TUBULAR REACTOR FOR SUPERCRITICAL WATER REACTION

Abstract

The machinery and methods disclosed herein are based on the use of a specialized extruder configured to continuously convey and plasticize/moltenize selected lignocellulosic biomass and/or waste plastic materials into a novel variable volume tubular reactor, wherein the plasticized/moltenized material undergoes reaction with circumferentially injected supercritical waterthereby yielding valuable simple sugar solutions and/or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., neodiesel), both of which are key chemical commodity products. The reaction time may be adjusted by changing the reactor volume. The machinery includes four zones: (1) a feedstock conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone; (2) a steam generation and manifold distribution zone; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone; and (4) a pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone. The machinery and methods minimize water usagethereby enabling the economic utilization of abundant biomass and waste plastics as viable renewable feedstocks for subsequent conversion into alternative liquid transportation fuels and valuable green-chemical products.

Claims

1. A machine for transforming a selected polymeric material into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical water reaction, comprising: an extruder having an inlet and a downstream outlet, wherein the downstream outlet is coincident with the longitudinal axis of the extruder; a steam generator fluidically connected to a downstream inlet manifold, wherein the inlet manifold forms a ring having a plurality of inwardly facing exit portals, wherein the plurality of exit portals is circumferentially positioned about the inner surface of the ring; a tubular reactor having an interior space fluidically connected to an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein the inlet end of the tubular reactor is adjacent and fluidically connected to both (i) the outlet of the extruder, and (ii) the plurality of circumferentially positioned exit portals of the inlet manifold, wherein the inlet end of the reactor is configured such that, under operating conditions, a flowing polymeric extrudate exiting the outlet of the extruder and entering into the interior space of the tubular reactor is radially impinged upon by flowing hot compressed water and/or supercritical water that is exiting the plurality of circumferentially positioned exit portals, and wherein the outlet end of the tubular reactor is fluidically connected to; at least a first downstream chamber.

2. The machine according to claim 1, further comprising a reactor heater positioned about the tubular reactor, and one or more extruder heaters positioned about the extruder.

3. The machine according to claim 2 wherein the reactor heater includes an induction coil wrapped around the tubular reactor.

4. The machine according to claim 1, further comprising an occlusion having one or more through-holes centrally positioned within the inlet end of the tubular reactor.

5. The machine according to claim 4 wherein the occlusion is generally cone-shaped.

6. The machine according to claim 5 wherein the inner surface of the ring of the inlet manifold is generally circular in shape, and wherein the cone shaped occlusion is concentrically positioned within the generally circle-shaped ring.

7. The machine according to claim 1, further comprising a ram centrally positioned within the tubular reactor, wherein the ram is movable back and forth within and along the longitudinal axis of the tubular reactor to thereby increase or decrease the volume of the interior space.

8. The machine according to claim 7, further comprising one or more flow channels fluidically connecting the inlet end of the tubular reactor to the outlet end of the tubular reactor, wherein the one or more flow channels form part of the interior space.

9. The machine according to claim 1 wherein the steam generator comprises a vertically oriented pipe having a concentrically positioned and coaxially aligned heater rod therein.

10. The machine according to claim 9, further comprising a reciprocating piston pump assembly fluidically connected to the base end of the steam generator, and a first valve positioned between, and fluidically connected to, the top end of the steam generator and the inlet manifold.

11. The machine according to claim 10, further comprising an outlet manifold positioned about the outlet end of the tubular reactor, and a second valve positioned between, and fluidically connected to, the first downstream chamber.

12. The machine according to claim 11, further comprising a second downstream chamber positioned downstream, and fluidically connected to, the first downstream chamber, and a third valve positioned between, and fluidically connected to, both the first downstream chamber and the second downstream chamber.

13. A machine for transforming a selected polymeric material into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical water reaction, comprising: an extruder having an inlet and a downstream outlet, wherein the downstream outlet is coincident with the longitudinal axis of the extruder; a steam generator fluidically connected to a downstream inlet manifold; a tubular reactor having an interior space fluidically connected to an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein the inlet end of the tubular reactor is fluidically connected to both (i) the outlet of the extruder, and the inlet manifold, and wherein the outlet end of the tubular reactor is fluidically connected to; a first downstream chamber; and further comprising, a ram centrally positioned within the tubular reactor, wherein the ram is movable back and forth within and along the longitudinal axis of the tubular reactor to thereby increase or decrease the volume of the interior space.

