 0 or 1; and X.sup.+ is Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Cs.sup.+, Ag.sup.+, or (R.sup.A).sub.4N.sup.+, wherein each occurrence of R A is selected from H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; each C.sub.1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 R.sup.B independently selected from C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; and optionally, one or more instances of R A are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein n is from 1 to 10; and p is 1.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein n, p, and q are each 0.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium hexadecyl sulfate, sodium octadecyl sulfate, or any combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the amine comprises an alkylene diamine, alkylene triamine, alkanolamine, or any combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the amine comprises a compound of Formula IV: ##STR00015## wherein R.sup.2 is selected from C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; each C.sub.1-6 alkyl and C.sub.6-10 aryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 R.sup.C; each R.sup.C is independently selected from OH and N(R.sup.D).sub.2; and each R D is independently selected from H and C.sub.1-4 alkyl.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein R.sup.2 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl or phenyl; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, and phenyl; and each R.sup.C is independently selected from OH and NH.sub.2.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the amine comprises diethylene triamine, bis(hexamethylene) triamine, 2-(dimethylamino) ethanol, or any combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant and the amine are present in the mixture in a molar ratio of about 5:1 to about 1:5.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant and the amine are present in the mixture in a molar ratio of about 2:1 to about 1:2.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein a total concentration of the anionic surfactant and the amine in the water zone after injecting the mixture is about 0.01 mol/L to about 2 mol/L.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein a total concentration of the anionic surfactant and the amine in the water zone after injecting the mixture is about 0.1 mol/L to about 0.75 mol/L.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the mixture before injecting CO.sub.2 is less than about 0.005 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate from about 0.1 to about 1000 s.sup.?1.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein injecting CO.sub.2 increases the viscosity of the mixture in the water zone to greater than about 0.01 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate from about 0.1 to about 1000 s.sup.?1.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the water zone comprises a fracture or high-permeability streak.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises isolating the water zone before injecting the mixture.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein isolating the water zone comprises deploying a straddle packer into the wellbore.

18. A method of treating a water zone of a subterranean formation, the method comprising: deploying a straddle packer into a wellbore in the subterranean formation; expanding an upper seal of the straddle packer above the water zone and expanding a lower seal of the straddle packer below the water zone to mechanically isolate the water zone; injecting a mixture comprising an anionic surfactant and an amine through the straddle packer into the water zone; and then injecting CO.sub.2 through the wellbore into the water zone to increase a viscosity of the mixture in the water zone, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a compound of Formula I, Formula II, or Formula III: ##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## wherein: R.sup.1 is ##STR00019## the sum of m and q is an integer from 12 to 22; n is an integer from 0 to 10; p is 0 or 1; and X.sup.+ is Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Cs.sup.+, Ag.sup.+, or (R.sup.A).sub.4N.sup.+, wherein each occurrence of R A is selected from H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; each C.sub.1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 R.sup.B independently selected from C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; and optionally, one or more instances of R A are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising removing the straddle packer from the wellbore after injecting CO.sub.2.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein n is from 1 to 10; and p is 1.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein n, p, and q are each 0.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein the amine comprises an alkylene diamine, alkylene triamine, alkanolamine, or any combination thereof.

23. The method of claim 18, wherein the amine comprises a compound of Formula IV: ##STR00020## wherein R.sup.2 is selected from C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; each C.sub.1-6 alkyl and C.sub.6-10 aryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 R.sup.C; each R.sup.C is independently selected from OH and N(R.sup.D).sub.2; and each R D is independently selected from H and C.sub.1-4 alkyl.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein R.sup.2 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl or phenyl; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, and phenyl; and each R.sup.C is independently selected from OH and NH.sub.2.

25. The method of claim 18, wherein the amine comprises diethylene triamine, bis(hexamethylene) triamine, 2-(dimethylamino) ethanol, or any combination thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a wellbore formed through the earth surface into a subterranean formation.

(2) FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a wellbore formed through the earth surface into a subterranean formation.

(3) FIG. 3 is a block flow diagram of a method for treating a water zone of a subterranean formation.

(4) FIG. 4 is a block flow diagram of a method for treating a water zone of a subterranean formation.

(5) FIG. 5A is a photograph of a mixture of the present disclosure before exposure to CO.sub.2.

(6) FIG. 5B is a photograph of a mixture of the present disclosure after exposure to CO.sub.2.

