PROJECTION EXPOSURE APPARATUS FOR SEMICONDUCTOR LITHOGRAPHY HAVING A CONNECTING ELEMENT

Abstract

A projection exposure apparatus for semiconductor lithography comprises a connecting element for connecting two components of the projection exposure apparatus. The connecting element comprises at least two mechanical decoupling elements, which each decouple in two mutually orthogonal rotational degrees of freedom. Overall a decoupling in all three rotational degrees of freedom is achieved by the at least two decoupling elements.

Claims

1. An apparatus, comprising: a connecting element configured to connect two components of the apparatus, wherein: the connecting element comprises a mechanical decoupling element comprising a damper configured to deform when the decoupling element is actuated; and the apparatus is a semiconductor lithography projection exposure apparatus.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the connecting element comprises first and second partial elements; the damper is mechanically to the first and second partial elements; and the decoupling element connects the first and second partial elements to each other.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the damper comprises a cylindrical element that is deformable along its cylinder longitudinal axis when the decoupling element is actuated.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the damper comprises a hollow-cylindrical element that it is deformable in its axial direction in some regions when the decoupling element is actuated.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the decoupling element comprises a plurality of dampers.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein each damper is configured to deform when the decoupling element is actuated.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein: the connecting element comprises first and second partial elements; the damper is connected mechanically to the first and second partial elements; and the decoupling element connects the first and second partial elements to each other.

8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the damper comprises a cylindrical element that is deformable along its cylinder longitudinal axis when the decoupling element is actuated.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the damper comprises a hollow-cylindrical element that it is deformable in its axial direction in some regions when the decoupling element is actuated.

10. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the dampers are configured to dissipate kinetic energy of the mechanical excitation.

11. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first component comprises a part of a frame of the apparatus, and the second component comprises an optical element.

12. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein: the connecting element comprises first and second partial elements; the damper is connected mechanically to the first and second partial elements; and the decoupling element connects the first and second partial elements to each other.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the damper comprises a cylindrical element that is deformable along its cylinder longitudinal axis when the decoupling element is actuated.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the damper comprises a hollow-cylindrical element that it is deformable in its axial direction in some regions when the decoupling element is actuated.

15. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the dampers are configured to dissipate kinetic energy of the mechanical excitation.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the dampers are configured to dissipate kinetic energy of the mechanical excitation.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first component comprises a part of a frame of the apparatus, and the second component comprises an optical element.

18. An apparatus, comprising: a connecting element configured to connect two components of the apparatus, the connecting element comprising first and second partial elements and a mechanical decoupling element between the first and second partial elements; a frame element; and a stop, wherein: the frame elements connect the first and the second partial elements; the frame elements are configured so that actuation of the decoupling element is limited by the stop; and the apparatus is a semiconductor lithography projection exposure apparatus.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein a first frame element is U-shaped, a second frame element is L-shaped, and a of the L-shaped frame element is inside a recess defined by the U-shaped frame element.

20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein: the frame elements are formed identical and comprise a hollow-cylindrical main body comprising axial extensions and radial extensions alternating around a circumferential side of the main body; in each case, a radial extension and an axial extension lie opposite each other; the axial extensions are aligned with the respective radial extension; and the radial extensions comprise a cutout through which a respective screw extends that is screwed at an end face into the opposite axial extension.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] In the figures:

[0032] FIG. 1 schematically shows a meridional section of a projection exposure apparatus for EUV projection lithography;

[0033] FIGS. 2A,2B show a schematic illustration of a connecting element according to the disclosure;

[0034] FIGS. 3A,3B show first and second embodiments of a connecting element according to the disclosure;

[0035] FIG. 4 shows a detail view concerning an embodiment of the disclosure; and

[0036] FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a connecting element according to the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] In the following text, certain components of a microlithographic projection exposure apparatus 1 are described first by way of example with reference to FIG. 1. The description of the fundamental construction of the projection exposure apparatus 1 and the integral parts thereof is understood here to be non-limiting.

