Enhanced Wind Turbine Wake Mixing

Abstract

Method of controlling a wind turbine comprising a rotor comprising at least a first blade, the method comprising the step of varying an induction factor of the first blade over time by dynamically changing a pitch angle of the first blade over time between a first pitch angle and a second pitch angle while the first blade is rotating, wherein the first pitch angle is different from the second pitch angle, and wherein the dynamic change of the pitch angle over time is controlled such that the respective rotational position of the first blade at which the first blade is at the first pitch angle and the respective rotational positions of the first blade at which the first blade is at the second pitch angle are displaced in time and the varying induction factor of the blade occur at different angular positions in the rotor plane over time, such that a location and/or direction of a wake formed downstream of the wind turbine is dynamically changing with respect to the rotor of the wind turbine.

Claims

1. Method of controlling a wind turbine comprising a rotor comprising at least a first blade, the method comprising: varying an induction factor of the first blade over time by dynamically changing a pitch angle of the first blade over time between a first pitch angle and a second pitch angle while the first blade is rotating, wherein: the first pitch angle is different from the second pitch angle, and the dynamic change of the pitch angle over time is controlled such that the respective rotational position of the first blade at which the first blade is at the first pitch angle and the respective rotational positions of the first blade at which the first blade is at the second pitch angle are displaced in time and the varying induction factor of the blade occur at different angular positions in the rotor plane over time, such that a location and/or direction of a wake formed downstream of the wind turbine is dynamically changing with respect to the rotor of the wind turbine.

2. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 1, the method further comprising: imposing yaw and/or tilt moments on the rotor for obtaining forced wake mixing by superimposing a periodic variation of the pitch angle on a first blade pitch angle of the wind turbine for dynamically changing a pitch angle of the first blade.

3. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein varying the induction factor of the first blade over time comprises dynamically changing the pitch angle of the first blade according to a predefined periodic function, and wherein the predefined periodic function is defined so that the respective rotational positions of the first blade at which the blade is at the first pitch angle and second pitch angle are displaced in time.

4. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein the dynamical change of the pitch angle of the first blade over time is such that the rotational position of the first blade in the rotor plane at which the first blade is at the first pitch angle is displaced from rotation to rotation, such that a periodical change of an orientation of a thrust force is experienced by the entire rotor, without significantly altering an amplitude of the force itself.

5. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein: the rotor comprises a second blade, the method further comprises varying an induction factor of the second blade over time by dynamically changing a pitch angle of the second blade between a first pitch angle and a second pitch angle, and wherein a time at which the first blade is at the first pitch angle differs from a time at which the second blade is at the first pitch angle.

6. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 3, wherein: the rotor comprises a second blade, the method further comprises varying an induction factor of the second blade over time by dynamically changing a pitch angle of the second blade according to the predefined periodic function, and the dynamic change of the pitch angle of the second blade differs by a phase offset with the dynamic change of the pitch angle first blade.

7. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 6, wherein the phase offset is substantially equal to an angle of intersection between the first and second blade in the rotor plane.

8. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein the dynamic change of the pitch angle over time is obtained by performing a reverse multiblade coordination (MBC) transformation on a time-varying yaw function that is defined in a non-rotating reference frame, or on a time-varying tilt function that is defined in a non-rotating reference frame, or on a combination of the time-varying yaw and tilt functions.

9. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 8, wherein the time-varying yaw function is periodic yaw function and/or the time-varying tilt function is a periodic tilt function and wherein, by performing the reverse multiblade coordination (MBC) transformation, a predefined periodic function is obtained, such that dynamically changing the pitch angle over time is dynamically changing the pitch angle according to the predefined periodic function.

10. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 9, wherein the periodic tilt function and/or periodic yaw function is a sinusoidal function with a predetermined frequency.

11. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 3, wherein the predefined periodic function comprises a first sinusoidal function with a first frequency, and wherein the first frequency differs from a rotational frequency of the rotor or its multiples.

12. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 11, wherein the predefined periodic function comprises a superposition of the first sinusoidal function and a second sinusoidal function with a second frequency, and wherein the first and second frequencies are different.