(7) FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the viscosity of certain mixtures of the present disclosure before and after exposure to CO.sub.2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(8) The present disclosure relates to methods for treating a water zone of a subterranean formation by injecting a low-viscosity mixture including an anionic surfactant and an amine through a wellbore into the water zone, and then injecting CO.sub.2 through the wellbore into the water zone. Injecting the CO.sub.2 can trigger gelation of the mixture in the water zone. The increased viscosity of the mixture after CO.sub.2 injection can reduce or even block influx of water from the water zone into the wellbore, reducing or eliminating operational difficulties associated with high water production from a subterranean formation. Because injected CO.sub.2 can be sequestered in the gelled mixture, the methods described in the present disclosure can also reduce atmospheric CO.sub.2.

(9) Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. While the disclosed subject matter will be described in conjunction with the enumerated claims, it will be understood that the exemplified subject matter is not intended to limit the claims to the disclosed subject matter.

Definitions

(10) The terms a, an, and the are used in the present disclosure to include one or more than one unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term or is used to refer to a nonexclusive or unless otherwise indicated. The statement at least one of A and B has the same meaning as A, B, or A and B. In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed in this disclosure, and not otherwise defined, is for the purpose of description only and not of limitation. Any use of section headings is intended to aid reading of the document and is not to be interpreted as limiting; information that is relevant to a section heading may occur within or outside of that particular section.

(11) Values expressed in a range format should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a range of about 0.1% to about 5% or about 0.1% to 5% should be interpreted to include not just about 0.1% to about 5%, but also the individual values (for example, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges (for example, 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the indicated range. The statement about X to Y has the same meaning as about X to about Y, unless indicated otherwise. Likewise, the statement about X, Y, or about Z has the same meaning as about X, about Y, or about Z, unless indicated otherwise.

(12) As used in the present disclosure, the term about can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range.

(13) In the methods of the present disclosure, the acts can be carried out in any order, except when a temporal or operational sequence is explicitly recited. Furthermore, specified acts can be carried out concurrently unless explicit claim language recites that they be carried out separately. For example, a claimed act of doing X and a claimed act of doing Y can be conducted simultaneously within a single operation, and the resulting process will fall within the literal scope of the claimed process.

(14) The term substituted means that an atom or group of atoms formally replaces hydrogen as a substituent attached to another group. The term substituted, unless otherwise indicated, refers to any level of substitution, for example, mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-substitution, where such substitution is permitted. The substituents are independently selected, and substitution may be at any chemically accessible position. It is to be understood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency. It is to be understood that substitution at a given atom results in a chemically stable molecule. The phrase optionally substituted means unsubstituted or substituted. The term substituted means that a hydrogen atom is removed and replaced by a substituent. A single divalent substituent, for example, oxo, can replace two hydrogen atoms.

(15) As used in the present disclosure, the term Cn-m indicates a range which includes the endpoints, wherein n and m are integers and indicate the number of carbons. Examples include C.sub.1-4, C.sub.1-6 and the like.

(16) As used in the present disclosure, the term n-membered, where n is an integer, indicates the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the number of ring-forming atoms is n. For example, piperidinyl is an example of a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, pyrazolyl is an example of a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, pyridyl is an example of a 6-membered heteroaryl ring and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene is an example of a 10-membered cycloalkyl group.

(17) As used in the present disclosure, the term alkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbon group that may be straight-chained or branched. In some embodiments, the alkyl group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl; higher homologs such as 2-methyl-1-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, and the like.

(18) As used in the present disclosure, the term alkylene, refers to a divalent alkyl linking group. Examples of alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethan-1,2-diyl, propan-1,3-diyl, propan-1,2-diyl, butan-1,4-diyl, butan-1,3-diyl, butan-1,2-diyl, 2-methyl-propan-1,3-diyl and the like.

(19) As used in the present disclosure, the term alkenyl, refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group corresponding to an alkyl group having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds. In some embodiments, the alkenyl moiety contains 2 to 6, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3 carbon atoms. Example alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, sec-butenyl and the like.

(20) As used in the present disclosure, the term cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring system (monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic), including cyclized alkyl and alkenyl groups. Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (for example, having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) groups and spirocycles. Cycloalkyl groups can have 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 ring-forming carbons (C.sub.3-7). In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring members, 3 to 5 ring members, or 3 to 4 ring members. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is monocyclic. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is monocyclic or bicyclic. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is a C.sub.3-6 monocyclic cycloalkyl group. Ring-forming carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be optionally oxidized to form an oxo or sulfido group. Cycloalkyl groups also include cycloalkylidenes. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo or thienyl derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclohexane and the like. A cycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

(21) As used in the present disclosure, the term Cn-m aryl refers to an aryl group having from n to m ring carbon atoms. Aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, and the like. In some embodiments, aryl groups have from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aryl groups have 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments aryl groups have 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the aryl group is phenyl. In some embodiments, the aryl group is naphthyl.