[0038] One embodiment of an illumination system 2 of the projection exposure apparatus 1 has, in addition to a radiation source 3, an illumination optical unit 4 for illuminating an object field 5 in an object plane 6. In an alternative embodiment, the light source 3 can also be provided as a module separate from the rest of the illumination system. In this case, the illumination system does not comprise the light source 3.

[0039] A reticle 7 arranged in the object field 5 is exposed. The reticle 7 is held by a reticle holder 8. The reticle holder 8 is displaceable by way of a reticle displacement drive 9, in particular in a scanning direction.

[0040] A Cartesian xyz-coordinate system is shown in FIG. 1 for explanation purposes. The x-direction runs perpendicular to the plane of the drawing into the latter. The y-direction runs horizontally and the z-direction runs vertically. The scanning direction runs along the y-direction in FIG. 1. The z-direction runs perpendicular to the object plane 6.

[0041] The projection exposure apparatus 1 comprises a projection optical unit 10. The projection optical unit 10 serves for imaging the object field 5 into an image field 11 in an image plane 12. The image plane 12 runs parallel to the object plane 6. Alternatively, an angle between the object plane 6 and the image plane 12 that differs from 0? is also possible.

[0042] A structure on the reticle 7 is imaged onto a light-sensitive layer of a wafer 13 arranged in the region of the image field 11 in the image plane 12. The wafer 13 is held by a wafer holder 14. The wafer holder 14 is displaceable by way of a wafer displacement drive 15, in particular along the y-direction. The displacement, firstly, of the reticle 7 by way of the reticle displacement drive 9 and, secondly, of the wafer 13 by way of the wafer displacement drive 15 can be implemented so as to be synchronized with one another.

[0043] The radiation source 3 is an EUV radiation source. The radiation source 3 emits, in particular, EUV radiation 16, which is also referred to below as used radiation, illumination radiation or illumination light. In particular, the used radiation has a wavelength in the range of between 5 nm and 30 nm. The radiation source 3 can be a plasma source, for example an LPP (laser produced plasma) source or a GDPP (gas discharge produced plasma) source. It can also be a synchrotron-based radiation source. The radiation source 3 can be a free electron laser (FEL).

[0044] The illumination radiation 16 emerging from the radiation source 3 is focused by a collector 17. The collector 17 can be a collector with one or more ellipsoidal and/or hyperboloidal reflection surfaces. The illumination radiation 16 can be incident on the at least one reflection surface of the collector 17 with grazing incidence (GI), that is to say at angles of incidence of greater than 45?, or with normal incidence (NI), that is to say at angles of incidence of less than 45?. The collector 17 can be structured and/or coated, firstly, for optimizing its reflectivity for the used radiation and, secondly, for suppressing extraneous light.

[0045] Downstream of the collector 17, the illumination radiation 16 propagates through an intermediate focus in an intermediate focal plane 18. The intermediate focal plane 18 can represent a separation between a radiation source module, having the radiation source 3 and the collector 17, and the illumination optical unit 4.

[0046] The illumination optical unit 4 comprises a deflection mirror 19 and, arranged downstream thereof in the beam path, a first facet mirror 20. The deflection mirror 19 can be a plane deflection mirror or, alternatively, a mirror with a beam-influencing effect that goes beyond the purely deflecting effect. Alternatively or in addition, the deflection mirror 19 can be in the form of a spectral filter which separates a used light wavelength of the illumination radiation 16 from extraneous light with a wavelength deviating therefrom. If the first facet mirror 20 is arranged in a plane of the illumination optical unit 4 that is optically conjugate to the object plane 6 as a field plane, it is also referred to as a field facet mirror. The first facet mirror 20 comprises a multiplicity of individual first facets 21, which are also referred to below as field facets. FIG. 1 depicts only some of the facets 21 by way of example.

[0047] The first facets 21 can be in the form of macroscopic facets, such as in the form of rectangular facets or in the form of facets with an arcuate peripheral contour or a peripheral contour of part of a circle. The first facets 21 may be in the form of plane facets or alternatively in the form of convexly or concavely curved facets.