13. Method of controlling a wind turbine according to claim 12, wherein a value of the first frequency or a value of the second frequency is substantially equal to the rotational frequency of the rotor increased with or decreased with a predetermined frequency, the predetermined frequency being a nonzero frequency smaller than the rotational frequency.

14. Method for controlling a wind turbine according to claim 10, wherein the predetermined frequency is determined at least in dependence of a diameter of the rotor, a rotational speed of the rotor and/or an inflow wind speed that is determined upstream of the wind turbine.

15. Method for controlling a wind turbine according to claim 10, wherein the predetermined frequency is determined at least in dependence of a Strouhal number, and wherein the Strouhal number is preferably between 0.05 and 1.0, more preferably between 0.15 and 0.6 and even more preferably between 0.2 and 0.3, most preferably around 0.25.

16. Method for controlling a wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein the difference between the first and second pitch angle is 30° or less, preferably 20° or less, more preferably 10° or less, most preferably between 2° and 8°.

17. Wind turbine controller arranged for controlling a wind turbine comprising a rotor comprising at least a first blade, wherein the controller is arranged for varying an induction factor of the first blade over time by dynamically changing a pitch angle of the first blade over time between a first pitch angle and a second pitch angle while the first blade is rotating, wherein the first pitch angle is different from the second pitch angle, and wherein the dynamic change of the pitch angle over time is so that the respective rotational positions of the first blade at which the blade are at the first pitch angle and second pitch angle are displaced in time, such that a location and/or direction of a wake formed downstream of the wind turbine is dynamically changing with respect to the rotor of the wind turbine.

18. Wind turbine comprising a rotor comprising at least a first blade, further comprising a wind turbine controller according to claim 17.

19. Array of at least two wind turbines, wherein, for a given wind direction, a second wind turbine is arranged at least partially downstream in a wake of a first wind turbine, wherein the first and second wind turbine comprise a rotor comprising at least a first blade and, wherein at least the first wind turbine comprises a wind turbine controller according to claim 17.

Description

[0030] The present disclosure is further illustrated by the following figures, which show exemplifying embodiments of the method for controlling the wind turbine according to the disclosure, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure in any way, wherein:

[0031] FIG. 1A schematically shows a horizontal axis wind turbine comprising a three bladed rotor.

[0032] FIG. 1B schematically shows a pitched blade.

[0033] FIG. 2 schematically shows a nacelle and rotor of the wind turbine comprising different components.

[0034] FIG. 3 schematically shows an array of two wind turbines, wherein the second wind turbine is arranged downstream in a wake of the first wind turbine.

[0035] FIG. 4 shows a flow-chart comprising different steps comprised in an embodiment of the method of controlling the wind turbine.

[0036] FIG. 5 shows a graph representing average wake velocities at different distances behind a turbine controlled on the basis of different Strouhal numbers. The velocities are normalized by dividing by the wake velocity at each location when greedy control is applied.

[0037] FIGS. 6A and 6B schematically show the location of the wake at different time instances during one excitation period T for a turbine controlled with respectively two different embodiments of the method.

[0038] FIG. 7 shows the difference in the wake generated by a turbine controlled using a greedy control approach and a wake generated by a turbine controlled using an embodiment of the method of controlling the wind turbine according to the disclosure.

[0039] FIG. 1A schematically shows the layout of a typical three bladed horizontal axis wind turbine 1. The wind turbine comprises a tower 2, situated on top of a foundation 3. Note that such wind turbines can be arranged on land (e.g. onshore) and at sea (e.g. offshore). In the latter case, the foundation 3 will typically be an offshore foundation, being for instance seabed-fixed structures installed into the seabed such as monopiles, tripods, jackets, or alternatively a floating foundation, wherein a buoyant body is secured to the seabed to keep it into place. In case of an onshore turbine, such a foundation 3 is typically a so called gravity foundation comprising a heavy concrete body to keep the wind turbine 1 secured to the ground.