14. The machine according to claim 13, further comprising one or more flow channels fluidically connecting the inlet end of the tubular reactor to the outlet end of the tubular reactor, wherein the one or more flow channels form part of the interior space.

15. The machine according to claim 13 wherein the inlet manifold forms a ring having a plurality of inwardly facing exit portals, wherein the plurality of exit portals is circumferentially positioned about the inner surface of the ring, and wherein the inlet end of the reactor is configured such that, under operating conditions, a flowing polymeric extrudate exiting the outlet of the extruder and entering into the interior space of the tubular reactor is radially impinged upon by flowing hot compressed water and/or supercritical water that is exiting the plurality of circumferentially positioned exit portals.

16. The machine according to claim 13 wherein the steam generator comprises a vertically oriented pipe having a centrally positioned and coaxially aligned heater rod therein.

17. The machine according to claim 9, further comprising a reciprocating piston pump assembly fluidically connected to the base end of the steam generator, and a first valve positioned between, and fluidically connected to, the top end of the steam generator and the inlet manifold.

18. The machine according to claim 10, further comprising an outlet manifold positioned about the outlet end of the tubular reactor, and a second valve positioned between, and fluidically connected to, the first downstream chamber.

19. The machine according to claim 11, further comprising a second downstream chamber positioned downstream, and fluidically connected to, the first downstream chamber, and a third valve positioned between, and fluidically connected to, both the first downstream chamber and the second downstream chamber.

20. A machine for transforming a selected polymeric material into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical water reaction, comprising: an extruder having an inlet and a downstream outlet, wherein the downstream outlet is coincident with the longitudinal axis of the extruder; a steam generator fluidically connected to a downstream inlet manifold, wherein the inlet manifold forms a ring having a plurality of inwardly facing exit portals, wherein the plurality of exit portals is circumferentially positioned about the inner surface of the ring; a tubular reactor having an interior space fluidically connected to an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein the inlet end of the tubular reactor is fluidically connected to both (i) the outlet of the extruder, and (ii) the plurality of circumferentially positioned exit portals of the inlet manifold, wherein the inlet end of the reactor is configured such that, under operating conditions, a flowing polymeric extrudate exiting the outlet of the extruder and entering into the interior space of the tubular reactor is radially impinged upon by flowing hot compressed water and/or supercritical water that is exiting the plurality of circumferentially positioned exit portals, and wherein the outlet end of the tubular reactor is fluidically connected to; a first downstream chamber; and further comprising, a ram centrally positioned within the tubular reactor, wherein the ram is movable back and forth within and along the longitudinal axis of the tubular reactor to thereby increase or decrease the volume of the interior space of the tubular reactor.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] The drawings are intended to be illustrative and symbolic representations of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and as such they are not necessarily drawn to scale. In addition, it is to be expressly understood that the relative dimensions and distances depicted in the drawings are exemplary and may be varied in numerous ways. Finally, like reference numerals have been used to designate like features throughout the many different views of the drawings.

[0014] FIG. 1 shows a process flow diagram that details the flow of materials into and out of the various components of a machine and system for transforming solid biomass and/or waste plastic feedstock materials into various liquid hydrocarbon products, including simple sugar solutions and/or oily hydrocarbon mixtures, via supercritical water reaction (in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention). The process flow diagram depicts (within separate closed dashed-line () regions), among other things, four distinct processing zones; namely, (1) an upstream extruder-based biomass and/or waste plastic materials conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone, (2) an upstream steam generation and manifold distribution zone, (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone, and (4) a downstream pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone.

[0015] FIGS. 2A-D show a solid perspective, a see-through perspective, an end, and a cross-sectional view of the extruder component of the machine depicted in FIG. 1.

[0016] FIGS. 3A-J show various different views (e.g., solid perspective, see-through, cross-sectional, and enlarged) of the water intake and outtake manifolds fluidically connected to the high pressure positive displacement pump component of the machine depicted in FIG. 1.

[0017] FIGS. 4A-D show a solid perspective, a see-through perspective, a top, and a side cross-sectional view of the steam generator component of the machine depicted in FIG. 1.

[0018] FIGS. 5A-H show various different views (e.g., solid perspective, see-through, bottom, cross-sectional, and enlarged) of the high-pressure valve assembly component (first, second, and third) of the machine depicted in FIG. 1.

[0019] FIG. 6A-J show various different views (e.g., solid perspective, see-through, exploded, and cross-sectional) of the supercritical water reactor component of the machine depicted in FIG. 1, including various views of its various main sub-components including a manifold baseplate, a manifold housing, an inner manifold distributor, a coned shape occlusion, and tubular reactor shells (in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention).