[0048] As known for example from DE 10 2008 009 600 A1, the first facets 21 themselves may also be composed in each case of a multiplicity of individual mirrors, for example a multiplicity of micromirrors. The first facet mirror 20 can be formed as a microelectromechanical system (MEMS system). For details, reference is made to DE 10 2008 009 600 A1.

[0049] The illumination radiation 16 travels horizontally, that is to say along the y-direction, between the collector 17 and the deflection mirror 19.

[0050] In the beam path of the illumination optical unit 4, a second facet mirror 22 is arranged downstream of the first facet mirror 20. If the second facet mirror 22 is arranged in a pupil plane of the illumination optical unit 4, it is also referred to as a pupil facet mirror. The second facet mirror 22 can also be arranged at a distance from a pupil plane of the illumination optical unit 4. In this case, the combination of the first facet mirror 20 and the second facet mirror 22 is also referred to as a specular reflector. Specular reflectors are known from US 2006/0132747 A1, EP 1 614 008 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,978.

[0051] The second facet mirror 22 comprises a plurality of second facets 23. In the case of a pupil facet mirror, the second facets 23 are also referred to as pupil facets.

[0052] The second facets 23 can likewise be macroscopic facets, which can for example have a round, rectangular or hexagonal periphery, or can alternatively be facets made up of micromirrors. In this regard, reference is likewise made to DE 10 2008 009 600 A1.

[0053] The second facets 23 can have plane or alternatively convexly or concavely curved reflection surfaces.

[0054] The illumination optical unit 4 consequently forms a doubly faceted system. This fundamental principle is also referred to as a fly's eye condenser (fly's eye integrator). It can be desirable to arrange the second facet mirror 22 not exactly in a plane that is optically conjugate to a pupil plane of the projection optical unit 10. For example, the pupil facet mirror 22 can be arranged so as to be tilted relative to a pupil plane of the projection optical unit 10, as is described, for example, in DE 10 2017 220 586 A1.

[0055] The individual first facets 21 are imaged into the object field 5 with the aid of the second facet mirror 22. The second facet mirror 22 is the last beam-shaping mirror or else, in fact, the last mirror for the illumination radiation 16 in the beam path upstream of the object field 5.

[0056] In a further embodiment, not shown, of the illumination optical unit 4, a transfer optical unit contributing for example to the imaging of the first facets 21 into the object field 5 can be arranged in the beam path between the second facet mirror 22 and the object field 5. The transfer optical unit can have exactly one mirror or alternatively have two or more mirrors, which are arranged one behind the other in the beam path of the illumination optical unit 4. The transfer optical unit can comprise one or two normal-incidence mirrors (NI mirrors) and/or one or two grazing-incidence mirrors (GI mirrors).

[0057] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the illumination optical unit 4 has exactly three mirrors downstream of the collector 17, specifically the deflection mirror 19, the field facet mirror 20 and the pupil facet mirror 22.

[0058] The deflection mirror 19 can also be dispensed with in a further embodiment of the illumination optical unit 4, and so the illumination optical unit 4 can then have exactly two mirrors downstream of the collector 17, specifically the first facet mirror 20 and the second facet mirror 22.

[0059] The imaging of the first facets 21 into the object plane 6 via the second facets 23 or using the second facets 23 and a transfer optical unit is, as a rule, only approximate imaging.

[0060] The projection optical unit 10 comprises a plurality of mirrors Mi, which are consecutively numbered in accordance with their arrangement in the beam path of the projection exposure apparatus 1.

[0061] In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, the projection optical unit 10 comprises six mirrors M1 to M6. Alternatives with four, eight, ten, twelve or any other number of mirrors Mi are likewise possible. The penultimate mirror M5 and the last mirror M6 each have a through opening for the illumination radiation 16. The projection optical unit 10 is a double-obscured optical unit. The projection optical unit 10 has an image-side numerical aperture which is greater than 0.5 and which can also be greater than 0.6 and, for example, be 0.7 or 0.75.