[0040] A nacelle 4, which is coupled to a rotor 5, is arranged on top of the tower 2. The rotor 5 comprises three blades 51, 52, 53, although any amount of blades is possible, for instance one, two or four blades can also be applied. The blades 51, 52, 53 are fixed to a hub 54. A rotation of the nacelle 4 around the vertical axis I, which is substantially parallel, or coincides, with the tower 2 and which is substantially perpendicular to the ground plane, is referred to as a yaw rotation. The yaw angle can be defined in dependence of a wind direction, in which case a non-zero yaw angle means that there is a misalignment between the direction of the rotor axis II and the wind direction W. The rotor 5 is arranged to rotate around the rotor axis II, this rotation is often referred to as the azimuth rotation. The blades 51, 52, 53 are furthermore arranged to rotate around their respective longitudinal axis III, which rotation is referred to as the pitch rotation and an angle between a central axis V of a cross section the blade 51, 52, 53 with respect to plane of rotation IV of the rotor 5 is referred to as the pitch angle. FIG. 1B shows the central axis V of the cross-section of the first blade 51 being pitched at a pitch angle θ.sub.1 with respect to the rotor plane IV.

[0041] FIG. 2 schematically shows a nacelle 4 and rotor 5 of the wind turbine 1, wherein different components arranged in the nacelle 4. The nacelle 4 houses the drive train 6, that can comprise a generator 61 for generating electrical energy, a gearbox 62 arranged between a high-speed shaft 63 and low speed shaft 64, wherein the low speed shaft 64 is connected to the rotor 5 and the high-speed shaft 63 transfers the rotation from the output of gearbox 62 to the generator 61. Note that in so called direct drive wind turbines the rotor is directly connected, usually through a main shaft, or low speed shaft, to a generator. In these types of wind turbines, the gearbox 62 and high-speed shaft 63 are not needed.

[0042] Furthermore, the nacelle 4 typically also comprises a yaw mechanism 7 for yawing the nacelle 4 around the tower 2, in particular the vertical axis I. The yaw mechanism 7 can comprise a number of yaw motors 71 attached to a base of nacelle 4 and comprising a gearing for reducing the rotational speed towards an output drive pinion that can be meshed with a gear rim 72 with teeth on the inner side, which in turn is connected to a top of the tower 2. Furthermore, a pitch mechanism 8 is comprised (at least partially) in the hub 54, wherein the pitch mechanism 8 is arranged for pitching the blades 51, 52, 53. In the current embodiment of the turbine 1, the pitch mechanism 8 comprises three pitch drives 81, 82, 83 that are arranged to drive the ends of blade root sections 55, 56, 57 of the respective blades 51, 52, 53. The pitch drives 81, 82, 83 are arranged to individually drive the pitch rotations of the respective blades 51, 52, 53, such that the blades 51, 52, 53 can all have different pitch angles at any given time. Such a pitch mechanism 8 is also referred to as an individual pitch mechanism and controlling the individual pitch mechanism for minimizing the fatigue loading on a turbine is referred to as Individual Pitch Control (IPC).

[0043] FIG. 3 schematically shows an array of two wind turbines, wherein the wind direction W is such that the second wind turbine 102 is positioned downstream in a wake of the first wind turbine 101. The wake can be considered a region, as indicated between dashed lines 103, 104, of reduced (average) wind speeds with an increased turbulence. The wake caused by the wind turbine 101 will slowly mix with the surrounding (unaffected) wind field and due to this mixing the wake effects will reduce with increasing distance from the turbine. Turbines 101, 102 are typically placed at mutual distances d of three to ten times the rotor diameter (3D-10D), wherein a mutual distance of ten times the rotor diameter will obviously lead to lower wake effects, such as a reduced power output and reduced vibrations and thereby reduced induced fatigue loading on different wind turbine components, than a mutual distance of only three times the distance. Nonetheless, as already described above, a wind farm typically has to be developed within a limited space, such that the longer mutual distances might lead to a reduced power output of the entire farm and thereby a higher cost of the generated energy. It is thus beneficial to be able to increase the wake mixing and to reduce the length and/or intensity of the wake, such that turbines can be placed at smaller distances, while still providing a higher power output with less induced fatigue loading.