[0020] FIG. 7A-F show various different views (e.g., solid perspective, see-through, exploded, and cross-sectional) of the supercritical water reactor component of the machine depicted in FIG. 1, including various views of its various main sub-components including a manifold baseplate, a manifold housing, an inner manifold distributor, a coned shape occlusion, and tubular reactor shells (in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention).

[0021] FIGS. 8A-C show representative views (solid perspective, see-through, and side) of the manifold baseplate (showing a central extrudate inlet through-hole and a radial supercritical water inlet through-holebut not showing bolt through-holes for bolting onto extruder) in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] FIGS. 9A-B show representative views (solid perspective and see-through) of the manifold housing in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] FIGS. 10A-F show representative views (solid perspective, see-through, side, top and bottom) of the inner manifold distributor (having a plurality of circumferential supercritical water flow through-holes about, and fluidically connected to, a central extrudate through-hole) in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0024] FIGS. 11A-D show solid and see-through perspective views of the cone shaped occlusion (having a plurality of flow through-holes positioned about a base plate of the cone shaped occlusion) in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] FIGS. 12A-C show solid and see-through perspective side views of a tubular reactor shell component having a plurality of flow channels positioned lengthwise along the inner wall of the reactor shell in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

[0026] The present invention in an embodiment is directed to a novel machine for transforming one or more selected polymeric feedstock materials, including solid biomass and/or waste plastic materials, into a plurality of valuable reaction products by way of continuous supercritical water (SCW) reaction. Unlike known SCW conversion schemes that use excessive amounts of water (and energy to heat and pressurize the same), the novel machine of the present invention enables the economic utilization of abundant biomass and waste plastics as viable renewable feedstocks (as opposed to fossil fuel derived feedstocks) for conversion into alternative liquid transportation fuels and valuable green-chemical products. The novel machine disclosed herein uses highly regulated (or minimum) amounts of water for feedstock reaction and liquefaction. In addition, the volume (and residence time) of the novel SCW reactor disclosed herein is selectively adjustable (tunable) to enable the processing of a wide range of mixed polymeric materials.

[0027] As used herein, the term biomass means any plant or plant-derived material. The term waste plastic means any synthetic or semi synthetic organic amorphous solid material derived from petroleum oil and/or natural gas that has been discarded or otherwise used. The term supercritical water means water at or above its critical point of about 647 K (374? C. or 705? F.) and 22.064 MPa (3,200 psi or 218 atm). The term high-energy water means hot compressed water or supercritical water. The term plasticize/moltenize means to change a material from a solid state to a semi-solid flowable state. The term extrudate means the flowable material exiting the outlet end of an extruder during its operation. All other terms used herein shall have their plain and ordinary meaning unless the context of its usage clearly suggests otherwise.

[0028] Referring now to FIG. 1, an overview process flow diagram of the inventive machine/system 10 is given that illustrates, among other things, the various mechanical components (of the inventive machine/system 10) in relation to one another and to the flow of materials (i.e., selected polymeric feedstock material, water, and reaction products) into and out of the various components. More specifically, and as shown within separate dashed-line () regions, the inventive machine/system 10 includes four different processing zones; namely, (1) an upstream extruder-based biomass and/or waste plastic materials conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone 100 where a selected solid polymeric feedstock material is fed, conveyed, heated, pressurized, and transformed into a molten state; (2) an upstream steam generation and manifold distribution zone 200 where ordinary water is pumped, heated and pressurized to supercritical, or near supercritical, conditions; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone 300 where the plasticized/moltenized polymeric extrudate material and high-energy/SCW water confluence and undergo chemical reaction; and (4) a downstream pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone 400 where the liquid reaction products including, for example, sugar solutions, hydrocarbon mixtures (dubbed neodiesel), and water (and sometime gas), are depressurized, cooled, and separated from one another.

[0029] As shown in FIG. 1, these four different zones 100, 200, 300, 400 are mechanically and fluidically connected to one another to form a single unitary machine/system 10 that, in some embodiments, is mobile and, thus, readily transportable by land or by sea. The inventive machine/system 10 disclosed herein is fully scalable (meaning capable, in some embodiments, of processing up to about 50 tons/day of feedstock material) and readily controllable (tuneable) to minimize the amount of water (and energy) needed to liquefy a wide range of biomass and/or waste plastic feedstock materials (including, for example, raw biomass, lignin and all types of mixed waste plastic materials).