[0062] Reflection surfaces of the mirrors Mi can be embodied as free-form surfaces without an axis of rotational symmetry. Alternatively, the reflection surfaces of the mirrors Mi can be designed as aspheric surfaces with exactly one axis of rotational symmetry of the reflection surface shape. Just like the mirrors of the illumination optical unit 4, the mirrors Mi can have highly reflective coatings for the illumination radiation 16. These coatings can be designed as multilayer coatings, such as with alternating layers of molybdenum and silicon.

[0063] The projection optical unit 10 has a large object-image offset in the y-direction between a y-coordinate of a centre of the object field 5 and a y-coordinate of the centre of the image field 11. This object-image offset in the y-direction can be of approximately the same magnitude as a z-distance between the object plane 6 and the image plane 12.

[0064] For example, the projection optical unit 10 can have an anamorphic embodiment. For example, it has different imaging scales ?x, ?y in the x- and y-directions. The two imaging scales ?x, ?y of the projection optical unit 10 can be (?x, ?y)=(+/?0.25, +/?0.125). A positive imaging scale ? means imaging without image inversion. A negative sign for the imaging scale ? means imaging with image inversion.

[0065] The projection optical unit 10 consequently leads to a reduction in size with a ratio of 4:1 in the x-direction, that is to say in a direction perpendicular to the scanning direction.

[0066] The projection optical unit 10 leads to a reduction in size of 8:1 in the y-direction, that is to say in the scanning direction.

[0067] Other imaging scales are likewise possible. Imaging scales with the same sign and the same absolute value in the x-direction and y-direction are also possible, for example with absolute values of 0.125 or of 0.25.

[0068] The number of intermediate image planes in the x-direction and in the y-direction in the beam path between the object field 5 and the image field 11 can be the same or, depending on the embodiment of the projection optical unit 10, can differ. Examples of projection optical units with different numbers of such intermediate images in the x- and y-directions are known from US 2018/0074303 A1.

[0069] In each case one of the pupil facets 23 is assigned to exactly one of the field facets 21 for forming in each case an illumination channel for illuminating the object field 5. For example, this can yield illumination according to the K?hler principle. The far field is decomposed into a multiplicity of object fields 5 with the aid of the field facets 21. The field facets 21 produce a plurality of images of the intermediate focus on the pupil facets 23 respectively assigned thereto.

[0070] By way of a respectively assigned pupil facet 23, the field facets 21 are imaged onto the reticle 7 in a manner superposed on one another for the purposes of illuminating the object field 5. The illumination of the object field 5 can be as homogeneous as possible. It can have a uniformity error of less than 2%. The field uniformity can be achieved by way of the superposition of different illumination channels.

[0071] The illumination of the entrance pupil of the projection optical unit 10 can be defined geometrically by way of an arrangement of the pupil facets. The intensity distribution in the entrance pupil of the projection optical unit 10 can be set by selecting the illumination channels, such as the subset of the pupil facets which guide light. This intensity distribution is also referred to as illumination setting.

[0072] A likewise preferred pupil uniformity in the region of sections of an illumination pupil of the illumination optical unit 4 which are illuminated in a defined manner can be achieved by a redistribution of the illumination channels.

[0073] Further aspects and details of the illumination of the object field 5 and of the entrance pupil of the projection optical unit 10 are described below.

[0074] For example, the projection optical unit 10 can have a homocentric entrance pupil. The latter can be accessible. It can also be inaccessible.

[0075] The entrance pupil of the projection optical unit 10 cannot regularly be exactly illuminated using the pupil facet mirror 22. In the case of imaging of the projection optical unit 10 which telecentrically images the centre of the pupil facet mirror 22 onto the wafer 13, the aperture rays often do not intersect at a single point. However, it is possible to find an area in which the distance of the aperture rays determined in pairs becomes minimal. This area represents the entrance pupil or an area in real space that is conjugate thereto. For example, this area has a finite curvature.

[0076] It may be the case that the projection optical unit 10 has different positions of the entrance pupil for the tangential beam path and for the sagittal beam path. In this case, an imaging element, such as an optical component element of the transfer optical unit, should be provided between the second facet mirror 22 and the reticle 7. With the aid of this optical element, the different positions of the tangential entrance pupil and the sagittal entrance pupil can be taken into account.