[0044] FIG. 4 shows a block chart, or flow chart 200, of steps of an embodiment of the control method for controlling the wind turbine. In step 201 periodic tilt and yaw functions 2011, 2012 are defined, wherein the periodic tilt and yaw functions 2011, 2012 are defined as sinusoidal function with a common predefined frequency f, and wherein the periodic tilt and yaw functions 2011, 2012 have a certain phase offset of preferably 90° or 270°. Hence, in this specific embodiment, called Helix IPC, both tilt and yaw degrees-of-freedom are excited, but with a phase offset of π/2 rad (90°). This will result in a moment on the rotor disc (as seen in the non-rotating frame) that rotates over time, completing one rotation every T=1/f seconds, and leading to a helix-shaped wake 92, as is seen in FIG. 7.

[0045] The predetermined frequency f of the periodic tilt and yaw functions 2011, 2012 can be determined with respect to the inflow wind speed U.sub.∞ and the turbine rotor diameter D on the basis of a dimensionless number called the Strouhal number:

[00003]$\mathrm{St}=\frac{fD}{U_{\infty }}$

An optimal Strouhal number is preferably between 0.05 and 1.0, more preferably between 0.15 and 0.55 and even more preferably between 0.2 and 0.3, most preferably around 0.25. An estimation of this optimum has been obtained by doing a grid search in a simulation program, Simulator fOr Wind Farm Applications (SOWFA), for different frequencies in laminar flow conditions. The resulting average wake velocities at different distances behind the excited turbine are shown in FIG. 5, which shows a graph representing the average wake velocity at different distances behind a turbine excited with different frequencies. The velocities are normalized by dividing by the wake velocity at each location when greedy control is applied. FIG. 5 shows that, for a number of different distances from the rotor wherein the distance is given in number of rotor diameters D (3D, 5D and 7D), the peak is around St=0.25. The Strouhal number can be chosen on the basis of these results for determining the excitation frequency. Furthermore, a pitch amplitude β is preferably 15° or less, more preferably 10° or less, even more preferably 5° or less, most preferably between 2° and 4°, as a too large pitch amplitude of the (preferably) sinusoidal pitch variations will lead to increased loading on the turbine.

[0046] An inverse multiblade coordinate (MBC) transformation step (203) is applied for obtaining the periodic variation of the pitch angles θ.sub.1, θ.sub.2, θ.sub.3 of the respective blades 51, 52, 53. A MBC transformation decouples, or stated differently: projects, the blade loads in a non-rotating reference frame and is a transformation used in for instance Individual Pitch Control approaches that aim at lowering fatigue loading of the wind turbine. The rotor speed dependent n-times-per-revolution (nP) load harmonic is transferred to a steady-state contribution, simplifying controller design. The equations effectuating the transformation are summarized. The measured out-of-plane blade root bending moments M(t)∈R.sup.B are supplied to forward transformation, transforming the rotating blade moments into a non-rotating reference frame (as also shown in for instance step 207):

[00004]$\left[\begin{array}{c}{M}_{0,n}\left(t\right)\\ M_{t,n}\left(t\right)\\ M_{y,n}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right]=T_n\left(\psi \right)\underset{M\left(t\right)}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{c}{M}_1\left(t\right)\\ M_2\left(t\right)\\ M_3\left(t\right)\end{array}\right]}},$$\mathrm{with}$$T_n=\frac{2}{B}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 1\\ \cos \left(n{\psi }_1\right)& \cos \left(n{\psi }_2\right)& \cos \left(n{\psi }_3\right)\\ \sin \left(n{\psi }_1\right)& \sin \left(n{\psi }_2\right)& \sin \left(n{\psi }_3\right)\end{array}\right],$

in which n⊂Z.sup.+ is the harmonic number, B∈Z.sup.+ the total amount of blades, and ψ.sub.b ⊂R the azimuth angle for blade b⊂Z.sup.+, where ψ=0° indicates the vertical upright position. The collective mode M.sub.0 represents the cumulative out-of-plane rotor moment, and M.sub.t and M.sub.y represent the fixed frame and azimuth-independent tilt- and yaw-moments (2071, 2072), respectively. The latter two mentioned components are typically used for the purpose of fatigue load reductions.