(22) The term heterocycloalkyl, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a non-aromatic ring or ring system, which may optionally contain one or more alkenylene groups as part of the ring structure, which has at least one heteroatom ring member independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur oxygen and phosphorus, and which has 4-10 ring members, 4-7 ring members, or 4-6 ring members. Included within the term heterocycloalkyl are monocyclic 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-membered heterocycloalkyl groups. Heterocycloalkyl groups can include mono- or bicyclic (for example, having two fused or bridged rings) ring systems. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group is a monocyclic group having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. Ring-forming carbon atoms and heteroatoms of a heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally oxidized to form an oxo or sulfido group or other oxidized linkage (for example, C(O), S(O), C(S) or S(O).sub.2, N-oxide etc.) or a nitrogen atom can be quaternized. The heterocycloalkyl group can be attached through a ring-forming carbon atom or a ring-forming heteroatom. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 3 double bonds. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 2 double bonds. Also included in the definition of heterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (having a bond in common with) to the heterocycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo or thienyl derivatives of piperidine, morpholine, azepine, etc. A heterocycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include azetidinyl, azepanyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, morpholino, 3-oxa-9-azaspiro[5.5]undecanyl, 1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxopiperazinyl, pyranyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, tropanyl, and thiomorpholino.

(23) As used in the present disclosure, the term heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic heterocycle having at least one heteroatom ring member selected from sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl ring has 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, any ring-forming N in a heteroaryl moiety can be an N-oxide. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-14 ring atoms including carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-10 ring atoms including carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-6 ring atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a five-membered or six-membered heteroaryl ring. In other embodiments, the heteroaryl is an eight-membered, nine-membered or ten-membered fused bicyclic heteroaryl ring. Example heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl (pyridyl), pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, azolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl (including 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, 2,3- and 2,6-naphthyridine), indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzisoxazolyl, imidazo[1,2-b]thiazolyl, purinyl, and the like.

(24) The term n-membered, where n is an integer, typically describes the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the number of ring-forming atoms is n. For example, piperidinyl is an example of a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, pyrazolyl is an example of a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, pyridyl is an example of a 6-membered heteroaryl ring and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene is an example of a 10-membered cycloalkyl group.

(25) As used in the present disclosure, the term halo refers to F, Cl, Br, or -.

(26) As used in the present disclosure, the term hydroxyl refers to OH.

(27) As used in the present disclosure, the term amino refers to NR.sup.N1R.sup.N2, where each of R.sup.N1 and R.sup.N2 is independently H or C.sub.1-4 alkyl.

(28) As used in the present disclosure, the term thiol refers to SH.

(29) As used in the present disclosure, the term oxo refers to ?O.

(30) As used in the present disclosure, the term carboxylate surfactant refers to a compound having the formula RC(O)O.sup.? X.sup.+, in which R is a hydrophobic group and X.sup.+ is a cationic moiety having a formal charge of 1. For example, R can be an alkyl group.

(31) As used in the present disclosure, the term sulfate surfactant refers to a compound having the formula ROS(O).sub.2O.sup.? X.sup.+, in which R is a hydrophobic group and X.sup.+ is a cationic moiety having a formal charge of 1. For example, R can be an alkyl group.

(32) As used in the present disclosure, the term sulfonate surfactant refers to a compound having the formula RS(O).sub.2O.sup.? X.sup.+, in which R is a hydrophobic group and X.sup.+ is a cationic moiety having a formal charge of 1. For example, R can be an alkyl group.

(33) As used in the present disclosure, the term alkyl alcohol ether refers to a hydrophobic group having the formula R.sup.1O(R.sup.2O).sub.n, in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are alkyl and n is an integer of 1 or greater. For example, the alkyl alcohol ether can be an alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene group, where R.sup.2 is C.sub.2 alkyl.

(34) As used in the present disclosure, the term alkylene diamine refers to a compound including two amino groups linked by an alkylene group. For example, the alkylene group can be a C.sub.2 alkylene group.

(35) As used in the present disclosure, the term alkylene triamine refers to a compound including three amino groups linked by two alkylene groups. In some embodiments, the alkylene groups are the same. For example, the alkylene group can be a C.sub.6 alkylene group.