[0077] In the arrangement of the components of the illumination optical unit 4 illustrated in FIG. 1, the pupil facet mirror 22 is arranged in an area conjugate to the entrance pupil of the projection optical unit 10. The field facet mirror 20 is arranged in tilted fashion with respect to the object plane 6. The first facet mirror 20 is arranged in tilted fashion with respect to an arrangement plane defined by the deflection mirror 19.

[0078] The first facet mirror 20 is arranged in tilted fashion with respect to an arrangement plane defined by the second facet mirror 22.

[0079] FIG. 2A shows a schematic illustration of a first embodiment of a connecting element according to the disclosure, which comprises a plurality of partial elements 31, 32 and two decoupling elements 33. The connecting element 30 can connect for example a mirror M1-M6 described in FIG. 1 to a frame (not illustrated in FIG. 1) of the projection exposure apparatus 1. The connecting element 30 can enclose lines for signal transmission as mechanical protection or be embodied in the form of a line for a fluid for regulating the temperature of the mirror. The partial elements 31 and 32 are for example tubular and comprise, for example, metal or plastic, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride (THV).

[0080] A first section 34.1 comprises a straight partial element 31.1, a partial element 32.1 that is angled at 90? and again a straight partial element 31.2, which is connected to a first decoupling element 33.1. The decoupling element 33.1 is connected to a second section 34.2 of the connecting element 30, which likewise comprises a straight partial element 31.3, a partial element 32.2 that is angled at 90? and again a straight partial element 31.4, wherein the 90? angle of the one angled partial element 32.2 is embodied to extend in the opposite direction to the angle of the other angled partial element 32.1 in the first section 34.1. In other words, the two angled partial elements 32.1 and 32.2 are rotated with respect to one another by 180? in their common plane. Therefore, the first straight partial element 31.1 of the first section 34.1 and the second straight partial element 31.4 of the second section 34.2 are parallel to each other. A second decoupling element 33.2 connects the second section 34.2 to a third section 34.3 of the connecting element 30, which comprises only one straight partial element 31.5. The decoupling elements 33.1, 33.2 are embodied such that they decouple in each case in at least two mutually orthogonal rotational degrees of freedom, in other words have a significantly lower stiffness than in the other four degrees of freedom.

[0081] To this end, the decoupling elements 33.1 and 33.2 in the example shown are embodied in the form of monolithic universal joints. The monolithic universal joints 33.1, 33.2 are actuable here by two intersecting mutually orthogonal rotation axes 37.1, 37.2. By way of the two universal joints 33.1, 33.2, the straight partial element 31.1 in the first section 34.1 of the connecting element 30 is decoupled with respect to the straight partial element 31.5 in the third section 34.3 of the connecting element 30 in all six degrees of freedom. The static and dynamic stiffness of the different decoupling directions can be optimized by designing the universal joints 33.1, 33.2 for the respective application. The position of the universal joints 33.1, 33.2 or the length and division of the sections 34.1, 34.2, 34.3 are likewise incorporated in the design.

[0082] The arrangement shown in FIG. 2A can be suitable for providing for example signal or electrical supply lines with a mechanical protection or for providing an electromagnetic shield using the connecting element 30. Due to the fact that the tasks mechanical protection and/or electromagnetic shield are adopted at least partially by the connecting element 30, further possibilities are opened up in the selection/design of the lines and thus the lines generally also contribute less to the overall stiffness of the connection. Overall, the arrangement shown makes it possible to achieve sufficient mechanical decoupling of the connected components with shorter connecting elements than known from the prior art.