[0047] By applying the reverse MBC transformation to the non-rotating signals (of step 201), this yields implementable individual pitch contributions in the rotating (i.e. blade) frame.

[00005]$\left[\begin{array}{c}{\theta }_{1,n}\left(t\right)\\ {\theta }_{2,n}\left(t\right)\\ {\theta }_{3,n}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right]=T_n^{-1}\left(\psi +{\psi }_o\right)\left[\begin{array}{c}{\theta }_{0,n}\left(t\right)\\ {\theta }_{t,n}\left(t\right)\\ {\theta }_{y,n}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right],$$\mathrm{with}$$T_n^{-1}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& \cos \left[n\left({\psi }_1+{\psi }_{o,n}\right)\right]& \sin \left[n\left({\psi }_1+{\psi }_{o,n}\right)\right]\\ 1& \cos \left[n\left({\psi }_2+{\psi }_{o,n}\right)\right]& \sin \left[n\left({\psi }_2+{\psi }_{o,n}\right)\right]\\ 1& \cos \left[n\left({\psi }_3+{\psi }_{o,n}\right)\right]& \sin \left[n\left({\psi }_3+{\psi }_{o,n}\right)\right]\end{array}\right],$

where θ.sub.0,n, θ.sub.t,n and θ.sub.y,n are respectively the fixed frame collective, tilt and yaw pitch signals, and ψ.sub.o,n is the azimuth offset for each harmonic.

[0048] The possibilities of individually driving the pitch of the rotor blades, using for instance pitch drives 81, 82, 83, are now employed for increasing the wake recovery effects, or in other words to increase the wake mixing. By pitching the blades individually, the thrust force, and subsequently the power production, of the turbine can be controlled close to the greedy optimum (step 205).

[0049] The proposed control strategy is evaluated, as an example, in the Simulator fOr Wind Farm Applications (SOWFA), which is a high-fidelity simulation environment developed by the US. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). SOWFA is a large-eddy solver for the fluid dynamics in the turbulent atmosphere and its interaction with one or multiple wind turbines, accounting for the Coriolis force and Buoyancy effects. Turbines are modelled as actuator disks or actuator lines. In this work, SOWFA was adapted to allow the specification of a different pitch setpoint for each individual blade. Simulations in this work are of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in which the inflow was generated through a so called precursor simulation. Several properties of the simulation setup are listed below.

Numerical Simulation Scheme in Sowfa:

[0050] Turbine: NREL 5MW reference turbine
Rotor diameter: 126.4 m
Domain size: 3 km×3 km×1 km
Cell size (outer region): 10 m×10 m×10 m
Cell size (near rotor): 1.25 m×1.25 m×1.25 m
ABL stability: Neutral
Inflow wind speed: 8.0 m/s
Inflow turbulence intensity: 5.9%

[0051] As a baseline case to the control method according to the disclosure, the so-called greedy control strategy will be used. This approach denotes that the interaction between wind turbines is neglected, and therefore all turbines operate at their individual optimum. This implies that the rotor is yawed perpendicular to the wind and, for below-rated wind conditions, the pitch angles and generator torque are controlled such that the optimal power extraction from the wind is achieved. This case serves as a good baseline, since it is still a commonly implemented strategy in wind farms. With this strategy, the power production of the upstream turbine is optimal, but the wake deficit is relatively high resulting in lower performance of downstream machines.

[0052] In the control method according to an embodiment of the disclosure individually pitching the blades according to the periodic variation of the pitch angles θ.sub.1, θ.sub.2, θ.sub.3 is used to stimulate wake mixing by individually varying the induction factors of a blade and thereby of the yaw angle of attack of a turbine. The method of control enables imposing yaw and tilt moments on the rotor, as seen in step 207, by applying the MBC transformation, as explained above. These yaw and tilt moments 207 can subsequently lead to a forced wake mixing, with minor variations in power and wake velocity. This is achieved by superimposing the periodic variation of the pitch angles θ.sub.1, θ.sub.2, θ.sub.3 (step 204) on the collective blade pitch angles of a wind turbine.