[0030] More specifically, and as depicted in the process flow diagram of FIG. 1 in view of FIGS. 2A-D, the upstream extruder-based biomass and/or waste plastic materials conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone 100 (of the inventive machine 10) comprises a single screw extruder 110 having an inlet 112 and a downstream outlet 114, wherein the downstream outlet 114 is coincident with the longitudinal axis of the extruder 110. As best shown in FIGS. 2A-D, the extruder 110 includes an outer barrel 110a having an inner rotatable screw 110b (tapered) connected to an external motor (not shown). The external motor, in turn, is connected to an external electrical power source (also not shown). The extruder 110 includes a hopper 115 connected to the inlet 112 of the extruder and is used for holding and releasing/feeding a selected polymeric material (feedstock), in either a pelletized or shredded form, into the extruder 110. To facilitate moltenization of the selected feedstock material, a plurality of outer heating bands 117 is positioned about the barrel 110a of the extruder 110. The outer heating bands 117 are energized, when additional heat is needed, by an alternating current (AC) power source (not shown). The plurality of outer heating bands 117 may be selectively energized or set, for example, to progressively maintain internal temperatures along the barrel 110a of the extruder 110 ranging from, for example, 150? F. to 550? F. (depending on the type of feedstock material being processed).

[0031] During operation of the machine 10, the selected polymeric material is continuously fed into the extruder 110 by means of the hopper 115the feed material is then heated, pressurized, and becomes molten as it is conveyed from the inlet 112 to the downstream outlet 114. The speed of rotation of the inner screw 110b (which is governed by the motor) controls the flow rate of the molten extrudate. In certain embodiments, the plasticized/molten extrudate exiting the downstream outlet 114 of the extruder 110 is in the form of a continuously flowing cylinder of molten polymeric material (which, conceptually, may be thought as being similar to that of a flexible spaghetti noodle exiting a pasta maker). For purposes of illustration and not limitation, the extrudate flow rate may be, for example, maintained (computer controlled) at a constant steady-state flow rate of about 5 lbs/hr and a temperature of about 550? F.

[0032] As further depicted in the process flow diagram of FIG. 1 and in view of FIGS. 3A-J (manifolded high-pressure pump views) and FIGS. 4A-D (steam generator views) and FIGS. 5A-H (high-pressure valve views), the upstream steam generation and manifold distribution zone 200 (of the inventive machine 10) comprises an upstream water source (not shown), a water filter 210 (for removing trace impurities from the input feed water flow stream), a flow meter 212 (for monitoring the flow rate of water entering into the machine 10), a specialized high-pressure positive displacement pump assembly 214 (for continuously pumping liquid water at a steady/constant flow without pulsations), a steam generator 216 (for producing a continuous flow of supercritical water or high-energy water at near supercritical conditions), a first high-pressure valve assembly 218 (for controlling the flow rate of the supercritical or high-energy water produced by the steam generator 216), and a pressure release valve 219 (for added safety and having a set point (SP) of about 10,000 psi, for example). For purposes of illustration and not limitation, the supercritical or high-energy water flow rate may also, for example, be maintained (computer controlled) at a constant steady state flow rate of about 5 lbs/hr and a temperature of about 800? F., while the first high pressure valve is set to maintain (via computer control) a constant upstream pressure of about 3,500 to 5,000 psi (depending on the type of feedstock material being processed).

[0033] Referring more specifically to FIGS. 3A-J, the specialized reciprocating positive displacement high-pressure pump assembly 214 comprises a water intake manifold 316 (plenum for splitting the input feed water flow stream into three separate smaller input flow streams contained within three sperate stainless steel tubes 316a, 316b, 316c), a central three-piston positive displacement pump assembly 318, and a water outtake manifold 320 (plenum for combining the three sperate output flow streams, contained within three sperate stainless steel tubes 320a, 320b, 320c, back into a single flow stream contained within the water outtake manifold 320). In this configuration, the high-pressure pump assembly 214 is able to continuously pump ordinary liquid water at a steady/constant flow rate without pulsations (which is important to maintain downstream system stability) to high-pressure conditions.

[0034] More specifically, precise metering of water at high pressure is attained by use of three offset positive displacement, reciprocating pistons 322. Each piston 322 is driven by a constant speed motor (not shown) via a specially contoured cam (also not shown). The cam profile is designed such that each piston 322 rapidly intakes and delivers a smooth, constant volume of water to the end of the piston stroke. Thus, motor efficiency is maximized and pulsation minimized.