[0083] FIG. 2B shows a further embodiment of a connecting element 30 according to the disclosure, in which four decoupling elements in the form of bellows 33.3, 33.4, 33.5, 33.6 are illustrated. A first partial element in the form of a tube 31.6 is followed by a first bellows 33.3; a further tube 31.7 connects this first bellows 33.3 to a second bellows 33.4, which in turn is connected to an angle piece 32.3. Arranged to be connected to the angle piece 32.3 is a third bellows 33.5, which is connected to the fourth bellows 33.6 via a further tube 31.8. A tube 31.9 connected to the fourth bellows 33.6 terminates the connecting element 30. The bellows 33 comprise stainless steel or nickel, wherein a nickel bellows can have a wall thickness of a few 10 ?m, as a result of which a very low stiffness of the bellows 33 can be obtained. The stiffness of the bellows 33 is directly involved in the transmission of the force between the components connected via the connecting element 30.

[0084] The decoupling via the bellows 33 is mainly based on tilting of the two tubes 31 or angle pieces 32, which are connected to the respective bellows 33, with respect to one another and an elongation/compression of the bellows 33. By comparison, the rotation about the bellows longitudinal axis and a shift of the two connected tubes 31 perpendicular to the bellows longitudinal axis are very stiff and play a minor role in the decoupling effect. As has already been explained analogously in FIG. 2A, the static and dynamic properties of the connecting element 30 can be adapted optimally to the desired properties due to the position of the bellows 33 and the design thereof. For example, a specific first natural frequency of the connecting element 30 can be set such that control of the component which is embodied for example in the form of an optical element is not negatively influenced.

[0085] The decoupling elements 33 which are embodied in the form of universal joints and bellows and also the partial elements which are embodied in the form of tubes 31 and angle pieces 32 have no or nearly no damping, with the result that additional dampers are desirable for damping the connecting element 30.

[0086] A first embodiment of a decoupling element 33 having a damper 39.1 is illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B, wherein FIG. 3B is a detail view of FIG. 3A. The partial elements 31 respectively connected to the bellows 33 hold, via a receptacle 41, in each case one frame element 40.1 and 40.2, respectively, wherein dampers 39.1 are arranged between the frame elements 40.1 and 40.2. The frame elements 40.1, 40.2 and the dampers 39.1 are arranged here such that tilting of the bellows 33 about a rotation axis that runs perpendicular to an imaginary axis through the dampers 39.1 and the elongation/compression of the bellows 33 are damped. The dampers 39.1 are embodied in the example shown in the form of substantially cylindrical elements, for example made from FKM/FFKM. The damping occurs here owing to the deformation of the dampers 39.1 and a dissipation of energy consequently occurring in the damper 39.1. The frame elements 40.1, 40.2 are additionally embodied such that the maximum elongation/compression and the maximum angle of the tilt of the bellows 33 are limited by end stops 42, as a result of which damage to the bellows 33 can be avoided. To this end, the frame elements 40.1 in the example shown are embodied in the form of U-shaped elements. The frame elements 40.2 are embodied in the form of L-shaped elements, wherein one side of the frame elements 40.2 is arranged inside the recess formed by the frame element 40.1, whereby a movement of the frame element 40.2 is limited. For example, a harmful deformation, such as an undesirable elongation of the bellows 33 due to an overpressure occurring in the system, can be avoided. The design of the dampers 39.1, shown in the figure, in the form of local individual elements arranged at discrete locations around the bellows here allows the deliberate selection of the modes to be damped. In this way it is possible to achieve a good compromise between the damping effect attained and the additional stiffness of the connecting element 30 associated with the use of the dampers 39.1.

[0087] A second embodiment of a decoupling element 33 with a damper embodied in the form of a hollow-cylindrical element (an O-ring in the example shown) is illustrated in FIG. 4. Frame elements 44, which together receive the O-ring 39.2, are respectively arranged at the partial elements 31 connected to the bellows 33. In addition to the tilting of the bellows 33 about all rotation axes oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bellows 33, the O-ring also damps an elongation/compression of the bellows 33. Like in the embodiment described in FIG. 3, the frame elements 44 are arranged relative to one another in a manner such that the tilting and elongation/compression of the bellows 33 is limited by end stops 42. The end stop can be set by connecting the two frame elements 44 using three screws 45.