[0053] These projected load signals are first transformed into the rotating frame by using the MBC transformation explained above to obtain the implemented pitch angles. For identical sinusoidal tilt and yaw signals, wherein the yaw signal has phase delay of 90°, this results, according to the common trigonometry formulas, in a sinusoidal pitch signal β with a different frequency:

[00006]$\begin{array}{c}{\beta }_b=\cos \left({\psi }_b\left(t\right)\right)\cos \left(2\pi \mathrm{ft}\right)+\sin \left({\psi }_b\left(t\right)\right)\sin \left(2\pi \mathrm{ft}\right)\\ =\cos \left({\psi }_b\left(t\right)+2\pi \mathrm{ft}\right)\\ =\cos \left(2\pi f_{h}t+{\varphi }_b\right),\end{array}$

with ψ.sub.b the azimuth position of blade number b,f.sub.h the new helix excitation frequency and φ.sub.b the phase offset of blade b. It can thus be determined that f.sub.h=f+f.sub.r, where f.sub.r is the rotation frequency of the rotor. For the NREL 5MW reference turbine, the rotor speed at U.sub.∞=8 m/s is equal to f.sub.r≈9.5 rpm≈0.158 Hz. Therefore, the pitch frequency f.sub.h of an embodiment referred to as Helix IPC will be slightly higher than the rotational frequency of the blade; for St=0.25,f.sub.h≈0.174 Hz.

[0054] Alternative embodiment are, for instance, found if the periodic tilt function 2011 is set to zero (Yaw IPC), or instead the periodic yaw function 2012 is set to zero (Tilt IPC). In that case the inverse MBC (step 203) and common trigonometry formulas lead to periodic variation of the pitch angles θ.sub.1, θ.sub.2, θ.sub.3 wherein the periodic variation then becomes a superposition of two sinusoidal signals, the first sinusoidal signal with a first frequency f.sub.h=f+f.sub.r and the second sinusoidal signal with a second frequency f.sub.h=f.sub.r−f.

[0055] The effect of applying the periodic variation of the pitch angles θ.sub.1, θ.sub.2, θ.sub.3 is applied to respective blades 51, 52, 53, is for instance, schematically shown in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B. In FIG. 6A the schematic representation of the location of the wake 9 (i.e. the location of the centre of the wake, seen in cross-section of the wake) at different time instances during one period T=1/f for an embodiment called Tilt IPC is shown. In the Tilt IPC embodiment, the periodic yaw function 2012 is set to zero and a sinusoidal tilt function with predetermined frequency f is used for determining the predetermined periodic functions with which the pitch angles of the individual blades are varied. The location of the wake 9 is dynamically changing, between an upper and lower position with respect to the rotor 5, as seen perpendicular to the rotor plane IV, over the course of a period T, wherein T=1/f.

[0056] In FIG. 6B the resulting change of the location of the wake 9 due to Helix IPC is shown. The location of the wake 9 (i.e. the location of the centre of the wake, seen in cross-section of the wake) with respect to the rotor at different time instances during one period T=1/f. The location of the wake 9 is dynamically changing, as seen perpendicular to the rotor plane IV. The wake 9 circles from an upper position with respect to the rotor 5 at t=0, to a rightmost position at t=T/4, to a lower position at t=T/2, a leftmost position at t=3T/4, back to the upper position at t=T, thereby completing a round over the course of a period T, wherein T=1/f. As is shown in FIG. 7 and described below, the Helix IPC embodiment leads to a helical shaped wake around the rotor axis, hence obtaining its name. These simulations have been performed with a phase offset of 90° between (identical) tilt and yaw signals, thereby results in a clockwise (CW) screwing motion of the helix around the rotor axis as seen from the upwind direction parallel to the rotor axis. In case a phase offset of 270° between the tilt and yaw signals a counter-clockwise (CCW) screwing motion of the helix around the rotor axis is obtained.

[0057] Furthermore, the wake may not only generated at a different location, but the wake may additionally or alternatively be aimed in a different direction.

[0058] To evaluate the effects of the Helix, Tilt and Yaw IPC embodiments on the power production of the turbine as well as the resulting wake deficit 1000s simulations in the SOWFA solver have been executed. The results of these simulations are shown in the table below.