(36) As used in the present disclosure, the term alkanolamine refers to a compound including an amino group and a hydroxyl group linked by an alkylene group. For example, the alkylene group can be a C.sub.2 alkylene group.

(37) As used in the present disclosure, the term subterranean formation refers to any material under the surface of the earth, including under the surface of the bottom of the ocean. For example, a subterranean formation or material can be any section of a wellbore and any section of a subterranean petroleum- or water-producing formation or region in fluid contact with the wellbore. Injecting a material in a subterranean formation can include contacting the material with any section of a wellbore or with any subterranean region in fluid contact therewith. Subterranean materials can include any materials placed into the wellbore such as cement, drill shafts, liners, tubing, casing, or screens; injecting a material in a subterranean formation can include contacting with such subterranean materials. In some examples, a subterranean formation or material can be any below-ground region that can produce liquid or gaseous petroleum materials, water, or any section below-ground in fluid contact therewith.

(38) As used in the present disclosure, the term water zone refers to a water-producing region of a subterranean formation. Water zones of a subterranean formation include fractures or high-permeability zones that allow water to enter a wellbore from the subterranean formation. Water zones can be identified, for example, based on a water content of the total produced fluids from a well bore. In some embodiments, a water content of total produced fluids from a wellbore of 90% or more indicates the presence of a water zone. Water zones including fractures can also be identified, for example, using specialized testing tools such as logging tools or subsurface pressure testing methods.

(39) Anionic Surfactant

(40) The methods of the present disclosure including injecting a mixture including an anionic surfactant through a wellbore into a water zone. In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes a carboxylate surfactant, a sulfonate surfactant, a sulfate surfactant, or any combination thereof.

(41) In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes an alkyl group or an alkenyl group. In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes a C.sub.12-22 alkyl group or a C.sub.12-22 alkenyl group. In certain such embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes a C.sub.12, C.sub.14, C.sub.16, C.sub.18, C.sub.20, or C.sub.22 alkyl group, or a C.sub.12, C.sub.14, C.sub.16, C.sub.18, C.sub.20, or C.sub.22 alkenyl group. In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes a sulfate surfactant including a C.sub.12-22 alkyl group. For example, in some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium hexadecyl sulfate, sodium octadecyl sulfate, or any combination thereof.

(42) In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes an alkyl alcohol ether group. In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes an alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene group. In certain such embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes a C.sub.12-22 alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene group. In some embodiments, the alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene group has a degree of ethoxylation from about 0.5 to about 10, for example, from about 0.5 to about 7, or from about 1 to about 5.

(43) In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes a compound of Formula I, Formula II, or Formula III:

(44) ##STR00006##

(45) ##STR00007##

(46) ##STR00008##
wherein: R.sup.1 is

(47) ##STR00009## the sum of m and q is an integer from 12 to 22; n is an integer from 0 to 10; p is 0 or 1; and X.sup.+ is Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Cs.sup.+, Ag.sup.+, or (R.sup.A).sub.4N.sup.+, wherein each occurrence of R A is selected from H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; each C.sub.1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 R.sup.B independently selected from C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; and optionally, one or more instances of R A are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

(48) In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes a compound of Formula I. In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes a compound of Formula II. In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant includes a compound of Formula III.

(49) In some embodiments, n, p, and q are each 0. In certain such embodiments, m is 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, or 22.

(50) In some embodiments, n is from 1 to 10, and p is 1. In certain such embodiments, n is from 1 to 7, from 1 to 5, or from 1 to 3. In certain such embodiments, m is from 1 to 5, or from 1 to 3. In certain such embodiments, q is 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18.

(51) Amine

(52) The methods of the present disclosure including injecting a mixture including an amine through a wellbore into a water zone. In some embodiments, the amine includes an alkylene diamine, alkylene triamine, alkanolamine, or any combination thereof. In certain such embodiments, the alkylene diamine, alkylene triamine, or alkanolamine include a C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkylene group. For example, in some embodiments, the amine includes diethylene triamine, bis(hexamethylene) triamine, 2-(dimethylamine) ethanol, or any combination thereof.

(53) In some embodiments, the amine includes a compound of Formula IV:

(54) ##STR00010##
wherein R.sup.2 is selected from C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; each C.sub.1-6 alkyl and C.sub.6-10 aryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 R.sup.C; each R.sup.C is independently selected from OH and N(R.sup.D).sub.2; and each R.sup.D is independently selected from H and C.sub.1-4 alkyl.