[0035] In other words, and in this configuration, precise metering of water at high pressure (up to 5,000 psi) is attained by the positive displacement and reciprocating action associated with each piston 322. As shown, the water outtake manifold 320 combines the outflow of each of the three pistons 322 back into a single substantially pulse-free water output flow stream. In certain preferred embodiments, the pump housing components, tubing and intake and outtake manifolds 316, 318 are each made of type 316 stainless steel because of its superior resistance to corrosion, while the pistons 322 are each made of sapphire and the inlet and outlet valves (associated therewith) incorporate sapphire seats 325 and ruby balls 327 (as best shown in FIGS. 3H-J).

[0036] Referring now to FIGS. 4A-D, the steam generator 216 component (of the inventive machine 10) is shown to consist essentially of a vertically oriented outer pipe 216a concentrically positioned about an inner heater rod 216b. The inner heater rod 216b, in turn, is electrically connected to an alternating current (AC) power source (not shown) and, thus, may be selectively (computer controlled) energized to maintain internal temperatures of up to about 1,000? F. and pressures up to about 5,000 psi (and even up to 10,000 psi). During operation of the machine 10, high-pressure water exiting the high-pressure pump assembly 214 is fed into the bottom of the steam generator 216 by way of a water inlet 217. The water is then heated, further pressurized and becomes highly energized as it moves upward through the annular space that exists between the inner heater rod 216b and the concentrically positioned outer pipe 216a. The high-energy water is then expelled out of the steam generator 216 by way of the high-energy water outlet 219 positioned at the top of the steam generator 216.

[0037] Referring now to FIGS. 5A-H, the first high pressure valve 218 (which valve is substantially the same as the downstream second and third high pressure valves 410, 414 except for slight sizing differenceswith the latter second and third valves 410, 414 being dimensioned slightly larger to handle the larger downstream flow rates associated with the combined water/reaction products flow stream) is configured to selectively and precisely control (via computer) the flow rate of the supercritical or high-energy water produced by the steam generator 216. As best shown in FIG. 5D-H, the first high pressure valve 218 comprises an actuator 235 that controllably moves (up and down) a valve plug 247a (cylindrical) into and away from a counterpart valve seat 245. As shown, the cylindrical valve plug 247a (connected to plug stem 247b) is configured to fit snuggly into the valve seat 245. The position of the valve plug 247a relative the valve seat 245 determines the cross-sectional area between the plug 247a and the seat 245, which, in turn, controls the flow rate. The plug stem 247b is connected to an actuator stem 249, which, in turn, is connected to the actuator 235. In certain preferred embodiments, the various components that comprise the first high pressure valve 218 (as well as the second and third high-pressure valves 410, 414) are each made of type 316 stainless steel because of its superior resistance to corrosion. Moreover, and in this pressure valve configuration and unlike conventional globe valves (that generally need to be water cooled to prevent heat damage to the actuator components), the flow rate of the supercritical or high-energy water produced by the steam generator 216 may be readily and precisely controlled.

[0038] As still further depicted in the process flow diagram of FIG. 1 and in view of FIGS. 6A-J and FIGS. 7A-F (supercritical water reactor views) and in further view of FIGS. 8A-12C (individual reactor component views), the central supercritical water reaction zone 300 (of the inventive machine 10) comprises a tubular reactor 512 having (as best shown in FIG. 6F) an interior space 512a (plenum) that includes a plurality of reactor flow channels 515 fluidically connecting the inlet end 512b to the outlet end 512c (of the tubular reactor 512). The plurality of reactor flow channels 515 may, in some embodiments, be in the form of longitudinal grooves disposed along the inner wall of the central tubular reactor 512.

[0039] As shown, the tubular reactor 512 further comprises an inlet manifold 520 for evenly distributing the supercritical or high-energy water produced by the steam generator 216 about and into the molten extrudate (exiting the downstream outlet 114 of the extruder 110). As best shown in FIGS. 6G and 6I, the inlet manifold 520 may form a ring 520a having a plurality of inwardly facing exit portals 520b (wherein the plurality of exit portals 520b is circumferentially positioned about the inner surface of the ring as shown). Thus, and in some embodiments, the inlet manifold 520 may comprise a manifold baseplate 521, a manifold housing 524, an inner manifold distributor 526, and a cone-shaped flow-through occlusion 528 (all of which components are nested together as shown to form the inlet manifold 520). The inlet manifold 520 is, in turn, threadedly connected to a tubular reactor shell component 527 of the tubular reactor 512.