[0088] The frame elements 44 are in this case formed substantially identically and comprise a hollow-cylindrical main body, with axial extensions 49 and radial extensions 51 being disposed in the example shown in alternation around the circumferential side of the main body at an angular spacing of 60 degrees. It goes without saying that other arrangements are also conceivable. The two frame elements 44 are arranged here around the bellows 33 in a manner such that in each case one radial extension 51 and one axial extension 49 lie opposite each other. The axial extensions 49 extend axially from the respective frame element 44 in the direction of the opposite other frame element 44 and are oriented so as to align with the respective radial extension 51. The axial extensions 49 furthermore have a receiving groove 50, which runs parallel to the circumferential direction of the bellows 33 and in which the O-ring 39.2, which is formed from an elastic material, is placed around the bellows 33. When the bellows 33 are actuated, the O-ring 39.2 is deformed in certain sections in the axial direction. The radial extensions 51 are provided each with a cutout 52, through which a respective screw 45 extends. The screw 45 is screwed at the end face into the axial extension 49 of the frame element 44 that lies opposite the relevant frame element 44. Through the interaction of the screw head, the cutout and the two extensions, it is possible in this way to implement an end stop 42 which acts in both directions.

[0089] FIG. 5 shows a further embodiment of a connecting element 30.1, which is embodied in the form of a tuned mass damper. The latter comprises the angled partial element 32.4, which is used as the absorber mass, and, connected thereto and damped thereby, the bellows 33, wherein the frame elements 40 are not illustrated for reasons of clarity. If a partial element 31 of the connecting element 30.1 is excited, as is illustrated by way of example using a double-headed arrow in FIG. 5, the energy thus introduced is dissipated by the oscillation of the partial element 32.4 between the two bellows 33 and 33 and the resulting tilt by the dampers 39. The movement of the partial element 31 that is arranged on the other side of the angled partial element 32.4 is thereby clearly decoupled with respect to the movement introduced into the connecting element 30.1, that is to say lower, which is illustrated by the smaller double-headed arrow. The natural frequency of the tuned mass damper 30.1 is typically designed such that a control of an optical element connected thereto is not negatively influenced. The tuned mass damper 30.1 greatly damps movements above its natural frequency, with the result that even excitations of higher frequencies have no negative effects. The damping of the bellows 33 can be individually adapted to the desired properties. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, two bellows 33 are damped in only one direction, whilst the third bellows 33 is damped in all tilt directions by the three dampers 39. A damper 39 also always introduces an additional stiffness into the system, which results in a greater force for moving the components relative to one another. These two parameters need to be optimized when designing the decoupling in order to meet the predetermined desired decoupling. This can mean that the amount of damping material in the system can be reduced, thereby reducing possible contamination sources.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

[0090] 1 Projection exposure apparatus [0091] 2 Illumination system [0092] 3 Radiation source [0093] 4 Illumination optical unit [0094] 5 Object field [0095] 6 Object plane [0096] 7 Reticle [0097] 8 Reticle holder [0098] 9 Reticle displacement drive [0099] 10 Projection optical unit [0100] 11 Image field [0101] 12 Image plane [0102] 13 Wafer [0103] 14 Wafer holder [0104] 15 Wafer displacement drive [0105] 16 EUV radiation [0106] 17 Collector [0107] 18 Intermediate focal plane [0108] 19 Deflection mirror [0109] 20 Facet mirror [0110] 21 Facets [0111] 22 Facet mirror [0112] 23 Facets [0113] 30, 30.1 Connecting element, tuned mass damper [0114] 31.1, 31.2 Straight partial element [0115] 32.1-32.3 Angled partial element [0116] 33, 33.1, 33.2 Decoupling element, bellows [0117] 34.1-34.4 Tube [0118] 37.1, 37.2 Rotation axis joint [0119] 39, 39.1, 39.2 Damper, O-ring [0120] 40, 40.1, 40.2 Frame element [0121] 41 Receptacle [0122] 42 End stop [0123] 44 Frame element [0124] 45 Screw [0125] 49 Axial extension [0126] 50 Receiving groove [0127] 51 Radial extension [0128] 52 Cutout