(55) In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl or phenyl. In some embodiments, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, and phenyl. In some embodiments, each R c is independently selected from OH and NH.sub.2.

(56) Mixture

(57) The methods of the present disclosure including injecting a mixture including an anionic surfactant and an amine through a wellbore into a water zone. The anionic surfactant can be any anionic surfactant of the present disclosure. The amine can be any amine of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the mixture includes one or more anionic surfactants selected from sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium hexadecyl sulfate, and sodium octadecyl sulfate, and one or more amines selected from diethylene triamine, bis(hexamethylene) triamine, and 2-(dimethylamino) ethanol.

(58) In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant and the amine are present in the mixture in a molar ratio of about 5:1 to about 1:5, for example, about 5:1 to about 1:3, about 5:1 to about 1:2, about 5:1 to about 1:1, about 3:1 to about 1:5, about 3:1 to about 1:3, about 3:1 to about 1:2, about 3:1 to about 1:1, about 2:1 to about 1:5, about 2:1 to about 1:3, about 2:1 to about 1:2, about 2:1 to about 1:1. In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant and the amine are present in the mixture in a molar ratio of about 3:1, about 2:1, about 1:1, about 1:2, or about 1:3.

(59) In some embodiments, the mixture before injecting through the wellbore includes water. The amount of water present in the mixture before injecting can be selected to provide a desired concentration of the anionic surfactant and the amine in the water zone after injecting the mixture. For example, an appropriate amount of a concentrated mixture can be injected into a water zone to provide, upon dilution with water present in the water zone, a desired concentration of the anionic surfactant and the amine in the water zone. Such amounts can be optimized for a given water zone, for example, using software.

(60) Treatment Methods

(61) The methods of the present disclosure including injecting a mixture including an anionic surfactant and an amine through a wellbore into a water zone, and then injecting CO.sub.2 through the wellbore into the water zone to increase a viscosity of the mixture in the water zone. FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a wellbore 100 formed through the earth surface 102 into a subterranean formation 104. The subterranean formation includes hydrocarbon reservoir formations 106 and an intervening water zone 108. Water may enter the wellbore 400 from the water zone 108. An inner surface of the wellbore 100 is the formation surface 110 of the subterranean formation 104. In the illustrated embodiment, a portion of the wellbore 100 has a casing 112 with cement 114 disposed between the casing 112 and the formation surface 110. The wellbore 100 has a production tubing 116 (through a production packer 118) for the flow of produced fluid including hydrocarbon to the surface 102. The hydrocarbon can be crude oil or natural gas that enters the wellbore 400 from the hydrocarbon reservoir formations 102. The produced fluid flowing upward through the production tubing 116 also includes water that enters the wellbore 100 from the water zone 108. The water from water zone 108 can cause production problems by generating emulsions, scale, and corrosion. The water from water zone 108 can also incur operational cost, because the water must typically be separated from the hydrocarbons.

(62) In some embodiments, injecting the mixture includes pumping the mixture through the wellbore into the water zone. In some embodiments, the water zone includes a fracture. In some embodiments, the water zone includes a high-permeability streak.

(63) In some embodiments, the method includes isolating the water zone before injecting the mixture. FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a wellbore 200 corresponding to wellbore 100 of FIG. 1, but further including upper packer 220 and lower packer 222 to mechanically isolate the water zone 108. In the illustrated embodiment, the mixture can be pumped through tubing 224, through a nozzle (not shown) in upper packer 220, into the isolated water zone 108, and then CO.sub.2 can be pumped through tubing 224, through a nozzle (not shown) in upper packer 220, into the isolated water zone 108, to increase a viscosity of the mixture in the isolated water zone 108.

(64) In some embodiments, isolating the water zone includes deploying a straddle packer into the wellbore. The straddle packer can include an upper expandable seal and a lower expandable seal to mechanically isolate the water zone, and nozzles to inject the mixture and the CO.sub.2 into the isolated water zone to increase a viscosity of the mixture in the water zone. The straddle packer can be removed from the wellbore after injecting the CO.sub.2.