[0040] As generally shown in the various views associated with FIGS. 6A-J, the inlet end 512b of the tubular reactor 512 is configured such that, under operating conditions, a flowing molten polymeric extrudate exiting the outlet 114 of the extruder 110 and entering into the interior space 512a of the tubular reactor 512 is radially impinged upon by the flowing supercritical or high-energy water that is simultaneously exiting out of the plurality of circumferentially positioned exit portals 520b. As depicted in FIG. 1, the inlet end 512b of the tubular reactor 512 is adjacent and fluidically connected to the outlet 114 of the extruder 110. The novel and axially aligned cone-shaped flow-through occlusion 528 (having a plurality of reactant flow through-holes 528a positioned about the base plate of the cone portion as best shown in FIGS. 11A-D) is centrally positioned near the tubular reactor's 512 inlet end 512b. The cone-shaped flow-through occlusion 528 facilitates spreading and thinning of the centrally flowing molten extrudate (as the extrudate flows over the cone and through the reactant flow through-holes 528a) during operation of the machine 10. In other embodiments, the flow-through occlusion 528 takes the form of a hemi-spherical dome or a flat plate having one or more holes). In this way, near-instantaneous liquefaction is achieved due to the regulated penetration and mixing of the molten feedstock material with controlled or minimum amounts of supercritical water or high-energy water.

[0041] As shown in the embodiments represented in FIGS. 7A-F, and in order to maintain set temperatures and steady-state operating conditions, a circumferentially positioned, high efficiency alternating current (AC) induction coil 529 (connected to and forming part of an induction heaternot shown) is positioned about the reactor shell component 527 the tubular reactor 510 to supply additional heat energy (via computer control) when needed.

[0042] The novel tubular reactor 512, in some embodiments, further comprises a movable ram 516 centrally positioned within the tubular reactor 512. The ram 516 (which may be in the form of a rod and is sometimes referred to as a spear) is movable back and forth (via a ram actuatornot shown) within and along the longitudinal axis of the tubular reactor 512 (to thereby increase or decrease the volume of the interior space 512a). In this way, the residence time of the supercritical water reaction occurring within the tubular reactor 512 (during operation of the machine 10) may be selectively and dynamically controlled (with longer residence times corresponding to larger reactor volumes). Finally, an annular manifold reaction products outlet space 520 is positioned about the outlet end 512c of the tubular reactor 512. The reaction products outlet space 520 is fluidically connected to the interior space 512a (plenum) (of the tubular reactor 512) by way of the plurality of reactor flow channels 515.

[0043] As still further depicted in FIG. 1, the downstream pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone 400 (of the inventive machine 10) comprises another (a second) high pressure valve 410 (for controlling the flow rate of the plurality of reaction products produced within and exiting out of the tubular reactor 512) that, in turn, is fluidically connected to a (first) downstream expansion (pressure let-down) chamber 412. The expansion chamber 412 expands and cools the compressed reaction products, thereby stopping further chemical reaction. A third valve high pressure valve 414 (for controlling the flow rate of the plurality of reaction products exiting the expansion chamber 412) is positioned between, and fluidically connected to, both the first expansion chamber 412 and a (second) downstream reaction product separation chamber 416 (where the reaction products are further expanded, cooled, and gravity separated from one another substantially along their density differences (demarcations) of gases (top) versus oily hydrocarbon mixture (middle) versus water (bottom)).

[0044] Put differently, a middle oily mixture layer (product) is produced that floats on of a bottom water layer (recycled), while any gases will find their way to the top. From top to bottom, the separation chamber 416 includes a gas outlet 416a, an oily hydrocarbon mixture outlet 416b, and a water outlet 416c. For purposes of illustration and not limitation, the reaction products flow rate may be, for example, maintained at a constant flow rate of about 10 lbs/hr (or equal to the combined flow rates of the supercritical/high-energy water and extrudate flow streams). In addition, and in some embodiments, the second high-pressure valve 410 is set to maintain a constant upstream pressure of about 3,250 psi (in the reaction products outlet space 520 fluidically connected to the interior space 512a (plenum) of the tubular reactor 512), while the third high-pressure valve 414 is set to maintain a constant upstream pressure of up to about 1,500 psi (in the expansion chamber 412).

[0045] While the present invention has been described in the context of the embodiments described herein, the invention may be embodied in other specific ways or in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Therefore, the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.