TABLE-US-00001 CW CCW Helix Helix Tilt Yaw CW CCW 2.5° 2.5° 2.5° 2.5° Helix 4° Helix 4° Power −2.3% −2.0% −1.1% −1.2% −5.3% −4.7% Variation of −6.5% −7.6% −4.3% −3.0% −13.5% −15.1% Power Variation of −5.0% −6.7% −3.6% −2.3% −12.5% −14.2% Thrust Energy at 3D +10.2% +6.1% +5.1% +2.6% +24.0% +15.5% Energy at 5D +10.7% +6.1% +5.2% +2.7% +25.2% +15.8% Energy at 7D +11.0% +6.4% +5.4% +3.1% +26.0% +16.6%

[0059] The table shows the results of the simulations in SOWFA for clockwise and counter-clockwise Helix IPC, Tilt IPC and Yaw IPC embodiments of the control method, wherein the clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) Helix IPC embodiments have been evaluated with pitch amplitude β of 2,5° and 4°. Results are given in terms of the power production, variations in power and thrust, and wake recovery. All results are shown with respect to the baseline case of greedy control.

[0060] The new control method leads to a maximum power loss compared to baseline of only 5.3% for the embodiments tested. On the other hand, the amount of energy in the wake is increased with up to 26%. The new control method also leads to a decrease in the variation in power for all embodiments tested, which means that a more constant power production is obtained, which is beneficial for grid stability. In addition, the variation in power and variation of the thrust force are also reduced, thereby demonstrating that the method does not only have advantages in a wind farm setup, but also for individual turbines where one aims to provide a more stable power output (i.e. less variation) and to reduce some fatigue loading due to the thrust force (i.e. a lower variation of the thrust force).

[0061] FIG. 7 shows on the left side a wind turbine 1, comprising a rotor 5 comprising three blades 51, 52, 53 that is controlled the base line case of a greedy control. Downstream of the turbine 1, a wake 91 is shown wherein a grey section implies a reduced wind speed with respect the surrounding air. The darker the grey-tone, the larger the reduction. Hence, it is seen that the wake 91 shows little signs of mixing even at distances of ten times the rotor diameter (10D). Also shown is the thrust force 54 that is mirrored with respect to the rotor plane IV. Over time the orientation of the thrust force 54 remains substantially stationary (i.e. it shows substantially no change of direction over time). Note that, in order to clearly show the resulting helix-shaped wake, the simulations for obtaining FIG. 7 have been performed on the basis of a uniform inflow.

[0062] The right part of FIG. 7 shows the same turbine 1 that is controlled using the Helix IPC embodiment of the control method results in a (rotating) helix-shaped wake 92 behind the turbine. Due to this helix-shaped wake 92, wake mixing with the surrounding air is increased, whereby the wake is dissolved much faster. Already at a distance of approximately 5D the wake effect are significantly reduced. Thereby, wind turbines controlled with the control method according to the disclosure can be placed closer to each other as compared to more traditionally controlled wind turbines, thereby increasing the potential power production of a wind farm. Also shown is the thrust force 55 that is mirrored with respect to the rotor plane IV. Using the Helix IPC embodiment, the thrust force 55 actually shows a slight orientation variation with respect to the incoming wind, when compared to thrust force 54. The orientation of the thrust force 55 can be seen, during operation, to vary and to actually cycle along the rotor in the same pace as the cycling of the initial section (i.e. origin) 93 of the wake 92. This relates to the fact that the predefined periodic function is defined such that the rotational position of the blade in the rotor plane at which the blade is at the first pitch angle is displaced from rotation to rotation.

[0063] As defined herein, when reference is made to dynamically changing the location of a wake formed downstream of a wind turbine, the location (i.e. the position) of the centre of the wake (i.e. the geometrical centre of the wake in cross-section, as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. relative to an imaginary line in the direction of the rotor axis (i.e. line II ub FIG. 1A) of the turbine) may in fact be dynamically changing. Furthermore, when reference is made to dynamically changing the direction of a wake formed downstream of a wind turbine, the direction into which the wake is steered from the turbine may be changing dynamically.

[0064] The present disclosure is not limited to the embodiment shown, but extends also to other embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.