(65) In some embodiments, a total concentration of the anionic surfactant and the amine in the water zone after injecting the mixture is about 0.01 mol/L to about 2 mol/L, for example, about 0.01 mol/L to about 1.5 mol/L, about 0.01 mol/L to about 1 mol/L, about 0.01 mol/L to about 0.75 mol/L, about 0.01 mol/L to about 0.5 mol/L, about 0.05 mol/L to about 2 mol/L, about 0.05 mol/L to about 1.5 mol/L, about 0.05 mol/L to about 1 mol/L, about 0.05 mol/L to about 0.75 mol/L, about 0.05 mol/L to about 0.5 mol/L, about 0.1 mol/L to about 2 mol/L, about 0.1 mol/L to about 1.5 mol/L, about 0.1 mol/L to about 1 mol/L, about 0.1 mol/L to about 0.75 mol/L, about 0.1 mol/L to about 0.5 mol/L, about 0.25 mol/L to about 2 mol/L, about 0.25 mol/L to about 1.5 mol/L, about 0.25 mol/L to about 1 mol/L, or about 0.25 mol/L to about 0.75 mol/L. In some embodiments, a total concentration of the anionic surfactant and the amine in the water zone after injecting the mixture is about 0.25 mol/L, about 0.5 mol/L, about 0.75 mol/L, about 1 mol/L, about 1.25 mol/L, or about 1.5 mol/L.

(66) Before injecting the CO.sub.2, the mixture can be a low-viscosity mixture. For example, in some embodiments, the viscosity of the mixture before injecting CO.sub.2 is less than about 0.01 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate from about 0.1 to about 1000 s.sup.?1, for example, less than about 0.005, less than about 0.004, less than about 0.003, or less than about 0.002 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate from about 0.1 to about 1000 s.sup.?1.

(67) Injecting the CO.sub.2 can increase the viscosity of the mixture by triggering gelation of the mixture, for example, to yield a CO.sub.2-stabilized gel including water and a cross-linked network of the anionic surfactant and the amine. In some embodiments, injecting the CO.sub.2 increases the viscosity of the mixture in the water zone to greater than 0.005 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate from about 0.1 to about 1000 s.sup.?1, for example, greater than about 0.006 Pa.Math.s, greater than about 0.007 Pa.Math.s, or greater than about 0.008 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate from about 0.1 to about 1000 s.sup.?1. In some embodiments, injecting the CO.sub.2 increases the viscosity of the mixture in the water zone to greater than 0.1 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate from about 0.1 to about 10 s.sup.?1. In some embodiments, injecting the CO.sub.2 increases the viscosity of the mixture in the water zone to greater than 0.5 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate from about 0.1 to about 1 s.sup.?1.

(68) FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram of a method 300 for treating a water zone of a subterranean formation. The method starts at block 302 with the injection of a mixture including an anionic surfactant and an amine through a wellbore into the water zone. At block 304 of the method, CO.sub.2 is injected through the wellbore into the water zone to increase a viscosity of the mixture in the water zone.

(69) FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of a method 400 for treating a water zone of a subterranean formation. The method starts at block 402 with the deployment of a straddle packer into a wellbore in the subterranean formation. At block 404 of the method, an upper seal of the straddle packer is expanded above the water zone and a lower seal of the straddle packer is expanded below the water zone to mechanically isolate the water zone. At block 406 of the method, a mixture including an anionic surfactant and an amine is injected through the straddle packer into the water zone. At block 408 of the method, CO.sub.2 is injected through the straddle packer into the water zone to increase a viscosity of the mixture in the water zone.

EXAMPLES

(70) The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

Example 1. CO.SUB.2.-Triggered Gelation of Anionic Surfactant-Amine Mixtures

(71) Aqueous solutions of an anionic surfactant and an amine were prepared according to Table 1 to provide Mixtures 1-4.

(72) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Mixture Anionic Surfactant Amine 1 0.25 mol/L sodium 0.25 mol/L dodecyl sulfate (SDS) diethylenetriamine (DETA) 2 0.25 mol/L sodium 0.25 mol/L tetradecyl sulfate (STS) DETA 3 0.25 mol/L sodium 0.25 mol/L hexadecyl sulfate (SHS) DETA 4 0.25 mol/L sodium 0.25 mol/L octadecyl sulfate (SOS) DETA

(73) CO.sub.2 was bubbled through each of Mixtures 1?4 to trigger gelation. FIGS. 5A-B are photographs showing Mixture 1 before (5A) and after (5B) exposure to CO.sub.2. Rheological properties of the gelled samples were determined at 25? C. using a TA controlled-stress rheometer (TA InstrumentsWaters LLC) equipped with a setup of parallel plates. Rheological properties of Mixture 1 before CO.sub.2 exposure were measured using a setup of double wall concentric cylinders. The shear rate ranged from 0.1 to 1000 s.sup.?1. As shown in FIG. 6, injection of CO.sub.2 significantly increased the viscosity of Mixtures 1-4.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

(74) It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.